ASSESSMENT

OF

WATER
TREATMENT
PLANTS
PRESENTED BY: DE LUNA, LAWRENCE ZEDRICK L.
 WATER TREATMENT
PLANT
WTP are facilities used to treat groundwater
as well as raw water from surface sources to
make them suitable for drinking purposes, to
satisfy the local public health standards, as
well as for household, commercial and
industrial uses
PROCESS OF TREATMENT
CRITICAL FACTORS
Their full operational as well as restoration capacity
(power supply system, transportation system, tanks,
pipes, pumps)
Built near water intake system (lake, rivers) where
ground is made of alluvial soil that is more likely to
experience liquefaction
Composed of new and old structures that has been built
in different times and therefore different seismic codes
Dependent on skilled staff
CONSEQUENCES
Water distribution
1
system could
experience loss of
volume and pressure
that could limit the
availability of water
supply

2 Water health care

facilities such as
hospital could be
severely restricted

3 Water emergency
supply could even not
meet after only few
days thus worsening
hygienic situation
 DIRECT
Breaks and deformations of
structural elements (pipes, tank
walls and bottom)

EFFECT OF EARTHQUAKE ON WTP

INDIRECT
Tsunami
Flooding
Quality decay of raw water
reservoirs
Long Power Shortage
 PERFORMANCE-BASED
ANALYSIS OF THE SEISMIC
BEHAVIOR OF WTP
EARTHQUAKE RESILIENCE
GUIDE FOR WATER AND
WASTEWATER UTILITIES
01 UNDERSTAND THE
EARTHQUAKE THREAT

Determine earthquake threat to your

utility

Conduct Seminar on Earthquakes and its effect

and things to do during and after an earthquake

STEPS
IDENTIFY VULNERABLE
ASSETS & DETERMINE
CONSEQUENCES 02
Action 1: Inventory
critical assets and plot
them on hazard maps

STEPS
IDENTIFY VULNERABLE
ASSETS & DETERMINE
CONSEQUENCES 02
Action 2: Characterize
Critical Assets, Types of Characterize Buildings:
Failures and Consequences (age, construction type)
to Your Utility

STEPS
IDENTIFY VULNERABLE
ASSETS & DETERMINE
CONSEQUENCES 02
Action 2: Characterize Characterize Pipelines :
Critical Assets, Types of (pipe location, age, compatibility
Failures and Consequences with soil, construction materials,
to Your Utility number of joints)

STEPS
IDENTIFY VULNERABLE
ASSETS & DETERMINE
CONSEQUENCES
Action 2: Characterize
02
Characterize Tanks and Reservoirs :
Critical Assets, Types of (sliding on foundation, elephant foot
Failures & Consequences to buckling for steel tanks, stretching of bars
Your Utility for wood tanks or cracking of shear walls
for concrete tanks)

STEPS
IDENTIFY VULNERABLE
ASSETS & DETERMINE
CONSEQUENCES 02
Action 2: Characterize
Critical Assets, Types of
Failures and Consequences
to Your Utility

Characterize Pumps, Lift Stations & Wells :

(pump stations and booster pump in
liquefiable soils can float, lift station can cause

STEPS wastewater to overflow, manholes can float)

IDENTIFY VULNERABLE
ASSETS & DETERMINE
CONSEQUENCES 02
Action 2: Characterize Characterize Treatment Facilities :
Critical Assets, Types of (equipment, processes, chemicals,
Failures & Consequences chemical spill)
to Your Utility

STEPS
IDENTIFY VULNERABLE
ASSETS & DETERMINE
CONSEQUENCES 02
Action 2: Characterize
Critical Assets, Types of
Failures and Consequences
to Your Utility

Characterize Power Assets :

(power lines, transformers, generators and
feeds)

STEPS
IDENTIFY VULNERABLE
ASSETS & DETERMINE
CONSEQUENCES 02
Summarize asset vulnerability and
Action 3: Summarize
results and prioritize consequences and determine
mitigation “Priority Mitigation”

STEPS
MITIGATION S
Immediate Life Safety Basins, Reservoirs and
Key Systems in Hazard Areas Impoundments T
Emergency Response Above Ground Storage Tanks
Specific Asset Power Supply and Electrical E
Pipes
Buildings
Components
Wells, Source Water and
P
Treatment Facilities, Pumps, Dams S

