WORKED SOLUTIONS

Mathematics as the science

1 of patterns
Answers 2 a r (r + 1)
1
b
Skills check r2 +1

1 a {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} b {−4, −3, −2, −1, 0, 1} c 2r − 3

c {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} 3 a 1, 5, 9, 13
2 a 3(x − 4) − 2(x + 7) = 0 1 2 3 4
b , , ,
3 5 7 9
3x − 12 − 2x − 14 = 0
1 1 1
c 1, , ,
x = 26 4 9 16
b 3x − 2(2x + 5) = 2 4 a 2 + 6 + 12 + 20
3x − 4x − 10 = 2 1 2 3 4 5
b + + 7 + 9 + 11
−x = 12 3 5

x = −12 c −1 + 4 − 9 + 16 − 25
c 5x + 4 − 2(x + 6) = x − (3x − 2) ∞

5x + 4 − 2x − 12 = x − 3x + 2
5 a ∑ 4r − 5
r =1
3x − 8 = −2x + 2 10

5x = 10 b ∑ (−1)
r =1
r

x=2 6

3 a 2( 3 − 2) + 3 (1 − 3 ) = 2 3 − 4 + 3 − 3
c ∑ 6(−2)
r =1
r −1

=3 3−7
3 3 2 13
Investigation – quadratic sequences
b +5 2= 2
+5 2= 2 2 N = n2 − 2n + 3
2
(1 + 3 ) (1 + 3 )(1 + 3 ) 1 + 3 + 3 +3 n = p − 1 ⇒ n2 − 2n + 3 = ( p − 1)2 − 2( p − 1) + 3
c = (1 − =
(1 − 3) 3 )(1 + 3 ) 1−3
= p 2 − 2p + 1 − 2p + 2 + 3
4+2 3
= −2
= −2 − 3 = p 2 − 4p + 6
1 −3 n=p ⇒ n2 − 2n + 3 = p 2 − 2p + 3
4 a =
( x − 2) (1 − 2 x )
n = p + 1 ⇒ n2 − 2n + 3 = ( p + 1)2 − 2( p + 1) + 3
1 − 2x = −3(x − 2)
= p 2 + 2p + 1 − 2p − 2 + 3
1 − 2x = −3x + 6
= p2 + 2
x=5
first differences are 2p − 3 and 2p − 1
b 2x 1
=
2x 2 + 1 x − 1
second difference = (2p − 1) − (2p − 3) = 2 (a constant)
2x (x − 1) = 2x 2 + 1 N = 2n2 + 2n + 1
2 2
2x − 2x = 2x + 1 n = p − 1 ⇒ 2n2 + 2n + 1 = 2( p − 1)2 + 2( p − 1) + 1
−2x = 1 = 2p 2 − 4p + 2 + 2p − 2 + 1
1
x= −2 = 2p 2 − 2p + 1
5 a 35 b −10 n=p ⇒ 2n2 + 2n + 1 = 2p 2 + 2p + 1
Exercise 1A n = p + 1 ⇒ 2n2 + 2n + 1 = 2( p + 1)2 + 2( p + 1) + 1
1 a 0, 1.5, 3 (denominators can be = 2p 2 + 4p + 2 + 2p + 2 + 1
b
9 11 13
, , written as 1 × 3, 3 × 5, = 2p 2 + 6p + 5
10 12 14 5 × 7, 7 × 9, 9 × 11, first differences are 4p and 4p + 4
1 1 1 11 × 13, 13 × 15)
c , , second difference = 4 (a constant)
99 143 195

© Oxford University Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Worked solutions: Chapter 1 1
 WORKED SOLUTIONS

N = −n2 + 3n − 4 Exercise 1B
n = p − 1 ⇒ −n2 + 3n − 4 = −( p − 1)2 + 3( p − 1) − 4 1 a un = 5 + (n − 1)6
= −p 2 + 2p − 1 + 3p − 3 − 4 un = 6n − 1
= −p 2 + 5p − 8
b un = 10 + (n − 1) (−7)
n=p ⇒ −n2 + 3n − 4 = −p 2 + 3p − 4
un = −7n + 17
n = p + 1 ⇒ −n2 + 3n − 4 = −( p + 1)2 + 3( p + 1) − 4
= −p 2 − 2p − 1 + 3p + 3 − 4 c un = a + (n − 1)2
= −p 2 + p − 2 un = 2n + a − 2
first differences are −2p + 4 and −2p + 2 2 a u15 = 2 + 14d = 2 + 14 × 9 = 128
5 51
second difference = (−2p + 2) − (−2p + 4) b u12 = −1 + 11d = −1 + 11 × 4
= 4
= −2 (a constant) c un = 3 + (n − 1)4 = 4n − 1
Conjecture: For the quadratic N = an2 + bn + c the 3 a + 3d = 18 ⇒ a − 15 = 18 ⇒ a = 33
second difference is a constant and is equal to 2a.
un = 33 + (n − 1)(−5) = 38 − 5n
Proof:
4 a + 3d = 0 (1)
n = p − 1 ⇒ an2 + 6n + c = a( p − 1)2 + b( p − 1) + c
a + 13d = 40 (2)
= ap 2 − 2ap + a + bp − b + c
(2) − (1) ⇒ 10d = 40 ⇒ d = 4
n=p ⇒ an + bn + c = ap 2 + bp + c
2

n = p + 1 ⇒ an2 + bn + c = a( p + 1)2 + b( p + 1) + c ∴ a + 12 = 0 and a = −12

= ap 2 + 2ap + a + bp + b + c 5 Salary after 15 years = u16 = a + 15d
first differences are 2ap − a + b and 2ap + a + b = 48 000 + 15 × 500
second difference = 2a, which proves the conjecture. = € 55 500
Need n × 500 = 24000
Investigation – triangular numbers
⇒ n = 48 years
Since the second difference is a constant (1) the
triangle numbers can be generated by a quadratic
N = an2 + bn + c 2a = 1 ⇒ a = 12 Exercise 1C
N = 12 n2 + bn + c 1 a u1 = 6 d = 13 un = 110
6 + (n − 1)13 = 110
n = 1 ⇒ 12 + b + c = 1 ⇒ b + c = 12
(n − 1)13 = 104
n = 2 ⇒ 2 + 2b + c = 3 ⇒ 2b + c = 1
∴b = 12 , c = 0 n−1=8
n=9
N = 12 n2 + 12 n or N = 12 n (n + 1) 9
S9 = 2 (6 + 110) = 522
Investigation – more number patterns b u1 = 52 d = −11 un = −25
Square numbers: N = n2 52 + (n − 1) (−11) = −25
Pentagonal numbers: N n(3n2  1)
(n − 1) (−11) = −77
Hexagonal numbers: N = n(2n − 1)
n−1=7
Heptagonal numbers: N n(5n2 3)
n=8
Polygonal numbers N 8
S8 = 2 (52 − 25) = 108
1 n
triangle n (n + 1) = (n + 1) c u1 = −78 d = −4 un = −142
2 2

