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Maxwell

Maxwell's equations are a set of partial differential equations that describe classical electromagnetism and form the basis of classical optics and electric circuits. The equations provide a mathematical model for technologies involving electric, optical and radio waves. They describe how electric and magnetic fields are generated and changed over time. The equations were first published by James Clerk Maxwell in 1861-1862 and include Gauss's law, Gauss's law for magnetism, Faraday's law of induction, and Ampere's law with Maxwell's addition of displacement current.

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135 views6 pages

Maxwell

Maxwell's equations are a set of partial differential equations that describe classical electromagnetism and form the basis of classical optics and electric circuits. The equations provide a mathematical model for technologies involving electric, optical and radio waves. They describe how electric and magnetic fields are generated and changed over time. The equations were first published by James Clerk Maxwell in 1861-1862 and include Gauss's law, Gauss's law for magnetism, Faraday's law of induction, and Ampere's law with Maxwell's addition of displacement current.

Uploaded by

Muhammad Ikhmal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Maxwell’s Equations

 Maxwell's equations are a set of partial differential equations that,


together with the Lorentz force law, form the foundation of classical
electromagnetism, classical optics, and electric circuits.

 The equations provide a mathematical model for electric, optical and


radio technologies, such as power generation, electric
motors, wireless communication, lenses, radar and many more.

 Describe how electric and magnetic fields are generated by charges,


currents, and changes of the fields.

 The equations are named after the physicist and mathematician James
Clerk Maxwell, who between 1861 and 1862 published an early form of
the equations that included the Lorentz force law. He also first used the
equations to propose that light is an electromagnetic phenomenon.

 Maxwell’s equations a set of four differential equations that form the


theoretical basis for describing classical electromagnetism :
i) Gauss’s Law for Electricity
ii) Gauss’s Law for Magnetism
iii) Faraday’s Law of Induction
iv) Ampere’s Law

 Versions of Maxwell's equations based on the electric and magnetic


potentials are preferred for explicitly solving the equations as
a boundary value problem, analytical mechanics, or for use in quantum
mechanics.

 Since the mid-20th century, it has been understood that Maxwell's


equations are not exact, but a classical limit of the fundamental theory
of quantum electrodynamics.
Maxwell 1st equation (Gauss’s Law for Electricity)
 Gauss’s Law for electricity states that the electric flux out of any closed
surface is proportional to the total charge enclosed within the surface.

 Integral form in the absence of magnetic or polarizable media:

𝑞
∮ 𝑬 . 𝑑𝑨 =
𝜀𝑜

 Differential form in the absence of magnetic or polarizable media:


𝜌
∇ .𝐸 =
𝜀𝑜
 Differential form with magnetic and/or polarizable media:
∇ .𝐷 = 𝜌
𝐷 = 𝜀𝑜 + 𝑃
𝐷 = 𝜀𝑜 𝐸 (𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒)
𝐷 = 𝜀𝐸 (𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐)
Maxwell 2nd equation (Gauss’s Law for Magnetism)
o Gauss’s Law for magnetism states that the net magnetic flux out of any
closed surface is zero.

o Integral form in the absence of magnetic or polarizable media:

∮ 𝑩 . 𝑑𝑨 = 0

o Differential form in the absence of magnetic or polarizable media:


∇ .𝐵 = 0
o Differential form with magnetic and/or polarizable media:
∇ .𝐵 = 0
Maxwell 3rd equation (Faraday’s Law of Induction)
 Faraday’s Law of Induction states that the line integral of the electric
field around a closed loop is equal to the negative of the rate of change
of the magnetic flux through the area enclosed by the loop.

 Integral form in the absence of magnetic or polarizable media:


𝑑Ф𝐵
∮ 𝑬 . 𝑑𝒔 = −
𝑑𝑡
 Differential form in the absence of magnetic or polarizable media:
𝛿𝐵
∇ ×𝐸 =
𝛿𝑡
 Differential form with magnetic and/or polarizable media:
𝛿𝐵
∇ ×𝐸 =−
𝛿𝑡
Maxwell 4th equation (Ampere’s Law)
 Ampere’s Law states that in the case of static electric field, the line
integral of the magnetic field around a closed loop is proportional to
the electric current flowing through the loop.

 This is useful for the calculation of magnetic field for simple geometries.

 Integral form in the absence of magnetic or polarizable media:


1 𝛿
∮ 𝐵 . 𝑑𝑠 = 𝜇𝑜 𝑖 + ∫ 𝐸 . 𝑑𝐴
𝑐 2 𝛿𝑡
 Differential form in the absence of magnetic or polarizable media:
4𝜋𝑘 1 𝛿𝐸
∇ ×𝐵 = 𝑱 +
𝑐2 𝑐 2 𝛿𝑡
𝑱 1 𝛿𝐸
= 2
+ 2
𝜀𝑜 𝑐 𝑐 𝛿𝑡
1
𝑘= = 𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑜𝑚𝑏 ′ 𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
4𝜋𝜀𝑜
1
𝑐=
√𝜇𝑜 𝜀0

 Differential form with magnetic and/or polarizable media:


𝛿𝐷
∇ ×𝐻 =𝐽+
𝛿𝑡
𝐵 = 𝜇𝑜 [𝐻 + 𝑀] (𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒)
𝐵 = 𝜇𝑜 𝐻 (𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑒)
Symbols Meanings Value
E Electric field -
H Magnetic field strength -
M Magnetization -
B Magnetic field -
D Electric displacement -
J Current density -
c Speed of light 3.0 × 108 𝑚𝑠 −1
P Polarization -
i Electric current -
𝜌 Charge density -
𝜇𝑜 Permeability 1.257 × 10−6 𝐻𝑚−1
𝜀𝑜 Permittivity 8.85418782 × 10−12 m−3 kg−1 s4 A2

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