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The document provides information about the structure and contents of a book titled Academic Connections. It gives an overview of the book and its purpose of helping students prepare for academic study and standardized tests. It also lists the people involved in writing, editing, designing and producing the book.

The purpose of the document is to provide information about the structure, contents and purpose of the book Academic Connections. It aims to give readers an overview of what they can expect to find in the book and how it can help students prepare for their studies.

Information is provided about the people who were involved in the editorial, production, design and manufacturing aspects of producing the book. Their names and roles are listed in the 'Staff credits' section on pages 2 and 3.

ry

71
1

PEARSON BETSY CASSRIEL


Longman
MARIT TER MATE-MARTINSEN
BETSY CASSRIEL
MARIT TER-MATE MARTINSEN

PEARSON
Longman ET
Academic Connections 1
Copyright © 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, or
by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission
of the publisher.
Pearson Education, 10 Bank Street, White Plains, NY 10606
Staff credits: The people who made up the Academic Connections 1 team, representing editorial,
production, design, and manufacturing, are Pietro Alongi, Andrew Blasky, Aerin Csigay, Christine
Edmonds, Ann France, Shelley Gazes, Gosia Jaros-White, Lise Minovitz, Sherry Preiss, Karen Quinn,
Robert Ruvo, and Debbie Sistino.
ETS staff credits: The ETS people who made up the Academic Connections team, representing
research, test design and scoring, item development, statistical analysis, and literature reviews,
are Matthew Chametzky, Terry Cryan, Phil Everson, Elizabeth Jenner, Kate Kazin, Dawn Leusner,
Brad Moulder, Jan Plante, Jonathon Schmidt, and Jody Stern.
Project editors: John Beaumont, Mykan White
Cover art: Art on File/Corbis
Text composition: Kirchoff/Wohlberg, Inc.
Text font: 11/13 Times Roman
Reviewers: See page xxvi

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data


Academic connections. -- 1st ed.
p. cm.
ISBN 0-13-233843-2 (Level 1) -- ISBN 0-13-233844-0 (Level 2) -- ISBN 0-13-233845-9
(Level 3) -- ISBN 0-13-233841-6 (Level 4) 1. English language--Rhetoric--Problems, exercises,
etc. 2. Report writing--Problems, exercises, etc. 3. Listening--Problems, exercises, etc. 4. Reading
comprehension--Problems, exercises, etc. 5. College readers. I. Cassriel, Betsy. II. Martisen,
Marit ter Mate III. Hill, David. IV. Williams, Julia
PE1408.A223 2010
428.0071'1--dc22
2009017781

ISBN-10: 0-13-233843-2
ISBN-13: 978-0-13-233843-1

Printed in the United States of America


6 7 8 9 10—V011-14 13 12
We would like to dedicate this book to our fathers.

To pa, who continues to inspire me.


M.M.

To my dad, who was proud of me.


B.C.
Welcome to Academic Connections viii
Scope and Sequence xxii
Acknowledgments xxvi

UNIT 1 Psychology: First Impressions and Attraction 1

UNIT 2 Ecology: The Web of Life 19

UNIT 3 Health: Stress and Health 37

UNIT 4 Literature: Folktales 59

UNIT 5 Chemistry: Green Chemistry 79

UNIT Art History: The Art of Marc Chagall 99

UNIT 7 Marketing: Niche Marketing 117

UNIT 8 Communication: Nonverbal Communication 137

Audioscript 155
Credits 164
Audio CD Tracking Guide 165

Contents vii
WELCOME TO ACADEMIC CONNECTIONS
Academic Connections is a four-level, integrated skills course designed for students
preparing for academic study as well as for standardized tests. A systematic,
building-block approach helps students develop and sharpen their language skills as
well as their academic and test-taking abilities.

The ACADEMIC CO NECTIONS Series. Is

• Academic Connections integrates all four language skills—reading, listening,


INTEGRATED writing, and speaking.
• Academic Connections teaches students how to integrate skills and content
in real-world academic contexts.
• Integration of various media empowers students and instills confidence.

• Academic skills and content prepare students for success in the classroom
ACADEMIC and on standardized tests.
• Explicit, step-by-step skill development leads to student mastery. With
careful instruction and engaging practice tasks, students learn how to
organize information, make connections, and think critically.
• Key academic skills are introduced, reinforced, and expanded in all four
levels to facilitate acquisition.

• High-interest and intellectually stimulating authentic material familiarizes


AUTHENTIC students with content they will encounter in academic classes. Readings and
lectures are excerpted or adapted from textbooks, academic journals, and
other academic sources.
• Course content covers five academic content areas: Social Science, Life
Science, Physical Science, Business and Marketing, and Arts and Literature.
• Authentic tasks, including listening to lectures, note-taking, participating
in debates, preparing oral and written reports, and writing essays, prepare
students for the demands of the content class.

viii Welcome to Academic Connections


Academic Connections provides a variety of assessments that result in more
ASSESSMENT-BASED
effective student practice opportunities based upon individual needs:
• A placement test situates students in the appropriate level.
• Pre-course and post-course tests allow teachers to target instruction and
measure achievement.
• Multi-unit tests track individual and class progress.
• Formative assessments monitor student skill mastery, allowing teachers to
assign individualized exercises focused on the specific learning needs of the
class.

• Academic Connections was developed in cooperation with the Educational


RESEARCH-BASED
Testing Service (ETS), creators of the TOEFL® test. The blend of curriculum
and assessment is based on research that shows when English language
learners are provided with authentic tasks, individualized and target practice
opportunities, and timely feedback, they are better able to develop and
integrate their reading, writing, speaking, and listening skills.

MyAcademicConnectionsLab, an easy-to-use online learning and assessment


PERSONALIZED
program, is an integral part of the Academic Connections series.
MyAcademicConnectionsLab offers:
5175ndemicconnectionslab
• Unlimited access to reading and listening selections with online glossary
support.
• Original activities that support the Academic Connections program. These
include activities that build academic skills and vocabulary.
• Focused test preparation to help students succeed academically and on
international exams. Regular formative and summative assessments,
developed by ETS experts, provide evidence of student learning and progress.
• Individualized instruction, instant feedback, and personalized study plans
help students improve results.
• Time-saving tools include a flexible gradebook and authoring features that
give teachers control of content and help them track student progress.

Welcome to Academic Connections ix


THE ACADEMIC CONNECTIONS UNIT
UNIT OPENER

Each unit in the Academic Connections series begins with a captivating


opener that outlines the unit's content, academic skills, and requirements.
The outline mirrors an authentic academic syllabus and conveys the unit's
academic purpose.

The content in Academic Connections is organized around five academic


disciplines: Social Sciences, Life Sciences, Physical Sciences, Business and
Marketing, and Arts and Literature.

WM/
Psychology
WI Chemistry
First Impressions
and Attraction
Unit 17,7:1:=Crili-1,
"'

Thal= rro Ire= le Heaclenruart.In

Art History
The Art of Marc Chagall

2 Ecology

The Web of Life Unit Description


Content: This course ir I
s.

Unit Description
Content This course is designed to familiarize the student
with concepts in ecology and ecosystems.
Skills: Organizational Structure
• Organizing information
• Listening for cause-and-effect expressions
Niche Marketing
• Cause-and-effect organization: block organization
• Preparing for en oral presentation

Content This course is designed to familiarize the student with the


concept and practice of niche marketing.
Unit Requirements
Skills: Purpose
Lecture: "Web of Life" • Recognizing general purpose
Reading: "Nature's Services—What Are They Worth?" (an • Recognizing persuasive language
excerpt from a scientific journal) • Recognizing specific purpose
Listening: "The Disappearance of Honeybees" (a student • Understanding meaning through intonation and stress
presentation)
• Writing a persuasive paragraph
Integrated Speaking Task: Preparing an oral presentation • Understanding how audience affects purpose
about the causes and effects of the degradation of an
ecosystem service Unit Requirements
Assignments: www.MyAcademirConnertionsl ab.corri
Readings: "JollIbet A Niche Market Success Story" (a case study)
"A Niche of Your Own" (an excerpt from a marketing website)

Lecture and Role Play: "The Power of Niche Markets"


Integrated Writing Task: Writing a letter persuading someone to
invest in a business

M. (^I Assignments: www.MyAcademicConnectionsLab.com

-Milifel/SI!
19

x Welcome to Academic Connections


117
Preview
This section introduces
students to the theme of
the unit. In this If", yea wilt Previewing the Academic Skills Focus
practice synthesizing
information in ,
readings and lectures. , ,,...,,,x
.. -
You will also
practice synthesizing In academic classes, you will often need to use different sources to find information
about a topic. The sources may include written tends, lectures, discussions, graphs
information in your own or charts, the Internet, or even your own knowledge about the world. Using many
writing. different sources will help you understand the topic beer. When you connect
Information from different sources and use it to express your own ideas, you
synthesize the information.
To synthesize information, you might connect ideas in one text to:
• other ideas in the same text (within text)
• ideas in other texts or lectures hext to text)
• your experience or personal knowledge item to self)
• commonly known facts or events text to world)

I. Look at the graph and read the excerpt horn an article.

Previewing the Academic Content gives an


overview of the topic, engages students in Average World Temperatures and Fossi
In the past 50 years, Earth's temperatures have been Increasing quickly. Richard
it, and exposes them to key words they will Wool of the University of Delaware writes, "We have a very, very serious
problem ... called global warming."
need in order to proceed. (2007) Global warming, the
Average World Temperatures and use of Fossil Fuels
increase in Earth's temperatures,
oe
may have serious effects on our
planet, including dangerous weather
and storms. Many experts agree
that pollution from burning fossil
fuels like petroleum can cause
global warming. John Warner of
Previewing the Academic Content
1
Preview
The late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries were a time of great change in
art. Before this time, artists tried to make paintings look realistic. The new artists,
like Pablo Picasso, used an abstract style to show ideas about people and objects
the University of Massachusetts
in Lowell, says people who make
chemicals need to think about the
consequences. They should take
MO 1070 ION 1919 1979 1A59 1970 1990 2010
For online assignments, without showing how they looked in reality. They shocked the net world with steps to make products cleaner and
go to their modern techniques. In one such kind of art—cubism—images were made safer to use. This graph shows average
ccc ,
up of shapes like circles and squares or patterns seen from different views. These a 111 i temperatures in the world and the
iriVacademiccormec objects and people did not look real. Russian artist Marc Chagall was greedy ' fossil fuels n fads, such as gas and oil, use of fossil fuels.
that formed from plants and animals that
influenced by the abstract work and artists of his time, but Chagall is famous for lived millions of years ago
his own style of modern art. In this unit, you will exploit the life and work of
Marc Chagall.

I. Many artists paint self-porkrals, or pictures of themselves. Study the three self-
portraits. They are examples of three different styles of art. Number the paintings
from I (most realistic) to 3 (most abstract). Than work in small groups to answer
the questions.
82 Uni1.5 • Chemistry

Previewing the Academic Skills Focus


gives an overview of the academic
skill for the unit. The material activates
Vincent yen Gogh. Marc Chagall. Peter Paul Rubens.
Sell-Portralt with Pipe and Straw elf-Portrait with Seven Fingers. 1913. SeISPortraP 1638-1640. students' awareness of the skill and then
Hat. 1888. Oil on canvas. Oil on canvas. 011 on canvas.
prompts them to use it on a global level.
I. What makes the paintings realistic? What makes them abstract?
2. Which paintings do you like? Which ones do you not like? Why?

2. Like Chagall, many artists in the early twentieth century were influenced by
the new abstract style in art. Lyubov Papaya was one such artist. Work with a
partner Compare Papaya's painting Lady with the Guitar to Chagars I and
the Village on the next page. Then discuss the questions with a partner. Use the
key words in your discussion.

100 Unit 6 •

Welcome to Academic Connections xi


Sections 2 and 3 focus on academic reading and listening skills. First, students read

and
Building
3 a text or listen to a lecture on a topic related to the unit's academic discipline. They
acquire reading and listening skills through careful instruction and engaging practice
tasks.
Every unit includes both reading and listening.
Academic
Reading and
Listening Skills

Before You Read/Listen introduces students


to the topic of the selection with pre-reading
or pre-listening activities. The activities may
include discussions that activate students' prior
knowledge of the topic; they may also include
vocabulary or brief academic skill practice.

MyAcademicConnectionsLab
2
Before You Read
1. Read the timeline of Marc Chagall's life.
icons remind students
Building
Academic to complete their online
Reading Skills M=111111111213., 1887 Chagall is bona into a large Jewish family in assignments.
In this section, you will
Vitebsk, Russia.
practice distinguishing
between facts and
opinions. Pablo Picasso and 1906- 1907- Chagall studies many styles of art in
Georges Braque 1908 1910 St. Petersburg, Russia. He is in jail fora short
For online assignments.
begin to develop the time because he does not have apemrit' to
.co to cubist style of art live there. At this time, Jews need a permit to Before You Listen
lTh;112Mendren

1914
live in St. Perersburg.
1910- Chagall lives in Paris, France. Cubist and
modernist artists inspire him, but he develops
his own independent style. Chagall paints
3
Building
Peter M. Todd (20071, a psychologist from Indiana
University, studied speed dating to learn more about
Key Words some of his most famous work, showing many Academic elements of attraction. At speed-dating sessions, people
universal Listening Skills try to find a romantic partner—someone to have a
_ _ themes.
World War I begins. 1914 1914 loving relationship with. Two people meet and talk for a
dreamlike ad/ as if Chagall returns to Russia. In this section, you will
happening in a dream very short time. After three to 10 minutes, they move to
1915 Chagall marries Bella Rosenfeld, who is the practice listening for meet another person and soon. After that, they decide
fantasyn an subject of many of his paintings. and taking notes on the
experience or situation which men or women they want to see again. In his
1916 Chagall's daughter Ida is born. main ideas and details study, Todd wanted to find out two things;
that you imagine but is
not real; fantastic adj The Russian 1917 of a lecture. • what qualities people said they wanted in a
Revolution happens. For online assignments,
independent adj romantic partner
not controlled by other World War I ends. 1918 go to
• what qualities really attracted people to each other during the
people 1923 Chagall returns to Paris with his wife and
,B;Incaden °chop speed-dating session
inspire v to make daughter.
someone want to do World War 1.1 begins. 1939 Chagall Ines in Paris. Nazis destroy much of Todd studied how important certain qualities were to participants:
something • similarity to themselves

MICIZ:=1
his art
modemismn a style The Nazis occupy 1941 Chagall lives in the United States. • physical beauty
of art and building that Eumpe and
was especially popular • having a good job
persecute Jews. element n one part of
from the 19405 to the whole • the belief that family is important
1944 Bella dies.
1960s, In which artists
World War II ends. 1945 physical adj relating to
used simple shapes; . _ Todd, no. el al. 12007l. 0;llarent coani4n procews underlie human oswd otces and male
modernistic adj the body, net the mon
1948 Chagall moves from the United States back to or soul
theme n the main Paris, France.
idea or subject in a quality n a part of
1952 Chagall marries Valentina Brodsky. someone's personality
book, movie, painting, I. What qualities are most important to you M a romantic partner? Number the
speech, etc. 1958 Chagall begins working on larger projects, romantic adj showing qualities in order of importance from I to 4. Number 1 is the most important,
such as colorful glass windows in public and strong feelings of love
universal adj true or and number 4 is the least important
religious buildings.
right in every situation session n a meeting
1985 Chagall dies in Saint-Paul de Vence, France. fora particular purpose - 1. a person who is similar to me
similar adj almost the - 2. a person with physical beauty
permit n an official written statement giving a person the right to do something same, but not exactly
the same; similarity n 3. a person with a good job
occupy a to enter a place in a large group and keep control of it, especially by military
force - 4. a person who thinks family is very important
persecute e to treat someone badly because of his or her religious or political beliefs
2. Work as a class to complete the chart. Write the number of men and women
in your class who wrote 1 for each item in Exercise 1. Than add up the total.
Do most people in your doss agreeon what is most important in a romantic
12/ Unit 6 • The Art of Marc Chagall 103 partner? Do men and women agree?

Quality Men Women Total

similar to me

physical beauty

good job

family is very important

I";62 Unit I • First Ira ressions and Altraclion 9

xii Welcome to Academic Connections


Global Reading/Listening presents
a selection that is adapted or
excerpted from higher education
textbooks or other academic
(3) lirnited / expanding market. For example, when it introduced Mines, it
sources. Comprehension and critical
made a large (4) consultant / profit because other businesses were not serving thinking activities lead students to
consult v to provide the needs of customers who wanted to buy music online. After its success
information, advice, or
answers; consultant n with Mines, Apple (5) expanded/ consulted its profit with other tools, such
an understanding of the selection
expand v to become
or make something
as the iPhone. on a global level. Students are also
larger in size or
amount
3. You will listen roe lecture and role play. The title of the lecture is The Power of
Niche Marketing. Based on the title, what do you predict is the general purpose
introduced to an academic skill
limited adj not very
of the lesson?
great in amount or
number; limit v
that they practice by completing
profit n money that
you gain by selling
Global Listening engaging tasks.
things or doing
business
1.1) Listen to the lecture and role play Take notes on the main ideas.
specialize v to limit 2. Read the statements. Decide if they are true or false. Write T (true) or F (false).
most of your business
Use your notes. Then check your answers with a partner.
or study to a specific
group, subject, etc. - I. The goal of niche marketing is to serve a large part of the market
specialized adj that most competitors don't serve.
2. Compare answers on page 47 with a partner's. Explain how the ideas you
- 2. Before expanding, businesses should become successful in a checked are related to the main idea.
market niche.
3. Discuss the questions with your partner.
- 3. When a business knows who has the biggest need for its product, it
can fill these customers' needs better. 1. Has stress ever caused you to do poorly at your work? Explain.

- 4. If a small business tries to attract a large market right away, it will 2. Has stress ever helped you (or someone you know) to do good work? Explain.
probably run out of customers. 3. Has stress ever caused you (or someone you know) any health problems?
Explain.

Global Reading
A speaker or writer's specific purpose is his or her reason for making a specific
statement or including certain information. Much of the specific information 1. Look at the pictures. Discuss the questions in small groups.
a speaker or writer includes will support the general purpose, so recognizing
specific purpose can help you understand important ideas. 1. What causes stress for the people in the pictures?
These are some common specific purposes, 2. How is stress different for each person? Explain.
• to give an example or to illustrate a point
• to show agreement or disagreement
• to request information
• to emphasize or show the importance of a point
A specific purpose may be stated directly. If it is not, you can ask these questions
to recognize it:
• Why is the speaker (or writer) making this statement or including this
information?
• What does the speaker (or writer) wont the audience (the listeners or readers)
to do?

2. Read the textbook excerpt. Take notes on the main ideas.


126 Unit 7 • Marketing OOP

Key Words
Understanding Stress
lifestyle n the way
in which you live,
1 Stress—the may a person they did in the past. Forty-eight
including your job,
what you own, and responds to changes and difficult percent of people in the United
what you do situations—is a common States report that they feel more
release v to let experience that people all over stressed today than they did five
someone or something the world share (Blonna, 2005). years ago.I In addition, most
go free In fact, most people have stressful doctor visits in the world (three out
experiences every day. However, of five) happen because of problems
research shows that people related to stress.' Scientists and
experience more stress today than health workers are interested in

APA survey, 2007


Foundation for Integrated Research in Mental Health, 2007

42 Unit 3 • Health

Welcome to Academic Connections xiii


In Focused Reading/Listening, students begin
to explore the complexities of the selection.
Comprehension, critical thinking, and/or inference
activities in this section test students' detailed
understanding of the text and lecture. This section
might introduce another academic skill related to
reading/listening and offer practice of the skill.
At the end of Sections 2 and 3, students
are prompted to take an online test on
MyAcademicConnectionsLab. These
section tests (Checkpoints) monitor student
4. Discuss your answers to Exercise 3 with the class. Did the same clues help you
to recognize the specific purposes?
progress and allow the teacher to assign
individualized exercises focused on students'
Focused Listening
specific needs.
1.0 Listen to the lecture again. Complete the statements with the words from
the box.

buyers Jollibee large limited need successful


1. Circle the question words in the Questions column of the chart. Then scan the
reading on page 6 to answer the questions.
1. Big companies may not serve a certain part of the market because it is not
enough for them to make a profit.
Questions Answers
2. Many small businesses want to serve all customers even when they have a
1. How long does it take to a few neconde
amount of money. make a first impression?
3. Small business owners sometimes fear that if they focus on only one group
of they won't make enough of a profit.
4. A small business owner should always find out who has the biggest 2. What one four things
for his or her product. people notice when they
first meet someone?
5. is an example of a business that started small and
grew bigger after becoming
3. When did Snyder
and Swan complete
Understanding Meaning through Intonation and Stress
their study?

To express ideas clearly, speakers often use intonation and stress to give clues
about their meaning.
Intonation is the rising 'I and falling 1 of your voice. Speakers can use intonation 4. Who studied people's
M show the meaning of a word or statement Intonation often rises when someone predictions about
is happy, excited, asking a question, or joking in a positive way. Intonation often relationships?
Falls when someone is upset, serious, or joking in o negative way.
0 Example.,
Twenty-five dollars for a meal' ? (Meaning( The meal is probably great and 5. How many first-year
doesn't costa lot.) college students were in
Twenty-five dollars fora meal! 1 (Meaning: The meal costs too much.) Sunnafrank's study?

Stress is putting extra emphasis on certain words—for example, by saying them


more loudly or slowly. A statement can have different meanings depending on
which word is stressed.

0 Examples: 2 Discuss the questions in small groups.


We saw a Funny advertisement. (The ad wasn't sad or serious.) 1. Describe a recent first impression you had of someone. What do you predict
We saw a Funny advertisement. (We didn't hear the ad. We saw it.) about your relationship with this person?
We saw a funny advertisement. (We saw the ad, but you didn't.) 2. Have you ever experienced the primacy effect? Have you experienced self-
fulfilling prophecy? If so, describe what happened.
3. Many studies show that students do better in school when teachers expect
them to be good students. Why do you think it is important for teachers,
128 Unit 7 • Marketing...0d
parents, and administrators to understand the idea of self-fulfilling prophecy?

Checkpoint 1 FRaTidemicconnectionslabi

xiv Welcome to Academic Connections


Building This section emphasizes development of productive skills for writing or speaking. It
Academic presents language and academic skills needed for the integrated task. Students also
Writing/ read or listen to another selection that expands on or otherwise complements the
earlier selections.
Speaking Skills
Each unit concludes with an integrated writing or speaking task based on the
authentic needs of the academic classroom. Units alternate between focusing on
writing and speaking.

Before You Write/Speak


introduces the language
skill that students will need
2. How does WVO compare to other fuels you have learned about? Explain
your answers. in the integrated task.
Example
In my opinion, WVO is better than other biofuels because. ..
3. What am some other solutions to our dependence on petroleum? What can
we do as individuals and in our communities?

Checkpoint 2 Fffell'demiccannectionslab4
Before you Speak

Before You Write


Building
Academic In ocademc classes you may be asked to create and perform a role ploy (short
1/dila!) a Xcia11
. 1.1.ta,111 arta, drama) to demonstrate your understanding of concepts you learn. Use these
Building Speaking Skills
techniques to help make your performance more effective:
Academic A problem-solution paragraph describes a problem. Then it explains a solution or In this section, you will • Memorize the content of your role play—do not read it.
Writing Skills possible solutions to the problem. A problem-solution paragraph typically includes practice preparing role
three parts: • Make note of nonverbal signals to use throughout your performance.
In this section, you plays. You will also • Practice several times.
• topic sentence with a description of the problem practice using steers,
will practice writing • a body with a description of (a) possible solution(s) • Face your audience.
problem-solution intonation, and pauses
• a conclusion with an explanation of how the solution is helpful • Use o loud voice an that everyone can hear you clearly.
paragraphs. Then you to express meaning.
Then you will use • Pay attention to stress and intonation in your voice
will write a paragraph
about a modern problem Read a transcript home talk given by Marlyn Poliokoff, a chemist at the University ideas and vocabulary
related to green of Nottingham. Then answer the questions on page 94. from this unit to write I. Work with a partner. Complete the dialogue based on the COPS video scene
chemistry. You will and present a role play you read about on pages 145-146. Practice the dialogue with your partner,
synthesize information demonstrating the using the techniques in the skill box.
and use vocabulary importance of nonverbal
Recently I was asked to introduce the ideas of
from the readings and Taking green chemistry to a group of high school students
communication. Example
the lecture. For online assignments, WOMAN: Oh, no! He was SHOT! Oh! ...
Green and teachers at Wachamo Comprehensive High go to
For online assignments. School M Hossana, Ethiopia. The problem was POLICE OFFICER: Now calm down. I need you to ...
go to
Chemistry that I wasn't sure of the best way to explain green FiWiadeimccannectamiab WOMAN: Where am they taking him? I've got to ...
chemistry simply. My solution was to use an
1=== to the example of a plastic bag that I got two days earlier 2. Perform the role play for another pair of students. As you watch your classmates'
at the town's market. They make bags like these performance, make a note of one thing they did well and one thing they could
Developing from petroleum from other countries, because have done better.
Ethiopia does not have much petroleum of its
World own. After people use these bags, they throw them
away. On the road I counted 12 bags that people Focused Speaking
had thrown away in just 100 meters on my way to the school. By
I. Read the article about proxemics, a form of nonverbal communication that
contrast, Ethiopia produces a lot of of sugarcane. If people there studies personal space.
made the bags from sugarcane, then Ethiopia would not have to
buy its bags—or oil to make bags—from other countries. More
(continued on next page)
PROXEMICS FOR BETTER COMMUNICATION
The distance people keep between themselves and others expresses their level
41, Unit 5 • Green Chemistry 91 I of comfort together and the doseness of their relationship. As the diagram
shows, intimate space—the zone very near the body—is usually for people with
wham we have a very dose relationship, such as romantic partners. On the
other hand, space farther away from the body is used with people we do not
know as well. This idea is generally universal, though the exact distances vary
from culture to culture and person to person.

