HEALTH AND SAFETY IN EMPLOYMENT ACT 1992

APPROVED CODE OF PRACTICE FOR THE

SAFE ERECTION AND

USE OF SCAFFOLDING
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY

& H E A LT H S E R V I C E
D E P A R T M E N T O F

APPROVED

AND
MINISTER
L A B O U R

THE LABOUR
T E T A R I M A H I

ISSUED

OF
BY

SEPTEMBER
1995
Published by the Occupational Safety and Health Service,
Department of Labour, Wellington, New Zealand.

First edition 1963

Revised 1970

Reprinted 1972

Revised 1976

Reprinted 1980

Revised 1985

Revised 1988

Revised 1989

Reprinted 1991

Revised 1995 and published as an approved code of practice

ISBN 0-477-03550-5

$10 (Incl. GST)

CONTENTS

NOTICE OF ISSUE ..............................................

6
FOREWORD ........................................................
7
PREFACE ...........................................................
8

A SUMMARY OF THE

HEALTH AND SAFETY IN EMPLOYMENT ACT 1992

9
REGULATIONS
9

APPROVED CODES OF PRACTICE

9

EMPLOYERS' DUTIES
9

HAZARD MANAGEMENT
10

INFORMATION FOR EMPLOYEES

11

EMPLOYERS TO INVOLVE EMPLOYEES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF

HEALTH AND SAFETY PROCEDURES

11

TRAINING OF EMPLOYEES
11

SAFETY OF PEOPLE WHO ARE NOT EMPLOYEES

11

EMPLOYEES' AND SELF-EMPLOYED PERSONS' DUTIES 11

ACCIDENTS AND SERIOUS HARM (RECORDS AND NOTIFICATION)

12
DEFINITIONS ...................................................

13

1. REQUIREMENTS ..........................................

17

1.1 INTRODUCTION
17

1.2 DEFINITIONS OF SCAFFOLDING AND SCAFFOLDING PROCESS

17
1.3 THE BUILDING ACT
18

1.4 MATERIALS
18

1.5 SCAFFOLD PLANKS

19

1.6 ERECTION, ALTERATION AND DISMANTLING

19

1.7 SUPERVISION
19
1.8 CERTIFICATES OF COMPETENCY
19

1.9 DUTIES OF PRINCIPALS, CONTRACTORS, SCAFFOLDING

ERECTORS AND USERS OF SCAFFOLDS

20

1.10 PROTECTION AND MAINTENANCE

22

1.11 ACCESS TO WORKING PLATFORMS

22

1.12 SCAFFOLDING NEAR ELECTRIC POWER LINES 23

1.13 SCAFFOLDING OVER VERANDAHS, GANTRIES OR ROOFS 24

1.14 LIFTING APPLIANCES MOUNTED ON SCAFFOLDING 24

2. DESIGN REQUIREMENTS ............................

26
2.1
PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN
26

2.2
BASIS OF DESIGN26

2.3
LOAD COMBINATIONS
26

2.4 DESIGN LOADS 27

2.5
SUPPORTING STRUCTURE
28

3. STANDING SCAFFOLDS ..............................

29
3.1 SCOPE
29

3.2
FOUNDATIONS 29
3.3
WORKING PLATFORMS
30
3.4
PLATFORM DECKING 31

3.5
GUARDRAILS AND MIDRAILS
32
3.7 SCREENS 33

3.6
TOEBOARDS
33

3.8
HEADROOM AND LIFTS
35
3.9
HEIGHT OF SCAFFOLDING 36
3.10 TIES
36

3.11 BRACING
37

4. TIMBER SCAFFOLDING
................................
40
4.1 SCOPE 40

4.2
QUALITY OF TIMBER AND FITTINGS40

4.3
SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS
40

5. TUBE SCAFFOLDING IN STEEL OR

ALUMINIUM ......................................................

42
5.1 SCOPE 42

5.2
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
42

5.3
MATERIALS
43

5.4
SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS FOR STANDING SCAFFOLDS
43
6. SCAFFOLDING WITH PROPRIETARY

EQUIPMENT .....................................................

46
6.1 SCOPE 46

6.2
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
46

6.3 FRAME SCAFFOLDING

47

6.4
UNIT-ASSEMBLED SCAFFOLDING
47

6.5
BRACKETS
47

7. FREE-STANDING SCAFFOLDS .....................

50
7.1
FREE-STANDING SCAFFOLDS
50

7.2 MOBILE SCAFFOLDS 51

7.3 TRESTLES AND TRIPODS 53

8. SUSPENDED SCAFFOLDS............................
54
8.1 SCOPE 54

8.2
TYPES OF SUSPENDED SCAFFOLDS
54
8.3
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
54

8.4
SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS
59

8.5
ENGINEER'S CERTIFICATE
60

9. SPECIAL SCAFFOLDS ..................................

61
9. I SCOPE 61

9.2
DESIGN AND SUPERVISION 61
9.3
NON-STANDARD STANDING SCAFFOLD 61
9.4
STANDING SCAFFOLDS WITH ATTACHMENTS 61
9.5
CANTILEVER SCAFFOLDS
62
9.6
HANGING SCAFFOLDS
62

APPENDIX A: SCAFFOLD REGISTER FOR ALL

SCAFFOLDING FROM WHICH A PERSON COULD

FALL 5 M OR MORE .........................................

63
SCAFFOLD REGISTER
64
INSPECTION RECORD
64

APPENDIX B: SUSPENDED SCAFFOLD REGISTER

AND NOTES ON SUSPENDED SCAFFOLDING.. 66

LIVE LOAD (I.E. PERSONS, TOOLS, MATERIALS)67

COUNTERWEIGHTING OF OUTRIGGERS67

COUNTERWEIGHT DETERMINED USING THE FORMULA

68
SUSPENDED SCAFFOLD REGISTER68

APPENDIX C: WEIGHTS OF MATERIALS USED

ON SCAFFOLDING ..........................................
70
APPENDIX D: SCAFFOLDING

MATERIALS TECHNICAL DATA ........................

72
APPENDIX E: RIGGING FOR SCAFFOLDERS
... 74
GENERAL
74

SUSPENDED LOADS74

SCAFFOLD TUBE 75

CHECKLIST
77

APPENDIX F: PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS

FOR SCAFFOLD PLANKS 78

NOTICE OF ISSUE

I have issued this Approved Code of Practice for the Safe Erection and Use of
Scaffolding, being a statement of preferred work practices or arrangements for
the purpose of ensuring the health and safety of persons to which this code
applies and persons who may be affected by the activities covered by this
code.

J. M. Chetwin

Secretary of Labour

September 1995
6 SAFE ERECTION AND USE OF SCAFFOLDING

FOREWORD

I have approved this statement of preferred work practices, which is an

Approved Code of Practice for the Safe Erection and Use of Scaffolding, under
section 20
of the Health and Safety in Employment Act 1992. When a code is approved, a
Court may have regard to it in relation to compliance with the relevant sections
of the Health and Safety in Employment Act. This means that if an employer in
an industry or using a process to which an approved code applies can show
compliance with that code in all matters it covers, a Court may consider this to
be compliance with the provisions of the Act to which the code relates.
Hon. Doug Kidd

Minister of Labour

September 1995

SAFE ERECTION AND USE OF SCAFFOLDING 7

PREFACE

This revised publication on scaffolding includes changes in the legislation

which took effect from 1 April 1993. It is essential for everyone involved in
the erection and use of scaffolding to be aware of these new provisions.

The book also sets out minimum standards for the erection, use and
dismantling of scaffolds, and provides the basis of study material for persons
wishing to obtain a certificate of competency as a scaffolder.
8 SAFE ERECTION AND USE OF SCAFFOLDING

A SUMMARY OF THE
HEALTH AND SAFETY IN
EMPLOYMENT ACT 1992

The principal object of the Health and Safety in Employment Act 1992 (HSE
Act) is to prevent harm to employees at work. To do this, it imposes duties on
employers, employees, principals and others, and promotes excellent health
and safety management by employers. It also provides for the making of
regulations and codes of practice.

REGULATIONS

Regulations are promulgated from time to time under the HSE Act.
Regulations may, among other things, impose duties on employers, employees,
designers, manufacturers, and others relating to health and safety. These
regulations may apply with respect to places of work, plant, processes or
substances and may deal with particular problems that have arisen.

APPROVED CODES OF PRACTICE

"Approved Codes of Practice" are provided for in the HSE Act. They are
statements of preferred work practice or arrangements, and may include
procedures which could be taken into account when deciding on the
practicable steps to be taken. Compliance with codes of practice is not
mandatory. However, they may be used as evidence of good practice in court.

EMPLOYERS' DUTIES

Employers have the most duties to ensure the health and safety of employees.

Employers have a general duty to take all practicable steps to ensure the safety
of employees while at work. In particular, they are required to take all
practicable steps to:
(a) Provide and maintain a safe working environment;

(b) Provide and maintain facilities for the safety and health of employees
at work;

(c) Ensure that machinery and equipment is safe for employees;

(d) Ensure that working arrangements are not hazardous to employees;

and

SAFE ERECTION AND USE OF SCAFFOLDING 9

(e) Provide procedures to deal with emergencies that may arise while
employees are at work.

Taking "all practicable steps" means doing what is reasonably able to be done
in the circumstances, taking into account:

(a) The severity of any injury or harm to health that may occur;

(b) The degree of risk or probability of that injury or harm occurring;

(c) How much is known about the hazard and the ways of eliminating,
reducing or controlling it; and

(d) The availability, effectiveness and cost of the possible safeguards.

HAZARD MANAGEMENT

Employers must identify and regularly review hazards in the place of work
(existing, new and potential), to determine whether they are significant
hazards and require further action. If an accident or harm occurs that requires
particulars to be recorded, employers are required to investigate it to
determine if it was caused by or arose from a significant hazard.

"Significant hazard" means a hazard that is an actual or potential cause or

source of:

(a) Serious harm; or

(b) Harm (being more than trivial) where the severity of effects on any
person depend (entirely or among other things) on the extent or
frequency of the person's exposure to the hazard; or

(c) Harm that does not usually occur, or usually is not easily detectable,
until a significant time after exposure to the hazard.

Where the hazard is significant, the HSE Act sets out the steps employers
must take:

(a) Where practicable, the hazard must be eliminated.

(b) If elimination is not practicable, the hazard must be isolated.

(c) If it is impracticable to eliminate or isolate the hazard completely, then

employers must minimise the likelihood that employees will be harmed
by the hazard.

Where the hazard has not been eliminated or isolated, employers must, where
appropriate:

(a) Ensure that protective clothing and equipment is provided, accessible

and used;

(b) Monitor employees' exposure to the hazard;

(c) Seek the consent of employees to monitor their health; and

(d) With informed consent, monitor employees' health.

10 SAFE ERECTION AND USE OF SCAFFOLDING

INFORMATION FOR EMPLOYEES

Before employees begin work, they must be informed by their employer of:

(a) Hazards employees may be exposed to while at work;

(b) Hazards employees may create which could harm other people;

(c) How to minimise the likelihood of these hazards becoming a source of

harm to themselves and others;

(d) The location of safety equipment; and

(e) Emergency procedures.

Employers are also required to inform employees of the results of any health
and safety monitoring. In doing so, the privacy of individual employees must
be protected.

EMPLOYERS TO INVOLVE EMPLOYEES IN THE

DEVELOPMENT OF HEALTH AND SAFETY PROCEDURES

Employers need to ensure that all employees have the opportunity to be fully
involved in the development of procedures for the purpose of identifying
hazards and dealing with significant hazards, or dealing with or reacting to
emergencies and imminent dangers.
TRAINING OF EMPLOYEES

Employers must ensure employees are either sufficiently experienced to do

their work safely or are supervised by an experienced person. In addition,
employees must be adequately trained in the safe use of equipment in the
place of work, including protective clothing and equipment.

SAFETY OF PEOPLE WHO ARE NOT EMPLOYEES

Employers are also responsible for the health and safety of people who are not
employees. Employers must take all practicable steps to ensure that employees
do not harm any other person while at work, including members of the public
or visitors to the place of work.

EMPLOYEES' AND SELF-EMPLOYED PERSONS' DUTIES

Employees and self-employed persons are responsible for their own safety and
health while at work. They must also ensure that their own actions do not harm
anyone else. However, these responsibilities do not detract from the employers'
or principals' responsibilities.

SAFE ERECTION AND USE OF SCAFFOLDING

11

ACCIDENTS AND SERIOUS HARM (RECORDS AND

NOTIFICATION)

The HSE Act requires employers to keep a register of work-related accidents

and serious harm. This includes every accident that harmed (or might have
harmed):

(a) Any employee at work;

(b) Any person in a place of work under the employer's control.

Employers are also required to investigate all accidents, harm and near-misses
to determine whether they were caused by a significant hazard.

Employers are required to notify serious harm that occurs to employees while
at work to the Secretary (in practice, the nearest OSH office), as soon as
possible. In addition, the accident must also be reported on the prescribed
form within 7 days. (Forms are included in the Workplace Accident Register
available from OSH offices and selected stationers.)

If a person suffers serious harm, the scene of the accident must not be
disturbed unless to:
(a) Save life or prevent suffering;

(b) Maintain public access for essential services, e.g. electricity, gas;

(c) Prevent serious damage or loss of property.

The OSH office will advise whether it wishes to investigate the

accident and what action may be taken in the meantime.

12 SAFE ERECTION AND USE OF SCAFFOLDING

DEFINITIONS
Act: The Health and Safety in Employment Act 1992.

Anchorage: Component cast or fixed into the building or structure for the
purpose of attaching a scaffold or tie; it also means the holding down system
for cantilevered beams when referring to suspended scaffolding and
cantilevered platforms.

Base plate: A metal plate with a spigot for distributing the load from a
standard or raker or other load-bearing tube. An adjustable base plate is a
metal base plate embodying a screw jack.

Bay: The portion of a scaffold situated between two adjacent pairs of standards
measured longitudinally and extending the full height of the scaffold. The bay
length is the longitudinal distance between the two adjacent pairs of standards.

Brace: A member placed diagonally with respect to the vertical or horizontal

members of a scaffold and fixed to them to afford stability.

Castor: A swivelling wheel secured to the base of a vertical member of the

scaffold for the purpose of mobilising it.

