CSCA0201

FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTING

Chapter 6
Operating Systems

1
Operating Systems

1. Operating Systems
2. Types of Operating System
3. Major Functions
4. User Interface
5. Examples of Operating System

2
Operating Systems
Operating Systems

• The operating system is the most important program

that runs on a computer.
• Operating system is an interface between computer
and user.
• It is responsible for the management and
coordination of activities and the sharing of the
resources of the computer.

3
Operating Systems
Operating Systems

4
Operating Systems
Operating Systems

5
Operating Systems
Types of Operating System

• Real-time
• Multi-user vs. Single-user
• Multi-tasking vs. Single-tasking
• Distributed
• Embedded

6
Operating Systems
Types of Operating System

Real-Time

• A real-time operating system is a multitasking

operating system that aims at executing real-time
applications.
• Responds to input instantly.

7
Operating Systems
Types of Operating System

Multi-user vs. Single user

 A multi-user operating system allows multiple users

to access a computer system concurrently.
 Time-sharing system can be classified as multi-user
systems as they enable a multiple user access to a
computer through the sharing of time.
 Single-user operating systems, as opposed to a
multi-user operating system, are usable by a single
user at a time.

8
Operating Systems
Types of Operating System

Multi-tasking vs. Single-tasking

 When a single program is allowed to run at a time,

the system is grouped under a single-tasking system
 While in case the operating system allows the
execution of multiple tasks at one time, it is
classified as a multi-tasking operating system.

9
Operating Systems
Types of Operating System

Distributed

 A distributed operating system manages a group of

independent computers and makes them appear to
be a single computer.
 The development of networked computers that could
be linked and communicate with each other, gave
rise to distributed computing.

10
Operating Systems
Types of Operating System

Embedded

 Embedded operating systems are designed to be

used in embedded computer systems.
 They are designed to operate on small machines
like PDAs with less autonomy.
 They are able to operate with a limited number of
resources.

11
Operating Systems
Major Functions of Operating System

• Resource management
• Data management
• Job management
• Standard means of communication between User
and Computer

12
Operating Systems
Major Functions of Operating System

Resource Management

• The resource management function of an OS

allocates computer resources such as CPU time,
main memory, secondary storage, and input and
output devices for use.

13
Operating Systems
Major Functions of Operating System

Data Management

• The data management functions of an OS govern

the input and output of data and their location,
storage, and retrieval.
• It also is responsible for storing and retrieving
information on disk drives and for the organization of
that information on the drive.

14
Operating Systems
Major Functions of Operating System

Job Management

• The job management function of an OS prepares,

schedules, controls, and monitors jobs submitted for
execution to ensure the most efficient processing.
• A job is a collection of one or more related programs
and their data.

15
Operating Systems
Major Functions of Operating System

Standard Means of Communication between User

and Computer

• The OS also establishes a standard means of

communication between users and their computer
systems.
• It does this by providing a user interface and a
standard set of commands that control the
hardware.

16
Operating Systems
User Interface

• A program that controls a display for the user

(usually on a computer monitor) and that allows the
user to interact with the system) .
• The user interface allows the user to communicate
with the operating system.

17
Operating Systems
User Interface

• The user interface provides means of:

– Input - allowing the users to manipulate a
system
– Output - allowing the system to indicate the
effects of the users' manipulation.

18
Operating Systems
Types of User Interface

• Command line interface

• Graphical user interface

19
Operating Systems
Types of User Interface

Command Line Interface (CLI)

• A command-line interface is a mechanism for

interacting with a computer operating system or
software by typing commands to perform specific
tasks.
• This method of instructing a computer to perform a
given task is referred to as "entering" a command.
• Accept input via keyboard only.
• Not suitable for beginners.

20
Operating Systems
Types of User Interface

Command Line Interface (CLI)

21
Operating Systems
Types of User Interface

Command Line Interface (CLI)

• Examples of command:

Command Description
DIR To display list of files or folder

COPY To copy file or folder

MD To make new folder
CLS To clear screen
Quit To quit

22
Operating Systems
Types of User Interface

Graphical User Interface (GUI)

• Is a type of user interface which allows people to

interact with computer with images rather than text
commands.
• Accept input via keyboard and pointing devices.
• Easy to learn.

