AUTOMATIC IRRIGATION SYSTEM

MINOR PROJECT REPORT

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree
of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

by

VAIBHAV DIXIT NITIISH KUMAR ANSHUL GUPTA

41096204915 40396204915 41796204915

AVINASH KUMAR JHA SHIVAM RAI

41196204915 40596204915

Guided by
MR. KUMAR GAURAV
Assoc. Professor

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

DR. AKHILESH DAS GUPTA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
(AFFILIATED TO GURU GOBIND SINGH INDRAPRASTHA UNIVERSITY, DELHI)
NEW DELHI – 110053

1
 CANDIDATES’ DECLARATION

It is hereby certified that the work which is being presented in the B. Tech Major Project Report
entitled "AUTOMATIC IRRIGATION SYSTEM" in partial fulfilment of the requirements for
the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology and submitted in the Department of
Electrical & Electronics Engineering of Dr. Akhilesh Das Gupta Institute of Technology and
Management, New Delhi (Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Delhi)
is an authentic record of our own work carried out during a period from January 2018 to May
2018 under the guidance of MR. KUMAR GAURAV, Assoc. Professor.
The matter presented in the B. Tech Major Project Report has not been submitted by me for the
award of any other degree of this or any other Institute.

VAIBHAV DIXIT NITIISH KUMAR ANSHUL GUPTA

41096204915 40396204915 41796204915

AVINASH KUMAR JHA SHIVAM RAI

41196204915 40596204915

This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is correct to the best of my
knowledge. He/She/They are permitted to appear in the External Major Project Examination

(MR. KUMAR GAURAV) MR AJIT KUMAR SHARMA

Designation Head, EEED

The B. Tech Minor Project Viva-Voce Examination of ____________________” (Enrollment

No :_________________), has been held on ……………………………….

Ms. Amruta Pattnaik Ms. Sonam (Signature of External Examiner)

Project Coordinator Project Coordinator

2
 ABSTRACT

The project is designed to develop an automatic irrigation system which switches the pump motor
ON/OFF on sensing the moisture content of the soil. In the field of agriculture, use of proper
method of irrigation is important. The advantage of using this method is to reduce human
intervention and still ensure proper irrigation.

The project uses an Atmega 328 microcontroller, which is programmed to receive the input signal
of varying moisture condition of the soil through the sensing arrangement. This is achieved by
using an op-amp as comparator, which acts as interface between the sensing arrangement and the
microcontroller. Once the controller receives this signal, it generates an output that drives a relay
for operating the water pump. A LCD display is also interfaced to the microcontroller to display
status of the soil and water pump. Sensing arrangement is made by using two stiff metallic rods
inserted into the field at a distance. Connections from the metallic rods are interfaced to the control
unit.

The concept in future can be enhanced by integrating GSM technology, such that whenever the
water pump switches ON/OFF, an SMS is delivered to the concerned person regarding the status
of the pump. We can also control the pump through SMS.

3
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We express our deep gratitude to Mr Kumar Gaurav, Assoc. Professor, Department of Electrical
& Electronics Engineering for his valuable guidance and suggestion throughout my project work.
We are thankful to Ms. Amruta Pattnaik, and Ms.Sonam, Project Coordinators for their valuable
guidance.

We would like to extend my sincere thanks to Head of the Department, Mr. Ajit Kumar Sharma
for his time to time suggestions to complete my project work. I am also thankful to (Dr.) Sanjay
Kumar, Director for providing me the facilities to carry out my project work.

VAIBHAV DIXIT NITIISH KUMAR ANSHUL GUPTA

41096204915 40396204915 41796204915

AVINASH KUMAR JHA SHIVAM RAI

41196204915 40596204915

4
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CANDIDATE DECLARATION iii

ABSTRACT iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ix - xiv
LIST OF FIGURES xv – xvi
LIST OF TABLES xvii - xviii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xix
LIST OF SYMBOLS xx - xxii
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS 8
1.1.1 CHARACTERSTICS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM
1.1.2 APPLIATION
1.1.3 CLASSIFICATION
1.2 MOTIVATION
1.3 OBJECTIVE
1.4 SUMMARY OF THE REPORT
CHAPTER 2: PROJECT DESIGN
2.1 HARDWARE COMPONENTS
2.1.1 TRANSFORMERS 19
2.1.2 VOLTAGE REGULATOR (LM7805) 21
2.1.3 RECTIFIER 23
2.1.4 FILTER 24
2.1.5 MICROCONTROLLER (ATMEGA328) 25
2.1.6 LCD 30
2.1.7 DC MOTOR 31
2.1.8 LM358 OP-AMP 32
2.1.9 BC 547 TRANSISTOR 33
2.1.10 RELAY 34
2.1.11 1N4007 35

5
 2.1.12 LED 37
2.1.13 RESISTORS 38
2.1.14 CAPACITORS 39
2.2 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS 39
2.2.1 ARDUINO UNO
2.2.2 COADING 40
CHAPTER 3: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 42
CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSION
REFRENCES 44
BIBLIOGRAPHY 45