Construction work: (a) Means any work in connection with the alteration,
cleaning, construction, demolition, dismantling, erection, installation,
maintenance, painting, removal, renewal, or repair of -

(i) Any building, chimney, edifice, erection, fence, structure or wall, whether
constructed wholly above or below, or partly above and partly below,
ground level:

(ii) Any aerodrome, cableway, canal, harbour works, motorway, railway,

road, or tramway:

(iii) Any thing having the purpose of drainage, flood control, irrigation or
river control:

(iv) Any distribution system or network having the purpose of carrying

electricity, gas, telecommunications, or water:

(v) Any aqueduct, bridge, culvert, dam, earthwork, pipeline, reclamation,.

reservoir, or viaduct:

(vi) Any scaffolding; and

(b) Includes any work in connection with any excavation, preparatory work,
or site preparation carried out for the purposes of any work referred to in
paragraph (a) of this definition; and

(c) Includes any work referred to in paragraph (a) or paragraph (b) of this
definition carried out underwater, including work on buoys, obstructions to
navigation, rafts, ships, and wrecks; and

(d) Includes the use of any materials or plant for the purposes of any work to
in any of the paragraphs (a) to (c) of this definition; and

(e) Includes any inspection or other work carried out for the purposes of
ascertaining whether any work referred to any of paragraphs (a) to (c) of this
definition should be carried out; but
(f) Does not include any work in any mine, quarry, or tunnel.

SAFE ERECTION AND USE OF SCAFFOLDING

13

Coupler: A fitting used to fix scaffold tubes together.

Employee: Subject to section (3) of the Act, means a person employed by any
other person to do any work (other than residential work) for hire or reward;
and, in relation to any employer, means an employee of the employer.

Employer: Means a person who or that employs any other person to do any
work for hire or reward; and, in relation to any employee, means an employer
of the employee.

Factor of safety: The ratio of the load that would cause failure of a member
or structure to the load that is imposed upon it in service, and, unless
otherwise prescribed or directed, shall be a minimum of 3.

Free-standing scaffold: A standing scaffold which is not attached to any

other structure and is stable against overturning on its own account or, if
necessary, assisted by rakers and anchors.

Guardrail: A rail or barrier secured to standards or upright members, and

erected along the exposed sides and ends of working platforms to prevent
persons from falling. A lower rail which is fixed to standards midway between
the guardrail and platform is termed a midrail.

Hanging scaffold: A working platform suspended by tubes, bolts, fixed rope

slings or other methods and not intended for raising or lowering while in use.

Health and safety inspector: An officer of the Department of Labour appointed

under section 29 of the Health and Safety in Employment Act 1992.

High: In relation to scaffolding, means the vertical height of the actual

scaffold (referred to in 2.2 and 2.10).

Height: In relation to scaffolding or part of scaffolding, means the greatest

vertical distance from which any article may fall from the highest working
platform of the scaffolding to the ground or structure on which the scaffolding
is supported or above which the scaffolding is suspended or fixed, as the case
may be. In determining the distance which an article may fall, no account shall
be taken of any obstruction which may delay or stop the fall unless there is no
possibility of the fall continuing after the obstruction is reached.

Ladder: Means a portable appliance consisting of two stiles joined by steps or

rungs and designed for the purpose of climbing and descending.

Ladder bracket: A bracket designed to be attached to at least two rungs of a

ladder for the purpose of supporting a plank for a person to work on.

Ledger: A horizontal member placed in the longitudinal direction between

standards for the purpose of supporting putlogs.

Lift: The assembly of ledgers and putlogs forming each horizontal level of a
scaffold. The lift height is the vertical distance between two lifts, measured
centre to centre.

Live load: That portion of a load which does not include any part of the
scaffolding or decking supporting the load, and comprises the weight of
workers and/or materials.

Notifiable work: Means (a) Any restricted work, as that term is defined in
regulation 2(1) of the Asbestos Regulations 1983:

(b) Any logging operation or tree-felling operation, being an operation that is

undertaken for commercial purposes;

(c) Any construction work of one or more of the following kinds:

14 SAFE ERECTION AND USE OF SCAFFOLDING

(i) Work in which a risk arises that any person may fall 5 metres or more,
other than-

(A) Work in connection with a residential building up to and including

2 full stories:

(B) Work on overhead telecommunication lines and overhead electric

power lines:

(C) Work carried out from a ladder only:

(D) Maintenance and repair work of a minor or routine nature:

(ii) The erection or dismantling of scaffolding from which a person may fall

5 metres or more:

(iii) Work using a lifting appliance where the appliance has to lift a mass of
500 kilograms or more a vertical distance of 5 metres or more, other
than work using an excavator, a fork-lift, or a self-propelled mobile
crane:

(iv) Work in any pit, shaft, trench or other excavation in which any person is
required to work in a space more than 1.5 metres deep and having a
depth greater than the horizontal width at the top:

(v) Work in any drive, excavation or heading in which any person is

required to work with a ground cover overhead:

(vi) Work in any excavation in which any face has a vertical height of more
than 5 metres and an average slope steeper than a ratio of 1 horizontal
to 2 vertical:

(vii) Work in which any explosive is used or in which any explosive is kept
on the site for the purpose of being used;
(viii) Work in which any person breathes air that is or has been compressed
or a respiratory medium other than air.

Outriggers (needles): Cantilevered beams from which a swinging stage is

suspended.

Putlog (or bearer or transom): A horizontal member placed in the

transverse direction between ledgers, standards, or other supports and used to
support a working platform.

Raker: An inclined load-bearing member.

Right-angle coupler: A coupler used to join tubes at right angles.

Registered engineer: An engineer registered under the Engineers Registration

Act 1924.

Safe working load (SWL): The maximum load calculated in accordance with
sound and accepted engineering practice, which can be supported safely under
normal working conditions.

Scaffolder: A scaffolder is a person skilled and experienced in the erection,

altering and dismantling of scaffolding. A scaffolder aspires to or holds a
certificate of competency as a scaffolder.

Scaffolding: (a) Means any advanced scaffolding, basic scaffolding, or

suspended scaffolding or any framework or structure, of a temporary nature,
used or intended to be used -

(i) For the support or protection of persons carrying out construction work
or work connected with construction work, for the purpose of carrying
out that work; or

(ii) For the support of materials used in connection with any such work; and

SAFE ERECTION AND USE OF SCAFFOLDING

15

(b) Includes any scaffolding constructed as such and not dismantled, whether
or not it is being used as scaffolding; and

(c) Includes any coupling, device, fastening, fitting or plank used in connection

with the construction, erection, or use of scaffolding.

Scaffolding process: The planning for, design and erection of, inspection of,
and use of any scaffold.

Scaffold register: A written record of inspections carried out for scaffolding.

Standard: An upright member used for transmitting the weight of the load
from the working platforms to the base of the scaffolding.
Suspended scaffold: A working platform suspended from overhead and
intended to be raised or lowered while in use.

Swivel coupler: A coupler for joining tubes at an angle other than a right
angle.

Sole plate: A timber, concrete or metal bearer used to distribute the load from
a standard or base plate to the ground.

Sound and accepted engineering practice: Means engineering practice

generally regarded as sound by those members of the engineering profession
mainly concerned with the practice and accepted as such by the Secretary of
Labour.

Span: Means the distance measured along the member between the centre
lines of adjacent supports of the member.

Special scaffold: A scaffold which differs from the standard requirements for
standing and suspended scaffolds.

Standing scaffold: A scaffold which is supported wholly or partly from its

base.

Tie: The attachment by which scaffolding is attatched to a structure; it also

means "tie and spreader" and includes the attachments used in conjunction
with the spreader or putlog extension to secure a scaffold to a building or
structure to prevent movement.

Toeboard: An upstand or vertical barrier at the edge of a platform intended to

prevent materials, or workers' from slipping off the platform.

Transom: A lube or beam spanning across ledgers to form the support for
boards forming the working platform or to connect the outer standards to
the inner standards (see Putlog).

Working platform: That part of a scaffolding on which workers and/or

materials are supported for the purpose of carrying out construction work.
16 SAFE ERECTION AND USE OF SCAFFOLDING

1. REQUIREMENTS

1.1 INTRODUCTION

This approved code of practice has been prepared to provide guidance on the
planning for, erection of and subsequent use of scaffolding. It has been
prepared for the scaffolding industry in particular and the construction industry
in general. It is intended to provide a link between the performance
requirements of the Health and Safety in Employment Act 1992 and the
specific requirements of scaffolding standards such as the joint AS-NZS 1576
series and the joint Australia-New Zealand Standard Guidelines for Scaffolding
1995.

The Health and Safety in Employment Act 1992 (HSE Act) and the Health
and Safety in Employment Regulations 1995 (HSE Regulations) prescribe
safety provisions for all employment categories, including the construction and
scaffolding industries. All persons engaged in scaffolding work are required to
comply with these provisions. A summary of the HSE Act and HSE
Regulations is provided in the introductory section of this document.

Suitable and sufficient scaffolding must be provided where the construction

work cannot be carried out safely by other means. Standing scaffolds,
suspended scaffolds or special scaffolds may be used.

1.2 DEFINITIONS OF SCAFFOLDING AND SCAFFOLDING

PROCESS

For the purposes of this document:

Scaffolding is defined as any structure, framework, swinging stage, suspended

scaffolding, or boatswain's chair, of a temporary nature, used or intended to be
used for the support or protection of workers engaged in or in connection with
construction work, for the purpose of carrying out that work or for the support
of materials used in connection with any such work; and includes any
scaffolding constructed as such and not dismantled, whether or not it is being
used as scaffolding; and also includes any plank, coupling, fastening, fitting or
device used in connection with the construction, erection, or use of scaffolding.

Scaffolding process is defined as the planning for, the design of, the erection
of, the inspection of, the use of, and the dismantling of any scaffolding. The
scaffolding process does not include the erection of structures constructed
using scaffolding components, such as falsework, temporary grandstands,
lighting towers, etc.
SAFE ERECTION AND USE OF SCAFFOLDING
17

Notwithstanding the above definitions, those planning or constructing

temporary grandstands, falsework, lighting towers, etc., may find some of the
information in this code useful and relevant.

Further definitions are included in Appendix B of this document.

1.3 THE BUILDING ACT

Scaffolding as defined in this code and in the Building Act is not a "building"
and as such a Building Consent is not required for a scaffold. The Territorial
Authorities may impose requirements for the scaffold to protect people or
property from the building activity. This may include the need to provide
screening on the scaffold, catch fans, barriers or lighting.

The Building Code.is the first schedule of the Building Regulations 1992.
Clause F5.2 of the Building Code requires that building or demolition work be
performed in a manner that avoids the likelihood of:

(a) Objects falling on to people, on or off the site;

(b) Objects falling on property off the site;

(c) Other hazards arising on the site affecting people off the site and other
property;

(d) Unauthorised entry of children to hazards on the site.

Clause F5.3.1 requires that suitable construction methods be used to avoid the
likelihood of tools or materials falling on to places where people might be
present. Clause F5.3.3 requires that where a site contains hazards that might
attract children, the hazard be enclosed to restrict access by children. Clause
F5.3.4 requires suitable barriers to provide a safe route for public access where
lifting equipment creates a risk from objects falling, or where a similar risk
occurs. (Note: The Building Act, Building Regulations and the Building Code
should be consulted for the most current requirements).

1.3.1 TEMPORARY GRANDSTANDS AND THE LIKE

Structures such as temporary grandstands, lighting towers and similar,

constructed from scaffolding materials, are not scaffolding as defined in this
code, and hence require a building consent. Persons involved in the process of
planning or erecting such structures should seek clarification from the
Territorial Authority.

1.4 MATERIALS

The HSE Regulations and various standards prescribe scaffolding made of

timber, steel tubes, aluminium tubes or prefabricated frames. Other materials,
provided they are suitable and adequate in strength, may be used subject to the
approval of the Secretary of Labour. All scaffold materials must be in sound
condition and be examined by a competent person before use.

18 SAFE ERECTION AND USE OF SCAFFOLDING

1.5 SCAFFOLD PLANKS

All scaffold planks must meet the performance requirements specified in Part I
of NZS 3620:1985 Specification for scaffold planks (this is reproduced in Appendix
F).

A health and safety inspector may require a test report or certificate from a
recognised testing authority for planks purporting to comply with
NZS:3620 but not bearing the New Zealand Standard Certification Mark.

Planks must be frequently examined during use for splits, cracks, mechanical
damage, excessive wear and decay. Planks which are defective must be
rendered unfit for further use.

1.6 ERECTION, ALTERATION AND DISMANTLING

All scaffolding, whether notifiable or not, must be erected, altered and

dismantled by competent workers under proper supervision.

Scaffolding must not be used unless the employer or employer's representative

on the work is satisfied that it is safe for use and complies with the regulations.

Scaffolding must not be altered or interfered with except on the instructions of

the employer or employer's representative. Scaffolders must ensure that
members of the public are not endangered while they are erecting, altering or
dismantling scaffolds. They should also ensure that the lower working
platforms are not used while the upper lifts are being worked on unless a fully
decked platform, with screens if necessary, separates the part being erected or
dismantled from the lower part in use.

All scaffolders should have a basic knowledge of rigging (some useful hints are
given in Appendix E).

1.7 SUPERVISION

Standing scaffolding over 5 m high or intended to extend over 5 m, hanging

scaffolds of any height and suspended scaffolding of any height may be
erected, altered or dismantled only under the direct supervision of a person
who holds an appropriate certificate of competency as a scaffolder issued
under the regulations.

1.8 CERTIFICATES OF COMPETENCY

The Health and Safety Regulations require that persons who erect scaffolding,
any part of which is 5 metres or more above the ground, must hold a
certificate of competency in one of the following classes:

Basic Scaffolding: The equipment range is to include free-standing modular

system scaffolding, ropes, gin wheels, static lines and fall arrest systems.

Advanced Scaffolding: The equipment is to include free-standing modular

systems, tube and coupler scaffolding including tube and coupler covered
ways and gantries, scaffolding associated with perimeter safety screens and
shutters, cantilevered hoists with a load limit not exceeding 250 kg (materials

SAFE ERECTION AND USE OF SCAFFOLDING

19

only), ropes, gin wheels, safety nets for public protection, and catch nets, static

lines and fall arrest systems, bracket scaffolds (tank and formwork),
cantilevered load platforms from a scaffold, cantilevered and spurred scaffolds,
barrow ramps and sloping platforms, mast climbers, and hung scaffolding
including scaffolding hung from tubes, wire ropes and chains.

