Tugas

Teknologi jaringan Komputer

Oleh

Canro Sinabutar
(07840040)

Fikom
Unika St. Thomas SU
2010
8b/10b encoding
In telecommunications, 8b/10b is a line code that maps 8-bit symbols to 10-bit symbols to
achieve DC-balance and bounded disparity, and yet provide enough state changes to allow
reasonable clock recovery. This means that the difference between the count of 1s and 0s in a
string of at least 20 bits is no more than 2, and that there are not more than five 1s or 0s in a row.
This helps to reduce the demand for the lower bandwidth limit of the channel necessary to
transfer the signal.

The code was described in 1983 by Al Widmer and Peter Franaszek in the IBM Journal of
Research and Development.[1] IBM was issued a patent[2] for the scheme the following year.
IBM's patent notwithstanding, the method, implementation and goals are very similar to Group
Code Recording (GCR), used by IBM in its 3400 Series 6250 cpi 9-track tape drives introduced
with its System/370 in 1970, by Apple in the floppy disk controller of its Apple II series
introduced in 1978, and by Commodore in the floppy disk controller of the Commodore 2040
introduced in 1979.

How it works

As the scheme name suggests, 8 bit of data are transmitted as a 10-bit entity called a symbol, or
character. The low 5 bit of data are encoded into a 6-bit group (the 5b/6b portion) and the top 3
bits are encoded into a 4-bit group (the 3b/4b portion). These code groups are concatenated
together to form the 10-bit symbol that is transmitted on the wire. The data symbols are often
referred to as D.x.y where x ranges from 0–31 and y from 0–7. Standards using the 8b/10b
encoding also define up to 12 special symbols (or control characters) that can be sent in place of
a data symbol. They are often used to indicate start-of-frame, end-of-frame, link idle, skip and
similar link-level conditions. At least one of them (i.e. a "comma" symbol) needs to be used to
define the alignment of the 10 bit symbols. They are referred to as K.x.y and have different
encodings from any of the D.x.y symbols.

Because 8b/10b encoding uses 10-bit symbols to encode 8-bit words, some of the possible 1024
(10 bit, 2^10) codes can be excluded to grant a run-length limit of 5 consecutive equal bits and
grant that the difference of the count of 0s and 1s is no more than 2. Some of the 256 possible 8-
bit words can be encoded in two different ways. Using these alternative encodings, the scheme is
able to affect long-term DC-balance in the serial data stream. This permits the data stream to be
transmitted through a channel with a high-pass characteristic, for example Ethernet's
transformer-coupled unshielded twisted pair or optical receivers using automatic gain control.

The encoding is normally done entirely in hardware. Upper layers of the software stack should
be "unaware" that this encoding is being used.
Encoding tables

Note that in the following tables, "A" and "a" are the least significant bit. The bits are sent low to
high: a → b → c → d → e → i → f → g → h → j (i.e. the 5b/6b code followed by the 3b/4b
code). With that the uniqueness of the special bit sequence in the comma codes is ensured.

The residual effect on the stream to the number of zero and one bits transmitted is maintained as
the Running Disparity (RD) and the effect of slew is balanced by the choice of encoding for
following symbols.

Each 6- or 4-bit code word has either equal numbers of '0' and '1' bit (a disparity of 0), or comes
in a pair of forms, one with two more '1' bit than '0' bit (four '1' bit and two '0' bit, or three '1' bit
and one '0' bit, respectively) and one with two less. When a 6 or 4 bit code is used that has a non-
zero disparity (count of '1' bits minus count of '0' bit, i.e. −2 or +2), the choice of positive or
negative disparity encodings must be the one that toggles the running disparity. I.e. the non zero
disparity codes alternate.

Running Disparity

8b/10b coding is DC-free, meaning that the long-term ratio of 1s and 0s transmitted is exactly
50%. To achieve this, the difference between the number of 1s transmitted and the number of 0s
transmitted is always limited to ±2, and at the end of each symbol, it is either +1 or −1. This
difference is known as the "running disparity" (RD).

