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18.03 Hour Exam II Solutions March 12, 2004

1. The document provides solutions to exam problems involving differential equations. 2. Problem 1 finds the steady state and oscillatory behavior of a spring-mass-dashpot system modeled by a second order differential equation. 3. Subsequent problems find particular solutions to other second order differential equations subject to given initial conditions or forcing functions.

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46 views1 page

18.03 Hour Exam II Solutions March 12, 2004

1. The document provides solutions to exam problems involving differential equations. 2. Problem 1 finds the steady state and oscillatory behavior of a spring-mass-dashpot system modeled by a second order differential equation. 3. Subsequent problems find particular solutions to other second order differential equations subject to given initial conditions or forcing functions.

Uploaded by

aravind_elec5654
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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18.

03 Hour Exam II Solutions


March 12, 2004

1. A spring/mass/dashpot system is modeled by 2ẍ + 2bẋ + 4x = −10. The input signal


represents the force of gravity.
[6] (a) What is the steady state (constant) solution?
Ans. x = −5/2.
[7] (b) For what values of the damping constant b does the system “ring,” i.e. oscillate?
�
Ans. The characteristic polynomial has roots −b/2 ± (b/2)2 − 2. They are complex as
√
long as (b/2)2 < 2, i.e. |b| < 2 2.
[7] (c) When it does oscillate, what is the pseudoperiod (in terms of b)?
� �
Ans. ωd = 2 − (b/2)2 so Pd = 2π/ωd = 2π/ 2 − (b/2)2 .
[20] 2. Find a particular solution to x¨ + 4ẋ + 4x = e−2t cos(2t).
Ans. The equation is the real part of p(D)z = e(−2+2i)t , where p(s) = s2 + 4s + 4.
p(−2 + 2i) = (−2 + 2i)2 + 4(−2 + 2i) + 4 = −4, so by the ERF zp = e(−2+2i)t /(−4) and
so xp = Re zp = −(1/4)e−2t cos(2t). Other methods work too: try xp = e−2t (a cos(2t) +
b sin(2t)); or use ESL to eliminate e−2t .
[20] 3. Find the solution to x¨ + 4ẋ + 4x = 4 such that x(0) = 0 and ẋ(0) = 0.
Ans. xp = 1, so xp (0) = 1 and ẋp (0) = 0. For x = xp + xh to satisfy the given
initial condition we need xh (0) = −1 and ẋh (0) = 0. p(s) = (s + 2)2 so the general
homogeneous solution is xh = (c1 t + c2 )e−2t . ẋh = (−2c1 t + (c1 − 2c2 ))e−2t , so xh (0) = c2 ,
ẋh (0) = c1 − 2c2 . This gives c2 = −1 and c1 = −2, so x = 1 + (−2t − 1)e−2t .
[20] 4. Find a particular solution to x¨ + 4ẋ + 4x = 8t2 + 8.
Ans. x = at2 + bt + c, ẋ = 2at + b, x¨ = 2a, so we want a, b, c such that 8t2 + 8 =
4at2 +(4b+8a)t+(4c+4b+2a). This gives a = 2, then b = −4, then c = 5: xp = 2t2 −4t+5.
[10] 5. (a) Find the amplitude of the sinusoidal solution to x¨ + 2ẋ + 2x = cos(ωt), as a
function of the input signal circular frequency ω.
Ans. xp = Re eiωt /p(iω)
�
has amplitude |1/p(iω)|. p(iω) = (iω)2 +2iω+2 = (2−ω 2 )+2iω
so A = |1/p(iω)| = 1/ (2 − ω 2 )2 + 4ω 2 .
[5] (b) For what value of ω is the phase lag zero?
Ans. Zero phase lag occurs when p(iω) is real (and positive), and this happens only
when ω = 0.
[5] (c) For what value of ω is the phase lag 90◦ ?
Ans. Phase lag of 90◦ occurs when p(iω) is purely imaginary
√ with positive imaginary
part. This happens only when ω 2 = 2 and ω > 0, i.e. ω = 2.

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