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Fluid Mechanics: MEHD 224

Newton's second law and the principles of conservation of mass, momentum, and energy govern fluid motion. The Euler and Bernoulli equations describe the relationship between pressure and velocity in fluid flows. Specifically, the Bernoulli equation states that the sum of pressure and kinetic energy is conserved along a streamline for steady, incompressible flow. The Bernoulli equation can be used to analyze fluid flows and is commonly applied to situations like venturi meters and pitot tubes. However, it has limitations and assumptions that must be considered for accurate use.

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57 views11 pages

Fluid Mechanics: MEHD 224

Newton's second law and the principles of conservation of mass, momentum, and energy govern fluid motion. The Euler and Bernoulli equations describe the relationship between pressure and velocity in fluid flows. Specifically, the Bernoulli equation states that the sum of pressure and kinetic energy is conserved along a streamline for steady, incompressible flow. The Bernoulli equation can be used to analyze fluid flows and is commonly applied to situations like venturi meters and pitot tubes. However, it has limitations and assumptions that must be considered for accurate use.

Uploaded by

anis suhaili
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© © All Rights Reserved
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MEHD 224

Fluid Mechanics
Topic 3: FLUIDS IN MOTION
Topic 3: FLUIDS IN MOTION

▶ Newton’s Second Law


▶ Derivation of Euler equation
▶ Bernoulli equation
▶ Static, Stagnation, Dynamic, and Total Pressure
▶ Example of usage of the Bernoulli Equation
▶ The Energy Grade Line and Hydraulic Grade Line
▶ Restrictions on Use of the Bernoulli Equation
Newton’s Second Law

Fluid motions are govern by 3 conservation laws - mass, momentum and


energy conservation

Fluid motion leads to pressure variations.


Derivation of Euler equation
▶ Assuming that fluid motion is governed by pressure and gravitational
forces only and applying Newton’s Second Law to a fluid particle, then
for F = ma:

Giving Euler Equation of Motion :


Bernoulli equation
▶ Bernoulli Equation along a Streamline : -
at

an

▶ Applying Euler Equation along a pathline : -

▶ Tangential component of acceleration is given by : -

▶ For steady and incompressible flow


Bernoulli equation
▶ Moving terms to one side:

▶ Integrating along a streamline:

▶ This is the BE which states that the sum of piezometric pressure and
kinetic pressure is constant along a streamline for steady flow of an
incompressible fluid

P 1, z 1, V 1 P 2, z 2, V 2
P1, z1, V1
Giving Bernoulli Equation of Motion :
Bernoulli equation
▶ Bernoulli Equation for Irrotational Flow : -

▶ For irrotational flow, BE is also applicable normal to the


streamline

▶ Thus BE is applicable anywhere in the irrotational flow:


P 2, z 2, V 2 , A 2

P 1, z 1, V 1 , A 1

▶ Which gives:
Static, Stagnation, Dynamic, and
Total Pressure

▶ Each terms in the Bernoulli Equation can be interpreted


as a form of pressure

▶ Can you explain each of this form of pressure?


(ASSIGNMENT 2)
Example of usage of the
Bernoulli Equation
Applications of BE

Stagnation Velocity of fluid exiting


Pitot Tube
Tube from a large tank
A

For
PA = PB = Patm,
VA = 0 and zA-zB = h
P1 measure the stagnation pressure Hence : -
P2 measure the static pressure
V1 = 0, z1 ~ z2
The Energy Grade Line and
Hydraulic Grade Line
Restrictions on Use of the
Bernoulli Equation

▶ Incompressible flow
▶ Steady flow
▶ Irrotational flow
▶ Inviscid fluid
▶ No heat transfer
▶ No work transfer

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