square n2 =
n
(2n + 0) −78 + (n − 1) (−4) = −142
2
(n − 1) (−4) = −64
pentagon n(3n − 1) n
2
= 2
(3n − 1) n − 1 = 16
n n = 17
hexagon n(2n − 1) = (4n − 2)
2 17
S17 = 2 (−78 − 142) = −1870
n(5n − 3) n
heptagon = (5n − 3) 10
2 2
2 a ¦ 5r  7 = 12 + 17 + 22 +...... + 57
Conjecture: For a polygon with k sides the polygonal r 1
10
numbers are given by = (12 + 57)
2
N = n2 [(k − 2) n − (k − 4)] = 345

© Oxford University Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Worked solutions: Chapter 1 2
 WORKED SOLUTIONS
15 a+2 3a + 1
6 r= = ⇒ a2 + 4a + 4 = 3a2 − 11a − 4
b ¦ 5  3r = 2 − 1 − 4 ...... − 40
r 1
a-4 a+2

15 ⇒ 0 = 2a2 − 15a − 8
= (2 − 40)
2
= (2a + 1)(a − 8)
= −285
1
3 u1 = 60 u10 = −3 n = 16 ⇒a= −2 or 8
1
60 + 9d = −3 1
2 1 10 5
Hence r = 1 = − 3 or r = =
9d = −63 -4 4 2
2
d = −7
16
S16 = 2 (2 × 60 + 15 × −7) = 120 Exercise 1E
4 S5 = 25 u4 = 8 § §1· 6
·
2 ¨1  ¨ ¸ ¸¸
¨ ©2¹
Let the numbers be 1 a S6 = © ¹
= 3.9375 or
63
1 16
u − 2d, u − d, u, u + d, u + 2d 1
2
S5 = u − 2d + u − d + u + u + d + u + 2d 2 (1 − ( −1.5)8 ) −1261
b S8 = 1 − ( −1.5)
= −19.7 (3 sf ) or
∴ 5u = 25 64

1 ⎛ ⎛ −1 ⎞ ⎞
9
u=5 ⎜1 − ⎜ ⎟ ⎟⎟
2 ⎜⎝ ⎝ 2 ⎠
u4 = 8 ⇒ u + d = 8 ⇒ d = 3 c Sum = 1 + ⎠
=1.33 (3 sf ) or
683
⎛ −1 ⎞ 512
1− ⎜ ⎟
The numbers are −1, 2, 5, 8,11 ⎝ 2 ⎠
5 Sn = n(2n + 3) d u1 = 0.1, r = 0.2
S1 = 1(2 + 3) = 5 ∴ u1 = 5 0.1(1 - 0.215 ) 1
S2 = 2(4 + 3) = 14 ∴ u1 + u2 = 14 ∴ u2 = 9 Sum = 1 - 0 .2
= 8
(1 − 0.215)
∴d=4 =
1
(1 − 115 )
8 5
u1 = 5, u2 = 9, u3 = 13, u4 = 17
= 0.125 (3 sf )
5
Exercise 1D 2 a ¦5 3r
= 53 + 52 + 51 + 50 + 5−1 + 5−2
r 0
1 a u1 = 1 r = 2 u6 = 25 = 32 un = 2n − 1 § § 1 ·6 ·
125 ¨ 1  ¨ ¸ ¸
1 5 n 1 n −3 ¨ ©5¹ ¸
u6 = 9 §¨ 3 ·¸ = 27 un = 9 ¨ 3 ¸ = ⎛⎜ 3 ⎞⎟
1 1 §1· 1 © ¹
b u1 = 9 r = 3
= 1
© ¹ © ¹ ⎝ ⎠ 1
5
5 n −1 n−4
⎛1⎞ ⎛1⎞
u6 = x 3 ⎛⎜ x ⎞⎟ = x 2 un = x 3 ⎜⎝ x ⎟⎠ = ⎜⎝ x ⎟⎠
1 1 1 3906
c u1 = x 3 r = x = 156.24 or
⎝ ⎠ 25
n 1
1 3
2 a r = 1 , u10 = a r 9 = 48 × 512
= 32 b ¦ 9 u 10 = 9 + 9 × 10 + 9 × 10 + . . . + 9 × 10
r 2 n−1
2
r 0
8 16 8 3 1 9(1  10 n )
b r = −9 ÷ 3
= × = − 6, = 1  10
9 16
16 1 1 1 = 10n − 1
4
u5 = a r = × 1296
= 3´81
= 243 1
3
3 u3 = 2 u7 = 128
3 a a = 0.03, r = 2 1
⇒ 0.03 × 2n −1 = 1.92 ⇒ 2n −1 = 64 ⇒ n = 7 u1r 2 = 2 u1r 6 = 128
1
1 u1r 6
b a = 81, r = 3 = 2128
u1r 2
æ 1ö
8
æ 1ö
n-1
æ 1ö
n-1
1
81 × çççè 3 ÷÷÷ø = 81 ⇒ çççè 3 ÷÷÷ø = çççè 3 ÷÷÷ø ⇒ n = 9 1
∴ r 4 = 256
4 a r2 = 2 (1) 1 −1
r = 4 or 4 u1 = 32
4
a r = 18 (2) 6
§ §1· ·
(2) ÷ (1) ⇒ r = 9 ⇒ r = ± 3
2 32 ¨ 1  ¨ ¸ ¸
¨ ©4¹ ¸ 1365
2 2 S6 = © 1 ¹ = 32 = 42.7
u2 = a r = 9
× ±3 = ± 3 1
4
9 3 § § 1 ·6 ·
5 16r 4 = 9 ⇒ r 4 = 16
⇒r=± 2
32 ¨ 1  ¨ ¸ ¸
¨ © 4 ¹ ¸
or S6 = © § 1 · ¹ =
819
27 27
= 5.6
32
⇒ u7 = 16r 6 = 16 × 64
= 4
1 ¨  ¸
© 4 ¹