6
LIST OF FIGURES PAGE NO.

2(a) EMBEDDED DESIGN CALLS 9

2(b) ‘V’ DIAGRAM 9
3(a) MICROCONTROLLER 10
3(b) ARDUINO BOARDS 10
3(c) ARDUINO NANO PIN LAYOUT 13
3 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE PROJECT 16
4.1 A TYPICAL TRANSFORMER 19
IDEAL TRANSFORMER AS A CKT ELEMENT 20
4.2(a) BLOCK DIAGRAM OF VOLTAGE REGULATOR 21
4.2(b) INTERNAL VOLTAGE REGULATOR 22
RATINGS OF VOLTAGE REGULATORS 22
RECTIFIER WITH I/P AND O/P WAVEFORMS 24
4.5(a) BLOCK DIAGRAM OF AT89S52 26
4.2(d) EXTERNAL CLOCK DRIVE CONFIG. 29
4.2.6 LCD 30
4.2.7(a) WATER PUMP 31
4.2.9(b) INTERNAL BLOCK DIAGRAM OF LM358 32
4.2.10(a) NPN TRANSISTOR PIN OUT 34
4.11(a) TYPES OF RELAY 34
4.11(b) IN4007 DIODES 36
4.13(a) TYPICAL LED 37
4.13(b) CIRCUIT SYMBOL OF LED 37
DIFFERENT TYPES OF RESISTORS 38
DIFFERENT TYPES OF CAPACITORS 39
ARDUINO PIN MAPING 40

7
 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

In a country like India, the agriculture plays the important role in the economy and development
of the country. At the present era, the farmers have been using irrigation technique in India through
the manual control in which the farmers irrigate the land at the regular intervals. This process
sometimes consumes more water or sometimes the water reaches late due to which the crops get
dried. There is a need in the residential/commercial irrigation industry for an irrigation controller
that responds to soil moisture sensors in individual zones as a way of conserving water. An
ideal controller should be "user friendly", i.e., easy to program and requiring a minimum number
of keys or push-buttons to operate the controller. It should also allow irrigation to take place in
zones where watering is required, while bypassing zones where adequate soil moisture is
indicated- To add flexibility, it should be possible to selectively deactivate any of the moisture
sensors to thereby override the modification to the controller performance caused by sensor inputs.
Moreover, the system should be easy to trouble shoot in the event of faults in any of the plurality
of zones.

1.1 INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

What is embedded system?

An Embedded System is a combination of computer hardware and software, and perhaps
additional mechanical or other parts, designed to perform a specific function. An embedded system
is a microcontroller-based, software driven, reliable, real-time control system, autonomous, or
human or network interactive, operating on diverse physical variables and in diverse environments
and sold into a competitive and cost conscious market.

An embedded system is not a computer system that is used primarily for processing, not a software
system on PC or UNIX, not a traditional business or scientific application. High-end embedded &
lower end embedded systems. High-end embedded system - Generally 32, 64 Bit Controllers used
with OS. Examples Personal Digital Assistant and Mobile phones etc. Lower end embedded
systems - Generally 8, 16 Bit Controllers used with a minimal operating systems and hardware
layout designed for the specific purpose.

8
 Operating
Digital Systems Integrated circuit
Electronic design
design
Build
Analog Download
Debug
Electronic Tools

design Embedded Computer

Systems Architecture
Sensors
measurements
and Software
Engineering
Electric motors Data
and actuators Control
Engineering Communication

Embedded system design calls on many disciplines

Fig 1.0: Embedded System Design Calls

Arduino

System System
Definitio Testing

Rapid Hardwar
Prototypi e-in-the-

Targeting
Fig 1.1: Embedded System Design Cycle

1.1.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM

9
  An embedded system is any computer system hidden inside a product other than a
computer.
 They will encounter a number of difficulties when writing embedded system software in
addition to those we encounter when we write applications.
– Throughput – Our system may need to handle a lot of data in a short period of time.
– Response–Our system may need to react to events quickly.
– Testability–Setting up equipment to test embedded software can be difficult.
– Debugability–Without a screen or a keyboard, finding out what the software is
doing wrong (other than not working) is a troublesome problem.
– Reliability – embedded systems must be able to handle any situation without human
intervention.
– Memory space – Memory is limited on embedded systems, and you must make the
software and the data fit into whatever memory exists.
– Program installation – you will need special tools to get your software into
embedded systems.
– Power consumption – Portable systems must run on battery power, and the software
in these systems must conserve power.
– Processor hogs – computing that requires large amounts of CPU time can
complicate the response problem.
– Cost – Reducing the cost of the hardware is a concern in many embedded system
projects; software often operates on hardware that is barely adequate for the job.
 Embedded systems have a microprocessor/ microcontroller and a memory. Some have a
serial port or a network connection. They usually do not have keyboards, screens or disk
drives.

1.1.2 APPLICATION
 Military and aerospace embedded software applications
 C om m u ni c at i o n Ap p l i c at i on s
 In d us t ri al aut om at i o n and p ro c es s co nt r ol s o ft w a r e
 Mastering the complexity of applications.
 Reduction of product design time.
 Real time processing of ever increasing amounts of data.
1.1.3 CLASSIFICATION
 Real Time Systems.