150 Unit 8 • Communication

Welcome to Academic Connections xv


Focused Writing
1. Read the advice from marketing entrepreneur Bob Leduc on how businesses con
find their niche markets. Underline the most important ideas. Then work with
o partner. Discuss the most important ideas of the excerpt. What is its general
purpose?

A Niche of Your Own: Finding a Niche Market


by Bob Leduc Focused Writing/Speaking
I. First, list all the benefits that your product or service gives. For example, a
product might save time, save money, or give pleasure. explains the skill that will be used
2. List some of the characteristics of customers who would benefit from your
product. in the integrated task. Students use
3. Decide if the group you've identified is profitable and if you can connect with
it. If so, you should be able to answer YES to these questions: the additional reading or listening
• Do your target customers have a strong need for your product or service?
• Do they have money to pay for your product or service? selection in this section to practice
• Is this group big enough to give you enough business?
• Can you find ways to reach your niche through marketing and ads?
the skill and prepare for the
■ Can you clearly explain your product/service to these customers and
persuade them of its benefits?
integrated task activity.
If you answer YES to all these questions, you've found a successful niche market!
Sm.: Adapted from Leduc, B. p.m. Target a niche moket LO Moose you, fol. o,,d prof. Retrieved
anon, From hetx/ho....*.ory/sAorbeba.mid.a/rmg...11,1,cl,m,.

Understanding Now Audience Affects Purpose

When preparing to write or speak, think about your audience—the people you are
writing or speaking to. Understanding your audience can influence your purpose
and affect how you present information. To help identify your audience, think
about these questions:
• Who will be your readers? (children, men, students, parents, etc.)
Focused Speaking
• What do you know about them? /gender, interests, feelings toward topic,
education level, etc.)
Use what you know about your oudience to identify your own purpose and to Preparing for an Oral Presentation, Coned
choose the best techniques for sharing information. Here are some examples:
• If your audience has opinions that ore different horn yours, you may try to You can use certain expressions to help your listeners follow your presentation.
persuade them. To introduce your main idea or topic:
• If your audience hos little knowledge of your subject, you may need to inform Today I am going to talk about . .
them about it or explain it to them.
My presentation today is on . .
• if your audience hos little interest in your subject, it may be helpful to entertain
To introduce a point:
them as you give information.
First/Second, .

Another muse/effect is . .
Finally, .
Oil Unit 7 • Niche Marketing 133
My final point is
To conclude your presentation:
In conclusion, . . .
To close, . . .
To ask if there ore any questions from your listeners:
Are there any questions?
Do you hove any questions?

I. id Listen again to the presentation in Before You Speak on page 32. Check 14
the expressions you hear.
Today I am going to talk about ...
- My presentation today is on ...

- First, .. .
- Second_
Next,
- Another cause is ...
Another effect is ...

- Finally, ...
- My final point. ...
- In conclusion, ...
To close, ...
Are them any questions?
Do you have any questions?

34 Unit2 • Ecology

xvi Welcome to Academic Connections


The Integrated Writing/Speaking Task challenges students to
organize and synthesize information from the reading and
listening selections in a meaningful way. Students follow clear
steps that require them to use the vocabulary and academic
skills they have learned in the unit. Completing the task is a
productive achievement that gives students the tools and the
confidence needed for academic success.

5. Use your outline to write a paragraph. Use the paragraphs on pages 4 and 13
as examples. Then share your paragraphs in small groups.

Integrated Writing Task


You have mad a text about first impressions and listened to a lecture about
elements of attraction. You will now listen to a conversation between two students
meeting for the first time. You will use your knowledge of the unit content, topic
vocabulary, and paragraph writing to write a paragraph in which you make a
prediction about the relationship between the students.
Integrated Speaking Task
7. GJ Listen to the conversation between Akiko end Rosa. Who does each item in You have mad about the common elements of folktales, read and heard several
the chart apply to? Check the name(s). Then compare your answers with o folktales, and read and heard a model narrative summary. You will now use your
partner's.
knowledge of the unit content, topic vocabulary, and strategies for summarizing
Ito give an mal narrative summary of a folktale you know.
Who... Akiko Rosa
Follow the steps to prepare for your presentation.
I. is a new student?
Step is Think of a folktale you know, or use the library or Internet to find one.
2. knows Hiro? Review the folktale and make sure you understand it well. (Note: You can use the
3. wears nice clothes? folktale you shared in Exercise 4 on page 65.)
4. is helping at the orientation? Step 2: Complete the chart with information about your folktale.
5. will show the cafeteria?
6. will buy coffee? Title and origin

7. likes to shop?

Time
2. Each sentence illustrates a man point from the unit. label the sentences with the
words and phrases from the box. Then compare your answers with a partner's.
Place
beauty first impression self-fulfilling prophecy
exchange primacy effect similarity
Characters
1. Rosa and Akiko both like to shop.
2. Hiro tells Rosa that Akiko is nice. Rosa expects Akiko to be nice.
Problem

3. When Rosa meets Akiko, she notices that she is nice, has short hair, and is
well dressed Moir events of plot

4. Rosa thinks Akiko's bag looks very nice


5. Rosa shows Akiko the cafeteria. Akiko buys Rosa coffee. How problem is solved

6. Rosa doesn't notice when Akiko does something wrong.

Step 3: Use your notes and review the skill box on page 74 and the guidelines
and expressions on pages 75-76 to outline a narrative summary of your folktale.
16 Unit 1 • Psychology a Use the summary of The Tree with the Golden Apples on page 75 as a model.
• In your opening sentence, introduce the common elements of folktales
discussed in the lecture: the culture or tradition in which the story is based,
the main characters, and the main problem in the plot.

ta Unit • Folktales 77

Welcome to Academic Connections xvii


MyAcademicConnectionsLab
MyAcademicConnectionsLab, an integral part of the Academic Connections series,
iii7R3demicc onnections
is an easy-to-use online program that delivers personalized instruction and practice to
students and rich resources to teachers.
• Students can access reading and listening selections, do practice activities, and
prepare for tests anytime they go online.
• Teachers can take advantage of many resources including online assessments,
a flexible gradebook, and tools for monitoring student progress.
The MyAcademicConnectionsLab WELCOME page organizes assignments and
grades, and facilitates communication between students and teachers. It also allows
the teacher to monitor student progress.

welcome, Denise Greene

myacademicconnectionsIab► My Profile Feedback Help Support Log out


Student View

My Courses Today's View Gra:rebook Communi

Notifications Customize October 2010 :4 Assign Contactor.

Sun Moil Tire Wed Thu tel Sal


Announcements

To Do Student Performance > Don Chu > Unit 1: Safe Cities


3 4 5 8 7 e
Instructor Grading (1) Building Academic Reading Skills

Unread Ilkscussion (0) 10 It 12 12 19 15 to


Course Cor42i, rSede Content emulated
Unread Messages (0) 80% 30%
Building Academic Reading Skills - I l 17 IS 19 28 21 22 22

Alerts ' Vocabulary Check 85% 100%


11.1=111 I 24 25 ce en ten 90 SO
Not Passed (2)
Vocabulary Practice 75 % 100 %
New Grades (3) =MU

4 Performance
Course Performance
Reading Activity 1

Reading Activity 2
items Due Note

Student Perlormence
Reading Activity 3

xviii Welcome to Academic Connections


For Sections 1-3, MyAcademicConnectionsLab provides Vocabulary Check
activities. These activities assess students' knowledge of the vocabulary needed for
comprehension of the content and follow up with individualized instruction.

riVacademicconnectionslaba)

Choose the word or phrase that is closest in meaning to the boldfaced word
UNIT) Vocabulary (heck Remediation DIRECTIONS
1) The citizens of the town were very concerned about safety. Guess and Spell
criminals
someone who lives or stays in a particular place
Workers
2) We want to make our community safer for our children. leaders

3) More than half of the world's population live in cities.

4) She often visited with her neighbor after work. L

5) The residents of the building worked together to create the flower garden.

N
6) We moved here because there was very little crime.

AB DEFGH I JKLM
N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Reading and listening selections from the student book and additional practice
activities are available to students online. Students benefit from virtually unlimited
practice anywhere, anytime.
• Reading-based activities allow students to further engage with the unit's
reading selection. Students practice comprehension, academic skills,
grammar, and content vocabulary.

From "Eyes on the Street to Safe Cities"


By Gerda Wekerle (from Places)

1 Many people quote the phrase from Jane Jacobs that "there must
be eyes on the street" to emphasize the relationship between urban
safety and design. Jacobs's views on urban safety were, in tru
far more complex than this phrase suggests, and they were w
attacked and dismiss
when her book The I myacadernicconnectionsiab4
and Life ofGreatAmi
Cities was published Read each sentence. Based on the reading, choose true or false.
they have become th
of a worldwide move
foster safer cities.
2 Jacobs made an i 1) All of Jacobs's recommendations have been followed by city planners today.
contribution to o C true
understanding of
by emphasizing C false
link between the
crime and urban
Jacobs was visionary in arguing that we should be concerned 2) Jacobs felt that street lighting could contribute to 'eyes on the street'
the everyday experiences of city inhabitants, instead offocusi true
false

Welcome to Academic Connections xix


• Listening-based thliacademicconnectionslab4
activities allow students
to further engage with
the unit's listening Listen to the passage. Complete the sentences with the words you hear.
selection. Students rilirm"229
practice comprehension,
listening skills, and
note-taking skills,

1) His dream city — the Radiant City — was composed mainly of

2) It was a city — with about 1,200 people per acre—that's 300,000


people per square kilometer.

3) Now that's an extraordinarily high density.

4) The would occupy only 12% of the ground. The rest of the
land-88%—would remain open for and recreation.

MyAcademicConnectionsLab offers additional activities that support the Academic


Connections program.
• Fun, interactive games reinforce academic vocabulary and skills.
• Internet-based and discussion-board activities expand students' knowledge of
the topic and help them practice new vocabulary.

ey Vocabulary
itiyacade 'cconnections','
RESEARCH TASK
ACTIVITY: Making a Better Market Street
WEBSITE: www.streetfilms.orgiarchivestmaking-a-better-market-street

2. a pattern of straight lines that


cross, used to organize streets .00/ •-•., i144.1te't

At
IRDG

3. business that provides goods or


services
IRTSUDNY Just about everyone who visits San Francisco's grand Market Street Is awed
4. extreme. very different by its hustle and bustle, the myriad modes of transportation, and some of the
most beautiful architecture in the city. But just about everyone also agrees that
RIAADCL
Market Street has much bigger potential as a space that accommodates Its
5. very poor users In more efficient and human terms.
IOPMSEEIHRVD
• Go to the website.
6. someone whose job is to design • Watch the video.
buildings • Use the boa below to take notes.
AICTHCERT o What problems are mentioned?
o What are people doing about these problems?
7. a buildine. statue. or other lame
o What can people do to make Market Street better in the future?

ew message

xx Welcome to Academic Connections


The MyAcademicConnectionsLab ASSESSMENT tools allow instructors to
customize and deliver tests online.
• A placement test situates students in the appropriate level (also available in
the paper format).
• Pre-course and post-course tests allow teachers to target instruction.
• Section tests monitor student progress.

Student: Bob Travertine


Unit: City Planning 201
Date: October 15

Walkable communities
[1] Improving urban transportation involves more than just deciding where and h
build streets and highways. Urban residents need transportation choices, and on
available choice should be walking. However, many urban planners do not consid
Click the button to read the student essay.
pedestrians as they plan streets and highways and make decisions about urban s
Then answer the questions.
As urban planners look to improve cities in the United States, a critical focus shot
making cities more walkable. 1) Skim the passage. Which set of words best represents the author's main ideas?
0 Drivers, libraries, streets
[2] A walkable community is one that is friendly to pedestrians. It has walkways a
most, if not all, of the streets. They are safe for people of all ages to walk becaust O Quality, businesses, crosswalks
are paved with secure materials and are properly maintained. Walkways provide e
access to schools, libraries, bus stops, and stores, and their surroundings are vis VC) Pedestrians, accessibility, safety
appealing. While walkways are wide enough to accommodate pedestrians, streets
narrow in order to discourage high-speed driving. O Residents, groceries, income

[3] Urban planners should consider a variety of factors when deciding how to mai 2) Which sentence expresses the author's main point?
city more walkable. For example, streets and highways may need to be redesigne x ® Research has shown that walkable communities support a healthier
order to create space for adding sidewalks, as well as safe crosswalks over inters lifestyle.
Lions. They can encourage designs which place a physical barrier between pedes
Yfr 0 As urban planners look to improve cities in the United States, a critical
focus should be making cities more walkable.

People without cars need convenient access to stores, bus stops, and a
wide range of community service buildings.

Teacher support materials


in MyAcademic Graciebook

ConnectionsLab offer
tips and suggestions for My Academic Connections Content Library AND SE NCE
C won Pearson Longman
teaching the Academic
Connections material and
. Teacher Resources !JAL! 2
Add Content
make lesson planning
❑ Neme
easier.
• MyACLab User Guide
Urban Planning: sore Business: Leadership Behavior
Scope and Sequence
Main Ideas and Details Organizational Structure

Reading Reading
1:1 6. Tips for Teaching English for Academic Purposes (EAP)
• Finding the main idea in reading quickly: • Recognizing multiple organizational patterns
Skimming • Recognizing relationships among ideas in a text
• Findley details when reading:Scanning
▪ Unit Teaching Tips

l^" Student Book Answer Key

Welcome to Academic Connections xxi


SCOPE AND SEQUENCE

JAM

Psychology: First Impressions Ecology: The Web of Life


and Attraction

Main Ideas and Supporting Details Organizational Structure

Reading Listening
• Finding the main idea • Organizing information
• Skimming for main ideas • Listening for cause-and-effect expressions
• Scanning for supporting details

Listening Reading
• Listening for main ideas • Cause-and-effect organization: block
• Using outlines organization
• Listening for details

Writing Speaking
• Recognizing parts of a paragraph • Preparing for an oral presentation
• Writing a topic sentence
• Using an outline to organize a paragraph

Integrated Writing Task Integrated Speaking Task


• Writing a paragraph to make a prediction about • Preparing an oral presentation about the causes
a relationship and effects of the degradation of an ecosystem
service

xxii Scope and Sequence


!JS.lif 3

Health: Stress and Health Literature: Folktales

Coherence and Cohesion Summarizing

Reading Listening
• Recognizing coherence in texts • Recognizing summary statements
• Using connectors for cohesion • Distinguishing major from minor points
• Using transition words for cohesion

Listening Reading

• Listening for organization: Speech markers • Using time-order words


• Listening for examples • Paraphrasing

Writing Speaking
• Planning a coherent paragraph • Preparing narrative summaries
• Using cohesive expressions • Giving a narrative summary

Integrated Writing Task Integrated Speaking Task

• Writing a cohesive and coherent paragraph • Preparing and presenting an oral summary of
about technostress a folktale

Scope and Sequence xxiii


SCOPE AND SEQUENCE

14.1E115

Chemistry: Green Chemistry Art History: The Art of


Marc Chagall

Synthesizing Information .nd Opinion


Reading Reading
• Recognizing relationships between different • Identifying facts
pieces of information • Identifying opinions
• Recognizing the relationship between abstract
concepts and concrete information

Listening Listening
• Recognizing the relationship between two • Recognizing a speaker's degree of certainty
spoken sources • Identifying support for opinions

Writing Speaking
• Writing a problem-solution paragraph • Giving and supporting an opinion
• Introducing problems and solutions • Showing agreement and disagreement

Integrated Writing Task Integrated Speaking Task


• Writing a problem-solution paragraph • Participating in a group discussion about a
painting by Marc Chagall

xxiv Scope and Sequence


Jill I -

Marketing: Niche Marketing Communication: Nonverbal


Communication

Purpose Inference

Reading Listening

• Recognizing general purpose • Making inferences about a speaker's attitude


• Recognizing persuasive language

Listening Reading

• Recognizing specific purpose • Inferring word meaning from context


• Understanding meaning through intonation
and stress

Writing Speaking

• Writing a persuasive paragraph • Presenting a role play


• Understanding how audience affects purpose • Using stress, intonation, and pauses to express
meaning

Integrated Writing Task Integrated Speaking Task

• Writing a letter persuading someone to invest • Preparing and participating in a role play
in a business demonstrating nonverbal communication

Scope and Sequence xxv


ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors would like to acknowledge with gratitude the people who worked closely on this project with
us: Debbie Sistino, John Beaumont, and Mykan White. The vision and determination of Debbie, John,
Sherry Preiss and others shaped the series in general and this book in particular. We especially appreciate
the fresh perspective, intelligent insight, and creative activity ideas and feedback of Mykan White. We
would also like to thank Gosia Jaros-White, development editor, for her attention to detail and coherence,
and Sherry Preiss for her enthusiasm and support.
We appreciate the many friends, colleagues and reviewers who discussed content and activities with us:
Lisa Belluzzi, UCSB; Steve Palladino, Ventura College; Craig Martinsen, to name a few; and our ESL
students at Santa Barbara City College, who inform our teaching and writing every day.
We wish to express deep gratitude for our families, Wayne, Christopher, Brian, Eric, our moms and
mothers-and-fathers-in-law for supporting us in more ways than we can express. We are also grateful to
welcome the long-awaited, new family member of Marit and Eric, who has been growing right alongside
this project.
Finally, the authors extend heartfelt thanks and love to each other for engaging in a challenging project that
required a lot of patience, countless late nights, and inspiring collaboration.
Betsy Cassriel
Marit ter Mate-Martinsen
The publisher would like to thank the following people.
Matthew Chametzky, R&D Capability Manager at ETS, who coordinated all assessment work for this
project, bringing order when chaos seemed imminent.
Terry Cryan, Assessment Specialist at ETS who helped us all better understand (and appreciate) the
many differences between testing and teaching.
Kate Kazin, Director of Client Management at ETS, whose clear vision kept the project true to
its objective of evidence-based design.

REVIEWERS
For the comments and insights they graciously offered to help shape the direction of
Academic Connections, the publisher would like to thank the following reviewers and institutions.
Donette Artenie, Georgetown University; Jennifer Castello, Cariada College; Carol A. Chapelle,
Iowa State University; JoAnn (Jodi) Crandall, University of Maryland; Wendy Crockett, J. W. North
High School; Lois Darlington, Columbia University; Christopher Davis, John Jay College; Robert
Dickey, Gyeongju University, Gyeongju, Korea; Deborah B. Gordon, Santa Barbara City College; Mike
Hammond, University of California, San Diego; Ian Hosack, Ritsumeikan University, Kyoto; Sylvie
Huneault-Schultze, Fresno City College; Barbara Inerfeld, Rutgers University; Joan Jamieson, Northern
Arizona University; Scott Jenison, Antelope Valley College; Mandy Kama, Georgetown University; Dr.
Jose Lai, The Chinese University of Hong Kong; Rama Mathew, Delhi University, Delhi, India; Mitchell
Mirkin, Baltimore City Community College; Carla Billings Nyssen, California State University, Long
Beach; Yannick O'Neill, Gyeongnam Education Board, Changwon, South Korea; Gretchen Owens, San
Francisco State University; Angela Parrino, Hunter College; Sarah C. Saxer, Howard Community College;
Diane Schmitt, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham U.K.; Gail Schmitt, Montgomery College; Fred
Servito, University of Washington; Janet Shanks Van Suntum, Fordham University, Pace University;
Karen Shimoda, Freelance ESL Development Editor; Dean E. Stafford, Sanho Elementary School, Mason,
South Korea; Fredricka L. Stoller, Northern Arizona University; Richmond Stroupe, Soka University,
Tokyo; Jessica Williams, University of Illinois; Kirsten Windahl, Cuyahoga Community College

xxvi Acknowledgments
Psychology
First Impressions
and Attraction
Unit Description
Content: This course is designed to familiarize the
student with concepts in social psychology.
Skills: Main Ideas and Supporting Details
• Finding the main idea
• Skimming for main ideas
• Scanning for supporting details
• Listening for main ideas
• Using outlines
• Listening for details
• Recognizing parts of a paragraph
• Writing a topic sentence
• Using an outline to organize a paragraph

Unit KM11.1111elliel
Reading: "The Power of First Impressions" (an excerpt
from a scientific journal)
Lecture: "Elements of Attraction"
Listening: "A First Meeting" (a campus conversation)
Integrated Writing Task: Writing a paragraph to make a
prediction about a relationship
Assignments: www.MyAcademicConnectionsLab.com

1
Previewing the Academic Content
1
Preview
Things and people are not always what they seem. But studies show that first
impressions—what people think of each other when they first meet—can greatly
help or hurt a relationship. Feelings of attraction can also make relationships
For online assignments, successful or unsuccessful. But how do people form first impressions, and why
go to are first impressions important? What causes attraction between two people? In
this unit, you will learn the answers to these questions.
er17,465'demicconnectionslab
1.How do you form a first impression about a person? Check (✓) three things
you notice.
way of talking clothes and accessories face
attraction n the
feeling of liking hair posture (how a person sits or stands) body shape
someone very much;
attractive adj
impression n an Dr. Marianne LaFrance,1 a psychology professor at Yale University, conducted
opinion or feeling a study on first impressions and hairstyles. She asked participants to describe
about someone
people in 300 photos. La France gave each person only two seconds to form
interact v to talk an impression.
to other people or
to work together
with them
notice v to see, hear, 2. Look at each photo. Then complete the chart. How well does each adjective
or smell something describe the person? For each person, number each adjective from 1 to 5.
opinion n an idea or Number 1 means the adjective describes the person very well. Number 5
belief about something means the adjective does not describe the person at all. Work quickly!

Attractive Confident Friendly Intelligent Selfish

, i,

I Adapted from "First Impressions and Hair Impressions: An Investigation of Impact of


Hair Style on First Impressions." Marianne LaFrance. February 2001.

2 Unit 1 • Psychology CAA


3. Compare your answers in Exercise 2 with a partner's. Then discuss the questions.

1. What did you first notice about the people in the photos (for example, eyes,
hair, smile)?
2. What was your first impression of each person?
3. Which person do you find most attractive? Why?
4. Which person would you most like to meet? Why?

This unit will help you Previewing the Academic Skills Focus
recognize main ideas
and details in readings 1. Read a paragraph from a psychology textbook. Underline the sentence that you
and lectures. It will also think is the author's most important idea or point.
help you to write clearly
with main ideas and
details.
Forming First Impressions
People are very good at forming first impressions from little
information. Just seeing someone's face or hearing someone
speak can affect how we think about him or her. Clothing and
hairstyle can also affect our feelings. We even form opinions
about a person's body and posture. We form these early
ideas about others very quickly, often without meaning to or
knowing what we are doing.

2. Compare the sentence you have underlined with a partner's.


• Did you both underline the same sentence?
• What is the most important idea in this paragraph?

Main Ideas and Supporting Details

In this unit, you will learn to find and use main ideas and supporting details. A
main idea is the most important idea about the topic. Supporting details are small
pieces of information that help explain the main idea. Learning to find main ideas
and supporting details will help you understand college reading assignments and
class lectures.

3. Read the paragraph again. Discuss how the other sentences help to explain and
support the main idea. What kind of information does each sentence give?

Unit 1 ■ First Impressions and Attraction 3


Before You Read

1. Use the key words to complete the statements.


Building 1. The first time two people meet can have a very strong
Academic on a relationship.
Reading Skills
2. People usually act or in the way other people
In this section, you will
learn how to read for them to act.
main ideas and details. 3. When you meet someone new, it is easy to make a
You will also practice
about your future relationship.
skimming and scanning.
For online assignments, 4. A first impression can a relationship more than later
go to impressions.
;:'.:‘4;','",5'demtcconnectionsiab
Compare your answers with a partner's. Then discuss the statements. Do you agree
or disagree?