3
Lift Stations and Sewers

PURSUE MITIGATION
AND FUNDING OPTIONS
 JANUARY 17, 1994
EPICENTER: RESEDA, CA
MAGNITUDE: 6.7
DEPTH:18.20 KM
BLIND THRUST
EARTHQUAKE

NORTHRIDGE
EARTHQUAKE
CALIFORNIA
1994
 TOHOKU
EARTHQUAKE
JAPAN 2011

MARCH 11, 2011

EPICENTER: 70 KM EAST OF OSHIKA PENINSULA OF TOHOKU
MAGNITUDE: 9.0-9.1
DEPTH: 29 KM
UNDERSEA MEGATHRUST EARTHQUAKE
 LOMA PRIETA
EARTHQUAKE,
SAN FRANCISCO
1989
OCTOBER 7, 1989
EPICENTER: LOMA PRIETA PEAK,  10 MI NORTHEAST OF SAN ANDREAS FAULT
MAGNITUDE: 6.9
DEPTH:19 KM
OBLIQUE SLIP EARTHQUAKE
 HAITI
EARTHQUAKE
2010

JANUARY 12, 2010

EPICENTER: LEOGANE OUEST
MAGNITUDE: 7.0
DEPTH: 13 KM
EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
IN

SANITARY
LANDFILL
PRESENTED BY: BRENIO, MAYNEL GRACE S.
SANITARY LANDFILL
Are sites where waste is isolated
from the environment until it is
safe where wastes are disposed
by burial. It is considered when it
has completely degraded
biologically, chemically and
physically.
SITE CONSIDERATIONS
It should be located above the water table, in an area
which is not geologically active.

Because landfills can be odorous at times, they are

generally not located in immediate proximity to
residential communities.

It must be accessible to roads so that garbage can be

easily delivered.
SEISMIC DESIGN
OF

SANITARY
LANDFILL
GEOTECHNICAL
ISSUES
Ground motion due to
transmission and potential
amplification of seismic energy
from the base rock motion through
the soil profile;
Loss of shear strength in soil due
to earthquake shaking
(Liquefaction); 
Slope instability and displacement
caused by earthquake shaking
(Landfill Stability); 
Deformation or settlement of the fill
due to slope failure or other
mechanisms (Landfill Settlement).
 1

GROUND MOTION
In seismic design of landfill, there is potential amplification of
seismic energy from the base rock motion through the soil
profile. Hence, design of ground motion plays an important
role in the design.

Perhaps the most commonly used computer program for

one-dimensional equivalent linear seismic site response
analysis is SHAKE, which was first developed by Schnabel,
et. al (1972) and then updated by Idriss and Sun (1992).
The basic input for this program includes the soil properties
and the input time history. Soil properties include unit
weight, maximum shear wave velocity or shear modulus,
and shear modulus and damping degradation curves.
 2

LIQUEFACTION
 Liquefaction is loss of strength and
stiffness experienced by loose and
saturated cohesion less soil.
This phenomenon sometimes results in
large and permanent displacements of
the ground.

LIQUEFACTION
Liquefaction beneath and within a landfill
can cause a severe damage to the whole
system. Therefore, liquefaction analysis
is an important element in seismic design
of landfill.
LIQUEFACTION

FIVE STEPS AS INITIAL SCREENING

TO DETERMINE
WHETHER A SITE IS LIQUEFACTION
SUSCEPTIBLE OR NOT

02
 Geologic age and origin: As the age of a soil
1 deposit increases, theliquefaction
susceptibility decreases.

2 Saturation : Soil with 80 to 85% saturation is

generally considered to have liquefaction
potential.

3 Depth below ground surface: The surface

effect from liquefaction occurs more than 15m
below the ground surface.

4 Fines content and plasticity: The more the

fines content and the plasticity index, the
lower the liquefaction susceptibility.