© Oxford University Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Worked solutions: Chapter 1 3
 WORKED SOLUTIONS

( x + 1)
3
æ3ö x +1 ( x + 1)
2 2
3 3 3
4 a u1 = S1 = 2
− 1 = 1 , u2 = S2 − S1 = çççè 2 ÷÷ø÷ − 2
= 4, 8 1, , , 27
2 3 9
æ3ö
3
æ3ö
2 3
u3 = S3 − S2 = çççè 2 ÷÷ø÷ − çççè 2 ÷÷ø÷ =
9 Convergent when x = −1.5 = − 2
8 æ ( x + 1)4 ÷ö
æ3ö
n
æ3ö
n-1
æ3ö
n-1
æ3 ö ççç1 - ÷÷
b un = ççèç 2 ÷÷÷ø − çççè 2 ÷÷÷ø = ççèç 2 ÷÷ø÷ çç -1÷÷ ççè 34 ÷÷ø
çè 2 ø÷ S4 = 1
x +1
1 æç 3 ÷ö
n-1
1-
= ´ç ÷ 3
2 çè 2 ÷ø
185
This is a GP with u1 =
1
and r =
3 = 216
2 2
5 Pn = a × a r × a r 2 × … × a r n − 1 1 (1- r n )
9 = 1- r
= k r n−1
= an r 1 + 2 + … + n − 1 1- r
(n-1)
= an r 2
n
⇒ 1 − (1 − r n) = k r n−1 (1 − r)
Reciprocal sequence = a ,
1 1 1
, , …,
1
,… ⇒ r n = k r n−1 (1 − r)
ar ar 2 ar n-1
1 1 ⇒ r = k (1 − r)
i.e. a GP with u1 = a , and common ratio r . k
⇒ (1 + k)r = k ⇒ r =
1 æç 1ö 1+ k
ç1 - ÷÷
a çè r n ø÷ 1 r n -1 r 1 r n -1
Rn = = × × = a a (1 + k )
1 a rn r -1 a (r -1)r n-1 Hence S = =
1- k 1+ k - k
r 1-
1+ k
a (1- r n )
× ( n ) = a × −1 × a × −1 r n−1
Sn a r -1 r n-1
= = a (1 + k) = (k + 1)a
Rn 1- r r -1
= a2 r n−1 = (k + 1)u1
æ ö
n

Hence ççç Sn ÷÷÷÷ = a2nr n (n−1)

è Rn ø
Exercise 1F
= (anr )
( n-1) n 2
2 u1
1 a S = 4 u2 1− r = 4 u1r
= Pn2 QED 1 = 4r (1 − r )
6 ar = 24 1 = 4r − 4r 2
P -1
a r2 = 12 (P − 1) ⇒ r = 2 4r 2 − 4r + 1 = 0
P -1
But |r| < | so −1 < 2
<1 i.e. −2 < P − 1 < 2 (2r − 1)2 = 0
1
⇒ −1 < P < 3 (1) r= 2
48 § § 1 ·5 ·
Also S3 = 76 so P -1
+ 24 + 12 (P − 1) = 76 32 ¨ 1  ¨ ¸ ¸
1 ¨ ©2¹ ¸
© ¹
⇒ 48 + 24 (P − 1) + 12 (P − 1)2 = 76 (P − 1) b u1 = 32 r= 2
S5 = 1
= 62
1
⇒ 48 − 24 + 12P 2 + 12 = 76P − 76 2
32
⇒ 12P 2 − 76P + 112 = 0 S= 1 = 64
1
⇒ 3P 2 − 19P + 28 = 0 2

(3P − 7) (P − 4) = 0 2
percentage error = 62
× 100 = 3.23%
7
⇒P= 3
or 4
7 2 r = 1.5 S5 = 52750
From convergence condition (1), P = 3
4 u1 (1  1.55 )
1  1.5
= 52750
3 2
Hence r = 2
= 3 u1 = $4000
7 The lengths are a, ar, ar 2,
Where a + ar + ar 2 = 2 (1) 3 a 2 + 4 + 8 + 16 + 32 = 62
But a r 2 = 2a b Sn > 1000 000
2(1  2n )
so r 2 = 2 and r = ± 2. 1 2
> 100 0000
2
As a, a r, a r are lengths, r must be positive so r = 2. (2n – 1) > 500 000
Substitute into (1) ⇒ a (1 + 2 + 2) = 2 2n > 500001
2 2
⇒a= = (3 − 2) metres. n = 19
3+ 2 7

© Oxford University Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Worked solutions: Chapter 1 4
 WORKED SOLUTIONS

4 a Let x = monthly repayment Exercise 1H

Amount owing after 1 month u1 (1  r n )
1 p(n): Sn = 1 r
= 1000 × 1.01 − x
Amount owing after 2 months Step 1: when n = 1, LHS = S1 = u1
u1 (1  r )
= (1000 × 1.01 − x) × 1.01 − x RHS = = u1
1 r
2
= 1000 × 1.01 − 1.01x − x
∴ p (1) is true
Amount owing after 3 months u1 (1  r k )
= (1000 × 1.012 − 1.01x − x) × 1.01 − x Step 2: assume p (k) i.e., Sk = 1 r

= 1000 × 1.013 − 1.012x − 1.01x − x u1 (1  r k 1 )