10
  RTS is one which has to respond to events within a specified deadline.
 A right answer after the dead line is a wrong answer.

RTS Classification
 Hard Real Time Systems
 Soft Real Time System

Hard Real Time System

 "Hard" real-time systems have very narrow response time.
 Example: Nuclear power system, Cardiac pacemaker.

Soft Real Time System

 "Soft" real-time systems have reduced constrains on "lateness" but still must operate very
quickly and repeatable.
 Example: Railway reservation system – takes a few extra seconds the data remains valid.

1.1.4 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Fig 1.2: Project Block Diagram
1.2 MOTIVATION
Automatic irrigation system proves to be very helpful for those who travel. If designed and coded
properly, automatic irrigation systems can be very cost effective and can do a lot of water

11
conservation. Watering with a pipe or with oscillator wastes water and none of these method aim
plant roots. Automatic irrigation systems can be designed in such a way which gives
requiredamount of water in a targeted area, and which will also promotes water conservation.

In this paper, soil moisture sensor is placed in the root zone of plant/field. The sensor sends
information and transmits the data to the microcontroller. An algorithm was developed to measure
threshold value soil moisture sensor that was programmed into a microcontroller to monitor the
humidity content of the soil. This paper designs a model of automatic irrigation system which is
based on microcontroller. Temperature and soil moisture sensors are placed in the field. Sensors
sense the moisture content of the soil and give the information to farmer through LED. When the
moisture content reaches above the desired threshold

1.3 OBJECTIVE

 The objective of this project is to provide a combination of manual supervision and partial
automation and is similar to manual set-up in most respects but it reduces the labor involved
in terms of Irrigation design is simple, easy to install, microcontroller-based circuit to
monitor and record the values of temperature, soil moisture (Transistor circuit) that are
continuously modified and controlled in order optimize them to achieve maximum plant
growth and yield.
 Also, the use of easily available components reduces the manufacturing.
 The design is quite flexible as the software can be changed any time.
 It can thus be made to the specific requirements of the user.
 This makes the proposed system to be an economical, portable and a low maintenance
solution for greenhouse applications, especially in rural areas and for small scale
agriculturists.

1.4 SUMMARY OF THE REPORT

In view of the proposed thesis work explanation of theoretical aspects and algorithms
used in this work are presented as per the sequence described below.
 Describes a brief review of the objectives and goals of the work.
 Describes the Block diagram, Circuit diagram of the project and its description. The
construction and description of various modules used for the application are described in
detail.
 Description of ATMEGA 328
12
  Description of soil moisture sesor.
 Description of Relays, Motor, LCD, ADC.
 Explains the Software tools required for the project, the Code developed for the design .

CHAPTER 2: PROJECT DESIGN

2.1 HARDWARE COMPONENTS

13
 1. TRANSFORMER (230 – 12 V AC)
2. VOLTAGE REGULATOR (LM 7805)
3. BRIDGE RECTIFIER
4. FILTER
5. MICROCONTROLLER (ATMEGA 328)
6. LCD
7. WATER PUMP
8. LM358 OP-AMP
9. BC547 TRANSISTOR
10. RELAY
11. LED
12. RESISTORS
13. CAPACITORS

2.1.1 TRANSFORMER

Transformers convert AC electricity from one voltage to another with a little loss of power. Step-
up transformers increase voltage, step-down transformers reduce voltage. Most power supplies use
a step-down transformer to reduce the dangerously high voltage to a safer low voltage.

Fig 2.1: A Typical Transformer

The input coil is called the primary and the output coil is called the secondary. There is no electrical
connection between the two coils; instead they are linked by an alternating magnetic field created
in the soft-iron core of the transformer. The two lines in the middle of the circuit symbol represent
the core. Transformers waste very little power so the power out is (almost) equal to the power in.
Note that as voltage is stepped down and current is stepped up.

14
 The ratio of the number of turns on each coil, called the turn’s ratio, determines the ratio of the
voltages. A step-down transformer has a large number of turns on its primary (input) coil
which is connected to the high voltage mains supply, and a small number of turns on its
secondary (output) coil to give a low output voltage.

TURNS RATIO = (Vp / Vs) = (Np / Ns)

Where,
Vp = primary (input) voltage.
Vs = secondary (output) voltage
Np = number of turns on primary coil
Ns = number of turns on secondary coil
Ip = primary (input) current
Is = secondary (output) current.

Ideal power equation

Fig 2.2:
Ideal Transformer
as a Circuit Element
If the secondary coil is attached
to a load that allows current to flow, electrical power is transmitted from the primary circuit to the
secondary circuit. Ideally, the transformer is perfectly efficient; all the incoming energy is
transformed from the primary circuit to the magnetic field and into the secondary circuit. If this
condition is met, the incoming electric power must equal the outgoing power:

15
 Giving the ideal transformer equation

Transformers normally have high efficiency, so this formula is a reasonable approximation.If the
voltage is increased, then the current is decreased by the same factor. The impedance in one circuit
is transformed by the square of the turns ratio. For example, if an impedance Zs is attached across
the terminals of the secondary coil, it appears to the primary circuit to have an impedance of
(Np/Ns)2Zs. This relationship is reciprocal, so that the impedance Zp of the primary circuit appears
to the secondary to be (Ns/Np)2Zp.

