© 2015 IJSRSET | Volume 1 | Issue 1 | Print ISSN : 2395-1990 | Online ISSN : 2394-4099

Themed Section: Engineering and Technology

Effectiveness of Frequency-Domain Correlative Coding for MIMO-OFDM

Systems Over Time Selective Rayleihg Fading Channels
Offia Innocent.S, Udeh Ikemefuna James, Eke J
Department of Electrical Electronic Engineering
Enugu State University of Science and Technology, Enugu State Nigeria

ABSTRACT

Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antennas combined with orthogonal frequency division multiplexing
(OFDM) has been investigated and proofed to robost very attractive for high-data-rate transmission communications.
It has also been noted that, MIMO-OFDM systems are very vulnerable to time selective fading as channel time-
variation destroys the orthogonality among subchannels, causing inter-carrier interference (ICI). Here, we apply
frequency-domain correlative coding in MIMO-OFDM systems over frequency-selective, fastfading channels to
reduce ICI. We derive the analytical expression of the carrier-to-interference ratio (CIR) to quantify the effect of
time-selective fading and demonstrate the effectiveness of correlative coding in mitigating ICI in MIMO-OFDM
systems which was redused up to the lowest level of 8%.
Keywords: OFDM, Time-selective fading, inter-carrier interference (ICI ), correlative coding

I. INTRODUCTION applications. Similar to single-antenna OFDM,

MIMO-OFDM is also sensitive to channel time
OFDM, though effective in avoiding ISI due to selectivity.
multipath delay, is sensitive to time-selective fading,
which destroys the orthogonality among different In this paper, we apply frequency-domain
subcarriers in one OFDM symbol and thus causes correlative coding originally pro-posed [Zhao. 1998]
ICI [Li, 1999]. If not compensated for, ICI will for single-antenna OFDM systems to MIMO-
result in an error floor, which increases as Doppler OFDM to improve system robustness to time-
shift and symbol duration increase. To combat ICI selective fading. While the analysis [Zhao. 1998]
caused by time-selective fading or frequency offset considered a simple case in which ICI is caused by
in single-antenna OFDM systems, various methods a single parameter – the frequency offset
[Armstrong,1999], including frequency-domain normalized to the subcarrier separation, we consider
correlative fading and partial response coding a more comprehensive and realistic scenario which
[Zhang, 2003], have been studied. The scheme includes not only the spatial elements, but also the
[Zhao, 1998] can be viewed as a special type of time-varying and frequency-selective aspects of the
frequency-domain partial response coding with channel. We focus on deriving, via a rigorous
correlation polynomial F(D) =1 – D. analytical approach, a tractable, closed-form
expression of CIR as a function of channel Doppler
To improve spectral efficiency, MIMO antennas shift, number of subcarriers, OFDM symbol
can be combined with OFDM to achieve spatial duration, and the power-delay profile of the multi-
multiplexing, which forms MIMO-OFDM. path fading channel. With the CIR expression
Supports of high mobility (e.g., IEEE 802.16e) in derived, we can quantify the impact of time-
MIMO-OFDM systems are critical for many

IJSRSET151170 | Received: 19 Feb 2015 | Accepted: 27 Feb 2015 | January-February 2015 [(1)1: 319-323] 319
selective fading and the improvement due to where L is the number of resolvable paths and 0 is an Nr
correlative coding in MIMO-OFDM.  Nt zero matrix. Each non-zero block of H contains the
Nr  Nt channel matrix Hl(n) for path l at time nTs (Ts is
II. METHODS AND MATERIAL the data symbol period).

A. System Model Assuming a WSSUS channel, all elements of Hl(n) are

modeled as independent complex Gaussian random
Consider a MIMO-OFDM system with Nt transmit variables with zero mean and equal variance. The
antennas, Nr receive antennas, and Ns subcarriers which channel is assumed to have an exponential power-delay
employs binary phase shift keying achieved through the profile θ (Tl) = e–Tl/Trms, where Tl is the delay of the lth
frequency-domain polynomial F(D) = 1 – D [Zhao path and Trms is the rms delay spread. Since the channel
1998.], (BPSK) modulation. Input symbols ai  {1, - 1} is time-variant, the relationship between the channel
are assumed to be i.i.d. with normalized energy. The coefficients for path l at times nTs and (n + m)Ts can be
correlative coding to encode ai is which generates a new described as [Zheng, 2004]
sequence bi = ai – ai-1 with E[bi] = 0 and otherwise.
{Hl(n + m)}ij = αm {Hl(n)ij + βl,ij(n + m) (4)