Step 3: prove p (k + 1) i.e., Sk + 1 = 1 r
Amount owing after 24 months Proof: Sk + 1 = Sk + uk + 1
= 1000 × 1.0124 − 1.0123x − 1.0122x = Sk + u1r k
− 1.0121x . . . . − 1.01x − x u1 (1  r k )
= + u1r k
We require this to be zero 1 r
u1 (1  r k )  u1r k (1  r )
∴ x + 1.01x + 1.012x + . . . + 1.0123x = 1 r
= 1000 × 1.0124
u1 (1  r k  r k  r k 1 )
x (1  1.0124 ) =
1  1.01
= 1000 × 1.0124 1 r
u1 (1  r k 1 )
x = $47.07 ∴ Sk + 1 = 1 r
b Total to be paid = 47.07 × 24 Since p (1) is true and if p (k) is true then p (k + 1)
= $1130 is true, by the principle of mathematical
induction, p (n) is true
n
n
Exercise 1G 2 a p(n): ∑ r 2 = 6 (n + 1)(2n + 1)
r =1

1 a Odd number + even number = 2a + 1 + 2b Step 1: when n = 1, LHS = 1

= 2(a + b) + 1, 1
RHS = 6
(2)(3) = 1
which is odd. ∴ p (1) is true
b Odd number × odd number = (2m + 1)(2n + 1) k
k
Step 2: assume p (k) i.e., ¦ r 2 = (k + 1)
= 4mn + 2m + 2n +1 = 2(m + n + 2mn) + 1, r 1 6
(2k + 1)
which is odd. k 1

1 2 x  5  2( x  2)
Step 3: prove p (k + 1) i.e., ¦ r 2 = (k  1) (k + 2)
2  2 r 1 6
(2k + 3)
x  2 2x  5 ( x  2)(2 x  5)
1 2 9 k +1 k
?  Proof: ∑ r 2 = ∑ r 2 + (k + 1)2
x  2 2 x  5 2 x 2  x  10 r =1 r =1

§ ab · k
3 (a + b)2 = c 2 + 4 ¨ ¸ = 6
(k + 1)(2k + 1) + (k + 1)2
© 2 ¹
(k  1)
a 2 + 2ab + b 2 = c 2 + 2ab = 6
[k(2k + 1) + 6(k + 1)]
∴a +b =c2 2 2
(k  1)
= 6
[2k 2 + 7k + 6]
4 3 4 3×4+4 16 k +1 (k  1)
∴ ∑r 2 = 6
(k + 2)(2k + 3)
7 8 7×8+8 64 r =1

−6 −5 −6 × −5 + −5 25 Since p (1) is true and if p (k) is true then

11 12 11 × 12 + 12 144 p (k + 1) is true, by the principal of
mathematical induction, p (n) is true.
8 9 8×9+9 81 n
b p(n): ¦ 2r 1 = 2n − 1
r 1
The product of two consecutive integers plus the
Step 1: when n = 1, LHS = 20 = 1
larger of the two integers is equal to the square of
the larger integer. RHS = 21 − 1 = 1
Proof: Let the two integers be n and n + 1 ∴ p(1) is true
k
n (n + 1) + (n + 1) = (n + 1) (n + 1) = (n + 1)2 Step 2: assume p (k) i.e., ¦ 2r 1 = 2k − 1
r 1

© Oxford University Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Worked solutions: Chapter 1 5
 WORKED SOLUTIONS

Exercise 1I
k 1
Step 3: prove p (k + 1) i.e., ¦ 2r 1 = 2k + 1 − 1
p (n): 7n − 1 = 6A (A ∈ )
r 1

k 1 k
1
Proof: ¦ 2r 1 = ¦ 2r 1 + 2 k
Step 1: when n = 1, 7n − 1 = 7 − 1 = 6
r 1 r 1

= 2k − 1 + 2k = 2(2k) − 1 ∴ p(1) is true

k 1 Step 2: assume p(k) i.e.,
∴ ¦ 2r 1 = 2k + 1 − 1 7k − 1 = 6A
r 1

Since p (1) is true and if p (k) is true then Step 3: prove p(k + 1) i.e.,
p (k + 1) is true, by the principal of 7k + 1 − 1 = 6B (B ∈ )
mathematical induction, p (n) is true. Proof: 7k + 1 − 1 = 7(7k) − 1
n2 = 7(6A + 1) − 1
c p(n): 13 + 23 + 33 + . . . . + n3 = (n + 1)2
4 = 42A + 7 − 1
Step 1: when n = 1, LHS = 13 = 1 = 42A + 6
1
RHS = 4
(2)2 = 1 = 6(7A + 1)
∴ p (1) is true ∴7 k+1
− 1 = 6B
Step 2: assume p (k) i.e., 13 + 23 + 33 + . . . . + k 3 Since p (1) is true and if p (k) is true then p (k + 1)
k2 2 is true, by the principal of mathematical
= (k + 1)
4
induction, p (n) is true.
Step 3: prove p (k + 1) i.e.,
13 + 23 + 33 + . . . . + k 3 + (k + 1)3 2 p (n): 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + . . . . + (2n − 1) = n2
(k  1)2 Step 1: when n = 1, LHS = 1
= 4
(k + 2)2
Proof: 13 + 23 + 33 + . . . . + k3 + (k + 1)3 RHS = 12 = 1
= k2
(k + 1)2 + (k + 1)3 =
(k  1)2
[k 2 + 4k + 4] ∴ p(1) is true
4 4
(k  1)2 Step 2: assume p (k) i.e.,
∴ 13 + 23 + 33 + . . . . + (k + 1)3 = (k + 2)2
4 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + . . . . + (2k − 1) = k2
Since p(1) is true and if p(k) is true then
Step 3: prove p (k + 1) i.e.,
p(k + 1) is true, by the principal of
1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + . . . . + (2k − 1) + (2k + 1)
mathematical induction, p(n) is true.
n
= (k + 1)2
d p (n): ¦ r (r  2) = n (n + 1)(2n + 7) Proof: 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + . . . . + (2k − 1) + (2k + 1)
r 6 1

Step 1: when n = 1, LHS = 1(3) = 3 = k2 + (2k + 1)

1
RHS = 6
(2)(9) = 3 ∴ 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + . . . . + (2k + 1) = (k + 1)2
∴ p (1) is true Since p (1) is true and if p(k) is true then p(k + 1)
Step 2: assume p (k) i.e., is true, by the principal of mathematical
k
k induction, p (n) is true.
¦ r (r  2) = 6 (k + 1)(2k + 7)
r 1

Step 3: prove p (k + 1) i.e., 3 p (n): 9n −1 = 8 A, where A ∈ 

k 1
(k  1)
(k + 2)(2k + 9) Step 1: when n = 1, 9n −1 = 8 p (1) is true
¦ r (r  2) =
r 1 6
k 1
Step 2: Assume p(k) i.e.
k
Proof: ¦ r (r  2) = ¦ r (r  2) + (k + 1)(k + 3) 9 k −1 = 8A
r 1 r 1

k Step 3: prove p(k + 1) i.e.

