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Chemistry SPM: Paper 3: Essay Questions Hypothesis and Operational Definition

This document contains sample hypotheses and operational definitions for various chemistry topics that may appear in the SPM Chemistry Paper 3 exam. The topics covered include solubility of salts, rusting of iron, hardness of materials, reactivity of halogens, position of metals in the electrochemical series, reactivity of metal powders, electrical conductivity, heat of combustion, and properties of alkanes and alkenes. For each topic, one or two hypotheses are provided along with an operational definition to clarify how the hypothesis can be tested.

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902 views2 pages

Chemistry SPM: Paper 3: Essay Questions Hypothesis and Operational Definition

This document contains sample hypotheses and operational definitions for various chemistry topics that may appear in the SPM Chemistry Paper 3 exam. The topics covered include solubility of salts, rusting of iron, hardness of materials, reactivity of halogens, position of metals in the electrochemical series, reactivity of metal powders, electrical conductivity, heat of combustion, and properties of alkanes and alkenes. For each topic, one or two hypotheses are provided along with an operational definition to clarify how the hypothesis can be tested.

Uploaded by

Unit Peperiksaan SGGS
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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SPM BASKIE’S SCORE A+ CHEMISTRY SEMINAR

E: CHEMISTRY SPM : PAPER 3: ESSAY QUESTIONS


HYPOTHESIS AND OPERATIONAL DEFINITION
Solubility of salt :
Hypothesis If salt A and salt B dissolve in water , salt A and B are soluble salt
: soluble/insoluble salt.
Operationa When a salt is added into water and dissolves to form a solution, it is a soluble
l definition: salt //
When a salt dissolves in water to form a solution, it is a soluble salt.
Rusting of iron:
Hypothesis When a more / less electropositive metal is in contact with iron, the metal inhibits /
: (speeds up) rusting of iron.
When a more / less electropositive metal is in contact with iron, rusting of iron is
slower / faster.
When iron nail is in contact with a more electropositive metal, rusting does not
occur; when iron nail is in contact with a less electropositive metal, rusting occurs
Operationa When iron is in contact with metal lower than iron in electrochemical series, blue
l definition: colouration indicates rusting.
Rusting occurs when iron nail is in contact with copper / tin / less electropositive
metal and form blue colouration.
Blue colouration is formed when iron is in contact with metal lower than iron in
electrochemical series.
Hardness of materials:
Hypothesis The harder / softer the material, the smaller / bigger the diameter of the dent.
:
Operationa The smaller dent produced when 1 kg weight is dropped on the block.
l When a 1 kg weight is dropped at height of 50 cm on a ball bearing which is taped on
definition: material X and Y separately, the material with a smaller dent formed is a harder
material.
Reactivity of halogen:
Hypothesis Going down the Group 17, the reactivity with iron wool decreases.
: Going down the Group 17, the brightness of flame with iron wool decreases.
Operationa The brightness of flame when halogens flow to hot iron.
l definition:
Position of metals in the electrochemical series
Hypothesis The further the distance between two/pair of metals in the electrochemical series
: the higher/larger/bigger the voltage value.
Operationa When pair of metals are further apart in the Electrochemical Series is dipped in an
l definition: electrolyte, the higher voltmeter reading.
Reactivity of metal powder with oxygen
Hypothesis The more reactive metal react more vigorous with oxygen.
: The more reactive a metal is, the more vigorous the metal burns in oxygen.
Operationa A metal that reacts more vigorously with oxygen is a more reactive metal.
l definition:
Electrical conductivity
Hypothesis: Electrolyte can conduct electricity while non-electrolyte cannot conduct
electricity.
Operationa Ammeter needle deflected when the circuit is completed.
l
definition:
Heat of combustion
Hypothesis When the number of carbon atoms per molecule alcohol increases, the heat of
: combustion increases.
Operationa When 1 mole of ALCOHOL is burnt to heat 200 cm3 of water, X kJ of heat energy is
l definition: released.
Alkanes and alkenes
Hypothesis Hexene decolourised the brown colour of bromine water, hexane does not.
: Hexene decolourised the purple colour of acidified potassium manganate(VII)
solution, hexane does not.
E1
SPM BASKIE’S SCORE A+ CHEMISTRY SEMINAR
Operationa When bromine water is added to hexene / alkene, brown bromine water
l definitiondecolourised.
for alkene: When acidified potassium manganate(VII) solution is added to hexene, purple
colour potassium manganate(VII) solution decolourised.
BASKIE’S SCORE A+ CHEMISTRY SEMINAR CONFIDENTIAL

E1

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