Where

It is well known that the general form of MIMO-OFDM fd is the maximum Doppler shift and βl,ij(n) are
over slowly fading channels (i.e., the channel is time- independent complex Gaussian random variables with
invariant over several OFDM symbol periods) can be zero mean and variance e – (1 – α2m).
expressed as [Stuber, 2004]
It is observed that the channel matrix H in (4.3) is no
yk = k xk + nk (2) longer a block circulant matrix as the case of slowly
fading channels. Consequently, G = (U  INr) H (U
where xk and yk represent, respectively, the transmitted  INt)H is no longer a block diagonal matrix, where U
and received data for all antennas on subcarrier k, k is is the unitary DFT matrix with
an Nr  Nt matrix whose (i, j)th element, {k}ij,
denotes the channel frequency response between
transmit antenna j and receive antenna i, and nk is an Nr
 1 vector denoting the zero-mean AWGN with
covariance 2nINr for all antennas on subcarrier k. 0  i, j  Ns – 1. This shows that time-selective fading
causes ICI, which is 0  i, j  Ns – 1. This shows that
B. Effects of Time-Selective Fadin time-selective fading causes ICI, which is represented by
the off-diagonal blocks of G. Let Gij denote the (i, j)th
In a time-selective fading environment, the NsNr  NsNt block of G.
spatiotemporal channel matrix H in one OFDM symbol
period is expressed as Eq. (4) can be rewritten as

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320
 system with different number of subcarriers in one
OFDM symbol (Ns = 8, 24, and 128) are compared

Table 1. PARAMETER VALUES USED IN THE

SYSTEM SIMULATIONS

(6)
Let ij be an Ns  Ns matrix given by

As shown in APPENDIX A, ij has a circulant structure,

Note that in this case CIR is the same for all subcarriers
and is independent of the channel power-delay profile as
well as the number of resolvable paths. Obviously, Ccorr
 C, k.

Therefore, correlative coding effectively increase CIR. In obtaining the numerical results, I consider a system
Note worthily, from (5), it is easy to see that although with two transmit an-tennas and two receive antennas
Ccorr is different for different subcarriers, the difference which employs BPSK modulation and adopt the “SUI-5”
diminishes as Ns increases. As indicated earlier, when channel model. The time-selective Rayleigh fading
frequency-domain correlative coding with F(D) = 1 – D channel is assumed to have three resolvable multipath
is used, the signals modulated on subcarriers are components occurring at 0, 5, and 10s. These paths are
identical with alternate mark inversion code and {ai} can modeled as independent complex Gaussian random
be recovered by using a ML sequence detector. variables and the rms delay spread of the channel is
3.05s. The maximum Doppler shift is calculated based
on a carrier frequency of fc = 2GHz.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
CIR levels versus Ts calculated using Eqs. (5) and (6)
In obtaining the numerical results, we consider a system are plotted in Fig. 2 where the vehicle speed applied is
with two transmit antennas and two receive antennas vs = 100Km/h. CIR curves of the MIMO-OFDM
which employs BPSK modulation and adopt the “SUI-5” system with different number of subcarriers in one
channel model [Falconer, 2002]. The time-selective OFDM symbol (Ns = 8, 24, and 128) are compared.
Rayleigh fading channel is assumed to have three As shown in Fig. 1, frequency-domain correlative
resolvable multipath components occurring at 0, 5, and coding incorporated in this letter can effectively increase
10s. These paths are modeled as independent complex CIR and the improvement is proportional to the number
Gaussian random variables and the rms delay spread of of subcarriers. With Ns = 128, the improvement is
observed to be as high as 3.0dB. The BER performances
the channel is 3.05s. The maximum Doppler shift is
of MIMO-OFDM systems with and without frequency-
calculated based on a carrier frequency of fc = 2GHz.
domain correlative coding are compared in Fig.1., where
Ts = 5 x 10-7s and vs = 100Km/h are applied. The ML
CIR levels versus Ts calculated using Eqs. (4) and (5)
detection scheme is used when correlative coding is
are plotted in Fig.1, where the vehicle speed applied is
applied. The improvement in the BER performance is
vs = 100Km/h. CIR curves of the MIMO-OFDM
also found proportional to the number of subcarriers.

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 subcarrier MIMO-OFDM system by as much as
3.0dB, and the improvement further increases as the
number of subcarriers becomes larger.

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