2.1.2 VOLTAGE REGULATOR 780

Features:-
 Output Current up to 1A.
 Output Voltages of 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 18, 24V.
 Thermal Overload Protection.
 Short Circuit Protection.
 Output Transistor Safe Operating Area Protection.

Fig 2.3:
Voltage Regulator
7805

16
Description:-
The LM78XX/LM78XXA series of three-terminal positive regulators are available in the TO-
220/D-PAK package and with several fixed output voltages, making them useful in a Wide range
of applications. Each type employs internal current limiting, thermal shutdown and safe operating
area protection, making it essentially indestructible. If adequate heat sinking is provided, they can
deliver over 1A output Current. Although designed primarily as fixed voltage regulators, these
devices can be used with external components to obtain adjustable voltages and currents.
Internal Block Diagram:-

Fig 2.4: Block Diagram of Voltage Regulator

Absolute Maximum Ratings:-

Table 2.1: Ratings of the Voltage Regulator

17
2.1.3 RECTIFIER

A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC), which periodically
reverses direction, to direct current (DC), current that flows in only one direction, a process known
as rectification. Rectifiers have many uses including as components of power supplies and as
detectors of radio signals. Rectifiers may be made of solid state diodes, vacuum tube diodes,
mercury arc valves, and other components. The output from the transformer is fed to the rectifier.
It converts A.C. into pulsating D.C. The rectifier may be a half wave or a full wave rectifier. In
this project, a bridge rectifier is used because of its merits like good stability and full wave
rectification. In positive half cycle only two diodes (1 set of parallel diodes) will conduct, in
negative half cycle remaining two diodes will conduct and they will conduct only in forward bias
only.

Fig 2.5: Rectifier with I/P and O/P waveforms

2.1.4 FILTER

Capacitive filter is used in this project. It removes the ripples from the output of rectifier and
smoothens the D.C. Output received from this filter is constant until the mains voltage and load
is maintained constant. However, if either of the two is varied, D.C. voltage received at this point
changes. Therefore a regulator is applied at the output stage.

The simple capacitor filter is the most basic type of power supply filter. The use of this filter is
very limited. It is sometimes used on extremely high-voltage, low-current power supplies for
cathode-ray and similar electron tubes that require very little load current from the supply. This

18
filter is also used in circuits where the power-supply ripple frequency is not critical and can be
relatively high. Below figure can show how the capacitor changes and discharges.

Fig
2.6: Capacitive Filter with Resultant Output Waveform

2.1.5 MICROCONTROLLER ATMEGA 328

Microcontroller Board

A microcontroller board, contains on-board power supply, USB port to communicate with PC, and
an Atmel microcontroller chip.

It simplify the process of creating any control system by providing the standard board that can be
programmed and connected to the system without the need to any sophisticated PCB design and
implementation.

It is an open source hardware, any one can get the details of its design and modify it or make his
own one himself.

Micro-Controller:

It is a micro-computer. As any computer it has internal CPU, RAM, IOs interface. It is used for
control purposes, and for data analysis.

Famous microcontroller manufacturers are MicroChip, Atmel, Intel, Analog devices, and more

19
Arduino boards:

Arduino NANO:

The Arduino Nano is a small, complete, and breadboard-friendly board based on the ATmega328
(Arduino Nano 3.x) or ATmega168 (Arduino Nano 2.x). It has more or less the same functionality
of the Arduino Duemilanove, but in a different package. It lacks only a DC power jack, and works
with a Mini-B USB cable instead of a standard one. The Nano was designed and is being produced
by Gravitech.

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Specifications:

Microcontroller Atmel ATmega168 or ATmega328

Operating Voltage (logic

5V
level)

Input Voltage
7-12 V
(recommended)

Input Voltage (limits) 6-20 V

Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)

Analog Input Pins 8

DC Current per I/O Pin 40 mA

16 KB (ATmega168) or 32 KB (ATmega328) of which 2 KB used

Flash Memory
by bootloader

SRAM 1 KB (ATmega168) or 2 KB (ATmega328)

EEPROM 512 bytes (ATmega168) or 1 KB (ATmega328)

Clock Speed 16 MHz

Dimensions 0.73" x 1.70"

Length 45 mm

Width 18 mm

Weigth 5g

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Power:

The Arduino Nano can be powered via the Mini-B USB connection, 6-20V unregulated external
power supply (pin 30), or 5V regulated external power supply (pin 27). The power source is
automatically selected to the highest voltage source.