Key Words Finding the Main Idea

behave v to do or say As you have learned, the main idea is the most important idea of a text. It gives
things in a particular general information about a topic. Other sentences in the text provide supporting
way details.
expect v to believe You can usually find the main idea of a paragraph in the title (or paragraph
strongly that heading) or in the first or last sentence of the paragraph.
something will happen;
expectation n
impact n the effect 2. Read the paragraph about schemata from a psychology textbook.
that an event or
situation has on
someone or something
influence v to have The Importance of Schemata
an effect on the way
When people meet someone for the first time,
someone or something
they form a fast impression about that person by
behaves, thinks, or
develops putting her or him into a familiar category or group.
They use schemata to help form these impressions.
prediction n a guess
Schemata are ideas and expectations about a group
about what is going to
happen; predict v based on past experiences (Aronson, Wilson, &
Ackert, 2005). For instance, if someone sees a woman
wearing a white coat and a stethoscope' around her neck, he will probably
think she is a doctor. He will think this woman is like other doctors he
knows. For example, he may think she is well educated and knows about
disease and medicine. Organizing people into familiar groups like this is a
common way that people form first impressions very quickly.

stethoscope n an instrument that a doctor uses to listen to your heart or


breathing
Aronson, E., Wilson, T.D., & Eckert, R.M. (2005). Social psychology (5th ed). Upper Saddle River,
New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall.

4 Unit 1 • Psychology
3. Work with a partner. Write MI next to the statement that gives the main idea of
the paragraph. Then underline the sentence in the paragraph that best expresses
this main idea.

A woman in a white coat is probably a doctor.


Schemata are helpful in forming fast first impressions.
Ideas and expectations based on past experiences are called schemata.

4. How did you find the main idea? Check (✓) your answer(s).

It is general and important to the paragraph.


The other sentences give supporting details.
It is in the paragraph heading/title.
It is in the first sentence.
It is in the last sentence.

Compare your answers in small groups. Why are the other two statements in
Exercise 3 not the main idea?

Global Reading

Skimming is reading quickly to find main ideas in a short time. Skimming before
you read will prepare you to read and understand the passage better. To skim for
main ideas, look at:
• the title
• repeated ideas and words
• the first and last sentences (in paragraphs)
• the first and last paragraphs (in longer texts)
When skimming, do not:
• read every word or sentence
• look up words you don't know

1. The reading in this section is an article from a scientific journal. Skim the text on
page 6. Circle the number of the paragraph that includes the main idea of the
entire text. Underline the sentence that states the main idea. Then read the entire
article.

Unit 1 ■ First Impressions and Attraction 5


said positive, or good, things about a partner.
The Power of First Sometimes they said negative, or bad,
Impressions things. The result of the study showed that
players acted friendly when they expected
1 When people meet for the first time, they their partners to be friendly, but they acted
make first impressions of one another in a unfriendly when they expected their partners
few seconds. To do this, they notice clothes, to be unfriendly. (See Figure 1.1) The players'
body shape, the way a person talks, and expectations influenced how they acted
expressions he or she makes. Research shows toward one another.
that first impressions are very important
SELF-FULFILLING PROPHECY
because they have a strong impact on forming
A expects B to be A expects B to be
relationships.
friendly unfriendly
2 Studies show that the primacy effect is an
important part of first impressions. The A is friendly A is unfriendly
primacy effect is the idea that the first to B to B
impression is very difficult to change. After
B is friendly B is unfriendly
the first meeting, two people may interact to A to A
again and learn more about each other,
but the early impressions they formed will Figure 1.1
influence their feelings about each other in
4 A related study by Michael Sunnafrank
the future. For example, if a person has a
(2004) showed that when people first
good first impression of someone, he or she
meet, they quickly make predictions about
probably will not notice bad things about the
what kind of relationship they will have.
person later. However, if that person has a
Sunnafrank found that these predictions had
bad first impression, he or she will probably
a strong impact on future relationships. In
notice mostly bad things in the future.
his study of 164 first-year college students,
3 Another interesting part of first impressions
Sunnafrank found that when students
is that people act how others expect them
predicted they could be friends, they sat
to act. This is called a self-fulfilling prophecy.
closer together in class and interacted more.
Research by Snyder and Swann supports this
As a result, they actually became friends.
idea (1978). In that study, partners played a
In other words, they made their predictions
game together. The partners did not know
come true.
one another, so the researchers told each
5 Clearly, first impressions are very important
player about his partner. Sometimes they
in forming relationships, because they
influence the expectations people have of
one another and how they behave toward one
another.

Snyder, M., & Swann, W.B. (1978). Behavioral confirmation in


social interaction: From social perception to social reality. Journal of
Experimental Social Psychology, 14, 148-162.

Sunnafrank, M., & Ramirez, A. (2004). At first sight: Persistent relational


effects of get-acquainted conversations. Journal of Social and Personal
Relationships, 21(3), 361-379.

6 Unit 1 ■ Psychology "r


2. Skim each paragraph again. Match each paragraph with its main idea. (Note:
Two paragraphs have the same main idea.)

Paragraph 1 a. People's expectations can influence how a person


acts.
Paragraph 2
b. First impressions are very important in forming
Paragraph 3 relationships.
Paragraph 4 c. A first impression is not easy to change.
d. People act on their predictions to make the
Paragraph 5 relationship they expect.

3. Circle the correct answer.


1. Why are first impressions important?
a. They help people notice specific things about others.
b. They influence relationships.
2. Which statement describes the primacy effect?
a. People act how other people expect them to act.
b. First impressions do not change very much.
3. Which statement describes self-fulfilling prophecy?
a. People act how other people expect them to act.
b. First impressions do not change very much.
4. According to Sunnafrank's study, what happens after people make
predictions about a relationship?
a. People's predictions do not affect their actions.
b. People act to make the predictions come true.
5. Which idea does Sunnafrank's study support?
a. self-fulfilling prophecy
b. primacy effect

Focused Reading

annin • for Supporting Details

Scanning is very fast reading for details, such as examples, reasons, and
definitions. When you scan, look for the answer to a specific question. Move your
eyes quickly, and look only for specific information that will answer the question.
To answer questions about Look for
who and where capital letters and names
when numbers, dates, and time periods
how much, how many, and how long numbers and measurements (such as
meters, inches, etc.)
what, how, and why key word(s) or word(s) from the question

--2 Unit 1 ■ First Impressions and Attraction 7


1. Circle the question words in the Questions column of the chart. Then scan the
reading on page 6 to answer the questions.

Questions Answers

1. How long does it take to a few aecondo


make a first impression?

2. What are four things


people notice when they
first meet someone?

3. When did Snyder


and Swan complete
their study?

4. Who studied people's


predictions about
relationships?

5. How many first-year


college students were in
Sunnafrank's study?

2. Discuss the questions in small groups.


1. Describe a recent first impression you had of someone. What do you predict
about your relationship with this person?
2. Have you ever experienced the primacy effect? Have you experienced self-
fulfilling prophecy? If so, describe what happened.
3. Many studies show that students do better in school when teachers expect
them to be good students. Why do you think it is important for teachers,
parents, and administrators to understand the idea of self-fulfilling prophecy?

Checkpoint 1 i-765E5demicconnectionsiabt

8 Unit 1 ■ Psychology ;Ai


3
Building
Before You Listen

Peter M. Todd (2007), a psychologist from Indiana


University, studied speed dating to learn more about
Academic elements of attraction. At speed-dating sessions, people
Listening Skills try to find a romantic partner—someone to have a
loving relationship with. Two people meet and talk for a
In this section, you will
very short time. After three to 10 minutes, they move to
practice listening for
meet another person and so on. After that, they decide
and taking notes on the which men or women they want to see again. In his
main ideas and details study, Todd wanted to find out two things:
of a lecture.
• what qualities people said they wanted in a
For online assignments, romantic partner
go to
• what qualities really attracted people to each other during the
N
P.11, LON.
nyacademicconne ionslab speed-dating session
Todd studied how important certain qualities were to participants:
• similarity to themselves
• physical beauty
• having a good job
element n one part of
a whole • the belief that family is important
physical adj relating to
the body, not the mind Todd, P.M. et al. (2007). Different cognitive processes underlie human mate choices and mate
preferences. PNAS, 104(38), 15011-15016.
or soul
quality n a part of
someone's personality
1. What qualities are most important to you in a romantic partner? Number the
romantic adj showing qualities in order of importance from 1 to 4. Number 1 is the most important,
strong feelings of love and number 4 is the least important.
session n a meeting
for a particular purpose 1. a person who is similar to me
similar adj almost the 2. a person with physical beauty
same, but not exactly
the same; similarity n 3. a person with a good job
4. a person who thinks family is very important

2. Work as a class to complete the chart. Write the number of men and women
in your class who wrote 1 for each item in Exercise 1. Then add up the total.
Do most people in your class agree on what is most important in a romantic
partner? Do men and women agree?

Quality Men Women Total

similar to me

physical beauty

good job

family is very important

rieldi Unit 1 • First Impressions and Attraction 9


3. Discuss the questions in small groups.

1. Which quality is most important to you in a romantic partner? Why?


2. Look at the chart of your classmates' answers in Exercise 2. Did anything
surprise you? Why or why not?
3. In Todd's study, which qualities do you think the men said they wanted in
a romantic partner? Which qualities do you think really attracted them to
people during the speed-dating session?
4. In Todd's study, which qualities do you think the women said they wanted
in a romantic partner? Which qualities do you think really attracted them to
people during the speed-dating session?
5. Look at your answers to Exercise 1 on page 9. Would you number the qualities
differently when choosing a friend instead of a romantic partner? Explain.

Global Listening

The first step to understanding a lecture is to listen for main ideas. The main idea of
an entire lecture often comes at the beginning (introduction) and/or end (conclusion)
of a lecture. You will hear additional important ideas throughout the lecture.
To find main ideas in a lecture, listen for certain expressions:
Today's lecture is about . . .
I will talk about . . .
The most important idea here is . . .
Another important point is . . .
Note: Speakers often stress important ideas by speaking more slowly or more
loudly.

1.4") Listen to the introduction of the lecture. What is the main idea of the lecture?
Check (✓) your prediction.
1. Interpersonal attraction is when a person wants a relationship with
someone.
2. Three elements of interpersonal attraction are important in all
relationships.
3. Relationships include those with friends, family, and romantic
partners.

2. Check (✓) the ways the professor shows the main idea.
1. He gives the main idea at the beginning of the introduction.
2. He uses a certain expression to introduce the main idea.
3. He slows down his speech.
4. He speaks more loudly.

10 Unit 1 ■ Psychology 1
Using an outline is a good way to take notes on a reading assignment or a
lecture. An outline is a list of main ideas. Each main idea is followed by a list of
supporting details. Students often make their own outlines for note-taking, and
some professors give students lecture outlines.
When using an outline, you don't have to write complete sentences. You can save
time by using words, phrases (groups of words), and symbols (for example, %, =).

3. Listen to the whole lecture. Write the main ideas in the outline. Use words,
phrases, and symbols where possible. You will take notes on the details—shown
with bullets (*)—later.

PSYCHOLOGY 101 Professor John Watkins


Elements of Attraction

(Introduction) 3 Important elements of attraction


. physical attractiveness

(Main idea)
. Peter Todd study:
. People believe that
. Teachers

(Main idea)
. People usually choose
. more confident
. Peter Todd study:

(Main idea)
. Definition=
. 2 people feel good about exchange=

(Conclusion)

4. Discuss your outline with the class and make any necessary changes.

rigid Unit 1 • First Impressions and Attraction 11


Focused Listening
Listening for Details

As in a written text, the details in a lecture give more specific information about
the main idea. Listening for details will help you understand the professor's main
points. You can find different types of details by listening for these expressions:
Type of Detail Expression
example for example, for instance, specifically
reason because, since
definition this is, this means

1.4. Listen to the lecture again. Notice the expressions that introduce details.
Complete the outline on page 11 by writing details. Then compare your outline
with a partner's.

2. Discuss the details you wrote in the outline with a partner. Decide if each is an
example, reason, or defintion. Then report back to the class.

3. Work with the same partner. Read the statements. Decide if they are true
or false. Write T (true) or F (false). Use your outline on page 11 for help. If
necessary, listen to the lecture again.

1. Interpersonal attraction means wanting a relationship with


another person.
2. The professor thinks that most people believe beauty is an important
part of attraction.
3. People think that attractive people are more intelligent.
4. Mothers behave the same toward attractive and unattractive babies.
5. There are very few studies on similarity.
6. People usually like to be with other people who are different.
7. Exchange is when one person takes something from someone else.

4. Complete the chart. Connect ideas from the reading and lecture to a
relationship you have had.

Ideas from Reading and Lecture My Relationship with

First impression: primacy effect,


self-fulfilling prophecy, predicting

Attraction: beauty, similarity,


exchange

12 Unit 1 ■ Psychology 1'44


5. Work in small groups. Prepare and give a one- to two-minute presentation about
your relationship. Use your notes and any of the phrases listed.
• My first impression of [person's name] was that he/she was . . .
• When we first met, I predicted that we were going to . . .
• [Person's name] and I have a good/weak relationship because
Example

My first impression of my roommate Ken was that he was lazy. When I first
met him, it was noon, and he was sleeping. Also, his room was very messy.
I predicted right away that we were not going to be great roomates, because
I am a hard worker who likes to keep things clean. Ken is a friendly and
helpful person, but I think I'll find a new roommate soon.

Checkpoint 2 MsTindemicconnectionsiabl)

Before You Write

Building
Academic A paragraph is a group of sentences about the same main idea. An academic
Writing Skills paragraph usually has three parts:
1. A topic sentence that introduces the main idea.
In this section, you will
2. A body with supporting details that help explain the main idea.
practice recognizing
parts of a paragraph and 3. A concluding sentence that reviews the main idea or makes a final comment.

writing topic sentences.


Then you will write a
paragraph making a 1. Read the textbook paragraph. Underline the topic sentence once, check (I) the
prediction about the supporting details, and underline the concluding sentence twice.
relationship between
two students who are
meeting for the first Stereotypes
time. You will use ideas Stereotypes can influence first impressions in many ways, and they can
and vocabulary from also cause problems. A stereotype is a strong idea about what a person is like
this unit. based on one thing, such as the person's age, sex, race, or job. People usually
For online assignments, learn stereotypes at a young age, with ideas they get from family members,
go to friends, television, and movies. When people use stereotypes to form first
impressions, they expect the person to behave a certain way because of the
riggdemicconnection& b
stereotype. For example, they may expect a woman to be a good cook or
a man to be strong. Because of their stereotypes, people may believe these
things without paying attention to differences between people. As a result,
they may be incorrect in their impressions. This can hurt a relationship.

Source: Morris, C.G., & Maitson, A.A. (2008). Understanding psychology (8th ed.) Upper Saddle River,
NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.

Unit 1 • First Impressions and Attraction 13


2. Complete the outline of the paragraph on page 13. Then work in small groups
to compare outlines.

(Topic Sentence)

(Body/Details)

(Concluding Sentence)

Focused Writing

The topic sentence introduces the main idea. When you write a topic sentence,
always include these two parts:
• A topic — who or what the paragraph is about
• A controlling idea — what you want to say about the topic
The controlling idea often gives a feeling or opinion about the topic. Examples of
opinion and feeling words are important, special, good, bad, and interesting.

Opinion Word

Stereotypes can cause important problems when forming relationships.

Topic Controlling Idea

1. Work with a partner. For each sentence, circle the topic and underline the
controlling idea. Check (✓) the opinion/feeling words.

1. First impressions are important in forming relationships.


2. Physical attractiveness is more important to men than to women.
3. Expecting your children to behave badly in a situation can be a self-
fulfilling prophecy.
4. My friend and I have a good exchange.
5. Stereotypes can have a great influence on first impressions.

14 Unit 1 ■ Psychology rida


2. Work in small groups. Add controlling ideas to each topic to make one topic
sentence.

Beauty is more important to men than to women.


In my opinion, the most important thing in a relationship is similarity.
1. First impressions

2. Beauty

3. Self-fulfilling prophecy

4. Similarity

sin • an Outline to Organize a Paragraph

Using an outline is an excellent way to organize your ideas before writing a


paragraph. List the main ideas in the topic sentence. Indent and use bullets for the
details. Then use the outline to write your paragraph.

3. Work with a partner from your group. Write a paragraph outline in your
notebook. Use the outline on page 14 as an example. Follow the steps.
• Choose a topic sentence from Exercise 2. Write it in the outline.
• Write three supporting details about your main idea.
• Write a concluding sentence that reviews your main idea.

4. Work with two partners from another group. Compare outlines. Use the checklist
to help you. Can you suggest any changes?

Outline Checklist

Does the topic sentence introduce the main idea?

Does the topic sentence have a topic?

Does the topic sentence have a controlling idea?

Do the supporting details help explain the main idea?

Does the concluding sentence review the main idea or make a final
comment?

Unit 1 ■ First Impressions and Attraction 15


5. Use your outline to write a paragraph. Use the paragraphs on pages 4 and 13
as examples. Then share your paragraphs in small groups.

Integrated Writing Task


You have read a text about first impressions and listened to a lecture about
elements of attraction. You will now listen to a conversation between two students
meeting for the first time. You will use your knowledge of the unit content, topic
vocabulary, and paragraph writing to write a paragraph in which you make a
prediction about the relationship between the students.

1. Listen to the conversation between Akiko and Rosa. Who does each item in
the chart apply to? Check (✓) the name(s). Then compare your answers with a
partner's.

Who . . . Akiko Rosa

1. is a new student?
2. knows Hiro?

3. wears nice clothes?


4. is helping at the orientation?
5. will show the cafeteria?

6. will buy coffee?


7. likes to shop?

2. Each sentence illustrates a main point from the unit. Label the sentences with the
words and phrases from the box. Then compare your answers with a partner's.

beauty first impression self-fulfilling prophecy

exchange primacy effect similarity

1. Rosa and Akiko both like to shop


2. Hiro tells Rosa that Akiko is nice. Rosa expects Akiko to be nice.

3. When Rosa meets Akiko, she notices that she is nice, has short hair, and is
well dressed
4. Rosa thinks Akiko's bag looks very nice
5. Rosa shows Akiko the cafeteria. Akiko buys Rosa coffee.

6. Rosa doesn't notice when Akiko does something wrong.

16 Unit 1 ■ Psychology ridia


3. Follow the steps to write your paragraph.
Step 1: Based on the conversation you heard and your answers in Exercise 2,
write a prediction about Rosa and Akiko's relationship. Use this phrase to begin
the sentence:
I predict / My prediction is that they will
Step 2: Write an outline for a paragraph explaining your prediction.
• Include a topic sentence, supporting details, and a concluding sentence.
Use information from Rosa and Akiko's conversation and the reading and
lecture in the unit.
• Review the skill box on page 13 to make sure the parts of your paragraph
are complete.
• Review the skill box on page 14 to make sure your topic sentence is strong.
Step 3: Use your outline to write a paragraph.
Step 4: Exchange paragraphs with a partner. In the paragraph:
• Underline the topic sentence once.
• Circle the controlling idea.
• Check (✓) the supporting details.
• Underline the concluding sentence twice.
Then use the checklist to comment on your partner's paragraph.

Paragraph Checklist

Does the paragraph have a topic sentence that introduces the main
idea?

Does the topic sentence have a topic?

Does the topic sentence have a controlling idea?

Do the supporting details explain the main idea?

Does the paragraph use the information from the conversation,


reading, and lecture?

Does the concluding sentence review the main idea and make a
final comment?

Step 5: Rewrite your paragraph based on your partner's comments. Then share
your paragraphs in small groups. How are your predictions similar? How are they
different?

Ir 4 Unit 1 ■ First Impressions and Attraction 17


iii
Ai) Ecology
The Web of Life

Unit Description
Content: This course is designed to familiarize the student
with concepts in ecology and ecosystems.
Skills: Organizational Structure
• Organizing information

• Listening for cause-and-effect expressions

• Cause-and-effect organization: block organization


• Preparing for an oral presentation

Unit Requirements
Lecture: "Web of Life"

Reading: "Nature's Services—What Are They Worth?" (an


excerpt from a scientific journal)
Listening: "The Disappearance of Honeybees" (a student
presentation)

Integrated Speaking Task: Preparing an oral presentation


about the causes and effects of the degradation of an
ecosystem service
Assignments: www.MyAcademicConnectionsLab.com

19
Previewing the Academic Content
Earth is home to millions of kinds of people, plants, and animals. They live
together and interact to form different ecosystems. Like a spider's web, everything
Preview in our environment is connected. If one part of the web breaks, it influences the
For online assignments, whole web. In this unit, you will study the web of life on Earth and our place in it.
go to You will learn how a healthy ecosystem works and what happens when part of an
PEARST LOtraWlid
ecosystem changes. You will also discover what products and services ecosystems
m,,aca ermcconnectionsab provide to people. Finally, you will find out the value of these services and what it
costs us to keep them safe.

Key Words., Look at the flier. Then discuss the questions in small groups.

1. What are the two examples of ecosystem services described in the flier?
connected adj related
or joined 2. What connection between people and ecosystems does the flier describe?
depend on v to need 3. What other useful services or products do ecosystems provide?
something
ecosystem n all the
animals and plants
in a particular area,
and the way in which ECOSYSTEM
they are related to
each other and to their
SERVICES
environment
environment n the People around the world depend on ecosystems for many products
world of land, sea, and services. Some say that these products and services are worth
and air that a plant or $33 trillion.
animal lives in
provide v to give Water Purificationl
something to someone • Lakes, rivers, and forests are all important for
or make it available making water pure.
to them because they
• Unhealthy things come out of water as it travels
need it or want it
through these ecosystems.
value n the
importance or • This natural water purification provides clean water
usefulness of for people and other living things to use and enjoy.
something; v to think
that something is Pollination2
useful or important • Most plants with flowers need pollination to
produce fruit and seeds.
• More than 100,000 different kinds of insects, birds,
and animals pollinate plants.
• Many important food crops depend on pollination.

Purification takes away the dirty or unhealthy parts from something, thus making it
pure, or clean.
2 Pollination is when a flower or plant gets pollen so that it can produce seeds.

20 Unit 2 • Ecology
4
In Unit 1, you learned
Previewing the Academic Skills Focus
how to recognize and
use main ideas and
Organizational Structure
details. This unit will
help you recognize
As you learned in Unit 1, academic texts and lectures often have three main parts:
how writers and
an introduction, a body, and a conclusion. The way these ideas are organized
speakers organize is the organizational structure. Organizational structure is related to a writer or
such information. You speaker's purpose. For example, someone may use a compare/contrast structure
will also learn how to tell how things are the same or different. Recognizing organizational structures
to understand and will make reading and listening faster and easier.
use cause-and-effect In this unit, you will learn about the organizational structure of cause and effect.
This structure is used to explain the relationship between a cause (the reason
organization.
something happens) and the effect (the result of the cause).

1. Study the cause and effect sentences. Underline the two parts in each sentence.
Label the cause C and the effect E.

C E
A change in one part of the web of life can lead to problems in other parts.
Key Words
E C
cause n a person Some ecosystems have changed due to human actions.
or thing that makes
something happen; 1. Pollination causes plants to make new seeds and fruit.
v to make something
happen
2. We need trees because they help clean the air.
consequence n
something that 3. Purification removes dirty parts from water so it is clean and healthy.
happens as a result of
something else 2. Read the paragraphs. Then work with a partner to complete the tasks.
effect n a result

1 Pollination is experiencing a serious problem because of changes in the


ecosystems where many pollinators live. Birds, insects, and small animals
that pollinate plants live in forests and other areas that humans are cutting
down or hurting in other ways. As a result, the animals die or leave and
cannot pollinate plants.
2 Losing pollinators will have serious effects for humans. One consequence is
that we could have less food, because 70 percent of the world's food needs
pollination to grow. Another effect is that businesses around the world could
be hurt. Pollination around the world is worth many billions of dollars a year.

1. Underline the topic sentence of Paragraph 1. Put a check (✓) next to each
supporting detail.
2. Circle the word that best completes the sentence:
Paragraph 1 explains the causes / effects of losing pollination.
(continued on next page)

U nit 2 ■ The Web of Life 21


3. Underline the topic sentence of Paragraph 2. Put a check next to each
supporting detail.
4. Circle the word that best completes the sentence:
Paragraph 2 explains the causes / effects of losing pollination.