Suspended Scaffolds: The equipment range is to include hand-haul and

mechanical boatswain's chairs, building maintenance units and hand-haul and
mechanical swinging stages.

1.9 DUTIES OF PRINCIPALS, CONTRACTORS,

SCAFFOLDING ERECTORS AND USERS OF SCAFFOLDS

All those involved in the construction work have responsibilities for the
scaffolding process, and for the protection of those who use the scaffold in the
course of their work. While the actual scaffolding process can vary from
project to project, it is up to those involved to clarify the various
responsibilities. The following may provide some assistance in the clarification
of roles.

Property developers have responsibilities as principals under the HSE Act.

Main contractors, project management consultants, and subcontractors who
plan or order a scaffold erected have responsibilities as principals and as
employers under the HSE Act with respect to the scaffold. Scaffolding
contractors who erect the scaffold, and contractors and subcontractors who use
the scaffold, have responsibilities as employers under the HSE Act. Employees
of all the above have responsibilities as employees under the HSE Act.

(Note that each party can have responsibilities as both principal and employer
at the same time.)

Specific duties of each party to the scaffolding process may include the
following.

(a) Property developers, project management consultants, owners, and

persons who control the workplace need to ensure that:

(i) Adequately qualified contractors and consultants are employed on the

project.
(ii) Sufficient monies are available to fund the works and the temporary
works so that provisions can be made to protect employers, employees
and others against the various hazards that may arise.

(b) Main contractors, project management consultants or

subcontractors who engage others or contract for the erection of a
scaffold need to:

(i) Plan the work to be carried out from the scaffold and to specify any
special requirements for the scaffold, e.g. any loads the scaffold may
be expected to carry.

(ii) Co-ordinate the erection, use and dismantling of the scaffold.

(iii) Ensure the safety of others who may be in the vicinity of the scaffold,
including members of the public.

20 SAFE ERECTION AND USE OF SCAFFOLDING

(iv) Provide for public protection including gantries, screening. This may
include co-ordination with local authorities and obtaining permits as
necessary.

(v) Provide information about the foundation conditions for the scaffold,
including information about the strength of verandahs and suspended
slabs upon which the scaffold is to be erected.

(vi) Provide information about the proximity of power lines and protective
methods.

(vii) Clearly communicate via specifications, drawings, or other

informations, the scope and all requirements for the scaffold required,
to the scaffolding erector.

(viii) Co-ordinate/delegate all subsequent inspections and alterations needed

to ensure the safety of the scaffold and those using the scaffold. This
will include the need to ensure that a scaffold register or scaffold record
system is kept up to date (see clause 1.9.1).

(ix) Ensure protection of the scaffold from construction vehicles or other

vehicles in the vicinity, including co-ordination of crane activities over
the scaffold.

(c) Scaffolding erection companies must:

(i) Develop a clear understanding of the scaffold required and the work
that is to be carried out from the scaffold, including the need for
protective gantries, screening, foundation conditions, power cables.

(ii) Design and plan the scaffold and the erection process, including co-
ordination with other employers who are in the vicinity, to ensure
safety during construction, use, alteration and later dismantling of the
scaffold.

(iii) Provide a scaffold that complies with the manufacturer's specification

and the code of practice.

(iv) On completion of the erection of the scaffold, inspect and certify that it
is safe to use, and to hand over the scaffold to their principal. The hand
over must include any information that could affect subsequent users
of the scaffold, and any limitations of the scaffold.

(v) Co-ordinate with the principal on the need for subsequent inspections
and alterations as work proceeds on the project, e.g. alteration of
working platforms, increasing the height of the scaffold, etc.

(d) Users of the scaffold must:

(i) Understand any limitations of the scaffold that could affect their work,
e.g. load limits.

(ii) Not alter the scaffold in any way that could affect its safety.

(iii) Liaise with the main contractor or the scaffold erector to have ties,
work platforms, relocated or altered, etc., as necessary.

(iv) Carry out their own works so as not to endanger others in the vicinity.

SAFE ERECTION AND USE OF SCAFFOLDING

21

1.9.1 SCAFFOLDING REGISTER AND INSPECTION OF SCAFFOLDS

All suspended scaffolds and all other scaffolds which exceed 5 m in height, or
from which a person could fall 5 m or more, are to be inspected before first use
and at regular intervals. Details of these inspections are to be recorded in an
on-site scaffold register or in a suitable scaffold record system and signed by
person carrying out the inspection. These inspections may be carried out by a
certificated scaffolder of the appropriate class, or by a competent person such
as a registered engineer.

(a) Initial inspection

Before first use, the scaffold is to be finally inspected and any defects found
are to be rectified before use.

(b) Subsequent inspections

The scaffold is to be inspected at the following intervals:

(i) Daily in the case of suspended scaffolds, or weekly in the case of all
other scaffolds while the scaffolds are in use.

(ii) After each structural alteration, addition or change to the nature of the
scaffold or its anchorages or ties.

(iii) Monthly while the scaffold is set up but not in use.

(iv) After any storm or occurrence that could adversely affect the safety
of the scaffolding.

Should any defect be found during these inspections, the defect must be
rectified prior to being reused.

Sample registers and checklists are included in Appendix A, although these are
offered for guidance only.

1.10 PROTECTION AND MAINTENANCE

All scaffolding must be protected against accidental damage from traffic or

other causes and should, where necessary, be barricaded or, alternatively, be
well stayed or braced to avoid damage from vehicles (fig. 1).

1.11 ACCESS TO WORKING PLATFORMS

Access must be adequate and safe for the working conditions and type of
work carried out. Employers should give consideration to the number of users
of the scaffold and their need to carry materials, tools and equipment to the
working platforms. Access may be provided by permanently installed
stairways, temporary stairways or portable inclined ladders. Employees should
not be expected to climb vertical ladders, or to climb the scaffold structure to
gain access to working platforms.

Portable ladders should comply with the following:

(a) Ladders should be pitched at a slope of not less than 1 in 4 and not
more than 1 in 6.

22 SAFE ERECTION AND USE OF SCAFFOLDING

Barricades to prevent
damage to the scaffold
by vehicles

Fig. 1 Vehicle entrances

(b) Ladders should be securely tied to prevent them moving.

(c) Ladders should be provided with landings top and bottom, and the
landings should be properly guarded.

(d) Maximum height between landings should not exceed 6.3 m.

(e) Ladders should extend at least 1 m above landings.

(e) The base of the ladder should be offset from the head of the ladder
below, so that the ladders do not form a single continuous ladder.

1.12 SCAFFOLDING NEAR ELECTRIC POWER LINES

No person shall erect any scaffold at any distance, in any direction, less than
that shown in the table (from NZECP 34:1993 Section 4 ) to any conductors
of an overhead electric line.

SAFE ERECTION AND USE OF SCAFFOLDING

23
MINIMUM DISTANCE IN ANY DIRECTION FOR CONSTRUCTION OF
SCAFFOLDING AND OTHER STRUCTURES NEAR CONDUCTORS

Line Voltage
Minimum Distance Under Normal Conditions
Not exceeding 66 kV (maximum span 125 metres
4.0 metres
Exceeding 66 kV (maximum span 25 metres)
5.0 metres
Any voltage (span greater than 125 metres but less than 250 metres)
6.0 metres
Any voltage (span greater than 250 metres but less than 500 metres)
8.0 metres
Any voltage (span exceeding 500 metres)
As agreed with the owner of the

line but not less than 8 metres

1.13 SCAFFOLDING OVER VERANDAHS, GANTRIES OR

ROOFS

Verandahs, gantries or roofs used to support scaffolding must be certified as

safe for the purpose by a competent person such as a registered engineer. The
layout of the scaffold, including details of sole plates and the propping system,
if any, must also be provided.

1.14 LIFTING APPLIANCES MOUNTED ON SCAFFOLDING

Hoists, winches and other lifting appliances may be mounted on scaffolding

only if the scaffold framework is adequate in strength or is specially
strengthened and tied back to reduce vibration and whip.

The strengthening must be calculated with reference to an effective static load

of not less than two times the safe working load of the lifting appliance.

Where the lifting capacity exceeds 250 kg (2450 N), the scaffold must be
strengthened to the design requirement of a registered engineer.
24 SAFE ERECTION AND USE OF SCAFFOLDING

(a) Standards passing

through verandah
(d) Props directly under standard

50 mm thick sole
plates

(b) Props directly under

standards

Permanent
verandah

(e)
(c) Standard passing through
verandah

(f) Inside prop removed if verandah connection

is sound
(g) Sound cantilever verandah

Fig. 3
Some
methods
of
supportin
g
scaffoldin
g on or
over
verandahs
.

NOTES

(a) to
(f) built
on a
perman
ent
veranda
h.

(c) to (g)
All require
a
registered
engineer's
certificate.

(c), (d), (e), (f) and

(g). These could
be used only
where verandah
connection to
building is sound
and strong. Use
50 mm thick sole
plates at all times.
Sole plates on top
of verandah or
gantry to be at
right angles to
main members.

Scaffold should
be protected to
avoid being
damaged by
passing traffic.

(g) Gantry
SAFE ERECTION AND USE OF SCAFFOLDING
25

2. DESIGN
REQUIREMENTS

2.1 PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN

The design of the scaffold shall take into account the following:

(a) The strength, stability and rigidity of the supporting structure;

(b) The handling normally associated with scaffolding;

(c) The safety of persons engaged in the erection, alteration and

dismantling of the scaffold;

(d) The safety of persons using the scaffold;

(e) The safety of persons in the vicinity of the scaffold.

2.2 BASIS OF DESIGN

The design of the structural members and components of a scaffold shall

comply with NZS 3404.1, NZS 3603, AS 1538 or AS 1664.

Welding shall comply with AS 1554.1, AS 1665 or NZS 4701, as appropriate.

2.3 LOAD COMBINATIONS

Where scaffolding is designed, it shall be designed for the most adverse

combination of dead loads, live loads and environmental loads that can
reasonably be expected during the period that the scaffold is expected to be in
service.

Load combinations for strength limit states shall be in accordance with

NZS 4203, except that dead and live load combinations shall be as follows:

2.0G + 2.0Q

where

G = dead load

Q = live load (including impact, if any).

Where environmental loads will be such that work is unlikely to proceed
under those conditions, then the worst case may be restricted to dead loads,
expected live loads from stacked materials and environmental loads.

For permissible stress design, the sum of the dead and live loads applied shall
be increased by 15 percent, to allow for re-use of materials.

26 SAFE ERECTION AND USE OF SCAFFOLDING

2.4 DESIGN LOADS

2.4.1 DEAD LOAD

The dead load (G) shall include the self-weight of the scaffold structure and
components including working platforms, catch platforms, access platforms,
stairways, ladders, screens, sheeting, platform brackets, suspension ropes,
secondary ropes, traversing ropes, tie assemblies, scaffolding hoists, electrical
cables and any other attachments, where appropriate.

2.4.2 ENVIRONMENTAL LOADS

Where appropriate, the environmental loads shall include the following:

(a) Wind loads in accordance with NZS 4203 imposed on the

scaffold, including any guardrails, toeboards, stacked materials,
screens, sheeting, platform ropes, guy wires and other attachments;

(b) Snow loads in accordance with NZS 4203;

(c) Rain and ice loads, where it is considered likely that the scaffold and
claddings will be subjected to rain or a build-up of ice;

(d) Earthquke loads in accordance with NZS 4203.

2.4.3 LIVE LOADS

2.4.3.1 General. The live load (Q) shall include the following:

(a) The weight of persons;

(b) The weight of materials and debris;

(c) The weight of tools and equipment;

(d) Impact forces.

2.4.4.2 Duty Live Loads. The live load applied to a working platform shall be
categorised by the following duty conditions:
(a) Light-duty, a load of 2.2 kN per bay that includes a single concentrated
load of 1 kN;

(b) Medium-duty, a load of 4.4 kN per bay that includes a single

concentrated load of 1.5 kN;

(c) Heavy-duty, a load of 6.6 kN per bay that includes a single

concentrated load of 2.0 kN;

(d) Special-duty, the largest intended load but not less than heavy-duty.

For design purposes, the single concentrated load shall be assumed in the
most adverse position within the bay.

SAFE ERECTION AND USE OF SCAFFOLDING

27

2.5 SUPPORTING STRUCTURE

2.5.1 GENERAL

The supporting structure shall be capable of supporting the most adverse

combination of loads applied by the scaffold during the period of its service.

2.5.2 STRENGTHENING OF SUPPORTING STRUCTURE

Where the supporting structure is not capable of supporting the most adverse
combination of expected loads in Clause 2.5.1, it shall be strengthened by
propping or other means.

2.5.3 SOLEPLATES

Where soleplates are required, they shall be designed to distribute the load
from a scaffold to the supporting structure.
28 SAFE ERECTION AND USE OF SCAFFOLDING

3. STANDING
SCAFFOLDS

3.1 SCOPE

This part covers standing scaffolds which are supported wholly or partly from
their base. The scaffolds may be either free-standing or held sideways by ties,
rakers or other means.

The kinds of scaffolds generally used are:

(a) Timber scaffolding;

(b) Tube scaffolding in steel or aluminium; and

(c) Scaffolding with proprietary equipment.

3.2 FOUNDATIONS

Scaffolding foundations must be adequate to carry the whole weight of the

scaffold, including the imposed loads, and must be maintained in a stable
condition during the life of the scaffold. Steel base plates must be used under
all standards.

When scaffolds are supported on the ground, suitable sole plates must be used
to spread the load. The sole plates should preferably be long enough to support
at least two standards. (See fig. 4).

Timber sole plates must be not less than 200 x 38 x 500 mm long. Bricks,
blocks and similar loose material are unsuitable as they are liable to fall over
or split, and are easily driven into the ground.

Where the foundation is levelled concrete of adequate thickness or of a similar

hard surface, the sole plate may be omitted, but steel base plates must be
provided at the bottom of all standards.

Fig. 4 Support for tubular scaffold standards.

SAFE ERECTION AND USE OF SCAFFOLDING

29

3.3 WORKING PLATFORMS

Working platforms are classified as light-duty, medium-duty, heavy-duty or

special-duty.