Memory:

The ATmega168 has 16 KB of flash memory for storing code (of which 2 KB is used for the
bootloader); the ATmega328 has 32 KB, (also with 2 KB used for the bootloader). The
ATmega168 has 1 KB of SRAM and 512 bytes of EEPROM (which can be read and written with
the EEPROM Librrary); the ATmega328 has 2 KB of SRAM and 1 KB of EEPROM.

Communication:

The Arduino Nano has a number of facilities for communicating with a computer, another
Arduino, or other microcontrollers. The ATmega168 and ATmega328 provide UART TTL (5V)
serial communication, which is available on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). An FTDI FT232RL
on the board channels this serial communication over USB and the FTDI driver(included with the
Arduino software) provide a virtual com port to software on the computer. The Arduino software
includes a serial monitor which allows simple textual data to be sent to and from the Arduino
board. The RX and TX LEDs on the board will flash when data is being transmitted via the FTDI
chip and USB connection to the computer (but not for serial communication on pins 0 and 1).

A Software Serial libray allows for serial communication on any of the Nano's digital pins.

The ATmega168 and ATmega328 also support I2C (TWI) and SPI communication. The Arduino
software includes a Wire library to simplify use of the I2C bus; see the documentation for details.
To use the SPI communication, please see the ATmega168 or ATmega328 datasheet.

Programming:

The Arduino Nano can be programmed with the Arduino software . Select "Arduino Diecimila,
Duemilanove, or Nano w/ ATmega168" or "Arduino Duemilanove or Nano w/ ATmega328" from
the Tools > Board menu (according to the microcontroller on your board).

The ATmega168 or ATmega328 on the Arduino Nano comes preburned with a Bootloader that
allows you to upload new code to it without the use of an external hardware programmer. It
communicates using the original STK500 protocol.

You can also bypass the bootloader and program the microcontroller through the ICSP (In-Circuit
Serial Programming) header using Arduino ISP or similar.

22
Arduino NANO Pin Layout:

Pin No. Name Type Description

1-2, 5-16 D0-D13 I/O Digital input/output port 0 to 13
3, 28 RESET Input Reset (active low)
4, 29 GND PWR Supply ground
17 3V3 Output +3.3V output (from FTDI)
18 AREF Input ADC reference
19-26 A7-A0 Input Analog input channel 0 to 7
27 +5V Output or +5V output (from on-board regulator) or
Input +5V (input from external power supply)
30 VIN PWR Supply voltage

The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8K bytes of

in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high-density
non-volatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry standard 80C51 instruction
set and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or
by a conventional non-volatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-
system programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful
microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded

23
control applications. The AT89S52 provides the following standard features: 8K bytes of Flash,
256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters,
a six-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock
circuitry. In addition, the AT89S52 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero
frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the
CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue
functioning. The Power-down mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator, disabling
all other chip functions until the next interrupt or hardware reset.

Features:-
 Compatible with MCS®-51 Products
 8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory
 Endurance: 10,000 Write/Erase Cycles
 4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range
 Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz
 Three-level Program Memory Lock
 256 x 8-bit Internal RAM
 32 Programmable I/O Lines
 Three 16-bit Timer/Counter
 Eight Interrupt Sources
 Full Duplex UART Serial Channel
 Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes
 Interrupt Recovery from Power-down Mode
 Watchdog Timer
 Dual Data Pointer
 Power-off Flag
 Fast Programming Time
 Flexible ISP Programming (Byte and Page Mode)
 Green (Pb/Halide-free) Packaging Option

24
2.1.6 LCD

Description:-
This is the example for the Parallel Port. This example doesn't use the Bi-directional feature found
on newer ports, thus it should work with most, if not all Parallel Ports. It however doesn't show
the use of the Status Port as an input for a 16 Character x 2 Line LCD Module to the Parallel Port.
These LCD Modules are very common these days, and are quite simple to work with, as all the
logic required running them is on board.

Pros:-
 Very compact and light
 Low power consumption
 No geometric distortion
 Little or no flicker depending on backlight technology
 Not affected by screen burn-in
 No high voltage or other hazards present during repair/service
 Can be made in almost any size or shape
 No theoretical resolution limit

LCD Background:-
Frequently, an 8051 program must interact with the outside world using input and output devices
that communicate directly with a human being. One of the most common devices attached to an

8051 is an LCD display. Some of the most common LCDs connected to the 8051 are 16x2 and
25
20x2 displays. This means 16 characters per line by 2 lines and 20 characters per line by 2 lines,
respectively.

Fig 3.1: LCD

2.1.7 WATER PUMP

Fig 3.2: Water Pump

A pump is a device used to move fluids, such as liquids, gases or slurries. A pump displaces a
volume by physical or mechanical action, this pump requires 12V DC of power supply. A
submersible pump (or electric submersible pump (ESP)) is a device which has a hermetically
sealed motor close-coupled to the pump body. The whole assembly is submerged in the fluid to be
pumped. The main advantage of this type of pump is that it prevents pump cavitation, a problem
associated with a high elevation difference between pump and the fluid surface. Submersible

26
pumps push fluid to the surface as opposed to jet pumps having to pull fluids. Submersibles are
more efficient than jet pumps.