= (k + 1)(2k + 7) + (k + 1)
6 9 k + 1 −1 = 8B (B ∈ )
(k + 3)
(k  1)
Proof: 9 k + 1 −1 = 9 × 9 k −1
= 6 [k(2k + 7) + 6(k + 3)]
= 9 (8A + 1) −1
(k  1)
= 6 (2k2 + 13k + 18) = 72 A + 8
k 1
(k  1)
∴ ¦ r (r  2) = (k + 2)(2k + 9) = 8 (9 A + 1)
r 1 6
Since p (1) is true and if p (k) is true then ∴ 9k + 1 −1 = 8B
p (k + 1) is true, by the principal of Since p (1) is true and if p (k) is true then p (k + 1)
mathematical induction, p (n) is true. is true, by induction, p (n) is true

© Oxford University Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Worked solutions: Chapter 1 6
 WORKED SOLUTIONS

4 p (n): n3 − n = 6A, where A ∈  7

1 11
1, 1 , − 9 , − 27 , − 81
49
3
Step 1: when n = 1, n3 − n = 0 = 6 × 0 æ2ö
n

p(n): un = 3çççè 3 ÷÷÷ø − 1

∴ p(1) is true
æ2ö
1

Step 2: Assume p(k) i.e. Step 1: When n = 1 u1 = 1 and 3çççè 3 ÷÷÷ø − 1 = 2 − 1 = 1

k3 − k = 6A ∴ p(1) is true
æ2ö
k
Step 3: prove p(k + 1) i.e. (k + 1)3 − (k + 1) = 6B Step 2: Assume p(k) i.e. uk = 3çççè ÷÷÷ø − 1
where B ∈  3
æ2ö
k+1

Proof: (k + 1)3 − (k + 1) = k3 + 3k2 + 3k + 1 − k − 1 Step 3: Prove p (k + 1) i.e. uk + 1 = 3çççè 3 ÷÷ø÷ − 1

= k3 + 3k2 + 2k 2uk -1
Proof: uk + 1 = 3
= 6A + k +3k2 + 2k æ2ö
k

2 ´3ççç ÷÷÷ - 2 - 1
= 6A + 3(k2 + k) è3ø
= 3
= 6A + 3k(k + 1) æ2ö
k

2 ´3ççç ÷÷÷ - 3
è3ø
But k(k + 1) is either odd × even or even × odd so = 3
is divisible by 2.
æ 2 ö÷
k

= 2 × çççè ÷ −1
∴ 3k (k + 1) is divisible by 6. 3 ø÷
æ ö
k
∴ (k + 1)3  (k + 1) = 6B =
2
× 3 × ççç 2 ÷÷÷ − 1
3 è3ø
∴ Since p(1) is true and if p(k) is true then æ2ö
k+1

p(k + 1) is true, by induction p(n) is true. = 3 çççè 3 ÷÷ø÷ − 1

n
1 n
5 p(n): å = Since p(1) is true, and if p(k) is true then p(k + 1)
r =1 r (r + 1) n +1
n
is true, therefore by induction, p(n) is true.
1 1 1
Step 1: when n = 1, å r (r + 1) = 1´ 2
= 2
r =1

n 1
and = ∴ p(1) is true Exercise 1J
n +1 2
k
Step 2: assume p(k) i.e. å r
1
=
k 1 8! − 7! = 8 × 7! − 7! = 7 × 7!
r =1 (r + 1) k +1
k +1
10! − 9! = 10 × 9! − 9! = 9 × 9!
1 k +1
Step 3: prove p(k + 1) i.e. å = 5! − 4! = 5 × 4! − 4! = 4 × 4!
r =1 r (r + 1) k +2
k +1 k
1 95! − 94! = 95 × 94! − 94! = 94 × 94!
Proof: å 1
= å r (r + 1) + 1
r =1 r (r + 1) r =1 (k + 1)(k + 2) (n + 1)! – n! = (n + 1) n! – n! = n × n!
(k + 1)
2
k + 2 k +1
= k +1
2
= = 2 a
4!
=
1
=
1
(k + 1)(k + 2) (k + 1)(k + 2) k +2 6! 6 u 5 30
Since p (1) is true, and if p (k) is true then p(k + 1) b
5! u 3!
=
3!
=1
6! 6
is true, by induction p(n) is true.
8! u 6!
6 p (n): 2n + 2 + 32n + 1 = 7A where A ∈  c = 8! × 6 = 241920
5!
Step 1: when n = 1, 2n + 2 + 32n + 1 = 22 + 33 n !  (n  1)! n (n  1)!  (n  1)! n 1 1
3 a = (n  1) n (n  1)! = (n  1) n = n
= 8 + 27 = 35 + 7 × 5 (n  1)!