3.3.1 LIGHT-DUTY PLATFORMS

For light-duty platforms, the maximum longitudinal standard spacing is 2.4 m

and the maximum standard spacing is 1.5 m.
3.3.2 MEDIUM- OR HEAVY-DUTY WORKING PLATFORMS

For medium- or heavy-duty working platforms, the following additional

requirements must also be complied with:

(a) Where the span exceeds 2.0 m, one intermediate putlog must be
provided at mid-span to support timber scaffold planks; this
requirement does not apply to metal planks (fig. 5).

(b) When the live load is not evenly distributed over the platform, as in the
case of a blocklayer's scaffold which has bricks or concrete blocks
stacked on the outside edge of the platform, the outside ledger which
carries most of the load must be supported by an additional standard,
with intermediate putlog placed at mid-span (fig.5).

(c) When the total live load of 4.4 kN or 6.6 kN is not uniformly
distributed but is concentrated at mid-span, e.g. concrete blocks
stacked on pallets, an additional pair of standards with intermediate
putlog must be provided at mid-span.

Additional standards at mid-span

Additional standard

1.5 m max. between standards.

Note: End toe board not shown Intermediate putlogs at mid-span
for clarity.

Fig. 5 Medium- or heavy-duty load.

30 SAFE ERECTION AND USE OF SCAFFOLDING

3.3.2 HEAVY-DUTY PLATFORMS

For heavy-duty platforms, the maximum longitudinal standard spacing is 1.8 m

and the maximum transverse standard spacing is 1.275 m.

2.4.3 SPECIAL-DUTY WORKING PLATFORMS

Special-duty working platforms are platforms that do not conform to the

requirements of either a light-duty or heavy-duty platform with respect to
loading and/or dimensions. The platform must be of adequate strength and
stability. The health and safety inspector may require a registered engineer's
design certificate for a special-duty platform.

3.4 PLATFORM DECKING

The decked width must be not less than 675 mm, with sufficient additional
width to leave 450 mm minimum clear walkway at all times (fig. 6).

The distance between the outer edge of the platform to be guarded and the
projection of the inner vertical face of a guardrail must not exceed 200 mm.
Scaffold planks must be so placed, locked or secured as to prevent tipping or
displacement during normal use, or movement by strong wind. End overhang
must be 80 mm minimum to 220 mm maximum.

200 mm max

Edge of decking as close

as practicable to working
face

675 mm min
width

Minimum plank size 225 mm

220 mm max
80 mm min

Plank

(b)

75 mm minimum bearer

150 mm minimum bearer

(c)

Tie

(a)
160 mm minimum

(d)

Fig. 6 Decking.

SAFE ERECTION AND USE OF SCAFFOLDING 31

It is good practice to butt planks in a decked platform. When butted, each end
bearing shall be not less than 75 mm. When lapped, the amount of overlap
must be not less than 150 mm. Decking planks which are lapped must be fitted
with wedge cleats or fillets to reduce the risk of tripping or facilitate the
wheeling of loads.

Every working platform must be decked as close as practicable to the working

face of the structure it is being used with.

Where the height is greater than 3 m, a guardrail or other protection must be

provided within 200 mm of the outer edge of the plank

3.5 GUARDRAILS AND MIDRAILS

Guardrails, including midrails, must be provided on the exposed sides and

ends of all working platforms more than 3 m in height (fig. 7). The height to
the top of the guardrail must be not less than 0.9 m or more than 1.1 m from
the deck to be protected.
A midrail is not required on a working platform which:

(a) Is provided with a toeboard of 225 mm minimum height; or

(b) Is provided with equivalent protection.

Maximum

200 mm

Maximum

200 mm

1000 mm min
900 mm min 1100 mm max
1100 mm max

1000 mm min
1100 mm max

Fig. 7 (a) Guardrails.

Level of deck

Double cross-bracing

1050 mean

min height
Rail at 700 mm

Level of deck

Fig. 7 (b) Guardrails.

32 SAFE ERECTION AND USE OF SCAFFOLDING

A guardrail, including a midrail, must be:

(a) In a plane parallel with the outside ends or exposed edges to be

guarded;

(b) Secured to the inside of the standard; and

(c) Kept in place except when removed temporarily for access.

Cross-bracing (double) as used in some frame scaffolds is acceptable in place of

a guardrail, if the platform is decked out to within 200 mm horizontally from
the cross-bracing, and the braces cross within 50 mm of the mean guardrail
height of 1050 mm above the platform. However, a rail at height 700 mm
above deck level must be provided (fig. 7(b)).

The guardrail may be fixed to the outside of the standard. To facilitate the
movement of materials, guardrails and toeboards may be temporarily removed,
but they must be replaced as soon as practicable.

Each rail, when secured to the standards or upright members, must be capable
of sustaining without failure or undue deflection a force at any point of 70 kg
(690 N) vertical and 45 kg (440 N) horizontal, acting separately.

3.6 TOEBOARDS

A toeboard or equivalent protection must be fitted on the outside edge of

every working platform more than 3 m in height, if materials and tools are
placed on the platform and are likely to be dislodged (fig. 8). The toeboard
must be of sufficient height and strength to prevent the tools or materials from
falling and must be secured to the inside of the standards. A scaffold plank of
225 mm minimum width may be used as a toeboard.
3.7 SCREENS

Toeboard as high as

materials stored
on platform

Materials

Fig. 8 Toeboard.

Where the scaffold platform is above a public thoroughfare, and due to the
nature of the work falls of material are possible with injury to passers-by,
special precautions must be taken. Special protection may consist of:

(a) Screening the working platforms with robust screens or steel mesh to
a height of at least 1 m. The mesh opening shall not exceed 50 mm.

(b) Providing catch screens where the horizontal distance from the
scaffolding is more than half the vertical distance between the screen

SAFE ERECTION AND USE OF SCAFFOLDING

33
and the middle of the topmost working platform of the scaffold.

Containment sheeting may be used to provide protection to the public

from the construction works being carried out or to provide weather
protection for construction workers working on or about the
scaffolding.

Containment sheeting increases the dead load on the scaffold, and

greatly increases the wind load on the scaffold. It is unlikely that black
wire ties commonly used to tie scaffolds, will be sufficient where
containment sheeting is used. For this reason it is essential that scaffolds that
are to be sheeted be designed and approved by a competent person such as a
registered engineer experienced in scaffold design.

When selecting containment sheeting the following should be

considered:

� Degree of weather protection required;

� Degree of protection to the public that is required;

� Light transmission to the workface;

This space to be

filled in to stop
debris falling

(a)

Screen of fine netting, canvas, timber,

or metal mesh between guardrail and

toeboard
Toeboard (b)

An alternative method with screen material over whole face in demolition work or
full face
chipping

Containment sheeting

Catch screen over

thoroughfare

(c) (d)
Fig. 9 Screens

34 SAFE ERECTION AND USE OF SCAFFOLDING

� Self-weight and wind load onto the supporting surface;

� Size of the sheets, the frequency and pattern of fixing points

(some sheeting may require additional ledgers);

� Flammability of the sheeting;

� Ventilation of the material.

It may be necessary to provide caps on putlogs and transoms to

minimise chaffing to the sheeting.

(Hessian is not considered a suitable material for containment

sheeting as it is not sufficiently robust and it has a high fire risk.)

3.8 HEADROOM AND LIFTS

A scaffold platform used as a regular walkway or for the wheeling of loads

must have a clear headroom of at least 1.8 m along the mid-half width (fig.
10).

Where a succession of platforms is used to work up or down a face, the

vertical spacing of lifts must not exceed 2.1 m except for the first lift, which if

Centre line of frame

N
o
t

l
e
s
s

t
h
a
n

1
.
8

(a)
Not more than 2.1
m

Not
less
than
1.8
m
(c)

Centre line of frame

N
ot
le
ss
th
an
1.
8
m
W

(b)

Tie at or
near top
lift

Tie
and
strut

Lifts maximum of

2.1 m with

minimum of 1.8 m
headroom if used
as a regular
walkway

Tie

required

at first

lift

3.0 metres
Extra
maximum for

1.8 m
first lift
bracing

(d)
Fig. 10 Headroom
SAFE ERECTION AND USE OF SCAFFOLDING
35

necessary may be up to 3 m to allow for satisfactory working conditions at

ground or floor level. When the height of the first lift exceeds 2.1 m, extra
bracing must be provided on each pair of standards, commencing at
approximately 1.8 m from the ground.

3.9 HEIGHT OF SCAFFOLDING

The height of any scaffolding depends upon its foundation, the size and type of
material used in the construction of the standards, spacing of ties, and the
lateral
stability in all directions of the scaffolding as a whole. The maximum height of a
scaffold constructed in accordance with this code of practice is

33 m. Scaffolds in excess of 33 m must be subject to specific design and require

a registered engineer's certificate.

3.10 TIES

Ties must be provided to prevent inward and outward movement of the

scaffold and to assist the standards to act as load-carrying vertical members (fig.

11). Ties must be fixed to standards and as close as practicable to ledger

intersections. Ties must also be uniformly spaced, vertically and horizontally,
over the face of the scaffolding, including the level of the topmost working
platform. The tie spacing must be in accordance with the spacings

Spreader or putlog

extension Standard

Right-angle

coupler

Wire tie fastened

to approved
anchorage or
through bolt or to Putlog a strong

Wire tie
twitched tight
(a) Layout (b) Detail of a tie (ledger omitted for clarity)

Fig. 11 Ties.

A tie must be capable of safely withstanding a horizontal force equivalent to 10

percent of the weight of the scaffold plus the full live load on the area of
scaffolding in the vicinity of each tie, or the environmental loads of NZS 4203.

36 SAFE ERECTION AND USE OF SCAFFOLDING

The safe load of a tie must not exceed one-quarter of the breaking load of tie
and anchorage.

A tie that is not capable of transmitting tension and compression must be used
in conjunction with a spreader or putlog extension. They must be placed close
to each other and be adequately held in position.

A wire tie must be fastened to a structure by an approved anchorage, a

through bolt or tied to a strong back. The strength of the building structure at
the location of the tie must be checked for its adequacy to sustain the loads
which will be transferred to it.

When intending to fix cast-in and drilled-in anchorages, the manufacturer's

recommended safe working load may be used.

Where the tie spacing of table 1 cannot be complied with, additional plan
bracing or dogleg bracing shall be provided between tie points.

3.11 BRACING

Adequate bracing must be provided as follows:

3.11.1 PLAN BRACING

Where the horizontal tie spacings cannot be complied with, plan bracing shall
be provided. Even with this bracing provided, the maximum horizontal
distance between tie points shall not exceed 9.6 m. (Fig 12(a)).

Tied standard Tied standard 9.6 m or 4 standards max

Fig. 12 (a) Plan bracing where horizontal tie distance is excessive.

Note that substantial ties are required.

3.11.2 DOGLEG BRACING

Where it is impracticable to fit ties at the vertical spacing specified, dogleg

bracing shall be provided. With such bracing the distance between tie points
shall not exceed 8.4 m or 4 lifts. (Fig.12 (b)).

Temporary ties may be required to ensure stability of the scaffold during

erection and dismantling.

When plan or dogleg bracing is used, the ties are required to carry substantial
loads. The ties shall be capable of carrying this load.

SAFE ERECTION AND USE OF SCAFFOLDING

37

(a) Transverse diagonal bracing must be fixed to each end pair of

standards and at not more than every tenth pair of standards along the
scaffold. This bracing may be temporarily removed on a working lift to
facilitate movement of materials but must be replaced as soon as
practicable. This bracing is not required when dogleg bracing is used in
lieu of ties.

Tie level 8.4 m

or 4 lifts

Dog leg bracing

Tie level

Standards

Fig. 12 (b) (Cross section) Dogleg bracing used when vertical distance between

ties is excessive. Note that substantial ties are required.

(a)

(c)

(d)

(a) (b) (c) (d)

TransverseLongitudinal
Fig.13 Bracing.

38 SAFE ERECTION AND USE OF SCAFFOLDING

(b) Longitudinal diagonal bracing must be fixed to the external face of the
scaffold, and at regular intervals along its length. The bracing, which is
required to resist wind and earthquake forces in particular, must be
capable of withstanding a horizontal force of not less than one-tenth of
the total of the weight of the scaffold and the full live load on the
working platforms. Some methods of arranging diagonal bracing for
scaffolds are illustrated in fig. 13.
SAFE ERECTION AND USE OF SCAFFOLDING
39

4. TIMBER
SCAFFOLDING

4.1 SCOPE

This part refers to standing scaffolds which comprise standards, ledgers,

guardrails and putlogs made of timber.

4.2 QUALITY OF TIMBER AND FITTINGS

Radiata pine and Douglas fir are suitable timbers for use in timber scaffolding
and must be either No.1 framing grade or standard building grade as specified
in NZS 3631:1978 Classification and grading of New Zealand timber.

Other species of timber may be used if they are of equivalent strength and
quality.

All timber used in scaffolding should be preservative treated in accordance

with an appropriate commodity specification of the Timber Preservation
Authority.

Commodity Specification C7 is suitable for external scaffolding except when

standards and sole plates are in direct contact with the ground, in which event
it is necessary to treat to C3 Commodity Specification. For indoor scaffolding,
boron-treated timber is satisfactory. Untreated timber may be acceptable if the
timber is sound and unlikely to deteriorate during the life of the scaffold.

Fittings used for connecting joints between standards ledgers and braces must
be of adequate strength and be maintained in good condition.

4.3 SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS

The design and construction of timber scaffolding for the support of both
light-duty and heavy-duty working platforms must be carried out in accordance
with sound engineering and trade practices and conform to appropriate New
Zealand Standards. The requirements for single-standard (pole) light-duty
scaffolds with putlogs cleated to wall or frame and for use up to 5 m high are
summarised below and illustrated in fig. 15.

4.3.1 STANDARDS

100 mm x 50 with a maximum spacing of 2.4 m.

40 SAFE ERECTION AND USE OF SCAFFOLDING

4.3.2 PUTLOGS

150 mm x 25 mm or l00 mm x 50 mm for a maximum span of 1.2 m or

2/150 mm x 25 mm for a maximum span of 1.5 m.

4.3.3 BRACING

Each standard must be tied to the wall by a putlog and braced longitudinally
by a ledger and at least two diagonal braces in the length of the scaffold. An
additional diagonal brace at 40? to 50? slope must also be provided for every
20 m length of scaffold. Minimum size of brace to be 100 mm x 50 mm or 150
mm x 25 mm.