5 Soil penetration resistance : For landfills, a

range of 20 - 40 blows per 30cm depth.
Liquefaction analysis of solid waste
can be done by using the Simplified
Procedure. If the factor of safety
against liquefaction is unsatisfactory,
a liquefaction impact assessment
analysis should be performed. This
analysis includes:
1. Settlement
2. Lateral displacement
3. Flow Failure Analyses.
 3

LANDFILL STABILITY
 Uncertainty in the
Existence of values of
built-in planes parameters that
of weakness or influence the
sliding failure physical response of
landfills to seismic
surfaces
loading

LANDFILL
CHARACTERISTICS
THAT INFLUENCE
STABILITY
ANALYSES

The various The use of

consequences of geosynthetic
failure on materials in
continued landfill liner
operation of the and cover
landfill systems.
PHYSICAL PARAMETERS
AFFECTING LANDFILL
STABILITY
1 Unit Weight of Solid
Waste

2 Soil-geosynthetic
sliding shear
resistance

3 Shear strength of
solid waste
 4

LANDFILL SETTLEMENT
 The mechanisms for soil
settlement are different for
saturated and dry soils;
saturated soils typically settle
due to liquefaction, while dry
Landfill settlement due to soil settlement is due only to
seismic loading is considered cyclic shear stress
to be a failure mechanism if it
causes the operating systems
in the landfill (for example,
leachate collection system) to
become inoperable. 
 VULNERABILITY
OF 

WASTEWATER TREATMENT
PLANTS & WASTEWATER
PUMPING STATIONS
TO EARTHQUAKE
PRESENTED BY: STA. ANA, WINCY B.
WASTEWATER TREATMENT
a process used to convert wastewater into
an effluent 
WASTEWATER TREATMENT PROCESS FLOW

COLLECTION CONVEYANCE PUMPING

TREATMENT DISCHARGE

PRE - TREATMENT

PRIMARY TREATMENT

SECONDARY TREATMENT

DISINFECTION
DIAGRAM FOR VULNERABILITY
ANALYSIS AND MITIGATION
MEASURES
WASTEWATER TREATMENT
Wastewater system failure
endangers human health

It also pollutes the environment

 located in low-level areas

typically have larger exposure

to earthquakes

VULNERABILITY
more likely to be located in soft
and loose alluvial soils

pipe body/materials and joints

are typically weaker
 FLOTATION
is dependent on
buoyancy
Larger pipe more buoyant
than small diameter
Sewers and manholes Heavier pipe (concrete) is
are vulnerable to less buoyant than lighter
liquefaction induced pipe (PVC)

flotation

SEAFLE
1965, M6.5
FACTORS AFFECTING
THE VULNERABILITY

1 Building age of
each station

2 Material types
used in building

3 Liquefaction
susceptibility
 EARTHQUAKE EFFECTS
ON WASTEWATER
SYSTEMS

DIRECT INDIRECT
due to ground shaking or permanent caused by a tsunami, flood, change
ground movement of oceanographic characteristics 
(1) STRUCTURAL
(2) NON - STRUCTURAL
BUILDINGS, WAREHOUSES,
DWELLINGS, AND ENGINE
HOUSES

cracks and partial or total collapse

Partial cave−in of the cover, interior

columns or part of the walls or floor

Cracks in the walls, floor, covering, or

in areas where these elements meet
 TANKS
damage can range from very
minor to major, including
collapse
loss of exterior stucco

cracks in the supporting

structure
damage to pipes entering
or leaving the tank or to
superimposed elements
such as access ladders.

toppling or leaning of the

structure
 PIPES
sections of pipe being
uncovered, displaced, or
washed away

ruptures in the installations

displacement and total loss

of sections of pipe

damage to pumping equipment

and electrical installations
 HIGASHINADA
WASTEWATER
TREATMENT PLANT,
KOBE, JAPAN 1995
DEPTH         : 16 KM
MAGNITUDE : 7.3
INTENSITY   : 7
 DECEMBER 26, 2004
SUMATRA EARTHQUAKE

pipelines attached to the bridge

MAGNITUDE : 9.1 - 9.3

 CHRIST
CHURCH
NEW ZEALAND
2011

Sewage pump stations floated

DEPTH : 5 KM
MAGNITUDE : 6.
 Seriously damaged Wastewater Treatment Plant

PACIFIC
COAST OF
TOHOKU
EARTHQUAKE liquefaction-induced damage in sewage facilities;

(2011)
(left) floating of manhole and (right) clogging of
sewage pipes

DEPTH : 70 KM
MAGNITUDE : 9.1
 SEISMIC RETROFITTING
OF

WATER &
WASTEWATER
FACILITIES
PRESENTED BY: SAMARTINO, JOHN MEGRYAN B.
SEISMIC RETROFITTING
Provides existing structures with more
resistance to seismic activity due to
earthquakes.