Working principle:-
The submersible pumps used in ESP installations are multistage centrifugal pumps operating in a
vertical position. Although their constructional and operational features underwent a continuous
evolution over the years, their basic operational principle remained the same. Produced liquids,
after being subjected to great centrifugal forces caused by the high rotational speed of the impeller,
lose their kinetic energy in the diffuser where a conversion of kinetic to pressure energy takes
place. This is the main operational mechanism of radial and mixed flow pumps.

The pump shaft is connected to the gas separator or the protector by a mechanical coupling at the
bottom of the pump. Well fluids enter the pump through an intake screen and are lifted by the
pump stages. Other parts include the radial bearings (bushings) distributed along the length of the
shaft providing radial support to the pump shaft turning at high rotational speeds. An optional
thrust bearing takes up part of the axial forces arising in the pump but most of those forces are
absorbed by the protector’s thrust bearing.

2.1.8 LM358

Description:-
The LM358 series consists of two independent, high gain; internally frequency compensated
operational amplifiers which were designed specifically to operate from a single power supply
over a wide range of voltages. Operation from split power supplies is also possible and the
low power supply current drain is independent of the magnitude of the power supply voltage.

Application areas include transducer amplifiers, dc gain blocks and all the conventional op amp
circuits which now can be more easily implemented in single power supply systems. For example,
the LM358 series can be directly operated off of the standard +5V power supply voltage which is
used in digital systems and will easily provide the required interface electronics without requiring
the additional ±15V power supplies.

Characteristics:-
27
  In the linear mode the input common-mode voltage range includes ground and the output
voltage can also swing to ground, even though operated from only a single power supply
voltage.
 The unity gain cross frequency is temperature compensated.
 The input bias current is also temperature compensated.

Advantages:-
 Two internally compensated op amps
 Eliminates need for dual supplies
 Allows direct sensing near GND and VOUT also goes to GND
 Compatible with all forms of logic
 Power drain suitable for battery operation

Pin Connections:-
1. Output 1
2. Inverting input
3. Non-inverting input
4. VCC-
5. Non-inverting input 2
6. Inverting input 2
7. Output 2
8. VCC+
Fig 3.3: Pin Configuration of LM358

2.1.9 BC547

Technical Specifications:-
The BC547 transistor is an NPN Epitaxial Silicon Transistor. The BC547 transistor is a general-
purpose transistor in small plastic packages. It is used in general-purpose switching and
amplification BC847/BC547 series 45 V, 100 mA NPN general-purpose transistors.

28
 Fig 3.4: BC 547 Transistor Pinouts
We know that the transistor is a "CURRENT" operated device and that a large current (Ic) flows
freely through the device between the collector and the emitter terminals. However, this only
happens when a small biasing current (Ib) is flowing into the base terminal of the transistor thus
allowing the base to act as a sort of current control input. The ratio of these two currents (Ic/Ib) is
called the DC Current Gain of the device and is given the symbol of hfe or nowadays Beta, (β).
Beta has no units as it is a ratio. Also, the current gain from the emitter to the collector terminal,
Ic/Ie, is called Alpha, (α), and is a function of the transistor itself. As the emitter current Ie is the
product of a very small base current to a very large collector current the value of this parameter α
is very close to unity, and for a typical low-power signal transistor this value ranges from about
0.950 to 0.999.

An NPN Transistor Configuration:-

Fig 3.5: NPN Transistor

2.1.10 RELAY

A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to operate a switching
mechanism mechanically, but other operating principles are also used. Relays are used where
29
it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal (with complete electrical isolation between
control and controlled circuits), or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal.

Fig 3.6: Types of Relays

A relay is an electrically operated switch. Current flowing through the coil of the relay creates a
magnetic field which attracts a lever and changes the switch contacts. The coil current can be on
or off so relays have two switch positions and most have double throw (changeover) switch
contacts as shown in the diagram.

Fig 3.7: Relay showing coil and switch contacts

Applications of Relays:-
 Control a high-voltage circuit with a low-voltage signal, as in some types of modems or
audio amplifiers.
 Control a high-current circuit with a low-current signal, as in the starter solenoid of an
automobile.
 Detect and isolate faults on transmission and distribution lines by opening and closing
circuit breakers.
 Time delay functions. Relays can be modified to delay opening or delay closing a set of
contacts. A very short (a fraction of a second) delay would use a copper disk between the
armature and moving blade assembly. Current flowing in the disk maintains magnetic field
for a short time, lengthening release time. For a slightly longer (up to a minute) delay, a
dashpot is used. A dashpot is a piston filled with fluid that is allowed to escape slowly. The
30
 time period can be varied by increasing or decreasing the flow rate. For longer time periods,
a mechanical clockwork timer is installed.