4.3.4 GUARDRAIL AND MIDRAIL

Minimum size 100 mm x 50 mm.

Fig. 14 Single standard light-duty scaffold

SAFE ERECTION AND USE OF SCAFFOLDING

41

5. TUBE SCAFFOLDING IN
STEEL OR ALUMINIUM

5.1 SCOPE

This part deals with standing scaffolds where the standards, ledgers guardrails,
midrails and putlogs are made of steel or aluminium tubes. The general rules
may be applied to hanging scaffolds made of metal tubing.

5.2 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

The general requirements for metal tubes and fittings of steel or aluminium
are:

(a) Metal tubes must be purpose made with outside diameters accurately
gauged to fit properly into the metal couplings and to allow complete
interchangeability.

(b) Tubes in use on a scaffold must be in good condition, free from bends
and defects that might affect strength, reasonably free from corrosion
and cut square at the ends. Tubes which are 3 m and over in length
should be reamed, if cut, to ensure safety when using internal joiners.

(c) When the loss of metal by corrosion or other causes reduces any cross
section of a tube so that its corresponding weight is less than 90
percent of its original weight, the affected length of tube is to be
discarded and rendered unfit for further use in scaffolding.

(d) Steel tubes must be hot-dipped galvanised or painted when used in

scaffolds which are exposed for prolonged periods to marine or
corrosive atmospheres.

(e) Fittings and couplings must be specially made for the tubes in use and
must be of a satisfactory quality as to strength and performance.

(f) Fittings must be carefully maintained in good order and condition.

They must not be left lying around but stored in bags, boxes or bins,
and kept well oiled and protected from rusting.

Special attention must be given to the care and checking of screw

threads and nuts; worn or distorted parts must be discarded or
replaced. Cracks or other flaws must be watched for.

42 SAFE ERECTION AND USE OF SCAFFOLDING

5.3 MATERIALS

5.3.1 STEEL TUBES

Steel tubes shall comply with AS 1576.3 or BS 1139 and meet the following
requirements:

Minimum yield strength

200 MPa
Outside diameter
48.3 mm
Minimum wall thickness
4.0 mm

Where steel tubes complying with BS 6323 parts 1 to 4, and with a minimum
outside diameter and wall thickness 48.3 mm and 3.2 mm respectively are used
for scaffolding, such tubes shall be galvanised in accordance with Annex A of
BS 1139 section 1.1.

5.3.2 ALUMINIUM TUBES

Aluminium tubes shall comply with AS 1576.3 or BS 1139 part 1.2 and
meet the following requirements:

Minimum yield strength

241 MPa
Outside diameter
48.4 mm
Minimum wall thickness
4.47 mm

5.3.3 COUPLERS AND ACCESSORIES

Couplers and accessories shall comply with AS 1576.2 or BS 1139 as

appropriate for scaffold system being considered.

5.4 SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS FOR STANDING

SCAFFOLDS

5.4.1 STANDARDS

Standards must be pitched on base plates and set up vertically with spacings in
accordance with table 1. Joints in standards must be staggered and must not
occur:

(a) In adjacent standards in the same lift, i.e. joints should be two bay
lengths apart; or

(b) In the same standard in adjacent vertical lifts, i.e. joints should be two
vertical lift heights apart.

Sleeve couplers or spigot fittings shall be used to connect standards.

5.4.2 LEDGERS

Ledgers must be:

(a) Continuous for the full length of the scaffold;

SAFE ERECTION AND USE OF SCAFFOLDING

43

(b) Attached to both rows of standards at the level of each lift; and

(c) Horizontal and fixed with right-angle couplers to the inside of the
standards.

Joints in ledgers shall be staggered and shall not be located in the middle third
of the distance between adjacent standards, or in horizontally or vertically
adjacent ledgers in the same bay.

Sleeve couplers or spigot fittings shall be used to connect ledgers.

Ledger spacings must conform to table 1.

5.4.3 PUTLOGS

Putlogs must be placed at each pair of standards for all scaffolds.

For a medium-duty scaffold, one intermediate putlog must also be provided in

each bay to support timber scaffold planks when the span exceeds 2 m.

For a heavy-duty scaffold, one intermediate putlog must be provided to each

bay to support timber scaffold planks when the span exceeds 1.6 m.

Putlogs may be connected to ledgers with either right-angle couplers or putlog

couplers. However, right-angle couplers only must be used when putlogs are
required to transmit forces, that is when:

(a) Putlogs are underslung from ledgers;

(b) Putlogs are used as ties and spreaders;

(c) Putlogs are placed adjacent to ties and spreaders;

(d) Putlogs are to be connected to braces.

Putlog spacings must comply with table 1.

5.4.4 TIES

Ties must be uniformly spaced over the face of the scaffolding in accordance
with table 1.

5.4.5 BRACES

Braces comprising scaffold tubes must be connected as close as practicable to

standard ledger intersections.

Where required:

(a) Transverse diagonal bracing must be fixed at each lift, either to ledgers
with right-angle couplers or to standards with swivel couplers.

(b) Longitudinal diagonal bracing must be fixed to every standard with

swivel couplers and/or to extended putlogs on every lift with right-
angle couplers.

Diagonal bracing must be continuous and be joined with sleeve couplers.

The detailed requirements for steel and aluminium tubular scaffolds are
summarised in table 1.

44 SAFE ERECTION AND USE OF SCAFFOLDING

TABLE 1: TUBULAR SCAFFOLDS IN STEEL AND ALUMINIUM

Member
Light-
Medium-
Heavy-

Duty
Duty
Duty
Notes
1. Working Platforms

(i) Maximum height of scaffold must not exceed 33 m.

Number per bay that may be used

(ii) Height of each lift must not exceed 2.1 m, except

at one time, when

for the first lift which may be up to 3 m in height.

(a) height does not exceed 33 m
2
1
1

(b) height does not exceed 13.5 m

4
2
2

2. Scaffold Planks

When the span of a medium-duty platform decked ...

with timber planks exceeds 2.0 m, one intermediate

(a) Timber planks

putlog must be used.

(solid or laminated)
2.4 m
2.0 m
1.2 m
One intermediate putlog must be used on heavy-duty
(b) Metal planks

platforms decked with timber planks.

(steel or aluminium)
2.4 m
2.4 m
1.8 m

3. Standards

(i) All members, including bracing, guardrails and

(a) Longitudinal spacing
2.4 m (max)
1.8 m
midrails, consist of either steel tubes for steel
(b) Transverse spacing
1.55 m (max)
1.27 m
scaffolds, or aluminium tubes for aluminium scaffolds.

Aluminium tubes and steel tubes must not be mixed

4. Ledgers

unless it is a requirement of a special design.

(a) Horizontal spacing (between

(ii) Putlogs are connected to ledgers at each pair of

standards)

1.45 m

standards.
(b) Vertical spacing (i.e. Iift height)
2.1 m
(max)

(iii) Guardrails and midrails are fixed to the inside of

1.8 m (min)

standards.
5. Putlogs

(iv) All dimensions are from centre to centre of the

Maximum span

1.45 m
1.27 m
respective members.

6. Ties

(i) One tie must be provided at or as near as

(a) Horizontal spacing
4.8 m (i.e. on alternative
practicable to the top-most working platform.

pair of standards)

(ii) The vertical tie spacing may be increased to

(b) Vertical spacing
4.2 m (i.e. on alternative
8.4 m provided one substantial tie is placed at the

lifts)

top-most working platform and that transverse dogleg

bracing is used on alternate pairs of standards.

(iii) The horizontal tie spacing may be increased to

9.6 m provided that substantial ties are placed at the

end pairs of standards and that plan bracing is

placed at the level of the ties.

7. Bracing

At each end of standards and at not more than every

(a) Tranverse diagonal

tenth pair of standards along the scaffold. This is not

required when dogleg bracing is used in lieu of ties.

(b) Longitudinal diagonal

One diagonal for every 3 bays or less in length, and 3

lifts in height of scaffold, on outer face and at approxi-

mately 40o slope, arranged either in a zigzag pattern .

from bottom to top or sloping continuously from

bottom to top (see fig. 13).

SAFE ERECTION AND USE OF SCAFFOLDING
45

6. SCAFFOLDING WITH
PROPRIETARY EQUIPMENT

6.1 SCOPE

This part deals with standing scaffolds made from proprietary components and
comprises prefabricated frames and members, or unit-assembled equipment.

6.2 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

Where equipment comprises a complete set of components of unique design,

the supplier of the system must provide a complete set of instructions for the
safe erection and use of the scaffold. The supplier's instructions for use must
always be followed. When properly assembled, with all fittings tightened, the
scaffold must be equivalent in strength to the standard tubular scaffold of
similar height and width. It must be sufficiently robust to resist deformation
under normal handling conditions and to provide adequate transverse stiffness
to each pair of standards.

Scaffolds must be properly braced by cross-bracing or diagonal braces, or both,

for securing vertical members together laterally, and the cross braces must be
of such length as will automatically square and align vertical members so that
the erected scaffold is always plumb, square and rigid. All brace connections
must be made secure.

Scaffold legs must be set on either plain or adjustable bases.

Where it is necessary to extend the legs of frames because of uneven

foundation levels, special care must be taken. Adjustable screw extension
pieces must have at least 200 mm length of spigot inside the upper tube
(fig. 15). Packing that is built up to provide a firm footing must be so arranged
as to avoid possible displacement, with the least plan dimension of the packing
being twice its height.

All equipment must be either hot-dipped galvanised or suitably painted when

used in scaffolds which are exposed for prolonged periods to marine or
corrosive atmospheres.

200 mm min

Firm footing

Fig. 15 Adjustable screw extension.

46 SAFE ERECTION AND USE OF S

6.3 FRAME SCAFFOLDING

Frame scaffolding in this context means the portal-frame type scaffolding

assembled on the site from prefabricated frames and members. Frames of
different proprietary types must not be intermingled. Where frames are super-
imposed vertically, the connection must be such that:

(a) The standards are held in linear alignment.

(b) The panels are locked together vertically by joint pin couplers or other
equivalent suitable means.

Number of working platforms should be the same as standard tubular

scaffolding. Longitudinal bracing depends on the use of ledgers:

(a) Without ledgers, both faces of the scaffold in each lift of each bay are
to be cross-braced.

(b) With ledgers, brace either with diagonal tubes as for tubular
scaffolding, or cross-braced every bay for the first 12 m height of
scaffold, reducing to one bay in two for the next 12 m height up, and
one bay in four for the top 9 m of height (see fig. 16).

Guardrails and midrails must be provided at working platform levels when

cross braces are removed.

6.4 UNIT-ASSEMBLED SCAFFOLDING

Unit assembled scaffolding means scaffolding assembled from

prefabricated frames or members which are not single lift portal-frame type
units. The specific requirements are:

(a) Erection must be carried out in accordance with the supplier's

instructions and meet the requirements of this code.

(b) Spacing of unit frames will, in general, be less than for tube and frame
scaffolding unless ledgers are used.

(c) Bracing will be the same as for the scaffolding.

(d) Because of the lack of continuity in standards and of the lesser rigidity
in the transverse corner joints, special attention must be given to
provide an adequate number of ties to prevent lateral movement.

(e) Scaffold constructed from light-weight aluminium tube (less than 2 mm

wall thickness) shall not exceed 9 m in height unless subject to special
design.

6.5 BRACKETS

6.5.1 PREFABRICATED SCAFFOLD BRACKETS

Prefabricated scaffold brackets which are attached to a structure to provide

support for a working platform must:

(a) Have adequate and suitable means of attachment to provide vertical

support and to resist accidental sideways movement.

SAFE ERECTION AND USE OF SCAFFOLDING

47

Cross brace
(1 bay in 4)

Continuous

Maximum

ledgers
height 33 m

Cross brace
above

(1 bay in 2)
12 m level
12 m
Below this
Cross brace
height

12 m

ledgers may be

(Every bay)
omitted if used

for light-duty
NOTE:

(a) For medium-duty frame scaffolds, diagonal bracing must be used as for tubular
scaffolding.

Fig. 16 Minimum bracing for light-duty frame scaffolds

(b) Be stable in the longitudinal direction of the platform under the

applied horizontal force referred to in 2.2(b) and 2.2(c) and have a
factor of safety of not less than 1.5.

(c) Be fitted with a guardrail and a midrail when workers risk a fall of
3 m or more.

6.5.2 LADDER BRACKETS

Ladder brackets which are used for supporting a working platform for the
purpose of painting only must satisfy the following requirements:

(a) The brackets are attached to ladders which are not inferior to the
requirements set out in either NZS 3609: 1978 Timber ladders or NZS
5233: 1981 Portable ladders (other than timber ladders).

(b) The ladders used for attaching the brackets to not exceed a maximum
working length of 7.8 m.

(c) The top rung to which each bracket is attached is not more than three-
quarters of the ladder's working length from the foot of the ladder.

(d) A guardrail and a midrail are provided when the working platform is
more than 3 m in height; the working platform must also be
underslung when it exceeds this height.

48 SAFE ERECTION AND USE OF SCAFFOLDING

(e) Precautions are taken to ensure that the feet and tops of the ladders
are so supported that the ladders will not slide sideways or outwards.

(f) Only one person works on the platform at one time and, if the
platform is being used in a public place, a second standby worker is
on hand to take preventive action against mishaps and to assist in
setting up and moving ladders, brackets and scaffold planks.

(g) The span and quality of the plank used complies with the provisions
relating to light-duty working platforms.
SAFE ERECTION AND USE OF SCAFFOLDING
49

7. FREE-STANDING
SCAFFOLDS

7.1 FREE-STANDING SCAFFOLDS

7.1.1 DEFINITION
A free-standing scaffold is a standing scaffold which is not attached to any
other structure and is stable against overturning on its own account or, if
necessary, assisted by rakers and anchors (see fig. 17).

Free-standing scaffolds include:

(a) Tubular scaffolds (with or without rakers);

(b) Frame scaffolds (with or without rakers);

(c) Mobile scaffolds (without ties or rakers); and

(d) Trestle scaffolds (without ties or rakers).

Height

Raker
Brace

Base width l

not less than

1/2 height
(a) Tubular Scaffold
(b) Frame Scaffold
(c) Mobile Scaffold

Fig. 17 Free-standing scaffolds.

7.1.2 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

Working platforms may be designed for either light-duty or heavy-duty
loading, and are normally restricted to one per scaffold.