With better understanding of seismic

demand on structures and with our
recent experiences with large
earthquakes near urban centers, the
need of seismic retrofitting is well
acknowledged.
Earthquakes damage pipeline
systems in various ways, having
significant consequences on the
cities and their associated
populations.

Displacements found at fault

sites during an earthquake tend
to change the intensity and type
of the earthquake, create
unpredicted loads, alter forces
and tensions in water and water
waste systems.

In preparation for future

earthquakes, cities may opt to
strengthen the various
components of the water system
to improve the seismic reliability
of the network.
TO BEST ACCOMPLISH THIS ARDUOUS
TASK, THE FOLLOWING COMPONENTS
MUST BE UNDERSTOOD AND
INTEGRATED:
hazard identification 
network performance assessment/reliability estimation
network retrofitting. 
 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION
First, determine the earthquake
Third, understand your
threat to your utility
earthquake Threat
Then, contact your state hazard
mitigation officer and work with
your local mitigation planner. They
may have already assessed and
characterized your local
earthquake hazard.
IDENTIFY VULNERABLE ASSETS
AND DETERMINE CONSEQUENCES
Water and wastewater utilities are particularly
vulnerable to earthquakes because of the extensive
network of above and below ground pipelines, pump
stations, tanks, administrative and laboratory buildings,
reservoirs, chemical storage and treatment facilities.
TO PROTECT YOUR UTILITY, YOU WILL
NEED TO ASSESS THE POTENTIAL
DAMAGE TO BUILDINGS AND KEY
ASSETS.
Inventory critical assets and plot them on hazard maps.
Characterize critical assets, types of failures and
consequences to your utility.
Summarize results and prioritize mitigation.
 GROUND MOTION
This section summarizes the
This procedure uses
procedure for generation of
probabilistic risk assessment in
ground motion maps for the
order to track uncertainties and
assessment of network seismic
consider a range of potential
reliability
future earthquake scenarios.
DEVELOPING EFFICIENT
RETROFIT SCHEMES
 USING NEW TYPES OF PIPES
Wire grids (mesh), non-uniform distribution of filaments wired with glass fibers,
or plastic fibers are reinforced in an attempt to produce and use at different
types of pipes. Using this type of methodology and non-traditional material has
expanded the need to perform various tests and practical experience. Although
preliminary experiments indicate good appearance, high strength and other
physical properties, it still is not a substantial and quick way to respond to their
performance or durability after a long time and under the practical operation,
hence one should not quickly offer reliable judgment with doing a few simple
tests.
 USING NEW TYPES OF PIPES
Moreover, another effective method for raising the strength of the pipes is
increasing pipe wall thickness. For instance, if the pipe entails more plasticity, it
will be less in risk of vulnerability for damage. In addition, using flexible
connections is one of the most effective methods to increase the seismic
resistance of pipelines.
Increasing the damping of soil-pipe system, using suitable filler material for
trench, perfect platform selection and increased use of damping coatings such
as bituminous or plastic. In addition, using shorter pipeline segments, along with
bends and longitudinally in terms of design are all important factors for
decreasing the vulnerability of these pipes to damage in the setting of
earthquakes.
PIPE RETROFIT
Brace pipes with ties or other
methods; provide flexibility and
connections to hard points.
Use modern pipe (e.g., DI, PVC)
which is typically adequate for
areas with small to moderate
ground motions and no
permanent ground deformation.
Replace vulnerable transmission
and backbone piping first before
distribution piping.
Use seismic resistant pipe such
as steel with welded joints,
Consider changing pipe
alignment to avoid liquefiable
areas or replace with new pipe.
Intake pipes are often
susceptible to liquefaction.
SEISMIC
PIPES
MITIGATION/
RETROFIT FOR
TANKS
Seismically retrofit water tanks
(e.g., anchoring to foundations).
For new tank installations in
high risk seismic zones,
determine if liquefaction or other
permanent ground movements
are possible. If so, stabilize the
foundation to minimize
movement. Design the tank
height to safely account for
sloshing forces during an
earthquake.
MITIGATION/
RETROFIT FOR
TANKS
Seismically retrofit water tanks,
which can include anchoring to
foundations, strengthening
concrete tank walls, replacing
nonflexible pipe connections
and improving roof structures
over large reservoirs.
 Reinforce concrete structures,
strengthen concrete tank walls,
use flexible connections to pipes
(e.g., ball joints) and improve
roof structures over large
reservoir