3. Discuss your answers to items 2 and 4 in Exercise 2 with a partner.


1. What information in the topic sentences you underlined helped you
complete the statements?
2. Did the supporting details in the paragraphs help you complete these items?
If so, how?
3. Did any special words in the paragraphs help you complete these items? If
so, what were they?

Before You Listen


1. Look at the diagram to identify the different parts of the ecosystem, and read the
statements on the next page that describe the diagram. Label the statements in
Building
the correct order. Then compare your answers with a partner's.
Academic
Listening Skills
In this section, you will
learn how to organize
ideas, take notes while
listening, and listen for
causes and effects.
For online assignments,
go to
Tyacademicconnectionsi,-

The Brazil nut tree grows in the Amazon rainforest. People eat Brazil nuts,
and the international Brazil nut business is worth $50 million a year. To
make new trees and new fruit, each tree needs the help of bees to pollinate.

22 4
Unit 2 • Ecolog
As a result of this pollination, there is new fruit.
The agouti' opens the fruit to eat the nuts inside.
1
When bees visit the flowers of the tree to eat, pollen gets on their bodies.
Then the agouti puts nuts in the ground to eat later.
When the bees go to another flower, the pollen comes off their bodies.
Consequently, new Brazil nut trees grow.

2. Use the sentences from Exercise 1 to complete the paragraph about the Brazil
nut tree. Then answer the questions.

A Brazil nut tree in the Amazon rainforest can grow and produce
nuts because of its ecosystem. When bees visit the flowers of the
tree to eat, pollen gets on their bodies.

1. Does the topic sentence show a cause or an effect?


2. Does the body of the paragraph show causes or effects? Check (✓) them.
3. What words or phrases helped you decide if the paragraph describes causes
or effects? Circle them.

3. Work in small groups. Discuss the questions.


1. How are the Brazil nut tree, bees, and agouti connected in a web of life?
2. What does this web of life give to humans?
3. What might happen to this web if there were no bees or no agouti?

Global Listening
Organizing Information--

Knowing how to organize information from a lecture is an important academic


skill. This skill:
• helps you understand and remember the information you hear
• helps you find the relationships between ideas
• makes it easier for you to review information
One way to organize information is to use a graphic organizer. A graphic
organizer is a chart or diagram that shows the organization of information. You
can use graphic organizers to take notes on a lecture. You can also use them to
organize your ideas for a paper or presentation.

agouti n a small tropical animal about the size of a rabbit

U nit 2 ■ The Web of Life 23


1. c) Listen to the lecture. Complete the graphic organizer with the information from
Key Words the box that you will also hear. Then compare your graphic organizer with a
partner's.
affect v to cause a
change in someone or
something paper and building materials
farms and farm animals homes
depend on v to need
the help of someone or food medicine rain forest
something
destroy v to break or
damage completely;
destruction n
disappear v to go
away suddenly Web of Life Rain Forest
in danger adj in
a situation where
something bad or CAUSE EFFECTS
harmful might happen
replace v to take A lot of animals lose
someone from their
job or something from
its place, and put a
new person or thing
there

Lost opportunity to find

2. Circle the correct answer to complete each statement.


1. We are all connected in the web of life,
a. but people who live far away from the Amazon don't need to worry
about it
b. and people around the world depend on healthy rain forests
2. The professor uses the example of the bees and Brazil nut trees to
show that
a. big things can depend on small things
b. rain forest plants depend on pollination
3. There are many causes of rain forest destruction,
a. and humans are responsible for many of them
b. but the rain forest is not in danger

24 Unit 2 ■ Ecology
4. One effect of rain forest destruction is
a. more bees that pollinate plants
b. the loss of new medicines
5. The professor believes that the health of people is
a. connected to the health of the rain forests
b. more important than the health of the rain forests

Focused Listening
1. Listen to the lecture again. Circle the correct answer to complete each
sentence.

Fifty to seventy / eventy to ninet percent of all plants in the rain forest
depend on pollination.

1. The Brazil nut business is worth 50 million / 5 million U.S. dollars a year.
2. Today in the Amazon, rain forest is destroyed to build new houses /
use for farms.
3. Twenty percent / Two percent of the Amazon rain forest has been
destroyed.
4. Many / Few of our medicines come from rain forest plants.
5. Scientists have tested only 10 percent / one percent of the plants from the
rain forest to use for medicines.

Speakers use these expressions to introduce causes:


because (of), since, due to
Example
cause
Farmers sell their rain forest land because they need money.

Speakers use these expressions to introduce effects:


therefore, consequently, so, as a result

effect
Farmers need money. Therefore, they sell their rain forest land.

As you listen to a lecture, notice these expressions.

Unit 2 • The Web of Life 25


2. Listen to the excerpts from the lecture. Circle the cause-and-effect expression
you hear.

• Excerpt One
since consequently
G) Excerpt Two
so since
• Excerpt Three
therefore since

3.° Listen to the excerpt from the lecture. Complete the excerpt with the cause-
and-effect expressions you hear.

Unfortunately, the web of life of the Amazon is in danger. In fact, 20


percent of the rain forest has disappeared, (1) human
actions. Local people and international companies are burning forests down to
use the land for farms and farm animals. In addition, people around the world
use paper and building materials made from millions of rain forest trees. These
actions have serious effects on all living things.
First, (2) trees are disappearing, many animals are
losing their homes and food. A lot of them die. (3) many
living things depend on each other, when some die, the whole web of life is
affected.

4. Discuss the questions in small groups. Then share your ideas with the class.
1. According to the lecture, how are people connected to the rain forest? What
other ways can you think of? Make a list in your notebook.
2. According to the lecture, how are people destroying the rain forest? What
other reasons can you think of? Make a list in your notebook.
3. Which statement would the professor agree with? Which statement do you
agree with? Explain your answers.
• People should stop rain forest destruction; we need to protect planet
Earth.
• People should use the rain forest however they wish because they need to
support their families.

Checkpoint 1 FhWademicconnectionsle

26 Unit 2 • Ecology
Before You Read

Building
Academic
Reading Skills
In this section, you will
learn additional tools
that effective writers use
to organize cause-and-
effect ideas.
For online assignments,
go to
sfiy4cademicconnect ionslab

Key Words

benefit n something
that helps you
cost n the amount of
money you must pay
in order to buy, do, or
produce something;
v to have a particular
price; costly adj
degrade v to make Ecosystems provide people with many important products and services. The watershed
something worse than shown in this diagram is an ecosystem service. As water moves through the plants and
it was; degradation n; land in a watershed, it becomes clean.
degraded adj
economy n the way 1. Read the paragraph about water purification, an ecosystem service. Circle the
that money, business, correct words to complete the paragraph.
and products are
organized in a country Pure water is very (1) valuable / degraded. The (2) cost / benefit of clean
or area; economic adj
water comes from healthy ecosystems around watersheds—places like forests,
process n a set of
actions or events that where water from rain travels before it goes into rivers or lakes. During the
cause change
(3) cost / process of moving slowly through the watershed, water gets clean.
valuable adj
important; costing a Watersheds can become (4) degraded / worth when people build things like
lot of money; value n, v
roads and parking lots in these areas. As a result, unclean water runs into
worth adj having a
particular value rivers and lakes. This can have a big (5) benefit / cost for the environment and
the (6) economy /process. For this reason, it is important to protect watersheds.

l Jnit 2 ■ The Web of Life 27


2. Think about a natural place in your area. Read the questions and complete the
chart with your examples. Then discuss the same questions with a partner and
add your partner's examples to the chart.

1. What is a natural ecosystem that you enjoy in your area? What services, or
benefits, does this ecosystem bring to people or to the local economy?
2. How are these services valuable to you? Why?

Ecosystem Service/Benefit Value to You

Example • fun: swimming, • good for relaxing


river by my house boating • lees money than
• water for the city going out
• fish • drinking water
• beautiful and quiet • cheap fish for
dinner, cheaper
than the market
and delicious!

My example

My partner's example

Global Reading

Cause-and-Effect Organization: Block Organization

Cause and effect is a common organizational pattern for science texts. In block
organization, all the causes are discussed together in one section, often in one
paragraph, and all the effects are discussed in another block. (Note: Some texts
discuss only causes or only effects.)

4
28 Unit 2 • Ecology
1. Read the textbook passage. As you read, pay attention to how the ideas
are organized.

NATURE'S SERVICES: WHAT ARE THEY WORTH?

1 What is clean drinking water worth to


you? How about good food? Ecosystems
provide humans with many important
things, including products like food and
medicine and services such as air and water
purification. These benefits are called
ecosystem services.
2 Recently, human actions have caused costly
degradation to some valuable ecosystem
services. In the Catskill Mountains of New
York State, watersheds were degraded due
to the destruction of forests for farming and
building. And in Brazil, because of rain forest
destruction and the use of insecticides,' there
are not enough insects to pollinate certain
important food plants. These examples show
us how our actions can be very costly to
people and the economy.
3 Losing ecosystem services has serious Pollinating plants by hand is very expensive.
effects on people's lives and health. When
the Catskills watersheds became too small
to purify water well, the drinking water in building the water purification plant was
nearby New York City became unhealthy. In much more expensive, the city decided to buy
Brazil, destruction of the valuable ecosystem and protect the watershed. However, this was
service of pollination caused the prices of still a very costly solution for the city. In Brazil,
fruits and vegetables to go higher. Since the cost of losing pollination services has also
many people cannot buy the more expensive been very high. Now many fruit plants must
products, they buy cheaper, less healthy foods. be pollinated by hand. This is expensive for
This affects their health. farmers. It is also expensive for other people
4 Destruction and degradation of ecosystem because it results in high food prices at the
services also affect the economy, since market.
fixing or replacing the services costs a 5 Losing the ecosystem services the Earth
lot of money. After the degradation of the provides would cause serious economic and
Catskills watershed, the city of New York health problems for everyone. Ecosystem
had two choices: First, the city could buy the services may be worth $33 trillion, and many
watershed and protect it. Then the forests economies on Earth would stop without them.
could make the water clean again. This would (Costanza, et al., 1997) In addition, people's
cost about a billion dollars. Second, the city health would be seriously affected without
could build a water purification plant. This these ecosystem services.
would cost six to eight billion dollars to build 6 Clearly, ecosystem services are too valuable to
and $300 million each year after that. Since lose.

1 insecticide n a chemical used for killing insects


Costanza, R. et al. (1997). The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature, 387(May), 253-260.

Unit 2 ■ The Web of Life 29


2. Complete the tasks. Discuss your answers with the class.
1. Underline the main idea of the entire text.
2. Circle the cause-and-effect expressions.
3. How are the paragraphs in the body of the text (paragraphs 2-5) organized?
• Paragraph tells the causes of destruction to two ecosystem services.
• Paragraph discusses the effects on people's lives.
• Paragraph discusses the economic effects of this destruction.
• Paragraph tells the possible effects of losing all ecosystem services.
4. Did the use of cause-and-effect expressions help you to recognize the
organization of ideas? If so, how?
5. Underline the concluding sentence of the entire text twice.

Focused Reading

1. Read the text on page 29 again. Take notes on supporting details in the chart.

Paragraph Main Ideas Details

Paragraph 1 Ecosystems provide many


important
and .

Paragraph 2 causes of destruction: • Catskills

• Brazil

Paragraph 3 effects: people's lives and • degradation of Catskills


watershed•

• less pollination in Brazil

30
4,
Unit 2 • Ecology
Paragraph Main Ideas Details

Paragraph 4 effects° • Catskills

• Brazil

Paragraph 5 Losing ecosystem services: serious •

2. Write short answers to the questions. Use your notes from the chart in Exercise 1.
1. What are two ecosystem services described in the text?

2. What were two causes of destruction to the Catskills watershed?

3. Loss of pollination in Brazil has affected what kinds of food?

4. How much would it have cost New York City to build a water purification
plant?

5. How much are ecosystem services worth, according to the study by Robert
Costanza?

Unit 2 ■ The Web of Life 31


3. Brainstorm with your class about ecosystems that are in danger. On your own,
find information about another ecosystem. In your notebook, write at least two
short answers for each question. Use cause-and-effect structure and expressions
when possible.

Examoies
The ecosystem service of provides
The ecosystem is in danger due to

1. What service(s) does this ecosystem provide?


2. What are the causes of degradation to this ecosystem?
3. What are the effects of this degradation?
4. Can humans stop the degradation and fix the ecosystem? If so, how? If not,
can they replace the ecosystem?

Checkpoint 2 iffSrandeMiCC011iteCtiOnSiabt,

Before You Speak

4
Building
Academic In academic courses, students often give short presentations. When you speak, it is
Speaking Skills better to use notes rather than to read a paper word for word. That way, you can
look at your audience while you talk. To prepare for your presentation, you can
In this section, you will take notes on the introduction, main ideas, details, and conclusion in several ways:
practice preparing oral • In an outline
presentations. Then • In a PowerPoint presentation
you will prepare and • On note cards
give a presentation Practice giving your presentation with a clear, strong voice. Look up from your
about the causes and/or notes as much as possible.
effects of destruction to
an ecosystem service.
You will use ideas and 1.G) Listen to a student presentation. As you listen, complete the note cards on
vocabulary from this page 33 with the words from the box. Then compare notes with a partner's.
unit.
For online assignments,
go to costly economy pollination work

M7.461'demicconnectionslab diet expensive web of life

32 Unit 2 • Ecology
A. Intro: Pollination and the loss of bees B. Causes:
1. Bees used for: • too much
• honey • poor
• services • insecticides used on farms
1.bees are leaving their beehives
2. smaller bee population= costly

consequences

C. Effects: D. Conclusion:
• food • bees are important to our
• food not as good

• bad for the • loss of bees: very

• need to find way to save bees

2. Work with a partner. Read the statements. Decide if they are true or false. Write
Key Words
T (true) or F (false).

honey n a sweet,
a. Beekeepers use bees mainly to
sticky liquid made
by bees and eaten
produce honey.
by other animals and b. Pollination services are very
humans valuable.
population n the
number of people c. The bee population is growing.
or animals living in a
d. Bees may be disappearing because
certain area
they work too hard.
e. Pollination by people is not as good
as pollination by bees.
f. The speaker hopes scientists
will soon find a way to improve
pollination by humans.

Unit 2 ■ The Web of Life 33


Focused Speaking

Preparing for an

You can use certain expressions to help your listeners follow your presentation.
To introduce your main idea or topic:
Today I am going to talk about . . .
My presentation today is on .
To introduce a point:
First/Second, . . .
Next, . .
Another cause/effect is . . .
Finally, . . .
My final point is . . .
To conclude your presentation:
In conclusion, . . .
To close, . . .
To ask if there are any questions from your listeners:
Are there any questions?
Do you have any questions?

1.4) Listen again to the presentation in Before You Speak on page 32. Check (✓)
the expressions you hear.
Today I am going to talk about . .
My presentation today is on .
First, . . .
Second, . . .
Next, . . .
Another cause is . . .
Another effect is . . .
Finally, . . .
My final point, . . .
In conclusion, . . .
To close, . . .
Are there any questions?
Do you have any questions?

34 Unit 2 ■ Ecology
2. Complete the note cards to prepare a short presentation about causes and
effects of degraded watersheds in the Catskill Mountains as described in the
reading on page 29.

A. Introduction: Causes and effects of 13. Causes:


degraded watersheds in the Catskill
Mountains

D. Conclusion:

3. Work with a partner. Take turns giving your presentations, using your note
cards. Use the cause-and-effect words and expressions that you have studied in
this unit, as well as the expressions in the skills box on page 34. Give feedback
on your partner's presentation. Tell your partner one thing that he or she did
well and one thing that he or she could do better.

Integrated Speaking Task


You have read about and listened to a lecture and a presentation about the web of
life and ecosystem services. You will now use your knowledge of the unit content,
topic vocabulary, cause-and-effect structure, and presentation techniques to plan
and give a presentation about the cause(s) and/or effect(s) of the degradation of an
ecosystem service.

Unit 2 ■ The Web of Life 35


Follow the steps to prepare your presentation.

Step 1: Choose an ecosystem to present. (You may use one of the ecosystems you
discussed on pages 28 and 32.) Write notes in the chart to connect your topic to
ideas from the reading and listenings. If needed, use the library or the Internet to
find information.

Ecosystem: Location

Service(s) provided

Causes of degradation /
destruction

Effects of destruction (health,


economic, environmental, etc.)

Related examples from this unit

Step 2: Decide whether you will talk about causes, effects, or both. Then write
notes on note cards.
Step 3: Practice the presentation with your note cards. Try speaking in front
of a mirror and not reading from your notes word for word. Use the expressions
you have learned to show cause and effect and to help your audience follow
your ideas.
Step 4: Give your presentation in a small group. Answer your classmates'
questions. As you listen to other students' presentations, take note of whether they
discuss causes, effects, or both. Think of one question to ask each presenter.

36 Unit 2 ■ Ecology
Health
Stress and Health

Unit Description
Content: This course is designed to familiarize the student
with the concept of stress and how it affects health.
Students will also learn strategies for stress management.
Skills: Coherence and Cohesion

• Recognizing coherence in texts

• Using connectors for cohesion

• Using transition words for cohesion


• Listening for organization: Speech markers

• Listening for examples

• Planning a coherent paragraph

• Using cohesive expressions

Unit Requirements
Readings: "Understanding Stress" (an excerpt from a health
management textbook)
"Stress in the Modern World: Technostress" (an excerpt
from a website)

Lecture: "Stress Management"


Integrated Writing Task: Writing a coherent and cohesive
paragraph about technostress

Assignments: www.MyAcademicConnectionsLab.com

37
Previewing the Academic Content
Every day we experience different kinds of problems—some small, some big. For
some people, getting to work might be the most difficult part of the day. Others
Preview experience real dangers to their physical and emotional happiness—an accident,
For online assignments, the sickness of a loved one, or the loss of a job. Stress is how our bodies and
go to minds respond to these situations. Stress is a normal part of life, but too much
stress can seriously affect our health. Scientists and health professionals study
M:'""Selr'dernicconnections:E how stress affects the human body, and they suggest ways to lower stress. They
also study new kinds of stress that people are experiencing in today's world. You
will examine these issues in this unit.

1. Look at the pictures. Discuss the questions in small groups.


emotional adj related
to feelings
manage v to succeed
in doing something
difficult, such as
dealing with a problem
respond v to react to
something that has
been said or done
stress n the feeling of
being worried because
of difficulties in your
life; stressed adj;
stressful adj
stressor n a situation
that causes a stress
reaction

1. What is the cause of stress in each picture?


2. What are some other common causes of stress?
3. Do you think life today is more or less stressful than life 50 years ago? How
about life 5,000 years ago? Explain.

38 Unit 3 ■ Health
2. Look at the Student Stress Scale, which lists common stressors that students
experience. Check (.1 each event you have experienced in the last two years.

THE STUDENT STRESS SCALE


STRESSFUL EVENTS
death of a close family member

death of a close friend


divorce of parents

being very sick or getting hurt in an accident


getting married
losing a job

failing an important class

change in the health of a family member


being pregnant or having a child

being upset with a close friend


change in money situation
changing studies in school

having trouble with parents


having a new boyfriend or girlfriend
taking more classes in school

having success with an important task or event


starting school or a new semester
moving to a new place
having a problem with a teacher

Adapted from Holmes, T., & Rahe, R.N. (1967). The social readjustment rating scale. Journal of Psychosomatic
Research, 11, 213.

Unit 3 • Stress and Health 39


4.
3. Discuss the questions in small groups.
1. How many events did you check? Do you think your overall stress level is
high, medium, or low? Which member of your group has experienced the
most stressful events?
2. Do any of the events on the list surprise you?
3. What other events do you think should be on the list?
4. What do you think causes more stress—big events (like those in the scale)
or daily experiences (like losing your keys)?

In this unit, you will Previewing the Academic Skills Focus


learn how to recognize
coherence and cohesion
in readings and lectures.
You will also learn how
A text has coherence when all of the ideas are related to the main idea of the text.
to create coherence and
Cohesion is the use of words and expressions to connect ideas within and between
cohesion in your own sentences. Understanding coherence and cohesion will help you to follow readings
writing. and lectures and to write more effectively.

1. Read the two paragraphs about stress. Notice how they are different.
Paragraph A

Some experts think that the best way to find out a student's stress level is
to look at the small daily stressors in his/her life. Some examples of daily
stresses are arriving late to class, losing a car key, and having problems with a
roommate. According to Blonna (2005), these daily stresses can tell us more
about a person's stress level than big events can. Big life events can give a
general idea about a person's stress level. However, they are hard to measure.'
In addition, Miller and Rahe (1997) found that people in today's world respond
differently to big life events than people did in the past. For example, getting
a traffic ticket was not a big cause of stress 30 years ago, but today a ticket
might cost a lot of money. This may cause a person to experience much more
stress.

1 measure v to find out the size, weight, or amount of something


Blonna, R. (2005). Coping with stress in a changing world. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Miller, M.A., & Rahe, R.H. (1997). Life changes scaling for the 1990s. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 43,
279-292.

40 Unit 3 ■ Health
Paragraph B

Some experts think that the best way to find out a student's stress level is to
look at the small daily stressors in her life. Like losing keys and having problems
with roommates. My sister often fights with her boyfriend, too. This causes a
lot of stress in her life. Blonna points out that these daily stresses can tell us
more about a person's stress level than big events can. Big life events can give
a general idea about a person's stress level. You can't measure them easily.
Miller and Rahe found that people in today's world respond differently to big
life events today than they did in the past. Getting a traffic ticket was not a big
cause for stress 30 years ago. Today a traffic ticket might be very expensive.
Last week I got a ticket for driving too fast.

2. Complete the tasks and discuss the questions in small groups.


1. Underline the topic sentence of each paragraph. Which paragraph supports
its main idea more clearly?
2. Are there any sentences that don't relate to or support the main idea in the
less coherent paragraph? Draw a line through them.
3. Circle the words and expressions that help connect the sentences in the
coherent paragraph.

Before You Read

Building
Academic Coherence makes a text easy to understand. In a coherent text:
Reading Skills • All ideas support the main idea of the text.
In this section, you • Every paragraph discusses only one main idea.
will learn more about • The connection between ideas is clear.
the tools that effective • The organization and order of ideas is logical.
writers use to create
coherence and cohesion.
For online assignments, 1. You will read a textbook passage with this main idea: Modern life has created
go to serious problems related to stress. Check (✓) the ideas that you think will be in
the passage.
MPFSdernicconnectionsab
Many things cause stress in today's world.
Stress can make people very sick.
Students should take breaks when studying for a test.
Problems with money cause a lot of stress today.
People in Tokyo have busy lives.
People live longer now than they did in the past.

Unit 3 ■ Stress and Health 41


2. Compare answers on page 41 with a partner's. Explain how the ideas you
checked are related to the main idea.

3. Discuss the questions with your partner.


1. Has stress ever caused you to do poorly at your work? Explain.
2. Has stress ever helped you (or someone you know) to do good work? Explain.
3. Has stress ever caused you (or someone you know) any health problems?
Explain.

Global Reading
1. Look at the pictures. Discuss the questions in small groups.
1. What causes stress for the people in the pictures?
2. How is stress different for each person? Explain.

2. Read the textbook excerpt. Take notes on the main ideas.

lifestyle n the way


Understanding Stress
in which you live,
including your job, 1 Stress—the way a person they did in the past. Forty-eight
what you own, and responds to changes and difficult percent of people in the United
what you do situations—is a common States report that they feel more
release v to let experience that people all over stressed today than they did five
someone or something the world share (Blonna, 2005). years ago.' In addition, most
go free In fact, most people have stressful doctor visits in the world (three out
experiences every day. However, of five) happen because of problems
research shows that people related to stress.2 Scientists and
experience more stress today than health workers are interested in

1 APA survey, 2007


2 Foundation for Integrated Research in Mental Health, 2007

42 Unit 3 ■ Health
this subject because high stress levels have more danger of having an accident at work or
serious consequences that can affect people's while driving, and they might start bad habits
health and daily lives. more easily such as smoking or eating too
2 Researchers at Rutgers University suggest much.
that recent changes in people's lifestyles have 4 It is important to point out that stress is not
caused more stress. Stress causes the body to always bad, however. Actually, today's busy
experience physical changes such as a faster lifestyles cause two kinds of stress—eustress
heartbeat and breathing rate. The right level and distress. Eustress is the effect of positive
of stress can make a person feel stronger and events that cause a change in a person's life.
more energetic. Researchers believe that in Eustress provides the amount of stress that
the past this energy helped people to hunt is just right for a person to grow, to stay
for animals and to protect themselves from energetic, and to feel happy with life. For
danger (Cannon, 1932). They released stress instance, getting married is a happy life event
with physical activity involved in hunting, and for most people. However, getting married is
then their bodies could relax again. Although also a big change, so it causes stress. Distress,
people today still experience an increase in on the other hand, is the effect of bad or
energy in response to stress, they do not use difficult experiences. Problems with money,
energy like the hunter-gatherers3 did. As a school, or relationships are common causes
result, it is more difficult for their bodies to let of distress in modern life. According to the
go of stress. Holmes and Rahe Social Readjustment Rating
3 Too much stress—or stress that continues for Scale (1967), the death of a husband, wife, or
a long time—can cause serious physical and child causes the most distress in a person's
emotional problems. These problems include life. Distress can cause serious health and
trouble sleeping, sickness, and pain. Heart emotional problems, but eustress can actually
disease and even cancer probably result from improve a person's well-being.
stress. Moreover, people under stress are in

hunter-gatherer n a member of a group of people who live by hunting and looking for plants to
eat, rather than by keeping animals for food or growing crops
Blonna, R. (2005). Coping with stress in a changing world. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Cannon, W. (1932). The wisdom of the body. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner.
Holmes, T., & Rahe, R.H. (1967). The social readjustment rating scale. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 11, 213.