Stability is dependent on the ratio of height to the least width of base, and

50 SAFE ERECTION AND USE OF SCAFFOLDING

must not exceed three, unless the special requirements set out in 7.1.3 are
complied with. Raker frames may be included as part of the minimum base
dimension.

Diagonal bracing is necessary on both faces and ends, except where frames
with adequate built-in stiffness are used for one or two lifts in height. In these
cases face bracing alone is necessary.

Access and egress from working platform to base must be provided. A free-
standing scaffold may be converted temporarily into a laterally supported
standing scaffold:

(a) To support more than one working platform; and

(b) To increase the height to width ratio; provided the converted scaffold
with ties or rakers meets the code requirements for strength and
stability.

Free-standing scaffold frames must be adequately restrained from vertical

separation due to accidental causes.

7.1.3 STABILITY

All free-standing scaffolds must be stablised against overturning forces. The

factor of safety against overturning in any direction shall be not less than:

(a) 1.5 for scaffolds not exceeding 3 m in height; and

(b) 3 for scaffolds exceeding 3 m in height.

Note:

(i) The factor of safety against overturning is the ratio of the

righting moment to the overturning moment from forces
acting on the scaffold;

(ii) The overturning moment may be due to eccentric dead and live
loads on the scaffold, and/or wind; and

(iii) The righting moment is provided by the self-weight if suitably

centred, added counterweight and the forces in the raker or
anchor, if any.

7.2 MOBILE SCAFFOLDS

7.2.1 DEFINITION

A mobile scaffold is a special type of free-standing scaffold supported on

wheels, castors or other devices for ease of movement on a firm level surface.

7.2.2 SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS

Design and construction must be in accordance with sound engineering

practice.

Scaffolds must be properly braced by cross-bracing or diagonal braces, or

SAFE ERECTION AND USE OF SCAFFOLDING

51

both, for securing vertical members together laterally. Horizontal, diagonal or

cross-bracing must be provided immediately above the wheels or castors (see
fig. 18).

Castors should be of the swivel type and have a minimum wheel diameter of
125 mm. Wheels or castors must be fixed to scaffold uprights, or be socketed
into the scaffold uprights, a minimum length of 150 mm, to avoid becoming
dislodged during movement on uneven floors.
Horizontal diagonal braces
Horizontal diagonal braces
as near bottom as possible

as near bottom as possible

Base

(a) Mobile frame

(a) Mobile tube

Fig. 18 Free-standing mobile scaffolds.

When the scaffold is in use, the wheels or castors must be effectively locked
and should be turned outwards to increase base width.

A mobile scaffold must be used only on a firm level surface. Where the surface
has a slight cross-fall, the level of the wheels must be adjusted to bring the
scaffold back to plumb. Mobile scaffolds should not be used closer than 1 m to
any slab edge or partition unless the edge is protected to prevent the wheels
and scaffold from falling.

Access between working platform and base must be provided by means of

securely fixed ladders or purpose-built rungs. Cross braces must not be used
as a means of access. Work platforms must be fully decked and be provided
with guardrails and toeboards in accordance with general requirements for
scaffolding.

52 SAFE ERECTION AND USE OF SCAFFOLDING

The force necessary to move a mobile scaffold must be applied near or as

close to the base as practicable and provision must be made to stabilise the
tower during movement from one location to another.

Do not ride on on a manually-propelled scaffold while it is being moved.

Persons must not ride on mechanically propelled scaffolds unless the
following conditions are satisfied:

(a) Operating controls for movement of the scaffold must be located

on the working platform.
(b) The ground surface must be level, smooth and free from pits, holes or
obstructions.

(c) An effective braking system must be provided to prevent movement

while in use.

(d) A warning or alarm system must be available to alert workers of each

movement in advance.

(e) Toeboards must be provided to the working platform to prevent tools

and materials from falling off.

(f) As a safety precaution, workers should be provided with a safety

harness when the scaffold is in motion; and

(g) The rate of movement must not exceed 1.5 km per hour (a very slow
walking pace).

(h) The scaffold must be purpose-designed to allow movement with

persons on it.

7.3 TRESTLES AND TRIPODS

7.3.1 DEFINITION

A trestle is a self-supporting metal or timber stand incorporating one or more

horizontal members on which a working platform may be laid. Steel trestles
are often telescopic, and of the folding type.

A tripod is a three-legged stand for supporting one end of a horizontal beam

on which a working platform may be laid.

7.3.2 SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS

The design and construction of steel trestles must be to a recognised standard

such as AS/NZS 1576, Part 5.

Working height is normally restricted to a platform height not greater than 3 m

because of the difficulty of fixing guardrails.

Loading of a working platform is restricted to light-duty (160 kg). Each support

must also be capable of supporting a vertical load of 160 kg (1570 N) placed in
any position over a 225 mm length of any cross member.

The ratio of height of trestle to spread of legs must not exceed 3 unless the
special requirements set out in 7.1.3 are complied with.

The maximum span of scaffold planks used on trestles is 2.4 m.

SAFE ERECTION AND USE OF SCAFFOLDING

53
8. SUSPENDED
SCAFFOLDS

8.1 SCOPE

This part deals with suspended scaffolds, which are working platforms that:

(a) Are suspended by ropes from overhead outriggers, parapet hooks or

brackets fixed to a building or structure; and

(b) Are capable of being raised and lowered by hand haulage on fibre
ropes, or by hoists that are either manually or mechanically operated.

NOTE: A platform held by ropes or special hangers in a set position as a

"hanging scaffold" is not a suspended scaffold but is classified as a special
scaffold.

8.2 TYPES OF SUSPENDED SCAFFOLDS

The more usual suspended scaffolds are:

(a) Swinging stage (manual): This has two points of overhead

suspension and is raised or lowered by hand haulage on rope falls.

(b) Swinging stage (mechanical): This has two points of overhead

suspension and is raised or lowered by power-operated hoists
controlled on the stage.

(c) Boatswain's chair (manual): This has a single overhead suspension

and is self-raised or lowered by hand haulage on rope falls.

(d) Suspended safety chair (mechanical): This has a single overhead

suspension and is raised or lowered by a power-operated hoist
controlled on the platform.

(e) Multi-point suspended platforms: These are platforms that have

more than two points of overhead suspension, with power- or
manually-operated hoists.

NOTE: A boatswain's chair and swinging stage (manual) must be raised or

lowered from the platform unless otherwise approved by the inspector.

8.3 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

8.3.1 HAND HAULAGE

Fibre rope tackle used for hand haulage consists of not less than four parts of
54 SAFE ERECTION AND USE OF SCAFFOLDING

18 mm diameter natural fibre rope (to give a good hand grip) reeved through
double and single sheaves, with separate tackle for each support position.

Fibre rope must have a factor of safety of at least 6, when new. Any rope
which is in a doubtful condition must be replaced. Chemicals, detergents,
solutions injurious to the rope fibre, sand-blasting, burning off, or the use of
an open flame may prohibit the use of fibre ropes on scaffolds unless special
precautions are taken.

Blocks for fibre rope must be of metal, or of wood strapped with metal, and
must be not less than 100 mm in diameter (trade measurement accepted).
Strapping on wooden blocks must extend from the top of the block down
both sides and brought together for the Beckett attachment. The bottom of
the groove should be rounded and wide enough so the rope fits loosely in it.
The bottom blocks to which a stage is fastened should each have a large deep
swivel hook so that the downhaul part of the tackle can be fastened to it with a
suitable hitch. Otherwise, alternative means must be provided on the stage or
chair for securing the downhaul part.

8.3.2 MECHANICAL OPERATION

Electric and air-operated hoists, including cable climbing devices, must be

controlled from the stage platform. They must have a pushbutton or "dead-
man" lever control that will stop and automatically lock the motor and hoist
when pressure on the control switch or lever is removed. Hand-operated
release to allow a faster descent than normal is not permitted. Each control
must be individually operated. On no account must controls be tied or
otherwise fixed in position. Ratchet and pawl manually-operated hoists must
have a positive locking device so arranged that the stage may be securely held
at any level and that the pawl automatically engages when released from hand
control.

Wire ropes must be of suitable quality and of adequate strength and length.
The factor of safety for new wire rope must be not less than 10. Wires must
feed on to drums evenly and there must be sufficient space for all wire to be
accommodated on the drum below the flanges.

8.3.3 ANCHORAGES

Hoisting wires or tackle must be anchored to a secure part of the structure, to

outriggers, to specially designed brackets and parapet hooks, or directly to
counterweights.

All structures, parapets, and other supports must be of such condition and
design to support the anchorage without danger of failure or distortion and to
give a factor of safety of at least 3 under the worst conditions. The employer
may be required to supply a registered engineer's report on the suitability of
the structure, parapet or support.
SAFE ERECTION AND USE OF SCAFFOLDING
55

8.3.4 OUTRIGGERS (NEEDLES)

Design: It is sound and accepted engineering practice to use either steel or

aluminium outriggers to support mechanical powered swinging stages. For
hand haulage, swinging stages and boatswain's chairs, either metal or timber
outriggers may be used. The structural design used for outriggers must be
based on and conform to the appropriate New Zealand Standard.

(a) For a swinging stage with two points of suspension, each outrigger
must be designed to carry half the dead load of the working platform
including hoists, etc. together with the full live load due to persons
and materials as these loads are capable of being positioned at either
end of the stage (see example in Appendix B2).

(b) For a swinging stage with more than two points of suspension, each
interior outrigger must be capable of carrying the full dead and live
load for each section between suspension points.

Unless specifically designed by a registered engineer, each outrigger for a

mechanically-operated swinging stage must be:

(a) At least equivalent in strength to a 152 mm x 89 mm x 17.09 kg/m

rolled steel joist when suspending a maximum load of 400 kg.

(b) At least 3.6 m in length when counterweighted.

(c) Located so as not to project more than 1.5 m beyond the outer point of
support on the building or structure.

The load exerted by an outrigger on a roof structure or parapet must be

distributed by providing adequate packing at its points of support, i.e. at the
outer or fulcrum end, and the inner or counterweighted end.

Stability and Counterweighting: Outriggers must be either counterweighted

or secured to the building or roof structure by bolts or other structural fixing.

Where an outrigger is stabilised by counterweights, the factor of safety against

overturning must be at least 3 (see Appendix B for a method of calculating
counterweights required).

Where roof fixings are relied upon as the sole means of achieving stability,
they must be capable of providing a factor of safety of 3 against uplift.

Roof fixings shall be designed according to the stresses appropriate to the

material. No component in the system must be loaded to more than the
manufacturer's recommendation.

Outriggers must be prevented from rolling over or moving laterally due to the
end movement of the stage. Where counterweights are used to provide stability,
they must be firmly attached to the outriggers by mechanical means so that they
cannot become accidentally dislodged due to any work or weather condition.

When strops are used, these must be positively secured to the outriggers
which must be provided with stop ends. Shackles must be moused.

Where counterweights are to be used behind parapets, etc. for direct securing
to the top block strop, there must be sufficient weight to prevent movement
when the stage or chair is subjected to shock-test loading. The weights should
be positively secured one to another and to the strop and should be of a
suitable size in relation to the parapet.

56 SAFE ERECTION AND USE OF SCAFFOLDING

Counterweights must be stamped or marked with their weight, be of a size to

be readily handled, be fitted with means to positively secure them on to
another, be of uniform size, regular shape, and of a heavy material. Sand and
water may not be used.

8.3.5 BRACKETS AND PARAPET HOOKS

Brackets, parapet hooks and attachments must be designed by a registered

engineer. A minimum factor of safety of 3 is required on the combined dead
and live loading of the scaffold. All welding for these structural components
must be done by a certificated welder.

Parapet hooks and brackets may be used only if:

(a) The parapet is structurally sound;

(b) The hook fits the parapet snugly, and is so positioned that it cannot be
dislodged; and

(c) The parapet is deep enough to allow at least 300 mm of hook down
the inside.

8.3.6 WORKING PLATFORMS, GUARDRAILS, MIDRAILS AND

TOEBOARDS

Platforms may be of any acceptable material provided that they are strong
enough for the purpose, and are designed, constructed and assembled
according to sound and accepted engineering practice.

Guardrails and midrails must be provided on both sides and both ends of
swinging stages where workers can stand, and on the outside and both ends
of other suspended scaffolds.

Toeboards must be provided on all types of suspended scaffolds which carry

tools and materials, with the exception of boatswain's chairs. Midrails may be
omitted if the toeboards are of a minimum height of 225 mm.

The platform, toeboard, midrail and guardrail must be securely fixed together
to form a complete unit.
8.3.7 SAFETY HARNESSES AND LIFELINES

This section applies to all suspended working platforms.

Every worker on a suspended working platform must wear a safety harness

that is secured to a fixed support or to an independent lifeline except:

(a) Where the platform is a boatswain's chair that has more than one
effective means of support; or

(b) Where the platform is so designed and constructed that it would

remain safely suspended notwithstanding the failure of one rope or
suspension, in which case the harness may be secured to the platform.

A safety harness worn by a worker must, if the worker falls from the platform,
suspend the worker not more than 1.5 m below the platform and must be so
designed that the force arresting the fall does not exceed 8 kN.

SAFE ERECTION AND USE OF SCAFFOLDING

57

A lifeline must be used by only one worker at a time, and must either extend
to the ground or be provided with a positive stop to prevent the harness
running off the end of the line. The line must have a minimum breaking
strength of 29.4 kN and be of nylon at least 12 mm in diameter; or of
polypropylene or other equally durable material at least 16 mm in diameter.

Where a platform has only one rope at each support, the harness lanyard must
be attached by a gravity lock device to an independent lifeline.

The independent lifeline may be fixed:

(a) directly to an anchor set in the building that will withstand a vertical
load of 24 kN;

(b) to a separate anchorage on the same outrigger (needle) supporting the

platform provided that:

(i) The distance along the cantilever section (from its support to the
anchorage) is not more than 1/3 of the total cantilever length;

(ii) The counterweight, if used, is mechanically attached to the

outrigger; and

(iii) The outrigger is secure against sliding.

Where a platform has two independent ropes at each suspension, the

operator's safety belt lanyard may be attached to a suitable anchorage on the
platform.

The two ropes used at each support of the platform may be attached to the
same outrigger by separate anchorages, provided the outrigger is made of
structural steel. For example, three lugs supporting a common pin is considered
to provide two separate anchorages if one rope only is set between each pair of
lugs.

