Bol. Soc. Paran. Mat. (3s.) v. 30 2 (2012): 9–18.

c
SPM –ISSN-2175-1188 on line ISSN-00378712 in press
SPM: www.spm.uem.br/bspm doi:10.5269/bspm.v30i2.13450

The generalized difference gai sequences of fuzzy numbers defined by

Orlicz functions

N.Subramanian,Ayhan Esi,U.K.Misra and M.S.Panda

abstract: In this paper we introduce the classes of gai sequences of fuzzy numbers
using generalized difference operator ∆m (m fixed positive integer) and the Orlicz
functions. We study its different properties and also we obtain some inclusion results
of these classes.

Key Words: Fuzzy numbers, difference sequence, Orlicz space, entire sequence,
analytic sequence, gai sequence, complete

Contents

1 Introduction 9

2 Definitions and Prelimiaries 11

3 Main Results 12

1. Introduction
The concept of fuzzy sets and fuzzy set operations were first introduced by
Zadeh [18] and subsequently several authors have discussed various aspects of the
theory and applications of fuzzy sets such as fuzzy topological spaces, similarity
relations and fuzzy orderings, fuzzy measures of fuzzy events, fuzzy mathematical
programming.
In this paper we introduce and examine the concepts of Orlicz space of entire
sequence of fuzzy numbers generated by infinite matrices.
Let C (Rn ) = {A ⊂ Rn : A compact and convex} . The space C (Rn ) has linear
structure induced by the operations A + B = {a + b : a ∈ A, b ∈ B} and λA =
{λa : a ∈ A} for A, B ∈ C (Rn ) and λ ∈ R. The Hausdorff distance between A and
B of C (Rn ) is defined as

δ∞ (A, B) = max {supa∈A infb∈B ka − bk , supb∈B infa∈A ka − bk}

It is well known that (C (Rn ) , δ∞ ) is a complete metric space.

The fuzzy number is a function X from Rn to [0,1] which is normal, fuzzy convex,
upper semi-continuous and the closure of {x ∈ Rn : X(x) > 0} is compact. These
α
properties imply that for each 0 < α ≤ 1, the α−level set [X] = {x ∈ Rn : X(x) ≥ α}
is a nonempty compact convex subset of R , with support X = {x ∈ Rn : X(x) > 0} .
n c

Let L (Rn ) denote the set of all fuzzy numbers. The linear structure of L (Rn ) in-
duces the addition X + Y and scalar multiplication λX, λ ∈ R, in terms of α− level
2000 Mathematics Subject Classification: 40A05,40C05,40D05

Typeset by BSM
P style.
9 c Soc. Paran. de Mat.

10 N.Subramanian,Ayhan Esi,U.K.Misra and M.S.Panda

α α α α α
sets, by [X + Y ] = [X] + [Y ] , [λX] = λ [X] for each 0 ≤ α ≤ 1. The absolute
value |X| of X ∈ L (Rn ) is defined by (see for instance Kaleva and Seikkala [42]
max (X (t) , X (−t)) , for t ≥ 0
|X| (t) = { (1)Define, for each 1 ≤ q < ∞,
0, for t < 0

R 1/q
1 q
dq (X, Y ) = δ
0 ∞
(X α , Y α ) dα , and d∞ = sup0≤α≤1 δ∞ (X α , Y α ) ,

where δ∞ is the Hausdorff metric. Clearly d∞ (X, Y ) = limq→∞ dq (X, Y ) with

dq ≤ dr , if q ≤ r [29].
The additive identity in L (Rn ) is denoted by 0̄. For simplicity in notation, we
shall write throughout d instead of dq with 1 ≤ q ≤ ∞.

A metric on L (Rn ) is said to be translation invariant if d (X + Z, Y + Z) =

d (X, Y ) for all X, Y, Z ∈ L (Rn )

A sequence X = (Xk ) of fuzzy numbers is a function X from the set N of nat-

ural numbers into L (Rn ) . The fuzzy number Xk denotes the value of the function
at k ∈ N. We denotes by W (F ) the set of all sequences X = (Xk ) of fuzzy numbers.