3. Circle the letter of the sentence that best expresses the main idea of each
paragraph. Use your notes.

Paragraph 1
a. More stress has become a problem in modern life.
b. Stress is common all over the world.
c. Stress makes people unhealthy.
Paragraph 2
a. Stress helped hunter-gatherers hunt and protect themselves.
b. Changes in lifestyle have caused more problems with stress.
c. People today use less energy than people in the past.
(continued on next page)

Unit 3 ■ Stress and Health 43


Paragraph 3
a. Too much stress causes serious physical and emotional problems.
b. Trouble sleeping is one effect of stress.
c. Stress causes changes in the body.
Paragraph 4
a. Good stress is called eustress.
b. Bad stress is called distress.
c. Stress can be good or bad.

Using Connectors for Cohesion

Connectors are words and expressions that connect two ideas in a sentence or
combine two sentences. Use and to connect ideas or to combine sentences that
are similar or that give extra information. Use but to connect ideas or to combine
sentences that are contrasting or opposite.
Connecting ideas
I need to study. I need to finish my paper. —. I need to study and finish my paper.
My job is interesting. My job is stressful. —+ My job is interesting but stressful.
Combining sentences
I have too much stress. My family doesn't help. —■ I have too much stress, and my
family doesn't help.
I don't have enough money. I feel fine. --■ I don't have enough money, but I feel fine.
To combine two complete sentences, use a comma before and or but. Do not use
a comma to connect two ideas in the same sentence.

4. Write and or but to connect the ideas as one sentence.


1. I left my house early. I arrived at work late.

2. Hunter-gatherers hunted. They looked for plants.

3. Getting married is exciting. It is stressful.

5. Use and or but to combine the sentences.


1. Stress can give people energy at first. It is usually not a problem if they can
release the energy.

44 Unit 3 • Healt h
2. Distress can cause physical problems. Eustress can help you grow.

3. People in the past used a lot of energy. People today do fewer physical
activities.

Focused Reading

1. Read the textbook passage on pages 42-43 again. Complete the chart with
the missing information. If the information isn't in the text, leave the chart blank.
Compare your chart with a partner's.

Key Point Definition Explanation or Examples from Text

Stress response of a person's mind and • getting married


body to a change or difficult • death of husband, wife, or child
situation • problems with money, school, or
family

Changes in lifestyle

Consequences of stress

Eustress

Distress

Unit 3 ■ Stress and Health 45


2. Circle the correct answer to complete each statement. Use your notes to
help you.

1. Most people experience stressful events every day / week.


2. In paritraph 1, the author gives statistics about stress because they are
enter fining to the reader / they show why experts are interested in stress.
3. Stress can make people feel relaxed / stronger.
4. The author discusses hunter-gatherers to show that they were not stressed /
how our response to stress has changed over time.
5. A problem in school / Getting married is an example of a positive stressful
life experience.
6. According to Holmes, divorce / marriage is more stressful.

Using Transition Words for Cohesion

Transition words and phrases create cohesion by showing the relationship between
ideas in paragraphs. They are often at the beginning of a sentence and followed
by a comma.
• To add information about or build on ideas from the previous sentence, use:
Also, In addition, . . . or Moreover, . . .
These terms are similar in meaning to the word and.
pies
I am stressed. I get upset with people. In addition, I worry about my family.
Also, I am worried about finding a job.
I have to study for an exam. Moreover, I have to finish a paper tonight.
• To contrast information, use: However, . . . or On the other hand, . . .
These terms are similar in meaning to but.
Examnie
My friends want me to help them with their problems. However, I have no time.
My housemate is very friendly. On the other hand, he always makes a big
mess.
Use these transition words at the beginning of a sentence. Do not use them after a
comma.

Right: Many women are stressed. However, working mothers are the most stressed.
Wrong: Many women are stressed, however, working mothers are the most
stressed.

3. Read Understanding Stress on pages 42-43 again. Circle the transition words.

46 Unit 3 • Health
.4.
4. Complete the chart. Answer the questions about yourself in the Me column. Then
ask a partner the questions and complete the My Partner column.

Me My Partner

What causes the most distress


in your life?

What causes eustress in your


life?

What, if any, health or


emotional problems do you
experience because of stress?

5. Write three sentences comparing and contrasting you and your partner. Use
transition words and phrases where possible. Then share one sentence with the
class.

Homework causes both of us distress. In addition, we both feel distress from


worrying too much.
Stress causes sleep problems for my partner. However, I always sleep well.

Checkpoint 1 MRS dernicconnectionslabt

4Unit 3 • Stress and Health 47


Before You Listen
1. Complete each statement with a correct key word.
Building 1. Is it already 4:00 P.M.? I didn't it was that late.
Academic 2. I'm making a for next week. I'm going to study every
Listening Skills
evening from 7:00 to 9:00 P.M.
In this section, you
will learn more about 3. Exercise is my favorite for lowering stress. It makes
the tools that effective me feel great.
speakers use to create
4. The presentation I'm giving next week is causing me a lot of
coherence and cohesion.
For online assignments, I'm afraid I won't do well.
go to
2. Complete the questionnaire from a student health office. You will use the bottom
7;;SCaiemiccennections:a5 portion of the questionnaire later.

Student Stress Questionnaire

11=1=11111i
anxiety n a feeling of
How often do you use these stress management techniques?
Check (./) Always, Sometimes, or Never.
worry; anxious adj
Stress Management Technique Always Sometimes Never
realize v to know or
understand something
that you did not know I make a schedule to manage my time.
before
I take time to relax and have fun.
schedule n a plan of
what you will do and I say "no" if I am too busy to do something.
when you will do it
technique n a
I sleep eight or more hours a night.
special way of doing I exercise three or more times a week.
something
I do one thing at a time.
I arrive early for appointments.

Remember: Taking time to manage stress will keep you healthy and happy!

48 ..94101
Unit 3 • Health
3. Work in small groups. Compare your answers to the questionnaire. Then discuss
the questions.

1. What other techniques do you use to manage stress? Add three of your
own or your classmates' ideas to the questionnaire, and check the correct
column.
2. Do you use different management techniques for different stressors?
Explain.
3. What is your biggest stressor in life, and which technique would be best for
managing it?

Global Listening

or Organization: Speech Markers

In Unit 2 you learned special words and phrases to show the introduction, main
ideas, and conclusion of a presentation. These expressions are called speech
markers. Listening for speech markers will help you follow presentations and
lectures and understand how they are organized.
Introduction
Today I'd like to talk about . . .
Today's topic is . . .
The focus of today's lecture is . . .
Main Idea
The first/second/next/last point I'd like to make
This brings us to another point I'd like to make .
Finally, . . .
Conclusion
To sum up today's lecture, . . .
In conclusion, . . .

1.4J Listen to the beginning of a presentation by a counselor from a campus health


services office. Check (If the answers.

1. What is the main idea of the presentation?


Stress has many consequences.
Many students are stressed.
There are ways to lower stress.
2. What expression does the presenter use to introduce the main idea?
The topic today is . . .
Today I will talk to you about . . .
The focus of the presentation is . . .

4 Unit 3 • Stress and Health


, 49
2.4--J Listen to the entire presentation. Complete the middle column of the chart with
the main ideas in the box. Listen again and write the speech markers used to
introduce each main idea. Compare your chart with a partner's.

Learn to use your time better. There are ways you


stress.
Learn what causes you stress and
change how you respond to that Manage your stress to live a
situation. healthy life.
Having a healthy lifestyle helps you
manage stress.

Part of Lecture Main Ideas Speech Markers

Introduction There are ways you can lower your Today I will talk to you about . . .
stress.

Part 1

Part 2

Part 3

Conclusion

50 Unit 3 • Health
4
3. Read the statements. Decide if they are true or false. Write T (true) or F (false).
1. In stress inoculation, you do not think about the cause of stress.
2. Time management helps students do better in school.
3. People who manage their time well have no time to relax.
4. Staying healthy helps you manage stress better.

Focused Listening

There are other speech markers that speakers use to introduce examples and to
create cohesion:
For example, . . .
One example of . . . is
Another example is . . .
For instance, . . .
To illustrate, . . .
. . . such as . . .
. . . like . . .
Pay attention to these speech markers as you listen to lectures. They show that an
example follows.

1. Listen to the presentation again. Note the expressions the speaker uses to
introduce examples. Then take notes on the examples in the Lecture Examples
column. Compare your chart with a partner's. You will complete the My
Examples column later.

Techniques Expressions Used Lecture Examples My Examples

Inoculation For example-, Speaking in public:


prepare for the
otreseful event

(continued on next page

Unit 3 • Stress and Health


41r. 51
Techniques Expressions Used Lecture Examples My Examples

Time management

Healthy lifestyle

2. How could you use each technique in your life? Write examples in the My
Examples column. Then share your ideas with a partner.

3. Listen to the excerpts from the presentation. Circle the best word to complete
each statement.

0 Excerpt One
The presenter believes that speaking in public is a(n) common / uncommon
fear.
0 Excerpt Two
The presenter suggests that most people think those who schedule their time
are usually too stressed / busy to relax.
0 Excerpt Three
The presenter thinks / does not think that people with a healthy lifestyle
have no stress.
4. Prepare a one- to two-minute presentation on your experience with stress. Follow
the steps.
Step 1: Choose one of the topics from the list or choose your own topic.
• A health problem related to stress
• How eustress helps you do well
• How people in your culture manage stress
• Why college students today have more stress
Step 2: Write the main idea about the topic in the outline on page 53. Then add
three supporting details and a conclusion. Try to make a connection to at least
one idea from the reading and one idea from the listening.

52 Unit 3 • Health
.441101
(Main idea)

(Details)

(Conclusion)
Step 3: Practice your presentation. Use connectors and speech markers to add
cohesion.
Step 4: Give your presentation in a small group.

Last semester, I didn't take care of my health because of stress. For


instance, in the last two weeks of class, I stayed up late every night to finish
my assignments. In addition, I drank a lot of coffee to stay awake, and
then I couldn't sleep. Also, I ate a lot of unhealthy food, such as pizza and
cookies. This caused me many health problems.

Checkpoint 2 rigindemicconnectio s alYt

Before You Write

Building
Academic You can use the outlining skills you learned in Unit 1 to plan a paragraph.
Writing Skills Following these guidelines will help you outline a coherent paragraph that is easy
for readers to understand:
In this section, you will
• Topic Sentence: Make sure that your main idea is clearly introduced in a topic
practice coherence and sentence.
cohesion in writing. • Body: Every detail should relate to and support your main idea. In addition,
Then you will write make sure that your ideas are in a logical order. Use cohesive expressions
a paragraph about to show organization and to introduce details and examples. Use connectors
stress. To write your and transitions to connect ideas and sentences.
paragraph, you will use • Concluding sentence: Often, a concluding sentence repeats the main idea in
ideas and vocabulary different words or gives a final comment.
from this unit.
For online assignments,
go to
WR73"dernicconnectionslab

Unit 3 • Stress and Health 53


1. Read the two paragraph outlines. Discuss the questions with a partner.
1. Does each outline include a topic sentence, body, and concluding sentence?
2. Does the topic sentence clearly state the main idea?
3. Do all the body details support the main idea? Are they in a logical order?
4. Does the concluding sentence relate to the main idea?
5. Which outline is better? Why?

Outline 1

Topic Sentence: Money is a big stressor for students.

Body/Details: • Tobs do not pay well.

• Schools are expensive—students borrow


money.

• cost of living is high—gas, food, rent.


• Need to buy expensive things—cars,

computers, etc.

concluding Sentence: In conclusion, today's students


experience stress because of problems with money.

Outline 2

Topic Sentence: Tobs do not pay well.


E3ody/Details: • Schools are more expensive—students borrow
money.
• Students have financial stress.
• cost of living is high—gas, food, rent

• Money is a serious stressor for students.


concluding Sentence: Finally, students need to buy cars and
computers.

54 Unit 3 ■ Health
2. Read the paragraph. Is it coherent? Which outline from Exercise 1 does
it follow?

Money is a big stressor for students. In today's world, many students have
jobs. However, their jobs do not pay enough to cover all their costs. In addition,
schools are more expensive these days than they were in the past, so many
students must borrow money to pay for their school. The cost of living is also
higher. For example, gas, food, and rent all cost more than they did in the past.
Finally, many students must buy cars to get to school and computers to do
their schoolwork. As a result, students often need more money than they
have. In conclusion, today's students experience stress because of problems
with money.

Focused Writing

nig Cohesive Expressio

Review the cohesive expressions you can use to help readers follow your
paragraph.
To . . . Use . . .
• add information and • and, in addition, also, moreover
contrast • but, however, on the other hand
• give examples • for example, for instance, to illustrate this, another
example, such as, like
• show order • first, second, next, last, finally
• finish a paragraph • in conclusion, in summary

1. Work with a partner. Complete the tasks.


1. Technostress is a feeling of anxiety caused by working with technology.
Read the website article on page 56 about Patrick Ngo, a student who
experiences technostress. Complete the article with cohesive expressions
from the skill box on this page. More than one answer may be correct.

Unit 3 ■ Stress and Health 55


40x,
f3 n n

0° „) 0 www.modernstress.com/technostress

Stress in the Modern World: Technostres

WHAT'S
TECHNOSTRESS? Eighty-five percent of people have problems
working with technology. Technostress is
ARE YOU A
VICTIM? a common type of stress in today's world.
Technostress is stress caused by technology,
(1) cell phones and computers.
Technology can make a person's life easier
GET HELP
(2) more exciting.
SHARE YOUR (3) , as Patrick Ngo found, it can
STORY
also cause frustration.
CONTACT US Patrick, a Chinese student at the University of Bristol, likes to play computer
games in his free time. He finds them challenging (4) fun to play,
(5) they cause him a lot of stress when he doesn't win.
(6) , he often spends too much time playing them, which has
caused his studies and health to suffer. In many ways, the computer games are like
the exciting hunt of the hunter-gatherers of the past. (7) , they get
Patrick's energy going. (8) , unlike the hunter-gatherers, there is
no release of stress. As a result, Patrick began to experience headaches and
sleeping problems. After a visit to his university health center, Patrick now plays
games less and exercises three times a week to control his technostress.

2. Underline the definition of technostress in the article.


3. Complete the chart on page 57 with information from the article.
4. Work in small groups. Make a list of other examples of technostress.

56 Unit 3 • Health
Patrick's Case
Type of technostress

Eustress / distress it
causes

Consequences of
stress

Stress management
solutions

2. Follow the steps to write a short paragraph answering this question: How does
Patrick Ngo's experience with technostress show the ideas about modern stress
and stress management in this unit? Follow the steps.
Step 1: Review the chart in Exercise 1. Add any new information related to the
question.
Step 2: Make an outline to organize your ideas. Use the skill box on page 53 to
check your outline.
Step 3: Write your paragraph. Remember to use cohesive expressions, connectors,
and transitions.
Step 4: Work with a partner. Exchange paragraphs. Use the information in the
skill box on page 53 to provide feedback on your partner's paragraph.

Integrated Writing Task


You have listened to a lecture and read texts about stress, stress management,
and technostress. You will now use your knowledge of the unit content, topic
vocabulary, and strategies for creating cohesion and coherence to write a
paragraph on this topic: What is one type of technostress you experience in
your daily life? Explain the stress, describe its effects, and discuss ways you
can try to manage it. Connect your experience to Patrick Ngo's experience
with technostress.

Follow the steps to write your paragraph.

Step 1: Complete the chart on page 58 with information about technostress in


your life.

Unit 3 ■ Stress and Health 57


Technostress in My Life

Type of technostress

Eustress / Distress it causes

Consequences of stress

Stress management solutions

How similar to / different from


Patrick Ngo's experience?

Step 2: Make a paragraph outline using ideas from the chart. Use the skill box on
page 53 to check your outline.
Step 3: Write your paragraph on a separate piece of paper. Use your outline and
the checklist in Step 4 to help you.
Step 4: Exchange paragraphs with a partner. Read your partner's paragraph and
provide feedback. Use the checklist.

Paragraph Checklist Yes No

Does the paragraph have a clear topic sentence that


introduces the main idea?

Does the paragraph have details (ideas and examples) that


relate to and support the main idea?

Are the supporting details and examples in logical order?

Does the paragraph have connectors and transitions that


connect ideas and sentences and introduce details and
examples?

Does the paragraph have a concluding sentence that


connects to the main idea?

Step 5: Revise your paragraph based on your partner's feedback. Then share your
paragraph in small groups.

58 Unit 3 • Health 11
Literature
Folktales
Unit Description
Content: This course is designed to familiarize the student with the literary form of folktales.
Skills: Summarizing
• Recognizing summary statements
• Distinguishing major from minor points
• Using time-order words
• Paraphrasing
• Preparing narrative summaries
• Giving a narrative summary

Unit Requirements
Lecture: "Common Characteristics
of Folktales"
Readings: How Raven Gave Light (a folktale)
"The Trickster" (a descriptive paragraph)
How Anansi Gave People Stories (a folktale)
Listening: The Tree with the Golden Apples
(a narrative summary)
Integrated Speaking Task: Preparing and
presenting an oral summary of a folktale
Assignments:
www.MyAcademicConnectionsLab.com

59
Previewing the Academic Content
Many cultures, especially those that don't use writing, tell stories to explain the
world and to pass down history and beliefs to the next generation. People have
Preview shared these stories, called folktales, in the oral tradition for hundreds or even
For online assignments, thousands of years. Now the stories can be found in books, stories for children,
go to and movies. Folktales have many purposes. Some teach lessons about life. Others
explain mysterious events as being the results of magic. And some entertain the
ti ge"5"demicconnectionsiab audience. In this unit, you will read and listen to folktales and learn about the
common features of folktales.

1.G) Read and listen to an example of a short folktale, How Raven Gave Light.
This folktale is popular in Alaska and in the Pacific Northwest area of the United
States. It is about a time when people lived in darkness, and it explains how a
bird named Raven gave people light.

HOW RAVEN GAVE LIGHT


As told by Marilyn Whirlwind (adapted)
A long time ago, Raven looked down from the sky. He
saw that the people of the world were living in the dark
because an old, selfish1 chief 2 was hiding the great ball
of light. Raven thought that
character n a person people should not live in
in a book, story, movie the dark, so he decided
etc. to bring light to them. The
culture n the beliefs, next day he used magic to
customs, and way of
change himself into a small
life of a society
leaf3 from a tree and fell
feature n one part of
something that people into a river. Soon after that,
often notice because the chief's daughter came
it is important or to the river for a drink of
interesting water. She drank the leaf,
generation n all the and the leaf grew in the
people who are about young woman as a baby
the same age boy. When the baby was born, all loved him, especially the chief. But soon,
magic n a special the baby started to cry. He wanted to play with his grandfather's ball of light.
power used for making
The family could not make him stop crying for the ball. Finally, the chief gave
strange things happen;
magical adj the ball of light to the baby. As soon as he had the light, the baby changed
oral adj spoken, not back into Raven. He immediately threw the ball of light into the sky, so there
written was light everywhere! From then on, people lived in the light.
tradition n a belief
1 selfish adj caring only about yourself and not other people
or custom that has
existed for a long time; 2 chief n the leader of a group or tribe
traditional adj 3 leaf n a flat, green part of a plant or tree that grows out of branches or a stem

60 Unit 4 ■ Literature
2. Work with a partner. Complete the chart with information about the story.

When does the a long time ago


story happen?

Where does it
happen?

Who are the main


characters?

What is the
problem?

How is the
problem solved?

3. Discuss the questions in small groups.

1. Have you ever heard this folktale before? If so, was that story similar to the
one you have just read or different? How?
2. What other folktales have you heard?
3. What kinds of stories did you hear as a child? Have you ever seen one
of these stories written down or in a movie? If so, was the written story
different from the one you heard?

This unit will help you Previewing the Academic Skills Focus
recognize summaries in
readings and lectures.
You will also learn how
to summarize material
A summary briefly gives the main information of a longer written or spoken text in
you read and hear.
your own words. A good summary:
• includes the main points of the text
• answers important questions about the text (such as Who?, What?, When?,
Where?, Why?, and How?)
A good summary does not:
• include unimportant details
• give your opinion
Summarizing what you read and hear in class can help you to review and
understand the main ideas.

Unit 4 ■ Folktales 61
1.Read the summaries of How Raven Gave Light.

Summary 1
How Raven Gave Light is a very old Alaskan folktale. Long ago Raven saw
that the people lived in darkness because a chief was hiding the ball of
light in the sky. Raven wanted to help the people. First, he used magic
to change into a baby boy, the chief's grandson. Then the baby cried for
the ball of light until the chief finally gave it to him. Raven put the ball of
light in the sky so the people could live in light.

Summary 2
Raven came down from the sky and saw that the people needed light
because they were living in the dark. An old chief wanted to keep the
light because he was selfish. Raven changed into a leaf and went into
some water. Then Raven changed into a baby. Everybody loved the baby,
but he cried because he wanted to play with the ball of light. The chief
was tired of the crying, so he gave the baby the ball of light. This story
was very interesting.

2. Check (✓) the correct columns to complete the chart. Then compare answers in
small groups. Which summary do you think is better? Explain.

Which summary . . . ? Summary 1 Summary 2

includes the main points of the text

answers the question When does the story happen?

answers the question Where does the story happen?

answers the question Who are the main characters?

answers the question What is the problem?

answers the question How is the problem solved?

includes unimportant details

includes the writer's opinion

62 Unit 4 ■ Literature' 1
Before You Listen

Circle the elements that you think make a good story. Then discuss your choices in
Building small groups. Give examples from stories you like.
Academic
Listening Skills characters that seem real humor (funny) simple story
In this section, you will clever characters interesting setting surprises
learn more about how
(place and time)
to recognize summary complex story teaches a lesson
statements in a text. You lots of action
fight between good other
will also learn how to and bad magic
recognize the ideas that
are most important to happy ending romance
include in a summary.
For online assignments,
go to Global Listening
i3755'demicconnection&a r:

A summary statement is one sentence that brings together the most important
ideas from a paragraph or a longer text. Summary statements are most often
located in the conclusion of a paragraph, lecture, or text. In a longer text or
lecture, each section or paragraph may have a summary statement. These
expressions introduce summary statements:
In conclusion, . . .
To conclude, . . .
In summary, . . .
To sum it up, . . .
Recognizing summary statements will help you identify the main points of a
Key Words reading or lecture.

characteristic n
a typical quality or 1.G.) Listen to the lecture. Pay attention to summary statements to help you identify
feature of something the main ideas. Take notes on the main ideas in your notebook.
or someone
clever adj able to use 2. Check (✓J the three main ideas in the lecture. Use your notes to help you.
your intelligence to
Storytellers from different cultures make changes to folktales.
get what you want,
sometimes in a slightly Folktales were not written down, so they changed over time.
dishonest way
extraordinary adj
Animal characters in folktales have human-like qualities such as the
very unusual, special, ability to talk.
or surprising Folktale characters are often simple.
role n the position or
job that someone has The plot of the story starts with a problem.
in a group The plot of the story is interesting.
task n a job or piece
of work

Unit 4 ■ Folktales 63
3.G) Listen to the summary statement of the entire lecture to check your answers to
Exercise 2. Circle the expression you hear.

a. In conclusion b. In summary c. To sum it up

Focused Listening
1. Ga Listen to the lecture again. Complete the outline using the words from the box.
Then compare your outline with a partner's and make any necessary changes.

characteristics extraordinary magic task

clever human plot traditions

Lecture Topic: common (I) of folgtales

Oral tradition = stories changed based on:


• storytellers' place

• storytellers' (2) and culture

Example: Raven = another animal in other stories

Similar characters
• ordinary characters do (3) things
• have one or two strong characteristics

Examples: chief = selfish, not smart; Raven = generous,

(4)

• animals with (5) qualities

Examples: spider, turtle


Exciting plot

• happens "a long time ago"


• begins quicKly with a problem

• characters use tricKs, sKills, or (41)


to complete a (7)

• good characters win - bad characters lose


conclusion: common features of folKtales

• oral tradition
• similar characters
• strong (0)

64 Unit 4 ■ Literature
Distinguishing Major from Minor Points

Major points are main ideas and important details that are necessary for
understanding. A good summary includes only major points. Minor points add
interest or give extra information, such as examples, but they are not essential for
understanding. Minor points are not included in a summary.
To find major points, ask yourself these questions:
• Is this information important to understanding the text or lecture?
• Does this information give the main idea?
• Is this an important detail for understanding the main idea?
To recognize minor points, ask yourself these questions:
• If I take out this detail, can I still understand the text and the main idea?
• Is this a small detail? Does it only give extra information?