Outrigger needle

Extra rope

Winch rope

Fig. 19 Anchorage for ropes.

8.3.8 ANTI-TILT SWITCH DEVICES

All suspended working platforms must be fitted with tilt switches which cut off
the motors in the event of the platform becoming more than 10? out of level.

8.3.9 ACCESS, WARNING NOTICES AND PROTECTION OF THE

PUBLIC

Wherever reasonable and practicable, provision must be made at intermediate

working levels for access to the working platform for workers and materials.

58 SAFE ERECTION AND USE OF SCAFFOLDING

Where suspended scaffolds are above thoroughfares, adequate and prominent

warning notices must be displayed. In addition, if any special danger exists,
adequate protection of the public must be provided. The accumulation of
surplus gear or materials on any suspended scaffold is hazardous and must be
avoided.

8.3.10 ERECTION, ALTERATION AND DISMANTLING

Suspended scaffolds of any kind or height may be erected, altered or

dismantled only under the direct supervision of a person who holds a
certificate of competency for that kind of scaffold.

8.4 SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS

8.4.1 SWINGING STAGE (HAND HOIST OR MANUAL)

The maximum live load permitted on a swinging stage (hand hoist) is the
difference between 360 kg and the dead weight of the stage (including the
weight of falls and blocks).

The decking, toeboards, midrails and guardrails must be fixed together to form
a complete unit.

The relation of width of platform, height of point of suspension on the hanger,

the weight of stage must be such that, under a load of 160 kg in the extreme
position on any side, the cross tilt of the platform is not more than 1 in 6 of
platform width, the width of platform being not less than 450 mm. (Generally
it will be found that for a normal timber stage 450 mm wide, the eye of the
hanger should be not less than 1.15 m above the deck; a wider platform will
need a greater height.)

To prevent end tilt, the overhang of any end beyond the point of support must
be such as to ensure that the platform is stable under a load of 160 kg at the
extreme end.

The length of stage depends on the method and materials of construction, the
positions of overhead support, and on the total dead weight of the stage. This
must not be over 120 kg for use by three workers, and not over 200 kg for two
workers.

8.4.2 SWINGING STAGE (MECHANICAL)

The maximum level load permitted on the swinging stage is the difference
between 560 kg and the dead weight of the stage including the weight of the
hoisting gear or cable climbers.

No more than three persons may use a stage at any one time. The safe working
load for the section or length of stage in use must also be less than the safe
lifting capacity of the hoisting gear, and must be clearly marked on the stage at
all times while it is being used. The platform, decking and guardrails must
comply with the requirements specified in 8.4.1. Where the stage is constructed
in sections, a positive method of connection must be used, such as

SAFE ERECTION AND USE OF SCAFFOLDING

59
through bolts, fishplates or other devices which cannot be dislodged. Overload
cut-out devices must be used and must be kept so adjusted as to provide
adequate safeguard should snags be encountered due to a projection or other
restraint.

8.4.3 BOATSWAIN'S CHAIR (HAND HOIST OR MANUAL)

The total live load on a boatswain's chair must not exceed 115 kg.

When used by a worker in a sitting position, the chair must have a back rail or
rope, and also a front rail, rope, or post not less than 250 mm above the seat.

A chair or platform entirely supported by fibre ropes must have rope slings not
less than 12 mm diameter passing through cleats crossed underneath and
adequately spliced together.

8.4.4 SUSPENDED SAFETY CHAIR (MECHANICAL)

The live load depends on the safe lifting capacity of the hoisting gear, and
must be limited to 160 kg or a maximum of two persons.

The safe working load must be legibly and permanently marked on the stage.

The initial safe working load of the stage must not be reduced by replacing
with inferior wire (rope must be fully accommodated between the drum
flanges).

8.4.5 MULTI-POINTS SUSPENDED PLATFORMS

Whenever practicable, the live load should be limited to 240 kg (i.e. a

maximum of three persons or a maximum of two persons and materials) per
section of platform between suspension points.

The safe working load, including the maximum number of persons per
section, must be legibly and permanently marked on the platform.

The platform must be strapped together from end to end and must be flexible
enough to react without damage to moderate inequalities in level of points of
support during moving operations. The width of platform must be not less
than 675 mm. The platform must be held to avoid sway away from the work
while in use.

Safe means of access and egress to the platform must be provided while it is in
use by workers.

No worker is permitted to work or ride on the platform while it is being raised

or lowered unless the controls on the platform are individually operated.
Workers may work on the platform if the controls are elsewhere, provided that
the hoisting mechanism is effectively locked or the platform is independently
supported in the working position.

8.5 ENGINEER'S CERTIFICATE

A registered engineer's design certificate for working loads in excess of the live
loads specified for the various types of suspended scaffolds may be required by
an inspector.

60 SAFE ERECTION AND USE OF SCAFFOLDING

9. SPECIAL
SCAFFOLDS

9. I SCOPE

Special scaffolds are scaffolds which do not meet the standard requirements for
standing or suspended scaffolds, and include:

(a) Non-standard standing scaffolds;

(b) Standing scaffolds with attachments;

(c) Cantilever scaffolds; and

(d) Hanging scaffolds.

9.2 DESIGN AND SUPERVISION

All special scaffolds must be designed in accordance with sound engineering

practice, and must be erected, altered or dismantled only under the direct
supervision of a certificated scaffolder who has an appropriate certificate. An
inspector may require a registered engineer's certificate, certifying the
adequacy of the design.

9.3 NON-STANDARD STANDING SCAFFOLD

A standing scaffold becomes a special scaffold when it differs from the

standard in respect of any of the following:

(a) Height exceeds 33 metres;

(b) Maximum bay length exceeds 2.4 metres;

(c) Width exceeds 1.5 metres; or

(d) Loading exceeds the heavy-duty load described in this code.

9.4 STANDING SCAFFOLDS WITH ATTACHMENTS

Attachments include:

(a) Cantilevered loading platforms, which are cantilevered structures

erected from the main scaffold to serve as loading bays.

(b) Protective screens which are fixed to the main scaffold to intercept
anything which may fall from the structure.
SAFE ERECTION AND USE OF SCAFFOLDING
61

9.5 CANTILEVER SCAFFOLDS

A cantilever scaffold is an independent tied standing scaffold constructed in

accordance with this code but erected on beams cantilevering out from a
building. It is used where it is impossible or undesirable to found the scaffold
on the ground (fig. 20).

Positive ties to floors

Bracing

Inverted
forkheads
Box tie and brace
for stability

RSJ or RHS section

Packs to position reaction

Tie bolts through floor

when required

Fig. 20 Typical cantilever scaffold.

9.6 HANGING SCAFFOLDS

Hanging scaffolds are platforms suspended by tubes, bolts, fixed-rope slings,

or other methods and not intended for raising or lowering while in use.

Any suspension point, member or attachment must be specially designed and

formed in such a way that it cannot become dislodged or displaced by
movement of the hanging scaffold.

The designer must be satisfied that the suspension points are strong enough to
support the load and have a factor of safety of 3.

If the hangers are scaffold tubes, they must be assembled using right-angle
couplers, doubled up at the suspension points. Sleeve couplers or joint pins
must not be used for vertical axial joints.

Check clips must be fitted not only to the top of the hanger, but also below
the bottom ledger. Clips must also be fitted in such a direction that in the
event of the bolt failure, or if it is accidentally knocked open, the clip will
still
hold.

Wire rope used for slinging must have a factor of safety of 5 and be fixed to
the suspension point and the scaffold by two round turns and 3 bulldog grips
for wire up to 19 mm in diameter, or by using an eye and a shackle capable of
safely carrying the loads. The shackle should be moused.

All lifting gear and means of suspension must be thoroughly inspected before
and after it is installed and at regular intervals during use.

Because of the risk involved while erecting or dismantling hangers, workers

must wear safety harnesses, secured to independent lifelines as specified in
8.3.7; or work from a machine-lifted platform.

62 SAFE ERECTION AND USE OF SCAFFOLDING

APPENDIX A: SCAFFOLD
REGISTER FOR ALL
SCAFFOLDING FROM WHICH
A PERSON COULD FALL 5 M
OR MORE

(1) A scaffold register must be kept on site and be available for inspection, for

all scaffolding from which a person could fall 5m or more.

(2) When complete, the scaffold register should record:

(a) Project name, address, or other clear identification.

(b) The location of the scaffold with respect to site coordinates or the
location at the building or structure, so that the scaffolding can be
clearly located.

(c) Miscellaneous details of the scaffold, (see sample scaffold register over
page).
(d) A record of each inspection carried out.

(3) The inspections must be carried out at the following intervals:

(a) Before the scaffold is first put to into use.

(b) Weekly while the scaffold is in use.

(c) After each structural alteration or addition.

(d) Monthly while the scaffold is set up but not in use.

(e) After any storm or occurrence that could adversely affect the safety of
the scaffold.

(4) The inspection must be carried out by either:

(a) A certificated scaffolder of the appropriate class; or

(b) A competent person such as a registered engineer.

(5) The entries of each inspection in the scaffold register must be made and
signed by the person who carried out the inspection.

SAFE ERECTION AND USE OF SCAFFOLDING

63

SCAFFOLD REGISTER

The following information should be provided in the register (see sample over
page:

Project name:

Address:

Main contractor (Name, address, contact name):

Location (Specify building grids etc):

Reason for scaffold (i.e. erect cladding, erect rainwater disposal system, etc)
Scaffold subcontractor (Name, address, contact name, phone number):
Subcontractors who are to use the scaffold (e.g. plumber, wall cladder,
painter):

Overall dimensions (Length, height, width, etc.):

Number of working platforms:

Duty of scaffold (Light, medium, heavy, special, etc.):

Limitations (if any):

Other comments:

INSPECTION RECORD

(a) Before first use (date, inspector, signed off).

(b) Regular inspections (date, inspector, signed off).

(c) After modification (date, inspector, signed off).

(d) After storm or potentially damaging incident (date, inspector, signed

off).

64 SAFE ERECTION AND USE OF SCAFFOLDING

SAMPLE SCAFFOLD REGISTER

Project Name:

Location:

Address:

Main Contractor:

Contact:

Reason for Scaffold:

Scaffold Erector:

Phone:

Subcontractors to use Scaffold:

Height:
Length:
No of Platforms:

Duty:
Limitations:

Comments:

INSPECTION RECORD

Date:
Name of Inspector:
Signature:

Comments:
SAFE ERECTION AND USE OF SCAFFOLDING
65

APPENDIX B: SUSPENDED
SCAFFOLD REGISTER AND
NOTES ON SUSPENDED
SCAFFOLDING

(1) A suspended scaffold register must be kept on site and be available for
inspection, for all suspended scaffolding, boatswain's chairs, swinging stages,
etc.

(2) When complete, the suspended scaffold register should record:

(a) Project name, address, or other clear identification;

(b) The location of the scaffold with respect to site coordinates or the
location at the building or structure, so that the scaffolding can be
clearly located;

(c) Miscellaneous details of the scaffold, (see sample suspended scaffold

register);
(d) A record of each inspection carried out.

(3) The inspections must be carried out at the following intervals:

(a) Before the scaffold is first used;

(b) On each day while the scaffold is in use;

(c) After each structural alteration or change to the nature of the

anchorage;

(d) Monthly while the scaffold is set up but not in use;

(e) After any storm or occurrence that could adversely affect the safety of
the suspended scaffold.

(4) The inspection must be carried out by either:

(a) A certificated scaffolder of the appropriate class (e.g. suspended

scaffold); or

(b) A competent person such as a registered engineer.

(5) The entries of each inspection in the suspended scaffold register must be
made and signed by the person who carried out the inspection.

66 SAFE ERECTION AND USE OF SCAFFOLDING

LIVE LOAD (I.E. PERSONS, TOOLS, MATERIALS)

Unless designed by a competent person such as a registered engineer, the

following limitations apply:

(a) For a swinging stage raised by hand haulage on fibre ropes, the
maximum live load is the difference between 360 kg and the dead
weight of the stage including falls and blocks, with the maximum
number of persons not exceeding three.

(b) For a swinging stage operated mechanically with two points of overhead
suspension, the maximum live load is the difference between 560 kg and
the dead weight of the stage including hoisting gear, with the maximum
number of persons not exceeding three.

(c) For a boatswain's chair, the maximum live load is 115 kg.
(d) For a suspended chair operated mechanically with single supports, the
maximum live load is limited to 160 kg or a maximum of two persons.

(e) For multi-point suspended platforms, the maximum live load is limited to
240 kg or a maximum of three persons per section of platform between
suspension points.

COUNTERWEIGHTING OF OUTRIGGERS

Where an outrigger is stabilised by counterweights, the factor of safety against

overturning must be at least 3. To determine the counterweight required, the
table below may be used; alternatively the counterweight may be calculated (see
also 8.3.3) using the formula below. (See figure 21.)

Total length

Counterweight Tail length Overhang

Fulcrum point

Total suspended load

Fig. 21 Counterweighting of outriggers.

SAFE ERECTION AND USE OF SCAFFOLDING

67

Overhang

Total Length (m)

3.6
4.0
4.4
4.8
5.2
5.6
6.0
(mm)

500
193
171
154
140
133

600
240
212
189
171
157
144
133

700
290
255
227
205
187
171
158
800
343
300
267
240
218
200
185
900
400
348
309
277
251
230
212

1000

400
353
316
286
261
240

1100

400
357
322
293
269
1200
Counterweight

400
360
327
300
1300

400
363
332

required (kg)

1400

400
365

1500

400

COUNTERWEIGHT DETERMINED USING THE FORMULA

(Note: for a uniform two-outrigger suspended scaffold, the suspended load on

one outrigger is assumed to be half the dead load plus the full live load.)

The righting moment is the tail length times the counterweight.

The overturning moment is the overhang times the suspended load.

At equilibrium, the righting moment equals the overturning moment. For
safety the overturning moment is multiplied by the safety factor, increasing the
required counterweight.