A complex sequence, whose k th terms is xk is denoted by {xk } or simply x. Let φ

be the set of all finite sequences. Let ℓ∞ , c, c0 be the sequence spaces of bounded,
convergent and null sequences x = (xk ) respectively. In respect of ℓ∞ , c, c0 we have
sup
kxk = k |xk | , where x = (xk ) ∈ c0 ⊂ c ⊂ ℓ∞ . A sequence x = {xk } is said to
1/k
be analytic if supk |xk | < ∞. The vector space of all analytic sequences will be
1/k
denoted by Λ. A sequence x is called entire sequence if limk→∞ |xk | = 0. The
vector space of all entire sequences will be denoted by Γ. A sequence x is called gai
1/k
sequence if limk→∞ (k! |xk |) = 0. The vector space of all gai sequences will be
denoted by χ. Orlicz [26] used the idea of Orlicz function to construct the space
(LM ). Lindenstrauss and Tzafriri [27] investigated Orlicz sequence spaces in more
detail, and they proved that every Orlicz sequence space ℓM contains a subspace
isomorphic to ℓp (1 ≤ p < ∞). Subsequently different classes of sequence spaces
defined by Parashar and Choudhary [28], Mursaleen et al. [29], Bektas and Altin
[30], Tripathy et al. [31], Rao and subramanian [32] and many others. The Orlicz
sequence spaces are the special cases of Orlicz spaces studied in Ref. [33].
Recall( [26], [33]) an Orlicz function is a function M : [0, ∞) → [o, ∞) which is
continuous, non-decreasing and convex with M (0) = 0, M (x) > 0, for x > 0
and M (x) → ∞ as x → ∞. If convexity of Orlicz function M is replaced by
M (x + y) ≤ M (x) + M (y) then this function is called modulus function, intro-
duced by Nakano [34] and further discussed by Ruckle [35] and Maddox [36] and
many others.
An Orlicz function M is said to satisfy ∆2 − condition for all values of u, if there
exists a constant K > 0, such that M (2u) ≤ KM (u)(u ≥ 0).Lindenstrauss and
 Fuzzy numbers defined by Orlicz functions 11

Tzafriri [27] used the idea of Orlicz function to construct Orlicz sequence space
∞
(   )
X |xk |
ℓM = x ∈ w : M < ∞, f or some ρ > 0 . (1.1)
ρ
k=1

The space ℓM with the norm

∞
(   )
X |xk |
kxk = inf ρ>0: M ≤1 (1.2)
ρ
k=1

becomes a Banach space which is called an Orlicz sequence space. For M (t) =
tp , 1 ≤ p < ∞, the space ℓM coincide with the classical sequence space ℓp · Given
a sequence x = {xk } its nth section is the sequence x(n) = {x1 , x2 , ..., xn , 0, 0, ...}
δ (n) = (0, 0, ..., 1, 0, 0, ...) , 1 in the nth place and zero’s else where.

Remark 1.1 An Orlicz function M satisfies the inequality M (λx) ≤ λM (x) for
all λ with 0 < λ < 1. Let m ∈ N be fixed, then the generalized difference operation

∆m : W (F ) → W (F )

is defined by

∆Xk = Xk − Xk+1 and ∆m Xk = ∆ ∆m−1 Xk (m ≥ 2) for all k ∈ N

2. Definitions and Prelimiaries

Let Ps denotes the class of subsets of N, the natural numbers, those do not con-
tain more than s elements. Throughout (φn ) represents a non-decreasing sequence
of real numbers such that nφn+1 ≤ (n + 1) φn for all n ∈ N.
The sequence χ (φ) for real numbers is defined as follows:
n o
1/k
χ (φ) = (Xk ) : φ1s (k! |Xk |) → 0 as k, s → ∞ f or k ∈ σ ∈ Ps

The generalized sequence space χ (∆n , φ) of the sequence space χ (φ) for real
numbers is defined as follows
n o
1/k
χ (∆n , φ) = (Xk ) : φ1s (k! |∆Xk |) → 0 as k, s → ∞ f or k ∈ σ ∈ Ps

where ∆n Xk = Xk − Xk+n for k ∈ N and fixed n ∈ N

In this article we introduce the following classes of sequences of fuzzy numbers:
Let M be anOrlicz function, then   
d((|∆m Xk |1/k ), 0̄)
ΛF
M (∆ m
) = (X k ) ∈ W (F ) : sup k M ρ < ∞ f or some ρ > 0
  m

F m d((k!|∆ Xk |) 1/k
, 0̄)
χM (∆ ) = (Xk ) ∈ W (F ) : M ρ → 0 as k → ∞,
12 N.Subramanian,Ayhan Esi,U.K.Misra and M.S.Panda

for some ρ > 0}   

d((|∆m Xk |1/k ), 0̄)
ΓF
M
m
(∆ ) = (Xk ) ∈ W (F ) : M ρ → 0 as k → ∞, f or some ρ > 0
  