2. Review the outline in Exercise 1 on page 64. Put a * next to the major points—
the main ideas and important details. Put an X next to the unimportant, minor
details. Use the information in the skill box to help you decide. Compare your
choices as a class and make any necessary changes.

3. Work with a partner. Summarize the lecture. Follow the steps.

1. Review the skill box on page 61.


2. Make a list of the major points of the lecture. Leave out minor points.
3. Take turns summarizing the lecture. Use these expressions:
• The lecture was about . . .
• The first/second/last point . . .
• An important example of this . . .

4. Think of a folktale you know. Use the questions listed to help you organize
information. Then tell your folktale to a partner.
• What is the name of your folktale?

• When and where does the story happen?

• Who are the main characters?

• What is the problem and how is it solved?

-l Unit 4 ■ Folktales 65
5. Work with a partner. Use the Venn diagram to compare and contrast your
folktales. For example, compare time, place, characters, problems, and endings.
Then use your Venn diagram to explain one similarity or difference to your class.

How Raven Gave Light Tortoise and Hare

Problem: People Long time ago TasK: Win race


need light Uses SKill
Animals
Uses magic
WeaK character
wins

Difference Similarity Difference

Title: Title•

Checkpoint 1 riis ;indemicconnectionsiabt

66 Unit 4 ■ Literature
Before You Read
1. Do you know folktales with a clever character? Read the paragraph that
Building describes one type of folktale character, the trickster. Underline the key words
from the box.
Academic
Reading Skills
In this section, you
will learn about
paraphrasing, an
important academic THE TRICKSTER
skill. Folktales from around
For online assignments, the world have wonderful,
go to interesting characters. One
common folktale character
RIFSadernicconnections'ab is the trickster. The
trickster shows good and
bad human qualities. In
some stories the trickster
is strong, proud,' and
Key Words sometimes stupid, like the
ugly, frightening trolls2
obtain v to get of Scandinavia. These
something characters often have a
scheme n a plan,
scheme. In the scheme,
especially to do they make weak animals do
something that is not something for them. Many
honest other trickster characters
trick v to make are small and not strong, but they are very clever. They
someone believe carefully use their own special abilities to obtain something
something that is not they want. Examples of these tricksters are Anansi the spider
true to get something from West Africa, and the rabbit from the American South.
from him/her Tricksters often enjoy tricking other characters, but they do
not always win in the end.

1 proud adj thinking that you are better or more important than other
people
2 troll a an imaginary creature in traditional stories, like a very large
or very small ugly person

Unit 4 ■ Folktales 67
2. Work in small groups. Look at the pictures that illustrate the events in the folktale
you will read. Make predictions about the tale by answering the questions.
Share your ideas in small groups.
1. Who are the characters in this folktale?
2. What do you think is the problem in this story?
3. How do you predict the problem will be solved?

68 Unit 4 ■ Literature'`
Global Reading
1. Read the West African folktale How Anansi Gave People Stories. Complete the
chart. Then compare your notes with a partner's.

Time

Place

Characters

Problem

Main events of plot

How problem is solved

HOW ANANSI GAVE PEOPLE STORIES


1 A long, long time ago, Nyame the sky god had happened. She listened carefully. Then
hid all the stories in a box high in the sky. she said, "I have a plan." She shared her
Many people and animals had tried to get scheme with Anansi.
the stories, but no one could do it. Because 5 Later that day, Anansi followed Aso's plan.
they had no stories to tell, everyone was First, he found a long stick. After that, he
very sad. went near Snake's home and said loudly,
2 Then one day, an old spider, Anansi, made "This is very long, very long indeed!"
a long web all the way to the sky. Anansi When Snake heard Anansi talking, he said,
climbed the web to the sky and asked "What is so long?" Anansi answered, "I'm
Nyame, "Can I have the stories, please? I'll sorry, Snake. You are not the longest thing
do anything if you give us the stories." anymore. This stick is longer than you
3 Nyame thought for a moment. Then he are." Snake answered proudly, "It is not!
answered, "Fine. First I will give you a I'm a very long snake! You will see that I
task. Bring me three things: a snake, a am longer." He moved next to the stick.
leopard, and bees. Then I will give you Then, Anansi quickly used his web to tie
the stories." Nyame laughed so loudly that Snake to the stick.
everyone on Earth could hear him! 6 Immediately, Anansi climbed back to the
4 Anansi climbed slowly back to Earth. sky and gave the snake to Nyame. But
How could he bring all of those things to Nyame only said, "I told you to bring three
Nyame? Anansi told his wife, Aso, what things. Where are the other two?" Then
(continued on next page)

Unit 4 ■ Folktales 69
Nyame laughed, "Ha ha ha!" Anansi sadly Then he said to the bees, "It is raining!
went back to Earth with no stories. He Don't get wet! Quick—get inside my
asked his wife, "How will I ever obtain the gourds. It will keep you dry." So the bees
• second thing, a leopard?" fell for his trick and all flew into Anansi's
7 Again, Aso had a plan, and Anansi gourd. With a big smile, Anansi used his
22 followed it. First, he made a hole in the web to close the gourd, so the bees could
2 •
ground and put sticks over it so no one
could see the hole. The next day, Anansi
not get out.
9 Finally, Anansi took the bees to Nyame. •
went back to the hole—and Leopard had Nyame was not laughing anymore. Nyame
2 fallen inside! Anansi used his web to kept his promise and gave Anansi all of
s quickly tie him up. He took Leopard to
Nyame. Nyame looked surprised this time.
the stories.
10 Very carefully, Anansi carried all the
z
He said, "You still must bring the bees!" stories back down to Earth. First he told the •
2 8 Again, Anansi asked Aso for help. Again, stories to his wife, Aso. Next, he told them
2 he followed her plan. The next day he
found a tree with bees in it. He quickly
to the other animals. Finally, he told them
to the people. And after he told each story,
2 threw water on the tree and on himself. he said, "Stories are for telling, not for • X
2 keeping in boxes." X
s
2 1 gourd n a large fruit with a hard shell that is sometimes used as a container

2
• a • • • X
L 1041. Oft.* S14K1t1414>t1t1114111tANL 141L JIM JIM Pt Mt 14 1■11. me*

2. Work with a partner. Circle the main idea of How Anansi Gave People Stories.
a. Anansi gets stories from Nyame by completing difficult tasks.
b. Anansi catches a snake, bees, and a leopard.
c. Nyame gives Anansi a difficult task but his wife helps him complete it.

Using Time-Order Words

In a story, writers and speakers use time-order words and phrases to show when
things happen. Some of the time-order words and phrases are:
First (of all) / Second / Third
Next / The next day / Later that day
Then /Just then / Immediately
After / After that / Soon after
Again
Later
Finally
Recognizing time-order words will help you follow and understand the main events
of a story.

70 Unit 4 ■ Literature III


3. Scan How Anansi Gave People Stories. Circle the time-order words.

4. Number the events to put them in the correct order.


a. Nyame gives Anansi all the stories.
1 b. Nyame hides all the stories in a box in the sky.
c. Nyame gives Anansi three tasks.
d. Anansi brings a snake, a leopard, and bees to Nyame.
e. Anansi tells the stories to his wife, the other animals, and the people.
f. Anansi climbs to the sky and asks for the stories.

Focused Reading
1. Read the tale on pages 69-70 again. Then complete each question with Who,
What, When, Where, Why, or How. Finally, circle the correct answers.
1. does Anansi build a web to the sky?
a. to show his power
b. to get the stories
c. to tell stories
2. does Nyame laugh?
a. because he is happy to watch Anansi try to complete the tasks
b. because he does not think Anansi can complete the tasks
c. because he thinks Anansi is telling him a joke
3. has plans for catching a snake, a leopard, and bees?
a. Aso
b. Anansi
c. Nyame
4. does the snake move next to?
a. a web
b. a stick
c. a box
5. does Anansi catch the leopard?
a. with a web
b. with a stick
c. with a hole and some sticks

(continued on next page)

Unit 4 ■ Folktales 71
6. do the bees go when they think it is raining?
a. in a gourd
b. in a web
c. in a hole
7. does Nyame stop laughing?
a. after Anansi brings him the leopard
b. after he gives Anansi his task
c. after Anansi completes the task

Paraphrasing is stating someone else's ideas in your own words. While a summary
gives the main points of a text in fewer words, a paraphrase usually restates a
small part of a text, such as a sentence or quotation.
When you paraphrase:
• Don't change the speaker's or writer's meaning.
• Use your own words.
There are a few techniques you can use to help you paraphrase:
• Use synonyms for the key words in a sentence. Synonyms are words very
close in meaning. For example, big and large.
• Change the form of the key words in a sentence (nouns to verbs, adjectives to
nouns, etc.). For example, happy — happiness.
• Change the organization of the clauses in the sentence.

Example
Sentence: Nyame hid all of the stories in the sky so nobody could tell them.
Paraphrases:
• Nyame didn't like anyone on Earth, so he kept the stories in the sky. (not
good because it changes meaning)
• Nyame kept all of the stories in the sky so no one could tell them. (not good
because it does not use the person's own words; is an almost exact copy of
the original sentence)
• To stop people from telling stories, Nyame kept them hidden in the sky.
(good because it uses the writer's own words and doesn't change the
meaning; it uses synonyms and changes the form of some key words and the
organization of the clauses)

2. Read the paraphrases of some of the sentences in the tale on pages 69-70.
Find the original sentences in the tale and write them on the lines.
1. All the people and animals were unhappy since they couldn't tell stories.
Because they had no stories to tell, everyone was very sad.

2. Anansi told Nyame he would do whatever he wanted to get the stories.

72 Unit 4 ■ Literature 4:1


3. Nyame told Anansi he had to exchange a snake, a leopard, and bees for the
stories.

4. Anansi told the snake that he was shorter than the stick.

5. Anansi tied up the leopard with his web and took him to the sky god.

3. Read each sentence from the tale and its paraphrase. Complete the chart.
Check (✓) whether the paraphrase changes the meaning, uses the same words,
or is a good paraphrase. Then compare your chart with a partner's.

Changes Uses the Is a Good


Meaning Same Words Paraphrase

Sentence 1: He [Anansi] asked his wife, "How will I ever


get the second thing, a leopard?"
Paraphrase: Anansi wondered how to get a leopard.

Sentence 2: The next day, Anansi went back to the hole—


and Leopard had fallen inside!
Paraphrase: One day later, Anansi went back to the hole—
and Leopard had fallen inside!

Sentence 3: He [Anansi] quickly threw water on the tree


and on himself.
Paraphrase: Anansi threw water on the tree and on himself
quickly.

Sentence 4: With a big smile, Anansi used his web to close


the gourd, so the bees could not get out.
Paraphrase: Anansi happily closed the gourd with his web.
Therefore, the bees couldn't leave.

Sentence 5: First he [Anansi] told the stories to his wife, Aso.


Paraphrase: Anansi loved his wife most, so he told her the
stories first.

4. Work with a partner. Paraphrase the sentences from How Raven Gave Light on
page 60. Make sure that you do not change the meaning and that you use your
own words.
1. [Raven] saw that the people of the world were living in the dark because an
old, selfish chief was hiding the great ball of light.

(continued on next page)

Unit 4 ■ Folktales 73
2. Raven thought that people should not live in the dark, so he decided to bring
light to them.

3. As soon as he had the light, the baby changed back into Raven.

5. Work in small groups. Complete the Venn diagram comparing and contrasting
How Raven Gave Light (page 60) and How Anansi Gave People Stories
(pages 69-70). Include common characteristics of folktales. Share your diagram
with the class.

How Raven Gave Light How Anansi Gave People


Stories

Checkpoint 2 sacademicconnectionslb

Before You Speak

Building
Academic A narrative summary retells the events in a story. It quickly introduces the
Speaking Skills characters and main problem. Then it explains the plot (what happens) in correct
time order. A narrative summary may conclude with a summary statement retelling
In this section, you will the problem and its solution.
give an oral summary of
a folktale that you know.
For online assignments,
go to
i-17,74`ademicconnectionsia b

74 Unit 4 • Literature I
1.G" Read and listen to the narrative summary of a Dutch folktale, The Tree with
the Golden Apples.

The Tree with the Golden Apples is a romantic folktale from Holland. In this
story, a man gives three brothers, Jan, Dirk, and Cornelius, a task to bring him
a golden apple from an island in the center of a lake. The brother who obtains
an apple can marry the man's daughter, Jan's true love. At first, Jan's brothers
almost reach the island by boat, but then a magic wind keeps them from the
island. Next, the lake suddenly freezes, so Jan can ice-skate quickly to the
tree and get a golden apple. Finally, with the help of the weather, Jan is able to
complete his task and marry his true love.

2. Work with a partner. Identify the parts of the narrative summary. Look for:
• the introduction of characters and the problem
• the plot
• the solution of the problem
• time-order words

Focused Speaking

Eng a Narrative Su

Follow these guidelines when preparing a written or spoken summary:


• First, make sure you understand the text well.
• Include only the major points or events necessary for understanding.
• Use your own words (paraphrase) without changing the original meaning.
• Use transition words for cohesion.
(continued on next page)

Unit 4 ■ Folktales 75
• Use time-order words to help the listeners follow the summary.
• Do not include your own ideas or opinions.
When giving a narrative summary, you can use certain expressions to help your
reader.
To introduce the story, characters, and problem:
The title of the story / folktale is . . .
It is from . . .
It is about . . .
To describe the plot:
The story goes . . .
In this story, . . .
To conclude your presentation:
Finally, . .
And that is how . . .
This story explains . . .

1.In your notebook, write a summary of How Anansi Gave People Stories. Follow
the guidelines for writing a summary in the skill box.

2. Work with a partner. Exchange your summaries. Then follow the steps.
• Underline the title of the original story.
• Check (✓) the main events of the plot.
• Note any major points that are missing.
• Make an X next to any unimportant details or opinions.
• Circle the transition words.
• Note any paraphrases of statements from the text, or places where your
partner should paraphrase.

3. Give each other feedback on your summaries. Tell one thing you like, and
make suggestions about things that your partner could do better. Then use your
partner's suggestions to revise your summary.

4. Work with a new partner. Take turns giving oral summaries of How Anansi
Gave People Stories. Use your written summary as a guide, but do not read
from it directly.

76 Unit 4 ■ Literature !
Integrated Speaking Task
You have read about the common elements of folktales, read and heard several
folktales, and read and heard a model narrative summary. You will now use your
knowledge of the unit content, topic vocabulary, and strategies for summarizing
to give an oral narrative summary of a folktale you know.

Follow the steps to prepare for your presentation.


Step 1: Think of a folktale you know, or use the library or Internet to find one.
Review the folktale and make sure you understand it well. (Note: You can use the
folktale you shared in Exercise 4 on page 65.)
Step 2: Complete the chart with information about your folktale.

Title and origin

Time

Place

Characters

Problem

Main events of plot

How problem is solved

Step 3: Use your notes and review the skill box on page 74 and the guidelines
and expressions on pages 75-76 to outline a narrative summary of your folktale.
Use the summary of The Tree with the Golden Apples on page 75 as a model.
• In your opening sentence, introduce the common elements of folktales
discussed in the lecture: the culture or tradition in which the story is based,
the main characters, and the main problem in the plot.

Unit 4 ■ Folktales 77
• Following your summary, discuss at least one similarity or common element
between your folktale and How Anansi Gave People Stories, How Raven
Gave Light, or The Tree with the Golden Apples. These expressions might
be useful:
• As in How Anansi Gave People Stories, . . .
• Like the character in How Raven Gave Light, the character in
my story . . .
• The plot/characters in both stories . . .
Step 4: Practice giving your summary.
Step 5: Work in small groups. Take turns giving your summaries. Take notes
on common elements of the stories as you listen. Then discuss similarities and
differences between your stories. Report your results to the class.

78 Unit 4 ■ Literature M
~:hemisfry
Unit Description
Content: This course is designed to familiarize
the student with concepts of green chemistry.
Skills: Synthesizing Information
• Recognizing relationships between
different pieces of information
• Recognizing the relationship between
abstract concepts and concrete
information
• Recognizing the relationship between two
spoken sources
• Writing a problem-solution paragraph
• Introducing problems and solutions

Unit Requirements
Readings: "Green Solutions to Challenges in
Chemistry" (a scientific essay)
"Taking Green Chemistry to the Developing
World" (an excerpt from a speech transcript)
Lecture: "From French Fries to Fuel"
Listening: "Driving on Vegetable Oil" (excerpts
from a radio report)
Integrated Writing Task: Writing a problem-
solution paragraph
Assignments: www.MyAcademicConnectionsLab.com

79
Previewing the Academic Content

1
Preview
It is hard to imagine modern life
without petroleum. Our lifestyle
depends on it. We use petroleum fuel
For online assignments, to drive cars, to heat our homes, and
go to to fly airplanes. Petroleum is also
part of hundreds of other products
Tgrademicconnection&ab that we use every day, such as
medicines, clothes, and toys.
However, petroleum production
and its use in chemicals also causes
many problems. Petroleum that gets
chemistry n the on land and water kills many plants
science which studies and animals. Burning fuels pollutes
substances like gas, the air, and many products that
metals, liquids, etc., are made with petroleum can be dangerous to people's health. Scientists in one
what they are made of,
modern field of chemistry, called green chemistry, are finding creative ways to
and how they change;
chemical adj, n; make chemicals that don't cause so much harm to people and to the environment.
chemist n In this unit, you will learn about green chemistry and solutions it offers to
fuel n a substance that petroleum problems.
provides light, heat, or
power when it burns 1. How much do you know about petroleum and green chemistry? Test your
harm n damage or knowledge. Read the statements. Decide if they are true or false. Write T (true)
injury; harmful adj or F (false). Then check your answers at the bottom of the page.
industry n the 1. Petroleum may not be available to us within 40 years.
making of products in
factories; industrial adj 2. China uses the most petroleum in the world.
petroleum n oil from 3. Saudi Arabia produces the most petroleum in the world.
beneath the ground,
used for making 4. If we use all the petroleum on land, we can get more from the
gasoline oceans.
pollute v to make
5. An important goal of green chemistry is to stop using harmful
the air, water, or soil
dirty or dangerous
chemicals.
by adding harmful 6. We can use safer fuels instead of petroleum.
substances; pollution
n; polluted adj 7. Green chemistry solutions are usually very expensive.
substance n a
particular type of solid, 2. Discuss the statements and the correct answers with the class. Do any of the
liquid, or gas answers surprise you? Why or why not?

(aAISUOdX0 X.I0A 1011) '9 'g `(t,trea am) A .17 `(vS11) A 'Z 'if

80 Unit 5 • Chemistry
3. Look at the cartoon. Work in small groups to answer the questions.

WHY DON'T PEOPLE CARE


ABOUT THE ENVIRONMENT
LIKE I DO?

1. What items in the cartoon do you think use or are made with petroleum?
Circle the items in the box.

bread DVD milk carton shampoo


camera glasses pen shoes
car fruit plastic bags toothpaste
dress lotion purse tree

2. Check your answers to question 1 at the bottom of the page Think about
these products and the way we use petroleum. Does anything surprise you?
If so, what?
3. Describe what is happening in the cartoon. Why do you think the woman
says she cares about the environment and thinks other people don't? Do you
think she is right?
4. Do you use any of the items in the cartoon? If so, which ones?
5. Do you use any green products? Tell about one.
6. Which products do you think green chemists should try to make safer?
Explain.

.aap NT pun ‘14-ruj 'peaKt JOI ldaoxa unnannod tuvsn acrem oin xoq aqt tir[ slorpoid away

044 Unit 5 ■ Green Chemistry 81


In this unit, you will Previewing the Academic Skills Focus
practice synthesizing
information in
readings and lectures.
You will also
In academic classes, you will often need to use different sources to find information
practice synthesizing
about a topic. The sources may include written texts, lectures, discussions, graphs
information in your own or charts, the Internet, or even your own knowledge about the world. Using many
writing. different sources will help you understand the topic better. When you connect
information from different sources and use it to express your own ideas, you
synthesize the information.
To synthesize information, you might connect ideas in one text to:
• other ideas in the same text (within text)
• ideas in other texts or lectures (text to text)
• your experience or personal knowledge (text to self)
• commonly known facts or events (text to world)

1. Look at the graph and read the excerpt from an article.

Average World Temperatures and F . .1 ?ilia!'


In the past 50 years, Earth's temperatures have been increasing quickly. Richard
Wool of the University of Delaware writes, "We have a very, very serious
problem .. . called global warming."
(2007) Global warming, the
increase in Earth's temperatures, Average World Temperatures and Use of Fossil Fuels
0.8 70
may have serious effects on our

Oil Per Year (gigabarrels)


planet, including dangerous weather 0.6 60

and storms. Many experts agree 0.4 50


that pollution from burning fossil
0.2
fuels like petroleum can cause 40

global warming. John Warner of v 0.0 30


Degr

the University of Massachusetts


-0.2 20
in Lowell, says people who make
-0.4
chemicals need to think about the 10

consequences. They should take -0.6 0


1850 1870 1890 1910 1930 1950 1970 1990 2010
steps to make products cleaner and
safer to use.
temperature This graph shows average
1 fossil fuels n fuels, such as gas and oil, fossil fuel use temperatures in the world and the
that formed from plants and animals that use of fossil fuels.
lived millions of years ago

82 Unit 5 ■ Chemistry
2. Complete the tasks.
1. What information did you learn from the graph and the excerpt? Complete
the chart. Note any new information in the Information from Graph and
Information from Excerpt boxes. Then compare your answers with a
partner's.

Information from Graph Information from Excerpt

The use of fossil fuels . . z9urning fossil fuels

Information from Self—My Experience Information from World—Common Knowledge

I use petroleum for . . More people have cars and are using more
petroleum.

2. What experience or common knowledge do you have about petroleum and


global warming? Write it in the Information from Self and Information from
World boxes. Share your information with the class.

3. How does synthesizing information from different sources help you understand a
topic? Discuss it with the class.

Before You Read

2
Building
1. Green chemistry is based on a group of principles, or rules, that green chemists
use in their work. Match the principles on the left with the paraphrases on the
right.
Academic
Principles of Green Chemistry Paraphrases
Reading Skills
In this section, you will 1 No chemical waste. a. Any chemicals we make should not be
practice recognizing the toxic.
relationship between 2. Make chemicals that b. Only use materials that we can make
abstract concepts and break down naturally. or get more of.
concrete information.
3 Use renewable resources c. Chemical processes should not make
For online assignments,
and not nonrenewable materials that people don't want or
go to
resources. can't clean up.
Fifgadernicconne tionslab
4 Make safer chemicals. d. Only make chemicals that naturally
change into something that is not
harmful.

0111/ Unit 5 ■ Green Chemistry 83


2. Read the advertisement from a company that sells green products. Which
Key Words
principle (or principles) of green chemistry listed in Exercise 1 does each
product follow? Write 1, 2, 3, or 4.
alternative adj
different from
something else
renewable adj able to
be replaced by natural
GREEN WORLD
HOUSEHOLD BOOKS SALE
processes COMPANY
toxin n a poisonous
substance; toxic adj "Green" Bowls
waste n things that These bowls are made from 100 percent
are left after something renewable sugarcane plants. They
has been used; things change into smaller and smaller pieces
that people do not that do not harm the environment. In
want fact, they turn into dirt that can be used
to grow plants.
Principles•

Paint
This paint benefits you, your family,
and our Earth. It contains no harmful
chemicals that pollute the air inside your
home. Also, the color in this paint comes
from natural materials.
Principles•

Laundry Detergent
Wash your clothes the green way!
The scientists who made this laundry
soap used only natural ingredients,
not dangerous toxins. The bottle is
biodegradable, too.
Principles.

3. Work in small groups. Discuss the questions.


1. Do you use any green products? If not, why? If so, which green products do
you use?
2. Do you know of other similar companies or green products? Do you think
a green company can make a big difference to us and the environment?
Explain.

84 Unit 5 ■ Chemistry
Global Reading
1. Read the essay written by a green chemist. Then write the number of the
paragraph next to its main idea.