This scheme only needs two states for Running Disparity of +1 and −1. It starts at −1.[3]

For each 5b/6b and 3b/4b code with an unequal number of 1s and 0s, there are two bit patterns
that can be used to transmit it: One with two more 1 bit and one with all bit inverted and thus two
more 0s. Depending on the current running disparity of the signal, the encoding engine selects
which of the two possible 6 or 4 bit sequences to send for the given data. (Obviously, if the 6 or
4 bit code has equal numbers of 1s and 0s, there is no choice to make, as the disparity would be
unchanged.)
For D.x.7, either the Primary (D.x.P7), or the Alternate (D.x.A7) encoding must be selected in
order to avoid a run of five consecutive 0s or 1s when combined with the preceding 5b/6b code.
Sequences of five identical bits are used in comma codes for synchronization issues. D.x.A7 is
only used for x=17, x=18, and x=20 when RD=−1 and for x=11, x=13, and x=14 when RD=+1.
With x=23, x=27, x=29, and x=30, the same code forms the control codes K.x.7. Any other x.A7
code can't be used as it would result in chances for misaligned comma sequences.

‡ The alternate encoding for the K.x.y codes with disparity 0 allow for K.28.1, K.28.5, and
K.28.7 to be "comma" codes that contain a bit sequence that can't be found elsewhere in the data
stream.

Control symbols

The control symbols within 8b/10b are 10b symbols that are valid sequences of bits (no more
than six 1s or 0s) but do not have a corresponding 8b data byte. They are used for low-level
control functions. For instance, in Fibre Channel, K28.5 is used at the beginning of four-byte
sequences (called "Ordered Sets") that perform functions such as Loop Arbitration, Fill Words,
Link Resets, etc.

Resulting from the 5b/6b and 3b/4b tables the following 12 control symbols are allowed to be
sent:

Within the control symbols, K.28.1, K.28.5, and K.28.7 are "comma symbols". Comma symbols
are used for synchronization (finding the alignment of the 8b/10b codes within a bit-stream). If
K.28.7 is not used, the unique comma sequences 0011111 or 1100000 cannot be found at any bit
position within any combination of normal codes.
‡ If K.28.7 is allowed in the actual coding, a more complex definition of the synchronization
pattern than suggested by † needs to be used, as a combination of K.28.7 with several other
codes forms a false misaligned comma symbol overlapping the two codes. A sequence of
multiple K.28.7 codes is not allowable in any case, as this would result in undetectable
misaligned comma symbols.

K.28.7 is the only comma symbol that cannot be the result of a single bit error in the data stream.

Example Encoding of D31.1

Technologies that use 8b/10b

After the above mentioned IBM patent expired, the scheme became even more popular and is the
default DC-free line code for new standards.

Among the areas in which 8b/10b encoding finds application are

 PCI Express prior to v3.0

 IEEE 1394b
 Serial ATA
 SAS
 Fibre Channel
 SSA
 Gigabit Ethernet (except for the twisted pair based 1000Base-T)
 InfiniBand
 XAUI
 Serial RapidIO
 DVB Asynchronous Serial Interface (ASI)
 DisplayPort Main Link
 DVI and HDMI Video Island (Transition Minimized Differential Signaling)
 HyperTransport
 Common Public Radio Interface (CPRI)
 USB 3.0.

Digital audio

The encoding has found a heavy use in digital audio applications which use this modulation
scheme:

 Digital Audio Tape

  Digital Compact Cassette (DCC).

A differing but related scheme is used for audio CDs and CD-ROMs:

 Compact Disc Eight-to-Fourteen Modulation

Exceptions

For 10 Gigabit Ethernet's 10GBASE-R Physical Medium Dependent (PMD) interfaces, 64b/66b
encoding is used. This scheme is considerably different in design to 8b/10b encoding, but was
created with similar considerations of DC balance, maximum run length, transition density and
electromagnetic emission minimization.

Note that 8b/10b is the encoding scheme, not a specific code. While many applications do use
the same code, there exist some incompatible implementations; for example, Transition
Minimized Differential Signaling, which also expands 8 bits to 10 bits, has some subtle
differences.

Notes

1. ^ Al X. Widmer, Peter A. Franaszek (1983). "A DC-Balanced, Partitioned-Block, 8B/10B

Transmission Code". IBM Journal of Research and Development 27 (5): 440.
http://domino.research.ibm.com/tchjr/journalindex.nsf/0/b4e28be4a69a153585256bfa0067f59a?O
penDocument.
2. ^ Byte oriented DC balanced (0,4) 8B/10B partitioned block transmission code. 1984.
3. ^ Thatcher, Jonathan (1996-04-01). "Thoughts on Gigabit Ethernet Physical". IBM.
http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/3/z/public/presentations/mar1996/JTtgep.txt. Retrieved 2008-
08-17.