1 d((k!|∆m Xk |)1/k , 0̄)
χF
M (∆m
, φ) = (X k ) ∈ W (F ) : φs M ρ → 0 as k, s → ∞,
for k∈ σ ∈ Ps }  
1 d((|∆m Xk |)1/k , 0̄)
ΓF
M (∆m , φ) = (Xk ) ∈ W (F ) : φs M ρ → 0 as k, s → ∞,
for k∈ σ ∈ Ps }

3. Main Results
In this section we prove some results involving the classes of sequences of fuzzy
numbers χF m F m F
M (∆ , φ) , χM (∆ ) and ΛM (∆ ) .
m

Theorem 3.1 If d is a translation invariant metric, then χF m

M (∆ , φ) are closed
under the operations of addition and scalar multiplication

Proof: Since d is a translation invariant metric implies that

     
1/k 1/k 1/k
d (k! (∆m Xk + ∆m Yk )) , 0̄ ≤ d (k! (∆m Xk )) , 0̄ + d (k! (∆m Yk )) , 0̄
(3.1)
and    
1/k 1/k 1/k
d (k! (∆m λXk )) , 0̄ ≤ |λ| d (k! (∆m Xk )) , 0̄ (3.2)
1/k
where λ is a scalar and |λ| > 1. Let X = (Xk ) and Y = (Yk ) ∈ χF m
M (∆ , φ) .
Then there exist positive numbers ρ1 and ρ2 such that
 
1 d((k!|∆m Xk |)1/k , 0̄)
φs M ρ1 → 0 as k, s → ∞, f or k ∈ σ ∈ Ps
 
1 d((k!|∆m Xk |)1/k , 0̄)
φs M ρ2 → 0 as k, s → ∞, f or k ∈ σ ∈ Ps

Let ρ3 = max (2ρ1 , 2ρ2 ) . By the equation (3.1) and since M is non-decreasing
convex
 function, we have     
d((k!|∆m Xk +∆m Yk |)1/k , 0̄) d((k!|∆m Xk |)1/k , 0̄) d((k!|∆m Yk |)1/k , 0̄)
M ρ ≤ M ρ3 + ρ3 ≤
   
1 d((k!|∆m Xk |)1/k , 0̄) d((k!|∆m Yk |)1/k , 0̄)
2M ρ1 + 21 M ρ2
 
d((k!|∆m Xk +∆m Yk |)1/k , 0̄)
⇒ φ1s M ρ3 ≤
   
1 d((k!|∆m Xk |)1/k , 0̄) 1 d((k!|∆m Yk |)1/k , 0̄)
φs M ρ1 + φs M ρ2 for k ∈ σ ∈ Ps
Hence X + Y ∈ χF m F m
M (∆ , φ) . Now, let X = (Xk ) ∈ χM (∆ , φ) and λ ∈ R with 0 <
1/k
|λ| < 1. By the condition (3.2) and Remark, we have
 Fuzzy numbers defined by Orlicz functions 13

   
d((k!|∆m λXk |)1/k , 0̄) |λ|1/k d((k!|∆m Xk |)1/k , 0̄)
M ρ ≤M ρ ≤
 
1/k d((k!|∆m Xk |)1/k , 0̄)
|λ| M ρ

Therefore λX ∈ χF m
M (∆ , φ) . This completes the proof. 2

Theorem 3.2 The space χF m

M (∆ , φ) is a complete metric space with the metric
by  
1/k
g (X, Y ) = d (k! |Xk − Yk |)
    
1 d(k!(|∆m Xk −∆m Yk |)1/k ), 0̄
+ inf ρ > 0 : supk∈σ∈Ps φs M ρ ≤1

Proof: Let X i be a cauchy sequence in χF m

i
M (∆
j

, φ) . Then for each ǫ > 0, there
exists a positive integer n 0 such that g X , Y < ǫ for i, j ≥ n0 , then
  1/k 
 i j
⇒ d k! Xk − Yk 
   1/k
 
d k!(|∆m Xki −∆m Ykj |)
 