Green chemists must think about the effects of their alternative fuels.
Biofuels are less dangerous than fossil fuels.
People want and need chemical products that are safe.
One opportunity that green chemistry offers is finding alternatives to
fossil fuels.
Biofuels have negative consequences, too.

GREEN SOLUTIONS TO CHALLENGES IN CHEMISTRY

I Modern chemistry is a field in trouble. and likely to be gone within 40 years, it


According to a recent study,' 60 percent is even more important to find safe and
of Europeans have negative views of clean solutions.
the chemical industry. Another study2 3 In recent years, green chemists have
showed that 74 percent of Americans made biofuels from plants and other
have similar feelings. These results natural materials. This solution follows
show that people are worried about several important principles of green
the harmful effects that chemicals chemistry. First, biofuels come from
have on people and the environment. renewable materials such as soybeans
Over the last 80 years, chemists have and corn, which grow quickly.
made much of modern life possible, Second, making biofuel produces
but today we need products that help 60 to 80 percent less toxic waste
people without causing harm to the than producing petroleum fuels.
environment or costing too much. Also, burning biofuels causes much
2 In 1998, green chemistry began. Its main less pollution than burning petroleum
goals are to stop new environmental fuel. Finally, biofuels naturally change
problems and to provide solutions into materials that do not harm the
to the problems we already have. In environment. So if biofuels get on land
this way, green chemistry offers new or in water, they are easier and less
opportunities to the field of chemistry. expensive to clean up. For all these
One important goal of green chemistry reasons, biofuels seem like a good
today is finding ways to stop the solution.
world's dependence on petroleum. 4 Biofuels are not a perfect solution to
Since petroleum is expensive, toxic, petroleum fuels, however. Scientists

Pan European Image Survey, European Chemical Industry Council (CEFIC), 1994.
2 Corporate Image of the Chemical Industry, CIA (UK), 1993.

(continued on next page)

Unit 5 ■ Green Chemistry 85


have found that biofuels also have grow corn for ethanol, a chemical used
negative consequences. For example, to make biofuel. This causes a lot of
today biofuel production is the biggest pollution. In addition, making ethanol
cause of rain forest destruction in the puts dangerous toxins in the air.
Amazon, because trees are cut to grow 5 Finding a solution to our dependence
plants for fuel. Biofuel production has on petroleum fuel is an important goal
also resulted in higher food prices in for green chemists. However, scientists
many countries because companies and must carefully study the effects of
farmers make more money growing every possible solution. In this way,
plants for biofuel than growing them for green chemistry can be "the solution,
food. Finally, producing biofuels causes not the problem."
pollution. Farmers use pesticides to

Recognizing Relationships between Different Pieces


of Information

To synthesize different pieces of information, you need to be able to notice the


connections between them. When comparing information, you might notice ideas
that are:
• similar
• different
• specific examples of general ideas
• solutions
• reasons
• causes and effects

2. Work with a partner. Identify the relationships between the pieces of information
from the reading. Circle the correct answer to complete each statement.
1. The writer presents the negative views people have of the chemical industry
as a the field of chemistry is in trouble.
a. reason why b. solution to why
2. The beginning of green chemistry was a(n) our need for safe products.
a. effect of b. reason for
3. Biofuels are a the problem of petroleum fuel.
a. reason for b. solution to
4. Problems with biofuels are those with petroleum fuel.
a. similar to b. different from

86 Unit 5 ■ Chemistry 011


3. Complete the solutions with the correct words from the box. Then match the
problems on the left with the solutions on the right.

green chemistry green products scientists

Problems Solutions
1 Chemical products are a stops new
dangerous to our health. problems and offers solutions to
2 Humans depend too much on existing ones.
petroleum, a harmful b. There is no perfect solution, but
nonrenewable chemical. are looking.
3 Use of biofuels has caused c are safe and
destruction of rain forests, renewable.
high food prices, and pollution.

Focused Reading
1. Read the essay on pages 85-86 again and complete the chart. Check (✓) the
correct columns.

Reason for Making Effect of Making


Biofuels Biofuels

Petroleum is toxic.

People want clean and safe products.

There is destruction of the rain forest in the Amazon.

There is less food.

People worry about dangerous chemicals.

Ethanol is putting toxins in the air.

Fossil fuels pollute the air when burned.

Unit 5 ■ Green Chemistry 87


Recognizing the Relationship between Abstract Concepts,
and Concrete Information

Abstract concepts are based on general ideas or principles. They are usually not
very specific.

Biofuel is becoming more popular.


Concrete information is specific. Concrete information is often used to make an
abstract concept clear. Concrete information includes facts, details, and examples.

Biofuel production in the United States grew 200 percent from 2004 to 2005.
In academic texts, main ideas are often abstract concepts. The supporting facts,
details, and examples provide concrete information.

2. Write the abstract statements from the box that match their concrete information.
Compare your answers with a partner's.

Abstract statements about biofuels

The production of biofuels follows several important green chemistry principles.


Biofuels are safer than fossil fuels.

Biofuels use renewable resources.


Producing biofuels has some negative effects.

1. Abstract statement• Biofuels are safer than fossil fuels.


Concrete statements about biofuels:
• If biofuels get on land or in water, they are easier and less expensive to
clean up.
• When produced and burned, biofuels cause less pollution than petroleum.
2. Abstract statement:
Concrete statements about biofuels:
• Plants used for biofuels grow back quickly.
• Biofuels are made from soybeans and corn.
3. Abstract statement•
Concrete statements about biofuels:
• When produced and burned, biofuels cause less pollution than petroleum.
• Biofuels break down into harmless substances.

88 Unit 5 ■ Chemistry el)


4. Abstract statement-
Concrete etatements about biofuels:
• People are cutting trees in rain forests to grow plants for biofuels.
• Pesticides for growing corn are causing pollution.

3. Discuss the questions in small groups.

1. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using petroleum?


2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using biofuels?

Checkpoint 1 iiiTiademicconnectionslab:4

Before You Listen


1. You will listen to a lecture by Dr. Steven Schultz, a green chemist. Before you
listen, study Dr. Schultz's class handout.
Building
Academic
Listening Skills Waste Vegetable Oil:
In this section, you will From French Fr4.,,,p
practice recognizing
relationships among
various pieces of
information from
spoken sources.
For online assignments,
go to
6175r5'dernicconn ionsiab

Fast-food restaurant produces Oil is collected.


waste vegetable oil.

People use fuel to power


Oil is changed into fuel.
cars, trucks, etc.

0114) Unit 5 ■ Green Chemistry 89


2. Work with a partner. Make predictions about the lecture based on Dr. Schultz's
handout on page 89. Answer the questions.
1. What do you think the lecture will be about?
2. What is waste vegetable oil?
3. What are the possible advantages and disadvantages of using vegetable oil?

11g=21P
1

dispose of v to get rid


Global Listening
1.G) Listen to an excerpt from the lecture. Take notes in your notebook on the
of something three main ideas Dr. Schultz will talk about. Then compare your notes with a
existing ad] present partner's.
now
2. Listen to the whole lecture. Check (I) the statement that is the best paraphrase
of the main idea of the entire lecture. Discuss your answers with the class.

Scientists are excited because they have found a good solution to today's
fuel problems.
Waste vegetable oil has two roles. First, it cooks food. Then it fuels cars
and trucks.
Waste vegetable oil is a good solution to petroleum fuel because it is
already available, doesn't cost much, and is simple to use.

3. Circle the correct answer. Use your notes.

1. According to the lecture, what is waste vegetable oil (WVO)?


a. oil that we cannot use again
b. oil that we have already used once
c. oil that we use to make food
2. According to Dr. Schultz, what is the biggest advantage of WVO?
a. It is cheaper than petroleum-based fuel.
b. Restaurants give it away for free.
c. It changes waste into a valuable product.
3. What does the lecture NOT say about WVO?
a. It has many advantages for people and the environment.
b. It is better for cars than petroleum-based fuel.
c. It is cheaper than petroleum-based fuel.
4. Which cars can run on WVO?
a. any cars that run on regular diesel fuel
b. only cars with a special part
c. cars that were built to run on WVO

90 Unit 5 • Chemistry erli)


Focused Listening
I. Read the sentences. Each sentence has information that is wrong. Listen to the
lecture again. Then rewrite the sentences with the correct information. Compare
your corrected sentences with a partner's.

1. WVO means "waste valuable oil."


WVO means "waste vegetable oil."

2. WVO comes from cooking oil used in homes.

3. The United States produced over 11 million liters of WVO in 2000.

4. A lot of new plants have to grow to make WVO.

5. Dr. Schultz works with families who want to use WVO.

6. Some cars need a special driver to use WVO.

2. Listen to the excerpts from the lecture. Write short answers.


()Excerpt One
What does Dr. Schultz suggest that people might think about chemists?

4-) Excerpt Two


What does Dr. Schultz suggest about the American diet?

In academic classes, you will need to connect ideas from many sources you hear
(spoken sources) for a better understanding of a topic. These spoken sources
include lectures, conversations, classroom or group discussions, television, radio,
and the Internet.
To connect ideas from two spoken sources, take notes on each source and
compare them. Make sure you understand the ideas in each source.

104 Unit 5 • Green Chemistry 91


3. Listen to excerpts from a radio report on using waste vegetable oil to power
cars. In the Excerpt column of the chart, take notes on what each person says.
Then compare your notes with a partner's. You will use the other columns of the
chart later.

Relationship between Ideas


Excerpt Ideas from the Lecture
(Agree/Disagree)

1. Kent Glass, reporter Using waste vegetable oil is like


WV0=good alternative turning garbage into gold.
Oil-used twice
Driving car = better for
environment

2. Peter Berger, WVO user WVO is cheap.

3. Peter Berger, WVO user WVO is easy to use.

4. Kim Wei, environmental studies WVO is a simple and green


expert alternative to petroleum fuel.

4. Compare the notes you took on each excerpt with the information in the Ideas
from the Lecture column. In the Relationship between Ideas column, write Agree
or Disagree to describe how the speaker in the excerpt would probably feel
about the idea from the lecture.

5. Discuss the questions in small groups.


1. Which green chemistry principles from page 83 does WVO follow?

92 Unit 5 • Chemistry
2. How does WVO compare to other fuels you have learned about? Explain
your answers.
Example

In my opinion, WVO is better than other biofuels because . . .


3. What are some other solutions to our dependence on petroleum? What can
we do as individuals and in our communities?

Checkpoint 2 i117Eidemicconnectionsiabit

Before You Write

4
Building
Academic A problem-solution paragraph describes a problem. Then it explains a solution or
Writing Skills possible solutions to the problem. A problem-solution paragraph typically includes
three parts:
In this section, you • a topic sentence with a description of the problem
will practice writing
• a body with a description of (a) possible solution(s)
problem-solution
• a conclusion with an explanation of how the solution is helpful
paragraphs. Then you
will write a paragraph
about a modern problem Read a transcript from a talk given by Martyn Poliakoff, a chemist at the University
related to green of Nottingham. Then answer the questions on page 94.
chemistry. You will
synthesize information
and use vocabulary Recently I was asked to introduce the ideas of
from the readings and Taking green chemistry to a group of high school students
the lecture.
For online assignments, Green and teachers at Wachamo Comprehensive High
School in Hossana, Ethiopia. The problem was
go to
Chemistry that I wasn't sure of the best way to explain green
=7/4"5"cierrlicconnections":",b chemistry simply. My solution was to use an
to the example of a plastic bag that I got two days earlier
at the town's market. They make bags like these
Developing from petroleum from other countries because
Ethiopia does not have much petroleum of its
World own. After people use these bags, they throw them
away. On the road I counted 12 bags that people
had thrown away in just 100 meters on my way to the school. By
contrast, Ethiopia produces a lot of sugarcane. If people there
made the bags from sugarcane, then Ethiopia would not have to
buy its bags—or oil to make bags—from other countries. More
(continued on next page)

Unit 5 • Green Chemistry 93


importantly, cows would
be able to eat the used bags
in the street! This simple
example helped me explain
the goals of green chemistry
to everyone. Making bags
from sugarcane needs new
chemistry—it needs green
chemistry.'

Children collecting plastic bags in Hossana

Together with Proctor and Gamble and Ethiopian chemists, Poliakoff is developing
plastic bags made from local sugarcane.
Poliakoff, M., & Noda, I. (2004.) Plastic bags, sugar cane and advanced vibrational spectroscopy:
taking green chemistry to the Third World. Green Chemistry, 6.

1. What problem does the topic sentence introduce?


2. What is the proposed solution? According to the paragraph, why is it a good
solution? Give details.
3. What is the conclusion? How is it connected to the topic sentence?
4. What is your opinion about Poliakoff's solution? Do you think it is a good
one? Why or why not?

Focused Writing

Introducing Problems and Solutions

When writing a problem-solution paragraph, you can use certain expressions to


make your points clear.
To introduce a problem:
The problem is/was
is one of the main problems.
One difficulty is
To introduce a solution:
His/Her/Their/My solution is/was
One way to solve this problem is
is a great way to solve the problem of

94 Unit 5 ■ Chemistry
1.Read the transcript from Martyn Poliakoff's talk on pages 93-94 again.
Underline the expressions he uses to introduce the problem and solution.

2. In his talk, Poliakoff describes the plastic bag problem in Ethiopia. Follow the
instructions to write a short paragraph about the problem.
1. Complete the chart using the information from Poliakoff's presentation.

Plastic Bag Problem Solution to Plastic Bag Problem

2. Write your paragraph. Be sure to include:


• the problem
• the proposed solution(s)
• a conclusion
• expressions to introduce problems and solutions
3. Work with a partner. Exchange paragraphs. Use the questions to comment
on each other's paragraph.
• Does the topic sentence introduce the problem?
• Does the body explain the proposed solution?
• Does the conclusion explain how the solution is helpful?
• Did your partner use expressions to introduce problems and solutions?

Integrated Writing Task


You have listened to a lecture and read texts about green chemistry and the
modern problem of plastic bags. You will now use your knowledge of the unit
content, topic vocabulary, synthesizing information, and writing a problem-
solution paragraph to write a paragraph answering this question: What is the
best solution to solve the worldwide plastic bag problem?

Unit 5 ■ Green Chemistry 95


Follow the steps to write your paragraph.

Step 1: Read more about the global plastic bag problem. Check (✓) the facts that
are most important to you.

O Each year, people around the world use about


500 billion to 1 trillion plastic bags.
O Plastic bags are made from petroleum, and
the used bags cause a lot of pollution.
O Each year, people throw away 4 billion plastic bags.
O Animals that eat plastic bags can die from
Fast the toxins.

Facts O Plastic bags pollute the dirt and water in the


ground as they break down into smaller and

about smaller pieces.


O It takes plastic 450 years to break down in water.
Plastic Bags O It takes plastic 1,000 years to break down on land.

Step 2: Many countries are trying to solve the plastic bag problem. Read the
possible solutions. Consider the pros (positive reasons) and cons (negative
reasons). Choose the solution that you think is best. You may also choose your
own solution based on the principles of green chemistry. (Note: Your solution
must be different from Poliakoff's solution on pages 93-94.)

SOLUTION 1: Change waste plastic back SOLUTION 2: Use plastic made of plants.
into oil.
PRO: These bags break down more quickly than
PRO: Plastics don't have to be clean. Waste bags made from petroleum, and they are made
plastic goes through a process under heat and is from renewable resources.
then turned into valuable diesel fuel.
CON: The process of growing plants to make this
CON: Only certain plastics can be used. If the plastic uses pesticides, land, and freshwater, and
wrong plastic is mixed in, the diesel fuel cannot this harms the environment.
be sold. The process of changing plastic into oil
causes pollution and puts many toxins in the air.

SOLUTION 3: Recycle used bags to make SOLUTION 4: (choose your own)


new ones.
PRO:
PRO: It keeps bags out of landfills.'
CON: Only certain plastic bags can be reused,
CON:
and it is hard to separate them. It is more
expensive to recycle plastic bags than to make
new plastic bags.

1 landfill n a place where waste is buried in large amounts

96 Unit 5 ■ Chemistry
Step 3: Work with a partner. Look for connections among the plastic bag issue,
the green chemistry principles, and the concepts and ideas in this unit. Discuss
the questions and take notes.
• How is the plastic bag problem similar to problems related to petroleum fuel
and biofuel use?
• Are there any similarities between the solution you chose and the solutions
of biofuel and WVO offered for the petroleum problem? Does the solution
you chose have possible negative consequences?
• Which green chemistry principles relate to your proposed solution?
Step 4: Complete the chart with ideas you want to write about in your paragraph.
To support your ideas, make connections to ideas from the listenings and readings
in this unit.

Topic sentence
(describe the
problem)

Body
(describe the solution
or possible solutions)

Conclusion (explain
how the solution is or
would be helpful)

Step 5: Use your notes from Step 4 to write a problem-solution paragraph about
plastic bags. Use the vocabulary and skills you learned in this unit, including
expressions that introduce problems and solutions.
Step 6: Exchange paragraphs with a partner. Use the checklist for feedback.

Feedback Checklist.

Does the topic sentence introduce the problem?

Does the body explain the proposed solution?

Does the conclusion explain how the solution is/could be helpful?

Did your partner use expressions to introduce the problem?

Did your partner use expressions to introduce the solution?

Step 7: Rewrite your paragraph based on your partner's feedback.


Step 8: Discuss your proposed solutions as a class. Do you agree with other
classmates' solutions? Which solution do you think is best? Why?

0 Unit 5 ■ Green Chemistry 97


Art History
The Art of Marc Chagall

Unit Description
Content: This course is designed to familiarize the student with the life and art of
Marc Chagall.
Skills: Fact and Opinion
• Identifying facts
• Identifying opinions
• Recognizing a speaker's degree of certainty
• Identifying support for opinions
• Giving and supporting an opinion
• Showing agreement and disagreement

Unit Requirements
Reading: "Themes in Chagall's Art"
(an excerpt from an art history
textbook)
Lecture: "Chagall: Style and Criticism"
Listening: A discussion of Lyubov
Popova's Lady with the Guitar
Integrated Speaking Task:
Participating in a group discussion
about a painting by Marc Chagall
Assignments:
www.MyAcademicConnectionsLab.com

Marc Chagall. The Birthday. 1915. Oil on canvas.

99
Previewing the Academic Content

1
Preview
The late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries were a time of great change in
art. Before this time, artists tried to make paintings look realistic. The new artists,
like Pablo Picasso, used an abstract style to show ideas about people and objects
For online assignments, without showing how they looked in reality. They shocked the art world with
go to their modern techniques. In one such kind of art—cubism—images were made
up of shapes like circles and squares or patterns seen from different views. These
Riraadernicconnections;:: objects and people did not look real. Russian artist Marc Chagall was greatly
influenced by the abstract work and artists of his time, but Chagall is famous for
his own style of modern art. In this unit, you will explore the life and work of
Marc Chagall.

1. Many artists paint self-portraits, or pictures of themselves. Study the three self-
portraits. They are examples of three different styles of art. Number the paintings
from 1 (most realistic) to 3 (most abstract). Then work in small groups to answer
the questions.

Vincent Van Gogh. Marc Chagall. Peter Paul Rubens.


Self-Portrait with Pipe and Straw Self-Portrait with Seven Fingers. 1913. Self-Portrait. 1638-1640.
Hat. 1888. Oil on canvas. Oil on canvas. Oil on canvas.

1. What makes the paintings realistic? What makes them abstract?


2. Which paintings do you like? Which ones do you not like? Why?

2. Like Chagall, many artists in the early twentieth century were influenced by
the new abstract style in art. Lyubov Popova was one such artist. Work with a
partner. Compare Popova's painting Lady with the Guitar to Chagall's I and
the Village on the next page. Then discuss the questions with a partner. Use the
key words in your discussion.

100 Unit 6 ■ Art History Fri


Key Words

abstract adj art made


of shapes and patterns
that do not look like
real people or things
cubism n a 20th-
century style of art
in which objects and
people are shown with
geometric shapes;
cubist adj
image n a picture
pattern n an
arrangement of
shapes, lines, and
colors
Lyubov Popova. Marc Chagall.
reality n things that Lady with the Guitar. 1913-1914. I and the Village. 1911.
actually happen or are Oil on canvas. Oil on canvas.
true; realistic adj
style n a way of doing
or creating something 1. What similarities and differences do you see between Chagall's and
subject n the thing or Popova's paintings? Consider the colors, shapes, and subjects of the
person in a painting or paintings.
photograph
2. Why do you think the artists made these paintings? Was it to tell a story, to
create an emotion, to show an event, or to do something else? Explain.
3. Do you like the paintings? Why or why not?

3. What do you think these quotations about art mean? Circle the best answer.
Quotation 1: Why do you try to understand art? Do you try to understand the
song of a bird? —Pablo Picasso
a. Picasso thinks people should try to understand art.
b. Picasso thinks people should not try to understand art.
Quotation 2: Unlike abstract painters, it is important for [Chagall] that people
who see his paintings understand what he is trying to show." —Jean-Michel
Foray, director of the Chagall Museum in Frances
a. Chagall thinks his art should be easy to understand.
b. Chagall thinks his art does not have to be easy to understand.

I Adapted from Michels, S. (2003, August 19). Celebrating Chagall. Online NewsHour.
Retrieved on May 22, 2009 from http://www.pbs.org.

(continued on next page)

Unit 6 ■ The Art of Marc Chagall 101


Quotation 3: [Marc Chagall] is a painter, of course, and what a painter. But
above all a storyteller. Chagall tells us his life, tells us about himself He tells
us of events. —Francois Le Target, author of Marc Chagall 2
a. Chagall's paintings tell a story.
b. Chagall was a better storyteller than painter.

4. Discuss the questions in small groups.


• Do you think people should be able to understand art? Explain.
• Do you think art that tells a story is more interesting than other types of art?
Explain.

In this unit, you will Previewing the Academic Skills Focus


learn how to distinguish
(tell the difference
between) fact and Fact and Opinion
opinion, to recognize
a speaker or writer's Facts are true statements that we can test or prove, such as numbers or dates. An
opinion is someone's thought, belief, or feeling about something. Recognizing
degree of certainty, and the difference between facts and opinions is important for evaluating—judging the
to express and support value of—what you read and hear. In college courses, students are often asked to
an opinion. express their opinions and to support them with facts and good reasons.

Read the statements about Marc Chagall. Write Facts above the column with
statements that can be proven to be true. Write Opinions above the column with
statements that express feelings or beliefs. Discuss your answers as a class.

• Marc Chagall was born in 1887. • Marc Chagall's art is too joyful.
• Chagall was Russian. • Chagall is the best artist of the twentieth century.
• He used bright colors in his art. • Chagall's paintings tell interesting stories from
• He used cubist ideas in his early paintings. his life.
• Chagall lived and worked in Paris for many years. • Chagall was probably a happy person.
• Chagall's wife's name was Bella. • Chagall's paintings look like pictures from a dream.

2 Le Target, F. (1985). Marc Chagall. New York: Rizzoli International Publications.

102 Unit 6 ■ Art History


Before You Read
1. Read the timeline of Marc Chagall's life.
Building
Academic
Reading Skills WORLD EVENTS MARC CHAGALL'S LIFE
In this section, you will 1887 Chagall is born into a large Jewish family in
Vitebsk, Russia.
practice distinguishing
between facts and
opinions. Pablo Picasso and 1906- 1907- Chagall studies many styles of art in
Georges Braque 1908 1910 St. Petersburg, Russia. He is in jail for a short
For online assignments,
begin to develop the time because he does not have a permit' to
go to
cubist style of art. live there. At this time, Jews need a permit to
soi yacademicconnectionslab live in St. Petersburg.
1910- Chagall lives in Paris, France. Cubist and
1914 modernist artists inspire him, but he develops
his own independent style. Chagall paints
some of his most famous work, showing many
universal themes.
dreamlike adj as if World War I begins. 1914 1914 Chagall returns to Russia.
happening in a dream 1915 Chagall marries Bella Rosenfeld, who is the
fantasy n an subject of many of his paintings.
experience or situation 1916 Chagall's daughter Ida is born.
that you imagine but is
not real; fantastic adj The Russian 1917
Revolution happens.
independent adj
not controlled by other World War I ends. 1918
people 1923 Chagall returns to Paris with his wife and
inspire v to make daughter.
someone want to do World War II begins. 1939 Chagall lives in Paris. Nazis destroy much of
something his art.
modernism n a style The Nazis occupy2 1941 Chagall lives in the United States.
of art and building that Europe and
was especially popular persecute' Jews.
from the 1940s to the
1960s, in which artists
1944 Bella dies.
used simple shapes; World War II ends. 1945
modernistic adj 1948 Chagall moves from the United States back to
theme n the main Paris, France.
idea or subject in a 1952 Chagall marries Valentina Brodsky.
book, movie, painting,
speech, etc. 1958 Chagall begins working on larger projects,
such as colorful glass windows in public and
universal adj true or religious buildings.
right in every situation
1985 Chagall dies in Saint-Paul de Vence, France.