23
Operating Systems
Types of User Interface

Elements of Graphical User Interface

• Pointer
• Icons
• Desktop
• Windows
• Menus

24
Operating Systems
Types of User Interface

Pointer

• A symbol that appears on the

display screen and that you
move to select objects and
commands.
• Usually, the pointer appears
as a small angled arrow.

25
Operating Systems
Types of User Interface

Icons

• Small pictures that

represent commands,
files, or windows.

26
Operating Systems
Types of User Interface

Desktop

• The area on the display screen where icons are

grouped is often referred to as the desktop because
the icons are intended to represent real objects on a
real desktop.

27
Operating Systems
Types of User Interface

Desktop

28
Operating Systems
Types of User Interface

Windows

• Used to divide the screen into different areas.

• In each window, you can run a different program or
display a different file.

29
Operating Systems
Types of User Interface

Windows

30
Operating Systems
Types of User Interface

Menus

• Most graphical user interfaces let you execute

commands by selecting a choice from a menu.
• Two types of menu:
– Pull-down menu
– Pop-up menu

31
Operating Systems
Types of User Interface

Menus

32
Operating Systems
Types of User Interface

CLI GUI
Because of the memorization and Although new users may have a
familiarity needed to operate a difficult time learning to use the
command line interface, new mouse and all GUI features, most
Ease
users have a difficult time users pick up this interface much
navigating and operating a easier when compared to a
command line interface. command line interface.
Users have much more control of Although a GUI offers plenty of
their file system and operating control of a file system and operating
system in a command line system, the more advanced tasks
Control interface. For example, users can may still need a command line.
copy a specific file from one
location to another with a one-line
command.

33
Operating Systems
Types of User Interface

CLI GUI
Although many command line GUI users have windows that
environments are capable of enable a user to view, control, and
multitasking, they do not offer the manipulate multiple things at once
Multitasking
same ease and ability to view and is much faster to navigate
multiple things at once on one when compared with a command
screen. line.
Command line users only need to A GUI may be easier to use
use their keyboards to navigate a because of the mouse. However,
command line interface and often using a mouse and keyboard to
only need to execute a few lines navigate and control your
Speed
to perform a task. operating system for many things
is going to be much slower than
someone who is working in a
command line.

34
Operating Systems
Examples of Operating System

• MS-DOS
• Windows
• Mac OS
• Linux
• Solaris
• Android

35
Operating Systems
Microsoft DOS

• DOS stands for Disk

Operating System.
• Developed by Microsoft Inc.
• Using command line
interface.
• It does not support multiple
users and multitasking.
• First version: MS-DOS 1.0
(1981)
• Final version: MS-DOS 7.0
(1995)

36
Operating Systems
Microsoft DOS

37
Operating Systems
Windows

• Produced by Microsoft,
Inc.
• Using graphical user
interface.
• Support multitasking and
multiuser.
• First version: Windows
1.0 (1985)
• Latest version: Windows
8

38
Operating Systems
Windows

39
Operating Systems
Mac OS

• The official name of the

Macintosh operating
system.
• Created by Apple Inc.
• Operating System for
Apple Macintosh computer.
• First version: Mac System
1 (1984)
• Latest version: Mac OS
10.8.3

40
Operating Systems
Mac OS

41
Operating Systems
Linux
• A freely-distributable open
source operating system that
runs on a number of hardware
platforms.
• Linux has become an
extremely popular alternative
to proprietary operating
systems.
• First version: Linux (1992)
• Latest version: Linux 3.9.6

42
Operating Systems
Linux

43
Operating Systems
Android
• Android is a Linux-based
operating system for mobile
devices such as smartphones
and tablet computers
• It is developed by the Open
Handset Alliance, led by
Google, and other companies
• First version: Android 1.0
(2008)
• Latest version: Android 4.2.2

44
Operating Systems
Android

45
Operating Systems
Solaris
• Solaris is a Unix operating
system originally developed by
Sun Microsystems
• Solaris can be installed from
physical media or a network for
use on a desktop or server
• Used on server and
workstation
• First version: Solaris 1 (1991)
• Latest version: SunOS 11.1

46
Operating Systems
Solaris

47