, 0̄
1
+ inf ρ > 0 : supk∈σ∈Ps φs M ρ ≤ 1 < ǫ, for all
i, j ≥ n0   1/k 
 i j
d k! Xk − Yk  , 0̄ < ǫ f or all i, j ≥ n0 (3.3)

and
    1/k
  
m m
 1   d k! (|∆ X k − ∆ Yk |) , 0̄ 
inf ρ > 0 : supk∈σ∈Ps M  ≤ 1 < ǫ,
 φs ρ 
(3.4)
for all i,j≥n0
  1/k 
 i j
By(3.3),d k! Xk − Xk  , 0̄ < ǫ f or all i, j ≥ n0 and k = 1, 2, 3, ..., m. It
i


follows that Xk is a
cauchy sequence in L (R) for k = 1, 2, 3, ..., m. Since L (R)
is complete, then Xki is convergent in L (R) . Let limi→∞ Xki = Xk for k =
1, 2, ..., m. Now (3.4) for a given ǫ > 0, there exists some ρǫ (0 < ρǫ < ǫ) such that
 1/k
 
d k!(|∆m Xki −∆m Xkj |)
 
, 0̄
supk∈σ∈Ps φ1s M ρǫ ≤1

Thus
 1/k
 
d k!(|∆m Xki −∆m Xkj |)
   
, 0̄
supk∈σ∈Ps φ1s M ρ ≤ 1 ≤
   1/k

d k!(|∆m Xki −∆m Xkj |)
  
, 0̄
supk∈σ∈Ps φ1s M ρǫ ≤1
14 N.Subramanian,Ayhan Esi,U.K.Misra and M.S.Panda

  1/k 
 m i m j
we have d k! ∆ Xk − ∆ Xk  , 0̄ < ǫ and the fact that
  1/k    1/k 
 i j  m i m j
d k! Xk+m − Xk+m  , 0̄ ≤ d k! ∆ Xk − ∆ Xk  , 0̄


    1/k      1/k 
m  i j m  i j
= d k! Xk − Xk  , 0̄ + d k! Xk+1 − Xk+1  , 0̄ +· · ·+

0 1
    1/k 
m  i j
d k! Xk+m−1 − Xk+m−1 , 0̄

m−1

  1/k 
k! Xki − Xkj  , 0̄ < ǫ for each k ∈ N. Therefore X i is a


So, we have d
 

cauchy sequence in L (R) . Since L (R) . is complete,
then it is convergent in L (R) .

Let limi→∞ Xki = Xk say, for each k ∈ N. Since X
i is a cauchy sequence, for each
ǫ > 0, thereexists n0 = n0 (ǫ) such that g X i , X j < ǫ for all i, j ≥ n0 . So we have
 1/k    
1/k 
limj→∞ d k! Xki − Xkj  , 0̄ = d k! Xki − Xk  , 0̄ < ǫ and
 
  1/k    
1/k 
limj→∞ d k! ∆m Xki − ∆m Xkj  , 0̄ = d k! ∆m Xki − ∆m Xk  , 0̄ < ǫ
 

for all i, j ≥ n0 . This implies that g X i , X < ǫ for all i ≥ n0 . That is X i → X as

i→ ∞, where X = (Xk ) . Since   

1/k 1/k
d (k! |∆m Xk − X0 |) , 0̄ ≤ d (k! |∆m Xkn0 − X0 |) , 0̄ +
 
1/k
d (k! |∆m Xkn0 − ∆m Xk |) , 0̄
we obtain X = (Xk ) ∈ χF F m
M . Therefore χM (∆ , φ) is complete metric space. This
completes the proof. 2

Proposition 3.3 The space ΛF m

M (∆ ) is a complete metric space with the metric
by
    
d((|∆m Xk −∆m Yk |)1/k ), 0̄
h (X, Y ) = inf ρ > 0 : supk M ρ ≤ 1
 
φs
Theorem 3.4 If ψs → 0 as s → ∞ then χF m F m
M (∆ , φ) ⊂ χM (∆ , ψ)

 
φs
Proof: Let ψs → 0 as s → ∞ and X = (Xk ) ∈ χF m
M (∆ , φ) . Then, for some
ρ>0
 
1 d((k!|∆m Xk |)1/k , 0̄)
φs M ρ → 0 as k, s → ∞, f or k ∈ σ ∈ Ps
    
d((k!|∆m Xk |)1/k , 0̄) d((k!|∆m Xk |)1/k , 0̄)