2.1.11 1N4007

Diodes are used to convert AC into DC these are used as half wave rectifier or full wave rectifier.
Three points must he kept in mind while using any type of diode.
1. Maximum forward current capacity
2. Maximum reverse voltage capacity
3. Maximum forward voltage capacity

Fig 3.8: 1N4007 Diodes

The number and voltage capacity of some of the important diodes available in the market
are as follows:
 Diodes of number IN4001, IN4002, IN4003, IN4004, IN4005, IN4006 and IN4007 have
maximum reverse bias voltage capacity of 50V and maximum forward current capacity of
1 Amp.
 Diode of same capacities can be used in place of one another. Besides this diode of more
capacity can be used in place of diode of low capacity but diode of low capacity cannot be
used in place of diode of high capacity. For example, in place of IN4002; IN4001 or IN4007
can be used but IN4001 or IN4002 cannot be used in place of IN4007.The diode
BY125made by company BEL is equivalent of diode from IN4001 to IN4003. BY 126 is
equivalent to diodes IN4004 to 4006 and BY 127 is equivalent to diode IN4007.

31
 Fig 3.9: PN Junction diode

2.1.12 LED

LEDs are semiconductor devices. Like transistors, and other diodes, LEDs are made out of silicon.
What makes an LED give off light are the small amounts of chemical impurities that are added
to the silicon, such as gallium, arsenide, indium, and nitride.

When current passes through the LED, it emits photons as a byproduct. Normal light bulbs produce
light by heating a metal filament until it is white hot. LEDs produce photons directly and not via
heat, they are far more efficient than incandescent bulbs.

Fig 3.9(a): Typical LED Fig 3.9(b): Circuit Symbol

Not long ago LEDs were only bright enough to be used as indicators on dashboards or electronic
equipment. But recent advances have made LEDs bright enough to rival traditional lighting
technologies. Modern LEDs can replace incandescent bulbs in almost any application.

32
Types of LED’s:-
LEDs are produced in an array of shapes and sizes. The 5 mm cylindrical package is the most
common, estimated at 80% of world production. The color of the plastic lens is often the same as
the actual color of light emitted, but not always. For instance, purple plastic is often used for
infrared LEDs, and most blue devices have clear housings. There are also LEDs in extremely
tiny packages, such as those found on blinkers and on cell phone keypads. The main types of LEDs
are miniature, high power devices and custom designs such as alphanumeric or multi-color.

Fig 4.0: Different types of LED’s

2.1.13 RESISTORS

A resistor is a two-terminal electronic component designed to oppose an electric current by

producing a voltage drop between its terminals in proportion to the current, that is, in accordance
with Ohm's law:

V = IR

Fig 4.1: Different types of Resistors

33
Units:-
The ohm (symbol: Ω) is the SI unit of electrical resistance, named after Georg Simon Ohm. An
ohm is equivalent to a volt per ampere. Since resistors are specified and manufactured over a very
large range of values, the derived units of milli ohm (1 mΩ = 10−3 Ω), kilo ohm (1 kΩ = 103 Ω),
and mega ohm (1 MΩ = 106 Ω) are also in common usage.

The reciprocal of resistance R is called conductance G = 1/R and is measured in Siemens (SI
unit), sometimes referred to as a mho. Thus a Siemens is the reciprocal of an ohm: S = Ω − 1.
Although the concept of conductance is often used in circuit analysis, practical resistors are
always specified in terms of their resistance (ohms) rather than conductance.

2.1.14 CAPACITORS

A capacitor or condenser is a passive electronic component consisting of a pair of conductors

separated by a dielectric. When a voltage potential difference exists between the conductors, an
electric field is present in the dielectric. This field stores energy and produces a mechanical force
between the plates. The effect is greatest between wide, flat, parallel, narrowly separated
conductors.

Fig 4.3: Different types of Capacitors

34
2.2 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

Arduino UNO

Arduino is an open-source electronics prototyping platform based on flexible, easy-to-use

hardware and software. It's intended for artists, designers, hobbyists, and anyone interested in
creating interactive objects or environments. Arduino can sense the environment by receiving input
from a variety of sensors and can affect its surroundings by controlling lights, motors, and other
actuators. The microcontroller on the board is programmed using the Arduino programming
language (based on Wiring) and the Arduino development environment (based on Processing).
Arduino projects can be stand-alone or they can communicate with software running on a computer
(e.g. Flash, Processing, MaxMSP).

Below is the pin mapping for the ATMEGA8, the original chip used in early Arduinos

Fig 4.5: Arduino Pin Mapping

2.2.1 PROGRAMMING

The Arduino Nano can be programmed with the Arduino software. Select & quot;Arduino
Diecimila, Duemilanove, or Nano w/ ATmega168" or "Arduino Duemilanove or Nano
w/ ATmega328" from the Tools > Board menu (according to the microcontroller on your
board).

35
The ATmega168 or ATmega328 on the Arduino Nano comes preburned with a Bootloader that
allows you to upload new code to it without the use of an external hardware programmer. It
communicates using the original STK500 protocol.
You can also bypass the bootloader and program the microcontroller through the ICSP (In-Circuit
Serial Programming) header using Arduino ISP or similar.