 ∴ p (1) is true b
n !  (n  1)! n (n  1) (n  2)!  (n  1) (n  2)!
=
(n  2)! (n  2)!
Step 2: assume p (k) i.e. 2k + 2 + 32k + 1 = 7A
= n (n − 1) − (n − 1)
Step 3: prove p (k + 1) i.e. 2k + 3 + 32k + 3 = 7B
where B ∈  = (n − 1) (n − 1)
Proof: 2k + 3 + 32k + 3 = 2(7A − 32k + 1) + 32k + 3 = (n − 1)2
= 14A + 32k + 3 − 2 × 32k + 1 (n !)2  1 (n !  1) (n !  1)
c
n!  1
= n!  1
= n! 1
= 14A + 32k + 1 (9 − 2)
= 14A + 32k + 1 × 7 4 (2n  2)! (n !)2 (2n  2) (2n  1) (2n )! (n !)2
[(n  1)!]2 (2n )!
= (n  1)2 (n !)2 (2n )!
= 7(2A + 32k + 1 = 7B 2(n  1) (2n  1)
= (n  1)2
Since p (1) is true, and if p (k) is true then p (k + 1)
2(2n  1)
is true, by induction, p (n) is true. = (n  1)

© Oxford University Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Worked solutions: Chapter 1 7
 WORKED SOLUTIONS

Exercise 1K ⎛5⎞ ⎛5⎞ ⎛5⎞

c (2 + 5x)5 = 25 + ⎜ ⎟ 24 (5x) + ⎜ ⎟ 23 (5x)2 + ⎜ ⎟
1 26 × 25 × 24 = 15 600 ⎜1⎟ ⎜2⎟ ⎜3⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
2 a 12! = 479 001 600 22 (5x)3 + . . . .
b 4! × 3! × 4! × 2! × 3! = 41 472 = 32 + 400x + 2000x 2 + 5000x 3 + . . . .
8
§ · x·
9 §9· §9· 2 §9·
§ 8 § x · 7 § x ·
3 ¨ ¸ = 70 weeks d ¨2  ¸ = 2 + ¨ ¸ 2 ¨
9
¸+ ¨ ¸2 ¨ ¸ + ¨¨ ¸¸ 26
©4¹ © 3 ¹ ¨1¸
© ¹
© 3 ¹ ¨2¸
© ¹
© 3 ¹ ©3¹
3
§ 20 · § x ·
+....
4 a ¨ ¸ = 4845 ¨
© 3 ¹
¸
©4¹ 1792
§8· = 512 − 768x + 512x 2 − x3 + . . . .
§ 12 · 9
b 4845 − ¨ ¸ − ¨ ¸ = 4845 − 70 − 495 = 4280
©4¹ ⎛7 ⎞
©4¹ 3 a (1 − 4x)7 4th term = ⎜ ⎟ (−4x)3 = −2240x3
⎜3⎟
5 a6 × 7 × 7 × 4 = 1176 ⎝ ⎠

b must end in 0 6 × 7 × 7 × 1 = 294 ⎛ 20 ⎞ − x 2

⎟⎛ ⎞
20
§ x· ⎜ 95 2
x
c ending in 0 6 × 5 × 4 × 1 = 120
b ¨1  ¸
© 2¹
3rd term = ⎜ 2 ⎟ ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ =
2
⎝ ⎠
ending in 2, 4 or 6 5 × 5 × 4 × 3 = 300
⎛8⎞
120 + 300 = 420 c (2a − b)8 4th term = ⎜ ⎟ (2a)5 (−b)3 = −1792a5b3
⎜3⎟
⎝ ⎠
6 26 × 103 = 17 576 000
3
⎛ 12 ⎞ 4
⎜ ⎟ § 1 ·
4 (2x)8 ¨ 2¸ = 126720
⎜ 4 ⎟ ©x ¹
Exercise 1L ⎝ ⎠
æç5ö÷ æç5 ö÷ æç5ö÷
(2 + 5 )5 = 25 + çççç ÷÷÷÷ 24 · 5 + ççç ÷÷÷÷ 23 · 25 + ççç ÷÷÷÷ 22 · 125
x x x2 x3
⎛n⎞ ⎛ n ⎞ 5
1 a ⎜ ⎟=
n!
⎜ ⎟
n! n! çè1 ø÷ ççè 2÷ø ççè3÷ø
⎜ r ⎟ (n − r )! r ! ⎜ n − r ⎟ = (n − (n − r ))! (n − r )! = r !(n
n − r )! æ5 ö÷
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ç x4 x5
⎛n⎞ ⎛ n ⎞ + çççç ÷÷÷÷ 2 · 625 + 3125
∴⎜⎜ ⎟=⎜ ⎟ è 4 ø÷
⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ r ⎠ ⎝n −r ⎠ 80 x 2 40 x 3 2x 4 x5
= 32 + 16x + + 125
+ 125
+
25 3125
§n  1· 16 x 2 8x 3 2x 4 x5
b ¨ ¸ = (n  1)! = 32 + 16x + + + +
¨ ¸ (n  1  r )! r ! 5 25 125 3125
© r ¹
0.05 5
§n· § n · n! n!
(2.01)5 = (2 + 5
) = 32 + 0.8 + 0.008 + 0.00004
¨ ¸+¨ ¸= + (n  r  1)! (r  1)!
¨ r ¸ ¨ r 1¸ (n  r )! r ! + 0.0000001 + ...
© ¹ © ¹
(n  r  1)n !  rn !
= (n  r  1)! r ! = 32.80804 (5 dp)
n u n!  n! 6 a ( 2 − 3 )4 = 4 − 4 × 2 2 × 3 + 6 × 2 × 3 − 4
= (n  r  1)! r !
× 2 ×3 3
n !(n  1)
= (n  r  1)! r ! = 4 − 8 6 + 36 − 12 6 + 9
(n  1)! = 49 − 20 6
= (n  r  1)! r ! 1 3 1
b ( 2+ ) =2 2+3×2×
5 5
§ n  1· § n · § n ·
?¨ ¸=¨ ¸+¨ ¸ +3 2×
1
+
1
© r ¹ © r ¹ © r  1¹ 5 5 5
13 2 31 13 31
⎛ 11⎞ ⎛ 11⎞ = + = 2+ 5
5 5 5 5 5
2 a 11
(1 + 2x) = 1 + ⎜ ⎟ (2x) + ⎜ ⎟ (2x) + 2
⎜1⎟ ⎜2⎟ c (1 + 7 )5 − (1 − 7 )5 = 2 × 5 × 7 + 2 × 10
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎛ 11⎞ × ( 7 )3 + 2 × ( 7 )5
⎜ ⎟ (2x)3 + . . . .
⎜3⎟ = 10 7 + 140 7 + 98 7
⎝ ⎠