1 φs 1
⇒ ψs M ρ ≤ ψs φs M ρ

Therefore X = (Xk ) ∈ χF m F m F m
M (∆ , ψ) . Hence χM (∆ , φ) ⊂ χM (∆ , ψ) . This com-
pletes the proof. 2
 Fuzzy numbers defined by Orlicz functions 15

   
φs ψs
Proposition 3.5 If ψs → 0 and φs → 0 as s → ∞ then χF m
M (∆ , φ) =
χF m
M (∆ , ψ)

Theorem 3.6 χF m F m
M (∆ ) ⊂ ΓM (∆ , φ)

Proof: Let X = (Xk ) ∈ χF m

M (∆ ) . Then we have
 
d((k!|∆m Xk |)1/k , 0̄)
M ρ → 0 as k → ∞, f or some ρ > 0

Since
 (φn )mis monotonic  increasing,
 so we have   
m
1 d((k!|∆ X k |) 1/k
, 0̄ ) 1 d((k!|∆ X k |)
1/k
, 0̄) 1 d((k!|∆m Xk |)1/k , 0̄)
φs M ρ ≤ φ1 M ρ ≤ φs M ρ
Therefore
 
1 d((k!|∆m Xk |)1/k , 0̄)
φs M ρ → 0 as k, s → ∞ for k ∈ σ ∈ Ps . Hence
 
1 d((|∆m Xk |)1/k , 0̄) 1/k
φs M ρ → 0 as k, s → ∞ for k ∈ σ ∈ Ps , and (k!) → 1.
Thus X = (Xk ) ∈ ΓF m F m F m
M (∆ , φ) . Therefore χM (∆ ) ⊂ ΓM (∆ , φ) . This completes
the proof. 2

Theorem 3.7 Let M1 and M2 be Orlicz functions satisfying ∆2 − condition. Then

χF m F m
M2 (∆ , φ) ⊂ χM1 ◦M2 (∆ , φ)

Proof: Let X = (Xk ) ∈ ΓF m

M2 (∆ , φ) . Then there exists ρ > 0 such that
 
1 d((k!|∆m Xk |)1/k , 0̄)
φs M2 ρ → 0 as k, s → ∞ for k ∈ σ ∈ Ps

Let 0 < ǫ < 1 and δ with 0 < δ < 1 such that M1 (t) < ǫ for 0 ≤ 1 < δ. Let
 
d((k!|∆m Xk |)1/k , 0̄)
y k = M2 ρ for all k ∈ N.

Now, let
M1 (yk ) = M1 (yk ) + M1 (yk ) (3.5)
where the equation (3.5) RHS of the first term is over yk ≤ δ and the equation of
(3.5) RHS of the second term is over yk > δ. By the Remark, we have

M1 (yk ) ≤ M1 (1) yk + M1 (2) yk . (3.6)

For yk > δ,
yk yk
yk < δ ≤1+ δ .
16 N.Subramanian,Ayhan Esi,U.K.Misra and M.S.Panda

Since M1 is non-decreasing and convex, so

M1 (yk ) < M1 1 + yδk < 21 M1 (2) + 12 M1 2yk

δ .

Since M1 satisfies ∆2 − condition, then there exists K > 1 such that

M1 (yk ) < 12 KM1 (2) yδk + 12 KM1 (2) yδk .

Hence the equation (3.5) in RHS of second terms is

M1 (yk ) ≤ max 1, Kδ −1 M1 (2) yk

(3.7)

By equation (3.6) and (3.7), we have X = (Xk ) ∈ χF m

M1 ◦M2 (∆ , φ) .
Thus, χF m F m
M2 (∆ , φ) ⊂ χM1 ◦M2 (∆ , φ) . This completes the proof. 2

Proposition 3.8 Let M be an Orlicz function which satisfies ∆2 − condition.

Then χF (∆m , φ) ⊂ χF m
M (∆ , φ)

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18 N.Subramanian,Ayhan Esi,U.K.Misra and M.S.Panda

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N.Subramanian
Department of Mathematics
SASTRA University
Thanjavur-613 401, India
E-mail address: [email protected]

and

Ayhan Esi
Department of Mathematics,Science and Art Faculty
Adiyaman University
Adiyaman 02040,Turkey
E-mail address: [email protected]

and

U.K.Misra
Department of Mathematics
Berhampur University
Berhampur-760 007, Odissa, India
E-mail address: [email protected]

and

M.S.Panda
JSL Limited, Danagadi
KNIC, Jajpur, Odissa, India.
E-mail address: [email protected]