MITIGATION FOR BASINS,

RESERVOIR AND IMPOUNDMENTS
Strengthen reservoirs by
buttressing basin walls.

Anchor older pre-stressed

concrete tanks with seismic
cables.
 RESTORATION
OF

WATER SUPPLY
SYSTEM
AFTER AN EARTHQUAKE

PRESENTED BY: SEMBRAN, GABRIEL DOMINIC S.

HOW WATER SUPPLY IS
IMPORTANT IN AN
EARTHQUAKE?
Damage to the water supply
system can contribute greatly
to the life-safety and
economic consequences of
an earthquake

A potable water supply is

crucial to carrying on life in
residences, businesses,
government, hospitals, and
other critical care facilities. 

A potable water supply is

crucial to carrying on life in
residences, businesses,
government, hospitals, and
other critical care facilities. 
TASKS AND METHODS TO
REPAIR LEAKS AND
BREAKS
01 RECEIVE A NOTICE
ABOUT A WATER MAIN
BREAK.
LF:

Communications, Electricity 
DISPATCH A CREW
TO THE LOCATION
02
LF:
Fuel, site safety
(e.g., no fire), roadway    
 access, crew availability  
To reduce the risk to public safety,
and private and public property. We
do this by finding and closing
valves. 

3 CONTROL THE LEAK

CONTACT OTHER
UTILITIES
04
To make sure that we can
dig without damaging other LF:
services or endangering
staff or the public. 

Communications
 Using an electronic
leak detector

5
PINPOINT THE
LOCATION OF
THE LEAK.
 USING AN
ELECTRONIC
LEAK DETECTOR. 06
LF:

Fuel
07 DIG DOWN TO THE
WATER MAIN AND
CONFIRM THE CAUSE
OF THE LEAK.
Depending on the type
of break, we may apply LF:
a repair clamp or
replace a length of
pipe.  Pipe, fitting, or repair
hardware such as    
 clamps  
 OPEN VALVES TO
TURN THE WATER
MAIN BACK ON,
FLUSH THE WATER

8
MAIN AND SAMPLE

0
WATER QUALITY.
 BACKFILL TO
TEMPORARILY RESTORE
THE EXCAVATED AREA. 09
L F : Fuel
PERMANENTLY RESTORE
THE SOD OR PAVEMENT
IN THE EXCAVATED
AREA.
10
LF:

Pavement material 
 How long it takes people
to report the damage

ISSUES THAT AFFECT THE TIME REQUIRED

TO PERFORM THE REPAIR
Site accessibility 
 Availability of crews and
equipment

ISSUES THAT AFFECT THE TIME REQUIRED

TO PERFORM THE REPAIR
Availability of fuel and
consumable repair
material 
 Pipe burial depth 

ISSUES THAT AFFECT THE TIME REQUIRED

TO PERFORM THE REPAIR
Groundwater presence
and depth 
 Diameter, material, and
jointing of the pipe

ISSUES THAT AFFECT THE TIME REQUIRED

TO PERFORM THE REPAIR
Impact on flow (break or
leak) 
 Nature of the damaged
element
(whether to pipe, joint, or
fitting )

ISSUES THAT AFFECT THE TIME REQUIRED

TO PERFORM THE REPAIR
If pipe, whether
circumferential crack,
longitudinal split, etc. 
 If joint, whether a crack,
pull-out, compression
failure, etc.

ISSUES THAT AFFECT THE TIME REQUIRED

TO PERFORM THE REPAIR
If fitting, the nature of
the fitting (elbow, tee,
cross, offset, etc.)