= 1 + 22x + 220x 2 + 1320x 3 + . . . . = 248 7

⎛7 ⎞ ⎛7 ⎞
7 a a − b = x + 2xy + y2 − (x2 − 2xy + y2)
2 2 2
⎛7 ⎞
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ = 4xy
b (1 − 3x)7 = 1 + ⎜1⎟
(−3x) + ⎜2⎟ (−3x)2 + ⎜3⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ (a + b ) (a - b )
=4 2
, (using 2x = a + b and
2
(−3x)3 + . . . . 2y = a − b)
= 1 − 21x + 189x 2 − 945x 3 + . . . . = (a + b) (a − b) = (a − b) (a + b)

© Oxford University Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Worked solutions: Chapter 1 8
 WORKED SOLUTIONS

b a3 = x3 + 3x2 y + 3xy2 + y3 2 1 + 3 + 4 + 6 + 7 + 9 + 10 + 12 + . . . . + 46
b3 = x3 − 3x2 y + 3xy2 − y3 ⇒ a3 − b3 = 6x2 y + 2y3 = (1 + 4 + 7 + . . . . + 46) + (3 + 6 + 9 + . . . . + 45)
= 2y(3x2 + y2) = (a − b) (3x2 + y2) 16 15
= (1 + 46) + (3 + 45)
é 3 (a + b ) æ a - b ö
2 2 ù 2 2
= (a − b) ê + çç ÷÷ ú = 376 + 360 = 736
ê 22 èç 2 ø÷ ú
ëê ûú b a 9
(a - b )
3 c−b=b−a a = c a+b+c= 2
(3)
2 2 2 2
= 4
[3a + 6ab + 3b + a − 2ab + b ] ∴ a + c = 2b (1) ∴ bc = a2 (2)
(a - b ) substitute (1) in (3) 2b + b =
9
= (4a2 + 4ab + 4b2) 2
4
9 3
= (a − b) (a2 + ab + b2) 3b = 2
∴b= 2
c a4 = x4 + 4x3 y + 6x2 y2 + 4xy3 + y4 3
a+c=−3 c = a2
b4 = x4 − 4x3 y + 6x2 y2 − 4xy3 + y4 2
3
⇒ a4 − b4 = 8x3 y + 8xy3 = 8xy (x2 + y2) c=−3−a ∴ 2
(−3 −a) = a2
= 8 ( ) ( ) (x2 + y2)
a + b a -b 9 + 3a = 2a2
2 2
2a2 − 3a − 9 = 0
éæ a + b ö2 æ a - b ö÷ ùú
2

êèçç 2 ø÷÷ + èçç 2 ø÷÷ ú

= 2 (a − b) (a − b) êç ÷ ç (2a + 3) (a − 3) = 0
ëê ûú 3
é a2 b 2ù
a= or 3
= 2 (a − b) (a + b) ê + ú 2
ê2 2 úû
ë 3
a≠ 2
since a ≠ b ∴ a = 3, c = −6
= (a − b) (a + b) (a2 + b2)
3
d (a − b) (an − 1 + an − 2 b + an − 3 b2 + … + bn − 1) The three numbers are 3, 2
, −6
e Let p(n) be an − bn = (a − b) (an − 1 + an − 2 b 4 1, 3, 7, 15, 31, 63
+ … + bn −1) p(n): un = 2n − 1
When n = 1, a1 − b1 = a − b so p (1) is true. Step 1: when n = 1, u1 = 1 = 21 − 1
Assume p(n) is true for n = k i.e. ak − bk ∴ p(1) is true.
= (a − b) (ak − 1 + ak − 2 b + … + b) Step 2: assume p(k) i.e. uk = 2k − 1
Prove p(n) is true for n = k + 1:
Step 3: prove p(k + 1) i.e. uk + 1 = 2k + 1 − 1
k+1 k+1 k k+1
a −b =a×a −b
proof: uk + 1 = 2uk + 1
= a [(a − b) (ak − 1 + ak − 2 b + …
= 2(2k − 1) + 1
+ bk − 1)] + a × bk − bk + 1
= 2k + 1 − 2 + 1
= (a − b) [ak + ak − 1 b + … + abk − 1]
+ abk − bk+1 = 2k + 1 − 1
= (a − b) (ak + ak − 1 b + … + abk − 1) Since p(1) is true and if p(k) is true then p(k + 1) is
+ (a − b) bk + bk + 1 − bk + 1 true, by the principal of mathematical induction,
p(n) is true.
= (a − b) (ak + ak − 1 b + … abk − 1 + bk)
5 p(n): 32n − 8n − 1 = 64A (A ∈ , ∈ +)
∴ p (k + 1) is true.
Step 1: when n = 1, 32 − 8 − 1 = 0
So, since p (1) is true and if p (k) is true then
p (k + 1) is true, therefore by induction p (n) is ∴ p(1) is true.
true. Step 2: assume p(k) i.e. 32k − 8k − 1 = 64A

✗
Step 3: prove p(k + 1) i.e. 32(k + 1) − 8(k + 1) − 1
Review exercise
= 64B (B ∈ )
1 u2 = 16 S3 = 84
Proof: 32(k + 1) − 8(k + 1) − 1
u1 r = 16 u1 + u1 r + u1 r 2 = 84
16
= 32k (32) −8k − 9
2
u1 = u1 (1 + r + r ) = 84
r = 9(64A + 8k + 1) − 8k − 9
16
(1 + r + r 2) = 84 = 576A + 72k + 9 − 8k − 9
r
16 + 16r + 16r 2 = 84r = 576A + 64k
16r 2 − 68r + 16 = 0 = 64(9A + k)
2
4r − 17r + 4 = 0 = 6B
1
(4r − 1)(r − 4) = 0 r = or 4 Since p(1) is true and if p(k) is true then p(k + 1) is
4
1
if r= , u1 = 64 64, 16, 4 true, by the principal of mathematical induction,
4
if r = 4, u1 = 4 4, 16, 64 p(n) is true.

© Oxford University Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Worked solutions: Chapter 1 9
 WORKED SOLUTIONS

æç n +1÷ö (n + 1)! æ n -1ö÷ (n -1)! 14!