Counterweight = overhang (in m) times the suspended load times three

tail length (in m)

e.g. if the suspended load is 360kg, the overhang is 1.2m and the tail length is
4.1m, then the counterweight required is:

1.2m x 360 kg x 3 counterweight

4. l m

= 316kg

SUSPENDED SCAFFOLD REGISTER

The following information should be provided in the register (see example

over page):

Main contractor or client (address, contact name):

Location (specify building grids etc):

Reason for scaffold (i.e. erect cladding, erect rainwater disposal

system, etc):

Scaffold subcontractor (name address, contact name, phone number):

Subcontractors who are to use the scaffold (e.g. plumber, wall cladder,
painter):

Live load and/or number of persons:

Limitations (if any):

Other comments:

68 SAFE ERECTION AND USE OF SCAFFOLDING

SAMPLE SUSPENDED SCAFFOLD REGISTER

Main Contractor:

Contact:
Reason for Scaffold:

Scaffold Erector:

Phone:

Subcontractors to use Scaffold:

Live Load:
Overhang Length:

Total Length:
Counterweight:
Limitations:

Comments:

INSPECTION RECORD

Date:
Name of Inspector:
Signature:

Comments:
SAFE ERECTION AND USE OF SCAFFOLDING
69

APPENDIX C: WEIGHTS OF
MATERIALS USED ON
SCAFFOLDING

(AS PLACED ON WORKING PLATFORMS - GUIDE ONLY)

Asbestos cement, corrugated super six

13.5 kg/m2
Asbestos cement, plain sheets 4.5 mm
8.0 kg/m2
6.0 mm
10.5 kg/m2
9.0 mm
16.0 kg/m2
Bricks dry (225 x 108 x 73 mm)
3.0 kg per brick
Bricks wet
3.5 kg per brick
Cement (at 25 bags to the tonne)
40.0 kg per bag
Cement Bulk
1500.0 kg/m3
Concrete blocks
400 x 200 x 200 mm hollow
19 kg per block approx
400 x 200 x 150 mm hollow
16 kg per block approx
400 x 200 x 100 mm hollow
13 kg per block approx
400 x 200 x 100 mm solid
16 kg per block approx
Concrete ready mixed - wet
2550 kg/m3
Concrete in wheelbarrow (approx. 0.05 m3
136 kg
Total load of man and wheelbarrow
220 kg
Corrugated galv. iron

24 gauge
4.5 kg per m2
26 gauge
3. 5 kg per m2
Ropes

Fibre 18 mm diam. dry

25 kg per 100 m
Fibre 18 mm diam. wet
30 kg per 100 m
Wire 8 mm diam
26 kg per 100 m
Wire 9 mm diam
31 kg per 100 m
Wire 13 mm diam
64 kg per 100 m
Wire 16 mm diam
96 kg per 100 m
Wire 19 mm diam
135 kg per 100 m
Wire 23 mm diam
185 kg per 100 m

70 SAFE ERECTION AND USE OF SCAFFOLDING

Sand dry
1680 kg per m3
Sand wet
1920 kg per m3
Scaffold planks (timber) 250 mm x 50 mm x

2.7 m (aver.)
19 kg
Steel Rods

6.5 mm diam
25 kg per 100 m
10 mm diam
67 kg per 100 m
12 mm diam
100 kg per 100 m
16 mm diam
165 kg per 100 m
20 mm diam
250 kg per 100 m
25 mm diam
416 kg per 100 m
Tube Steel (48.3 m) and fittings

Tube 48.3 mm x 4 mm x 6 m length

27.0 kg
Tube 48.3 mm x 4.5 mm x 6 m length
28.5 kg
Fittings range 1 kg to 2 kg (average)
1.5 kg
100 m tube + 20 fittings ) approx. total

weight)
495.0 kg
Tube Aluminium (48.3 mm) and fittings

Tube 48.3 mm x 4.5 mm x 6 m length

10.0 kg
Fittings 1 kg to 2 kg each (average)
1.5 kg
100 m tube + 20 fittings (approx. total

weight)
195.0 kg
Tube Frame steel braced portal
22-32 kg
Timber

Pinus, firs, and light timber per m3

400 to 480 kg
Rimu, and medium weight per m3
480 to 640 kg
Heavy timber per m3
640 to 800 kg
Water per litre
1.0 kg
Worker (average)
80.0 kg
SAFE ERECTION AND USE OF SCAFFOLDING
71

APPENDIX D: SCAFFOLDING
MATERIALS TECHNICAL DATA

TABLE D1: DIMENSIONS AND PROPERTIES OF SCAFFOLD TUBES

Dimension
Steel tubes to
Galvanised
Aluminium tubes
and
BS 1139 or
steel tube to
to BS 1139
properties
AS 1576.3
BS 6323
or AS 1576.3
1.
Outside
48.3 (+ 0.5 tolerance)
48.3 (+ 0.5 tolerance)
48.3 (+ 0.5 tolerance)

diameter (mm)
2.
Thickness (mm)

(a) seamless
4.0 (+ 0.5 tolerance
3.2 (+ 0.48 tolerance)
4.47 (+ 0.56 tolerance)

(b) welded
4.0 (+ 0.8; - 0.4
3.2 (+ 0.32 tolerance)

tolerance)
3.
Mass per linear
4.37 kg/m
3.56 kg/m
1.67 kg/m

metre

4.
Minimum tensile
340 MPa
360 MPa
295 MPa

strength

5.
Yield strength
210 MPa
215 MPa
255 MPa
6.
Radius of gyration
15.7 mm
16.0 mm
15.6 mm
7.
Cross-sectional area
557 mm2
453 mm2
615 mm2
8.
Moment of inertia
138,000 mm4
116,000 mm 4
149,000 mm4
9.
Elastic modulus
5700 mm3
4800 mm3
6180 mm3

TABLE D2: SAFE WORKING LOADS FOR COUPLERS AND FITTINGS TO

BS 1139 OR AS 1576.2

Description of coupler and fitting

Type of loading
Safe working load
1.
Right-angle couplers
Slip along tube
6.25 kN (640 kg)
2.
Swivel couplers
Slip along tube
6.25 kN (640 kg)
3.
Joint pins (expanding spigot couplers)
Shear strength
21 kN (2140 kg)
4.
Sleeve couplers
Tension
3.1 kN (315 kg)
5.
Adjustable base plate
Axial
30 kN (3058 kg)
72 SAFE ERECTION AND USE OF SCAFFOLDING

TABLE D3: SAFE WORKING LOADS FOR TIES AND GALVANISED WIRES

Description Safe working load

1. Tie - double 3.15 mm 'black' wire, twisted 1.57 kN (160 kg)

2. Galvanised wire - for fixing gin wheel, block,

guy, or light loads; using not less than two round
turns on 48.3 mm tube or timber:

(a)
8 gauge wire - 2 round turns
1.57 kN (160 kg)
(b)
8 gauge wire - 3 round turns
2.45 kN (250 kg)
(c)
8 gauge wire - 4 or more turns
2.94 kN (300 kg)
(d)
10 gauge wire - 2 round turns
1.18 kN (120 kg)
(e)
10 gauge wire - 3 round turns
1.57 kN (160 kg)
(f)
10 Gauge wire - 4 or more turns
1.96 kN (200 kg)

Note: The above strength values are a guide for good-quality materials under
average conditions of use on construction work. Where special materials of
known quality and of established strength are used, the safe working loads
may be varied in accordance with accepted engineering practice.
SAFE ERECTION AND USE OF SCAFFOLDING
73

APPENDIX E: RIGGING
FOR SCAFFOLDERS

GENERAL

Scaffolders need to know how to tie knots that may be used to erect, alter or
dismantle scaffolds and the rigging of crane-lifted loads of scaffolding. This
appendix is limited to rigging for scaffolders.

SUSPENDED LOADS

Hooks that anchor ropes or pulleys on suspended scaffolds must be moused to

prevent accidental unhooking. Shackles used in scaffolding shall have their
SWL clearly marked and when in use the pin shall be securely screwed in and
moused to the D.

Fig. 23 D Ring.

When using a shackle to form a running noose always fit the back of the D to
the standing or running part of the rope.

This practice ensures that the shackle pin is not either overtightened or
unscrewed.

74 SAFE ERECTION AND USE OF SCAFFOLDING

SCAFFOLD TUBE

When using a fibre rope to lift or lower a scaffold tube always use a stopper or
rolling hitch.

Because the hitch tightens as the weight is taken, always position it to one
end, ensuring that the direction of pull is as shown in fig. 23.
Used for gripping a larger
rope, etc. Secure hauling
rope with three or more
turns as shown and then
half hitch (or more) to
secure free end. Pull must
be in direction shown.

Fig. 23 Stopper or rolling hitch.

Fig. 24 Rigging crane-lifted bundle of tubes.

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75

When rigging crane-lifted bundles of tube, always use two adequate-strength

similar choker-reeved slings. Position the slings approximately one third in
from each end and land the bundle on dunnage to prevent damage to the slings
or tubes when they are withdrawn. Always use SWL marked shackles, of
adequate capacity, to form choker slings.

Note: The included angle between two slings affects the slings' SWL. To
calculate the SWL of two slings rigged as shown in fig. 24, multiply the SWL of
one sling by 1.4. As an illustration, two slings each with an SWL of 2 tonnes
and reeved as shown could safely lift 2.8 tonnes. (2 x 1.4 = 2.8).

ROPE JOINS OR EYES

Where wire rope grips have been fitted by a qualified person, such as a crane
maintenance fitter rigger, they may be used for lifting. If fitted by others, it
should not be used for lifting purposes.

Wire rope grips must be correctly applied in order that the stresses within the
terminal are evenly distributed.

Always fit the grips the same way round, with the bridge on the loaded or
long part of the rope and the U-bolt on the short part.

On any wire rope a minimum of three grips must be used and spaced at a
distance, centre to centre of grips, of six rope diameters (see fig. 25). The
numbers of wire rope grips required are:

(a) Up to and including 19 mm (3/4 in.) rope: 3 grips.

(b) Over 19 mm and up to and including 32 mm (11/4 in.) rope: 4 grips.

(c) Over 32 mm and up to and including 38 mm (l/2 in.) rope: 5 grips.

(d) Over 38 mm and up to and including 44 mm (13/4 in.) rope: 6 grips.

(e) Over 44 mm and up to and including 56 mm (21/4 in.) rope: 7 grips.

When joining fibre ropes, always use a double sheet bend or a carrick bend
knot. Never use a reef knot to join ropes.

Right

6d 6d

Wrong
Fig. 25 Joining wire ropes.

76 SAFE ERECTION AND USE OF SCAFFOLDING

CHECKLIST

The following represents some of the items used in rigging that should be
regularly checked for safety:

(a) Fibre rope: Cuts, flaking, decay or contamination by injurious

substances.

(b) Wire rope (including slings): Broken strands (not more than 6 broken
strands in any 10 diameter length), worn strands, corrosion, sharp
bends or overstressing.

(c) Fittings:

(i) Shackles: Bent, worn, cracked, SWL not shown.

(ii) Rope grips: Correct size, nuts tight, worn or bent.

(iii) Rope splices: Mechanical splice (Talurit) - SWL shown,

worn or deformed, manual splice - spragged ends, tucks
unlaying or not locked.
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77

APPENDIX F:
PERFORMANCE
REQUIREMENTS FOR
SCAFFOLD PLANKS

The following is a reprint of NZS 3620: 1985 Specification for scaffold planks.

101 SCOPE

101.1 This Standard specifies the minimum requirements for scaffold plans.

101.2 This Standard does not preclude the use of materials other than those in
Parts
2 to 5, provided that it can be established that they meet these requirements
and comply with relevant NZ Standards or equivalent.

I01.3 Planks that comply in all respects with a means of compliance set out in
Parts

2 to 5 shall be deemed to satisfy the requirements of this Standard.

102 INTERPRETATION

In this Standard the word "shall" indicates a requirement that is to be adopted

in order to comply with the Standard; the word "should" indicates a
recommended practice.

103 DEFINITION

For the purpose of this Standard the following definition shall apply:

Scaffold plank: A plank that is intended to provide part of the support surface
of any structure, framework or suspended scaffold of a temporary nature that
is used to support workmen and materials.

104 DIMENSIONS

l04.l The minimum width of scaffold planks shall be 225 mm.

Note: For timber scaffold planks, the moisture content appropriate to

the minimum width dimension shall be 16 + 2%.

78 SAFE ERECTION AND USE OF SCAFFOLDING

105 IN-SERVICE STRENGTH REQUIREMENTS

A scaffold plank shall be capable of sustaining a total working load of 1.60 kN

applied to the full-width of the plank as two equal loads 300 mm on either side
of the centre of the span when it is simply supported at 2.4 m centres.

106 QUALITY CONTROL

Planks shall be subjected to quality control inspection and testing procedures

at the time of manufacture or selection, as set out in the appropriate sections
of Parts 2 to 5, Means of Compliance.

107 BRANDING
107.1 Planks shall be permanently branded on an edge, the brand reading NZS 3620.

107.2 Marking for ownership is permitted providing it does not detract from safety
when the plank is in use.

107.3 Planks manufactured under the Standard Certification Mark Scheme shall be
branded on an edge with the manufacturer's licence number.

Note: The Standard Certification Mark Scheme

As this Standard covers product safety, manufacturers are advised to apply for
a licence to use the Standard Certification Mark.

Shown here is the Certification Mark of the Standards Association of New

Zealand. This Mark may be used only by those manufacturers licensed by the
Standards Association and must be accompanied by the number of the relevant
New Zealand Standard and the number of the authorising licence. The
presence of this Mark on or in relation to a product is an assurance that the
goods are manufactured under a system of supervision, control, and testing,
(including periodical inspection of the manufacturer's works by SANZ)
designed to ensure compliance with the Standard.

NZS 3620

Licence No.............

For further particulars apply to the Director, Standards New Zealand,

Private Bag, Wellington.

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79

108 MATERIALS

108.1 Timber planks

108.1.1 The species, grade, size and finish, preservative treatment, moisture
content,
methods of manufacture, and other relevant characteristics of timber shall be
suitable for their end use.

108.1.2 Both faces of a timber scaffold plank shall be sawn finished or

roughened to a
similar finish.

108.2 Other materials

108.2.1 Planks shall have non-skid working surfaces to ensure safe working
conditions.

108.2.2 Methods of manufacture, size, finish, resistance to corrosion and other

relevant
characteristics shall be suitable for their end use.

109 MEANS OF COMPLIANCE

109.1 For the purposes of this Standard, Parts 2 to 5 provide a means of compliance

with Part 1 for scaffold planks made of solid and glue-laminated timber, steel,
and aluminium.
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