2.2.2 COADING
#include <LiquidCrystal.h>

LiquidCrystal lcd(7,8,9,10,11,12);

int sensepin = A2;

int sensepin1 = A1;
int mois;
void setup()
{
// Initialize the IO and ISR
pinMode(4, OUTPUT); //motor
digitalWrite(4, HIGH);
analogReference(DEFAULT);
lcd.begin(16,2);
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("Smart Field,");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("Made by:");
delay(2000);
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("Shivam,Anshul");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("Vaibhav,Avinash");
delay(2000);
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("& Nitish");

delay(2000);
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("Mentor:Mr.");
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("Kumar Gaurav");
delay(2000);
lcd.clear();
lcd.setCursor(0,0);
lcd.print("Smart Field");
}
void loop()

36
{

if(analogRead(sensepin)>500) //no mois

{

digitalWrite(4, LOW);
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("Motor On ");

}
else if(analogRead(sensepin)<500) //mois
{
digitalWrite(4, HIGH);
lcd.setCursor(0,1);
lcd.print("Motor Off");

}
}

37
 CHAPTER 3: RESULT & DISCUSSION

After successful Hardware Implementation of the circuit diagram in PCB following outputs will
be obtained:-

1. When the value of soil moisture is zero there will be no connection between the electrodes and
an infinite impedance will occur between the two electrodes. This makes relay in ON state.
The microcontroller send output “1” to the motor circuit. Hence it will result in turning ON the
motor.
2. When there is sufficient moisture is present between the electrodes of the circuit. Then it makes
a complete connection between the electrodes. The relay will switch OFF. Then
microcontroller will send output “0” to the motor. This will result in turning OFF the motor.

38
 CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSION

Since prior days agriculturist should visit their horticultural land and check the dampness substance
of soil physically. It permits the client to screen and keep up the dampness remotely regardless of
time. It is truly a viable and financial approach to decrease human exertion and water wastage in
farming area. Ebb and flow systems in farming have decreased the ground-water level and
accessibility of human asset. This Irrigation control framework utilizing Android can help
agriculturist as a part of numerous courses.

Aside from horticultural fields, this framework can be utilized as a part of Cricket stadiums or Golf
stadiums furthermore openly cultivates. The framework has an immense interest and future
extension as well.

SCOPE OF PROJECT
1. Irrigation in Fields
2. Irrigation in Garden Parks.
3. Very Efficient For Paddy Fields.
4. Pisciculture

ADVANTAGES
 Automation eliminates the manual operation of opening or closing valves.
 Possibility to change frequency of irrigation and fertigation processes and to optimize these
process
 Adoption of advanced crop systems and new technologies, especially new crop systems that
are complex and difficult to operate manually.
 Use of water from different sources and increased efficiency in water and fertilizer use.
 System can be operated at night, water loss from evaporation is thus minimized.
 Irrigation process starts and stops exactly when required, thus optimizing energy requirements.

DISADVANTAGES
 The systems can be very expensive.
 Self-help compatibility is very low with big-scale systems, which are very complex.
 Most automated irrigation systems need electricity.
 For crops like rice we cannot use this same project because of excess need of water. We will
use DTMF technique in the fields where large amount of water is needed.

39
REFERENCES

[1] Kim MK, Park JH, Cho YW. Current Trends and Industrial Strategies of IT Convergence.
1 Vol. 25. ETRI Electronic Communications Trend Report; Electronics and
Telecommunications Research Institute; Daejeon, Korea: Feb, 2010.

[2] Yoo S, Kim J, Kim T, Ahn S, Sung J, Kim D. A2S: Automated Agriculture System Based
on WSN. Proceedings of ISCE 2007. IEEE International Symposium on Consumer
Electronics; Irving, TX, USA. 20–23 June 2007

[3] Lea-Cox JD, Kantor G, Anhalt J, Ristvey A, Ross DS. A Wireless Sensor Network for the
Nursery and Greenhouse Industry. Proceedings of Southern Nursery Association Research
Conference; Atlanta, GA, USA. 8–9 August 2007

[4] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_moisture_sensor

[5] http://www.edgefxkits.com/automatic-irrigation-system-on-sensing-soil-moisture-
content.

[6] http://www.instructables.com/id/Automatic-Plant-Watering-and-Soil-Moisture-Sensing/

[7] http://www.slideshare.net/stk25/ppt-for-automatic-plant-irrigation-syste

[8] http://www.facstaff.bucknell.edu/mastascu/elessonshtml/sensors/templm35.html

[9] http://electronicsjmbh.blogspot.in/2011/03/microcontroller-mcu-is-small-computer.html

[10] https://www.google.co.in/search?q=5v+dc+motor+for+projects&espv=2&biw=1366&bih
=623&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjV87vftIjKAhUVU44KHYJtCr0
Q_AUIBigB

[11] http://www.electrical4u.com/working-or-operating-principle-of-dc-motor/

40
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

TEXT BOOKS REFERED

1. “The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded systems” by Muhammad Ali Mazidi and Janice
Gillispie Mazidi , Pearson Education.
2. ATMEL 89S52 Data Sheets.

WEBSITES
 www.atmel.com
 www.beyondlogic.org
 www.wikipedia.org
 www.howstuffworks.com
 www.alldatasheets.com

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