÷÷ ç 2 a = 908 107 200
6 a çç
÷ = (n - 3)!4! b ççç ÷÷÷ = (n - 3)!2! 3! 2! 2! 2! 2!
çç
çè 4 ÷÷ø ççè 2 ÷÷ø

(n + 1)! 6 (n - 1)!
b Consider 5 digit and 6 digit numbers ending
c ( n - 3) !4!
= ( n - 3)!2! in 0 or 5.
(n + 1) n 5 digit numbers:
=3
24 4 × 6 × 6 × 6 × 2 = 1728
n2 + n = 72 6 digit numbers:
n2 + n − 72 = 0 5 × 6 × 6 × 6 × 6 × 2 = 12 960
(n + 9) (n − 8) = 0 1728 + 12 960 = 14 688
∴n = 8 (n cannot be negative)
c 4! × (2!)4 = 384
æn ö÷ æç n ö÷ æn ö÷ æn ö÷ æn ö÷
ç ÷
ç ÷ ç ÷ ç ÷ ç ÷
7 (1 + x)n = çççç0 ÷÷÷÷ + çççè 1 ÷÷÷ø÷ x + çççç ÷÷÷÷ x2 +… + çççç ÷÷÷÷ x r +… + çççç ÷÷÷÷ xn
è ø è 2ø èr ø èn ø
3 ⎛6⎞ ⎛6⎞ ⎛4⎞
M W ⎛4⎞
æn ö÷ æn ö÷ æn ö÷ æn ö÷ æn ö÷ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
ç ÷ ç ÷ ç ÷ çç ÷ ç ÷ × + × ⎜4⎟
a Let x = 1, çççç ÷÷÷÷ + çççç ÷÷÷÷ + çççç ÷÷÷÷ + … + çççè ÷÷÷÷ø + … + çççç ÷÷÷÷ = 2n 2 3 ⎜2⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎜3⎟
⎝ ⎠
⎜1⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
è 0 ø è 1ø è 2ø r èn ø
1 4 = 15 × 4 + 6 × 1
æn ö÷ æn ö÷ æn ö÷ æn ö÷
ç ç ç ç
b Let x = −1, çççç ÷÷÷÷÷ − çççç ÷÷÷÷÷ + çççç ÷÷÷÷÷ − …+ (−1)r çççç ÷÷÷÷÷ + … = 66
è 0 ø è 1ø è 2ø èr ø
æn ö÷ §8·
ç 6
+ (−1)n çççç ÷÷÷÷÷ = 0 4 ¨ ¸  x 3 2 §¨  3 ·¸ 20412
èn ø ¨6¸
© ¹ © x¹

Review exercise
2 2
1 ⎛ n ⎞ ⎛n⎞ ⎛ n ⎞
§1· §1· 1 ⎜ ⎟, ⎜ ⎟, ⎜ ⎟
1 a ¨ ¸ + ¨ ¸ = a2 a2 = a= 5 Coefficients are ⎜ r − 1⎟ ⎜ r ⎟ ⎜ r + 1⎟
©2¹ ©2¹ 2 2 ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
2 2
§ 1 · § 1 · 1 1 n! n! n! n!
¨ ¸ + ¨ ¸ = b2 b2 = 4
b= 2 – = –
©2 2¹ ©2 2¹ (n  r  1)! (r  1)! (n  r )! r ! (n  r )! r ! (n  r  1)! (r  1)!
2 2
§1· §1· 1 1
¨ ¸ + ¨ ¸ = c2 c2 = 8
c= Divide by n! and multiply by (r + 1)! (n − r + 1)!
©4¹ ©4¹ 2 2
(n − r + 1) (n − r) − (r + 1)
b The spiral consists of 1.5 of the sides of the
first eight squares and one of the sides of the (n − r + 1) = (r + 1)
ninth square. (n − r + 1) − (r + 1)r
§ 1 1 1 § 1 ·
7
· § 1 ·8 (n − r + 1) (n − r) − 2
length = 1.5 ¨¨1 + +2+ +.... ¨ ¸ ¸+¨
¸ © 2 ¸¹
© 2 2 2 © 2¹ ¹ (r + 1) (n − r + 1) +
§ § 1 ·
8
· (r + 1)r = 0
¨1 ¨ ¸ ¸
¨ © 2¹ ¸ 1
= 1.5 ¨ 1 ¸ + 16
= 4.86 n2 − rn − rn + r 2 + n − r − 2rn + 2r 2 − 2r − 2n +
¨¨ 1  ¸¸ 2r − 2 + r 2 + r = 0
© 2 ¹
§ · n2 − 4rn + 4r 2 − n − 2 = 0
¨ 1 ¸
c length = 1.5 ¨ ¸ = 5.12 n2 + 4r 2 − 2 − n (4r + 1) = 0
¨1 1 ¸
¨ ¸
© 2 ¹ n = 14, 196 + 4r 2 − 2 − 14(4r + 1) = 0
d The spiral consists of 8 triangles 4r 2 − 56r + 180 = 0
2 2 2
1 §§ 1 · ·
 §¨
1 · 1·
Area = ¨¨ ¸ ¸  §¨ ¸  . . . .¸¸ to 8 terms r 2 − 14r + 45 = 0
2 ¨© © 2 ¹ ©2 2 ¹ ©4¹ ¹
(r − 5) (r − 9) = 0
1⎛1
+ . . . .⎞⎟ to 8 terms
1 1
= ⎜ + + r = 5 or 9
2⎝4 8 16 ⎠
§1 ⎛ 14 ⎞ ⎛ 14 ⎞ ⎛ 14 ⎞ ⎛ 14 ⎞ ⎛ 14 ⎞ ⎛ 14 ⎞
§ 8
·· ⎜ ⎟, ⎜ ⎟, ⎜ ⎟
¨ ¨¨1 
§1·
¨ ¸ ¸¸ ¸ The coefficients are or ⎜ ⎟, ⎜ ⎟, ⎜ ⎟
1¨ 4 ©2¹ ⎜ 4 ⎟ ⎜ 5 ⎟ ⎜ 6 ⎟ ⎜ 8 ⎟ ⎜ 9 ⎟ ⎜ 10 ⎟
© ¹¸ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
Area = ¨ ¸ = 0.249
2¨
1 1 ¸
¨ 2 ¸ Both sets give 1001, 2002, 3003.
© ¹
§ 1 ·
1¨ 4 ¸
e Area = ¨ ¸ = 0.25
2¨
1 1 ¸
© 2¹

© Oxford University Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute Worked solutions: Chapter 1 10