1 permit n an official written statement giving a person the right to do something


2
occupy v to enter a place in a large group and keep control of it, especially by military
force
-3 persecute v to treat someone badly because of his or her religious or political beliefs

Unit 6 ■ The Art of Marc Chagall 103


2. Discuss the questions in small groups. Use the facts from the timeline on page 103.
1. In which countries did Chagall live? Where did he spend the most time?
2. What did Chagall study in St. Petersburg?
3. Who was an important subject in Chagall's art?
4. When did Chagall move to the United States?
5. Where did Chagall die?

3. Use the information in the timeline to form opinions about Chagall's life. Discuss
your opinions in small groups.
1. When do you think Chagall was happiest? Why?
2. When do you think Chagall was saddest? Why?
3. How do you think Chagall felt about Bella? Why?
4. Why do you think Chagall lived in the United States during World War II?
5. Starting in 1944, Chagall stopped painting for some time. What do you
think was the reason?

Global Reading
1. Read the excerpt from an art history textbook. As you read, underline the
opinions. Take notes on the main ideas.

Themes in Chagall's Art


H
ome, nature, and love are some of the main subjects in
artist Marc Chagall's work. These subjects show what
was most important to Chagall. In addition, they are
universal themes that made Chagall a popular artist whose
work many people understand and enjoy. According to Marc
Scheps (1987) in Marc Chagall: 100th Anniversary of His Birth,
"Chagall more than any other artist in the twentieth century"
was able to turn "the personal into the universal."
One of Chagall's early and best-known paintings, I and the
Village (1911), clearly shows the themes of nature and home.
The soft, dreamlike images in the painting show simple times
and traditions. The place in the painting must be Vitebsk, the
small Russian farming village where Chagall was born into a
large Jewish family. Chagall's paintings often show images of Marc Chagall.
his village. The painting brings together bright colors and Jewish and Russian I and the Village.
elements to show the relationships between people and nature, life and death. 1911.
The main part of the painting shows a green man (probably Chagall himself) Oil on canvas.
and an animal (a horse or a goat) looking at each other. A circle connects the

104 Unit 6 ■ Art History


two images. This could be an example of Chagall's belief in a strong connection
between humans and animals. The painting also shows life, through the plant in
the man's hands, and death, in the image of a farmer holding a cutter. In I and the
Village, Chagall brings together fantasy and reality to show a love of home and
the natural world.
Love is another key theme in Chagall's paintings, especially those of his first
wife, Bella. Chagall married Bella in 1915. Her role in Chagall's life and art was
very important. Chagall painted many images of them together, and these works
clearly show the feelings of romantic love and joy he felt for her. Even after her
death in 1944, Bella continued to inspire his work.
Chagall continued using these themes as he developed his independent
artistic style. He learned about cubism while living in Paris, where many famous
modernist artists of the time lived. Chagall said, "I owe all I have done to Paris,"
yet he never was part of any art movement.' Chagall's power is in the way he used
the cubist and abstract styles of his time to create his own dreamlike images of
the subjects he loved.

1 movement n a group of people who share the same ideas or beliefs and who work
together to complete a particular goal
Chagall, M. (1987). Marc Chagall: 100th anniversary of his birth: The Marcus Dienner Collection. Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv
Museum.

2. Read the statements. Decide if they are true or false. Write T (true) or F (false).
Then check your answers with the class. Discuss any differences in your answers.
1. Chagall's themes include love, nature, and home.
2. Chagall painted subjects that were important in his own life.
3. He showed themes that weren't interesting to many people.
4. The main theme of I and the Village is love.
5. I and the Village shows a connection between humans and animals.
6. Chagall's paintings are completely realistic.
7. Paris was an important place to Chagall.

A fact is information that is true for everyone. In other words, it can be tested or
proven. For example:
Marc Chagall was a Russian artist.
I and the Village is a painting.
To find facts, ask yourself, "Can this be proven to be true?" If the answer is yes,
then it is a fact. Recognizing and remembering important facts can help you
understand any subject. Including facts in your own writing and speech will help
you support your own ideas.

Unit 6 ■ The Art of Marc Chagall 105


3. Study the painting I and the Village on page 104. Write four facts about the
painting. Then read your facts to a partner. Your partner will listen and decide
if your statements are facts. If a statement is not a fact, correct it or write a new
one. Then switch roles.

Example

A:In I and the Village there is a big green face.


B:Yes, that's a fact.
A:The green face looks very strange.
B:No, that's not a fact. You can't prove it.

Focused Reading
1. Read the text on pages 104-105 again. Circle the best answer to complete
each statement.

1. According to Marc Scheps, Chagall's paintings show themes that are


a. not personal b. universal c. dreamlike
2. I and the Village shows a village.
a. French b. Russian c. Jewish
3. I and the Village brings together Russian and elements.
a. modern b. French c. Jewish
4. Chagall had a deep love for
a. the universe b. cubism c. the natural world
5. Chagall developed his independent style in
a. Paris b. New York c. Vitebsk

Identifying Opinions

Recognizing opinions is an important part of evaluating a text. An opinion is a


person's thought, belief, or feeling about something. An opinion is often introduced
by specific phrases, such as:
I think (that) . . I believe (that) . . I feel (that) . . In my opinion . .
Words such as good, bad, best, beautiful, are also used in opinions.
Example
I think that Marc Chagall's art is beautiful.
Sometimes an opinion does not use expressions like these. In that case, to decide if
a statement is an opinion, ask yourself these questions:
Can I check or prove this? If you answer no, it is an opinion.
Can I agree or disagree? If you answer yes, it is an opinion.
Example
The colors in Chagall's paintings are too bright. (This is an opinion because you
can agree or disagree with it.)

106 Unit 6 ■ Art History


2. Read the excerpts from the reading. Each excerpt contains an opinion, a fact,
or both. Underline facts once. Underline opinions twice. Then compare your
answers with a partner's. Are there any expressions that helped you decide
which statements are opinions? If so, what are they?

Example
The main part of the painting shows a green man (probably Chagall
himself) and an animal (a horse or a goat) looking at each other.
1. The place in the painting must be Vitebsk, the small Russian farming
village where Chagall was born into a large Jewish family.
2. A circle connects the two images. This could be an example of Chagall's
belief in a strong connection between humans and animals.
3. In I and the Village, Chagall brings together fantasy and reality to show a
love of home and the natural world.
4. Chagall married Bella in 1915.
5. Chagall painted many images of them together, and these works clearly
show the feelings of romantic love and joy he felt for her.
6. Even after her death in 1944, Bella continued to inspire his work.

3. For homework, an art professor has asked students to share thoughts on the
class blog about Chagall's painting I and the Village. Their responses should
include at least one fact about the painting and two or more personal opinions.
Read two students' entries. Underline the facts once. Underline the opinions
twice. Did both writers include a fact and two or more opinions? Compare your
answers with a partner's.

www.spring-art101.com

Art 101: The Art of Marc Chagall—Class Blog Home


TODAY'S TOPIC: / and the Village
Handouts
Kyoko's Response
posted at 7:21 P.M. on January 11
Past Posts
The textbook passage says that the circle connecting the animal and
the man in the painting shows Chagall's belief in a connection between
humans and animals. I believe that this is true. When you look at the
painting closely, you will see that there is also a line that goes between
the man's eyes and the animal's eyes. I think this is another example that
Chagall believed that people and animals are connected. It seems to me
that Chagall wanted to say that all living things depend on each other.

(continued on next page)

Unit 6 ■ The Art of Marc Chagall 107


Tatiana's Response
posted at 11:43 p.m. on January 11

The title of the painting is / and the Village. I think the "I" from the title
is the green man in the painting. The textbook says that the man is
probably Chagall himself. He's wearing a schoolboy hat, so I think it's
Chagall when he was a boy. In my opinion, Chagall is showing that he will
always remember the place where he grew up.

4. Write your own blog entry on a separate piece of paper. Make sure to include
at least one fact and at least two opinions. Then exchange entries with a
partner. Underline the facts once and the opinions twice.

Checkpoint 1 PiTandemicconnectionslabP1

Before You Listen

Building
Academic
Listening Skills
In thissection, you will
practice recognizing
a speaker's degree
of certainty when
expressing opinions.
For online assignments,
go to
Riirandemicconnectionslati People create and enjoy art for many reasons. It has many purposes.

1. What is the purpose of art? Check (i) the opinions that you agree with. Then
discuss your opinions in small groups or with the class.

Art should . . .

create beauty show important events


tell a story inspire people to change
help people relax show reality
show nature be easy to understand
show universal themes inspire strong emotions

108 Unit 6 • Art History


2. Read the quotations by famous artists. Which opinion(s) from Exercise 1
does each quotation support? Write it in the chart. Then compare your chart
with a partner's.

Artist Statement Opinion it Supports


"Art should be something like a good armchair in which to rest." help people rata,
Henri Matisse

"I can only draw what I see."


Claude Monet

"My . . . purpose is to [explain] the typical American. I guess I am


Norman Rockwell
a storyteller."

"Only love interests me, and I am only in contact with things I


Marc Chagall
love."

"What I want is that my picture should [inspire] nothing but


Pablo Picasso
emotion."

"In painting I want to say something comforting in the way that


Vincent van Gogh
music is comforting."

Key Words Global Listening


1.Q Listen to the introduction of a lecture on art. What do you think the professor
critic n a person
will talk about? Check (I) your predictions. After you have listened to the whole
whose job is to say if
lecture, see if your predictions were right.
art, music, and movies
are good or bad; The professor will talk about . . .
criticize v
techniques that Chagall used in his paintings.
sentimental adj
strongly showing his own experiences with art critics.
emotions such as love
and sadness critics' opinions about Chagall's paintings.
technique n a way of the purpose of Chagall's art.
doing something
different paintings that Chagall made.

2. Listen to the lecture. Then circle the statement in each pair that expresses the
main idea. Check answers as a class.

1. a. Chagall's art is easy to understand and full of hope.


b. Chagall's art is abstract and difficult to understand.
2. a. Chagall used only abstract techniques in his work.
b. Chagall used different styles and techniques to create a feeling of fantasy.
3. a. Critics agree that Chagall's work has strong purpose and meaning.
b. Some critics believe Chagall's art is too sentimental.

Marc Chagall.
4. a. Chagall's work shows war and loss of hope.
The Birthday. 1915. b. Chagall's work expresses love, joy, and beauty.
Oil on canvas.

Unit 6 • The Art of Marc Chagall 109


Recognizing a Speaker's Degree of Certainty

Speakers may use special words and phrases to show certainty, or how sure they
are of their opinions.
Very certain Not very certain

100% 95% 50% less than 50%


• •
is must be may be might be
could be

3. Listen to the excerpts from the lecture. How certain is the lecturer about each
feature of the painting? First, note the words the professor uses to express
certainty. Then decide the lecturer's degree of certainty. Compare your answers
with a partner's.

Excerpt One: who the subjects are


G) Excerpt Two: where the subjects' feet are
Excerpt Three: where the subjects are

Focused Listening

1. Listen to the lecture again. Take notes in the chart with examples from the
lecture. Then compare your chart with a partner's.

Common Themes Techniques Chagall Used Experts' Opinions

Modernist art: social problems, cubist and modernist: Foray:

Ott:

Chagall's art:

Riley:

110 Unit 6 ■ Art History


2. Circle the correct answer(s). Use the chart on page 110 to help you.
1. What is the professor's opinion of The Birthday?
a. It is too sentimental.
b. It shows Chagall's dreamy joy.
c. It shows Bella and Chagall.
2. What is Sabina Ott's opinion about Chagall?
a. His colors are great.
b. His topics are sentimental.
c. His paintings are hard to understand.
3. What is Tim Riley's opinion about Chagall?
a. His art has a real purpose.
b. His topics are too simple.
c. His art shows little hope.

Identifying Support for Opinions

Effective speakers and writers support their opinions with reasons or details that
are specific, clear, and logical. These may include certain types of details:
• Examples (from personal experience or background)
• Common sense (things everyone knows or can understand)
• Expert evidence (the opinion of experts)
• Statistics (numbers that come from research)
As you read texts or listen to lectures, identify the details that support people's
opinions.

3. Read the statements from the lecture. Opinions are underlined once, and
supporting details are underlined twice. Check (/) the type(s) of support used.
Then compare your answers in small groups.

Common Expert
Examples Statistics
Sense Evidence
1.. . . with themes such as love, simple life, and nature,
Chagall's art is easy to understand and full of hope.

2. His [Chagall's] paintings are dreamlike. Look at the


painting The Birthday. It shows . . .

3. We know how much he loved Bella, so the man must be


Marc and the woman must be Bella.

(continued on next page)

FYI Unit 6 • The Art of Marc Chagall 111


Common Expert
Examples Statistics
Sense Evidence

4. We see a bed and a dresser, so they may be in a


bedroom.

5. . . .his [Chagall's] simple subjects—flying animals and


dreamy lovers—make his art too sentimental.

6. But Chagall's art might have a very important purpose.


Art director Tim Riley explains . . .

4. Discuss the questions in small groups. Use words to show certainty and provide
details to support your opinions.

1. Do you think Chagall's paintings are too sentimental? Why or why not?
2. Do Chagall's paintings inspire you to look for deeper meaning? Why or
why not?
3. What are some other possible purposes of Chagall's paintings? Explain.
4. Chagall said, "Art must be an expression of love or it is nothing." Do you
agree or disagree with this statement? Explain.
5. Chagall has been called the "most beloved—and most misunderstood" artist
of the twentieth century. Why do you think he has been described this way?

Checkpoint 2 liTigndemicconnectionsiz 4

4
Building
Before You Speak

Giving and Supporting an Opinion


Academic In academic settings, you may need to state your opinions in discussions, debates,
Speaking Skills presentations, or papers. When you state your opinions, you must give reasons
(facts and examples) to support them. Here are some helpful expressions.
In this section, you will
To give an opinion To support an opinion
practice giving and
I think/believe/feel that . . . . . . because . . .
supporting opinions, and
showing agreement and In my opinion . . . . . . for several reasons:. .
disagreement. Then you It seems to me that . . .
will discuss a painting Example
by Marc Chagall. I think that Marc Chagall's painting The Birthday is dreamlike, because the
For online assignments, people in the picture are flying.
go to When you give an opinion, use strong support to persuade your audience to
Kiiiademicconnectionsiab agree with you.
• Make sure your ideas are detailed, logical, and clear (easy to understand).
• Use reasons, examples, common sense, expert evidence, or statistics.
• Choose words that show your level of certainty.

112 Unit 6 • Art History


1. Look back at Chagall's paintings on pages 99 and 101. Which do you like
better—The Birthday, I and the Village, or neither? Give reasons to support your
opinion.

Opinion: I like the painting The Birthday better than the painting I and the
Village.
Reason: The flying couple gives me a feeling of joy.
Your Opinion•

Reason:

Reason:

Reason:

2. Use your notes from Exercise 1 to write a paragraph expressing and supporting
your opinion. Then work with a partner. Evaluate each other's paragraphs.
Answer the questions.

1. Does the writer express his or her opinion clearly? YES NO


2. Does the writer support his or her opinion with reasons? YES NO
3. Is the support detailed, logical, and clear? YES NO

If needed, give your partner feedback on how to make the paragraph stronger.

Focused Speaking

You can use certain expressions to show agreement or disagreement with


someone's opinion.
To show agreement To show disagreement
I think so, too. Yes, but . . .
I agree (with you). I disagree (with you).
I feel the same way. I see what you mean, but I think . .
(I think) you're right. Actually, . . .
That's right/true. I don't quite agree. What/How about . . . ?

Unit 6 ■ The Art of Marc Chagall 113


1. Listen to two students discuss Popova's Lady with the Guitar. Check (✓) the
expressions you hear.

I think so, too. I see what you mean, but I think . . .


I agree. I don't quite agree.
I think you're right. Yes, but . . .
I feel the same way. I disagree with you.
That's right. Actually . . .

2. Did the speakers agree or disagree about these ideas? Circle Agree or
Disagree.
1. The painting shows a table. Agree Disagree
Lyubov Popova.
Lady with the Guitar. 2. The guitar player is wearing a dark shirt or suit. Agree Disagree
1913-1914. Oil on canvas.
3. Lady with the Guitar shows a strong feeling
of sadness. Agree Disagree
4. The painting tells the story of a guitar player who
lost someone. Agree Disagree
5. Popova's Lady with the Guitar is cubist. Agree Disagree

3. Discuss the questions with a partner. Use expressions from the skill box on
page 113.

1. Do you agree or disagree with the ideas in Exercise 2?


2. Have your answers to the questions on page 101 about Popova's painting
Lady with the Guitar changed? If so, how?

4. Review your notes and paragraph from Exercises 1 and 2 on page 113. In small
groups, discuss which Chagall painting you like better—I and the Village or The
Birthday. Use your notes and expressions from the unit to support your opinions
and to show agreement and disagreement. You can use these expressions to ask
for an opinion:
• [Name], what do you think about that?
• [Name], what is your opinion?
• How about you, [Name]?

Integrated Speaking Task


You have read a text and listened to a lecture about Marc Chagall's place in
modern art, and you have heard a sample discussion about a work of art. You
will now use your knowledge of the unit content, topic vocabulary, and fact and
opinion to describe and give your opinion about Marc Chagall's painting Self-
Portrait with Seven Fingers in a group discussion.

114 Unit 6 ■ Art History


Follow the steps to prepare for the discussion.

Step 1: Look at the painting. Complete the chart with facts and opinions about
the painting.

Marc Chagall.
Self-Portrait with Seven Fingers. 1913.
Oil on canvas.

What do you see in Chagall's painting, Self-


Portrait with Seven Fingers? Describe the subject.
What themes do you recognize?

What do you think is the purpose of this painting?

What similarities/differences do you see between


this painting and the others discussed in this
unit? In what ways is this painting typical (or not
typical) of Chagall's work?

What personal life experiences do you think may


have influenced this painting?

Do you think the painting is too sentimental or too


simple? Explain.

How do you feel about the painting? Do you like


it? Why or why not?

Unit 6 ■ The Art of Marc Chagall 115


Step 2: Check (✓) two or three points in the chart in Step 1 that you would like to
discuss during the group discussion. Add more details if necessary. You will use
your notes during your group discussion.
Step 3: Use the questions from the chart in Step 1 for your small group
discussion. Support your opinions with examples. Use the expressions you
have learned for giving opinions, agreeing, and disagreeing. Take notes on the
discussion in the chart.

Name• Name- Name- Name-

Gave an
opinion

Agreed with
an opinion

Disagreed with
an opinion

Supported an
opinion

Step 4: Evaluate the group discussion. Use the checklist.

Did everyone in your group . . . Yes

give opinions?

support opinions with examples?

show agreement and disagreement?

What did everyone do well in the discussion?

116 Unit 6 ■ Art History


Unit Description
Content: This course is designed to familiarize the student with the
concept and practice of niche marketing.

Skills: Purpose
• Recognizing general purpose
• Recognizing persuasive language
• Recognizing specific purpose
• Understanding meaning through intonation and stress
• Writing a persuasive paragraph
• Understanding how audience affects purpose

Unit Requirements
Readings: "Jollibee: A Niche Market Success Story" (a case study)
"A Niche of Your Own" (an excerpt from a marketing website)

Lecture and Role Play: "The Power of Niche Markets"

Integrated Writing Task: Writing a letter persuading someone to


invest in a business

Assignments: www.MyAcademicConnectionsLab.com
Previewing the Academic Content
Marketing influences what products and services a customer will buy or use.
However, since there are so many different kinds of customers and needs,
Preview businesses cannot market their products to everyone. As a result, businesses
For online assignments, divide markets into specific groups of buyers (for example, by age, family size,
go to marital status, education level, job, nationality, interest, needs, and opinions).
Businesses then look at each group and choose the one(s) to which the product
academiccannections.a.`c will sell the best. Companies often target products to only one small group, or
niche market. In this unit, you will look at the benefits of niche marketing and
study some examples of niche marketing. You will also look at examples of
products sold to niche markets and discuss how a seller can find a niche market
for his or her product.

1. Study the advertisements. Take notes in the chart on page 119. Then discuss the
questions with a partner.

Advertisement A Advertisement B

For the hero in all of us.


Si essential nutrients ore or the strergth ar. energy I need to right
the forces or evil. Not clanking milk., Way that would be a crime.

118 Unit 7 ■ Marketing •


Key Words Advertisement A Advertisement B

advertise v to tell the What is the


public about a product product or
or service in order to service?
convince them to buy
it; advertisement n
customer n someone
who buys things from
a store or company
focus on v to give all
your attention to one Who are the
particular person or target customers?
thing
market n a specific
number or kind of
people who want to
buy something
market v to try to
convince someone Are you the target
to buy something
market?
by advertising it in a
particular way
marketing n the
activity of deciding
how to advertise a
product, what price to
charge for it, where to
sell it, and who to sell
it to
1. What products or services are advertised?
niche market n a
part of the population 2. Who are probably the target customers for each product or service? Think
that buys a particular about the characteristics mentioned in the opening paragraph on page 118
product or uses a (age, job, etc.) and others you can think of. Be as specific as possible.
particular service, or is
likely to do so; niche 3. Do you think you would be part of either advertisers' target market? Why or
marketing n why not?
target v to direct
something at someone 2. List three products or services for which you would be the niche market. Think of
or something else your interests and lifestyle. For example, do you play video or computer games?
Do you shop at ethnic food markets? Do you need unusually large or small
shoes? Discuss your lists in small groups.

Unit 7 ■ Niche Marketing 119


This unit will help you Previewing the Academic Skills Focus
recognize the purpose
of readings and lectures.
You will also learn how
to support your own Purpose is the reason why a speaker says or an author writes something. In this
purpose when writing unit, you will learn to recognize two types of purpose: general and specific. A
and speaking general purpose may be to give information or entertain people with an interesting
story. Within the text, there may be information or statements that support the
general purpose. The specific purpose of such statements might be to give an
example, to show disagreement, or to request information.

1. Match the type of text on the left with the general purpose on the right.
1 advertisement a. to entertain
2 newspaper article b. to get someone to buy something
3 novel c. to give information

2.4-) Listen to the classroom conversation between a professor and two students,
Lucy and Anthony.

3. Listen to the excerpts from the conversation. Match the excerpt on the left with
the specific purpose on the right.

1. Excerpt One (Lucy) a. to give an example


2. Excerpt Two (professor) b. to show agreement
3. Excerpt Three (Anthony) c. to request information
4. Excerpt Four (professor) d. to show disagreement

Before You Read


1. Work with a partner. Look at the advertisement for Jollibee®, the subject of a
marketing case study you will read. Answer the questions on the next page
Building
about the ad.
Academic
Reading Skills
The Philippines' No. 1
In this section, you Fast Food Chain
will learn more about
common purposes
in academic texts,
particularly persuasion.
For online assignments,
go to
UiVgademicconnectionslab

120 Unit 7 • Marketing s


Key Words 1. What kind of company is Jollibee? What products do you expect them
to sell?
case study n a study 2. Who seems to be the likely niche market for Jollibee? What specific
of a person, group, customers does the ad target? Explain.
situation, or company
over a long period of 3. What companies might Jollibee compete with? Explain.
time
compete v to try to 2. Think about a product or service that you used recently and were very satisfied
be more successful with (for example, a product like clothing or a meal, or a service like a haircut
than another person or or a sports club membership). Discuss the questions in small groups.
group; competition n;
1. What was the product or service?
competitor n
marketing approach n 2. What persuaded you to try it? For example, did a friend tell you about it?
a strategy or way of Did you see an ad for the product or service?
marketing
3. Do you think that you are part of the target market for this product or
persuade v to make
someone believe
service? Why or why not?
or decide to do 4. How does this product or service benefit you? For example, does it save
something time? Is it useful or helpful? Does it give pleasure? Explain.

Global Reading

A general purpose is the main reason behind a written or spoken text. It applies to
the whole text. These are some common general purposes:
• to persuade (to make someone agree with an opinion or do something)*
• to entertain (to amuse or interest people)
• to narrate (to tell a story)
• to inform (to give information, to teach)*
• to explain (to tell why or how, to give directions)*
* These purposes are common in academic texts.
Use these skimming strategies to recognize the purpose of a written text:
• Quickly read the title and introductory sentence or paragraph. The writer's
purpose may be directly stated there.
• Look at pictures and charts. These are often included to inform or to explain.
• Notice the type of supporting details. Facts are often used to inform or to
explain. Opinions are often given to persuade.
• Look at the quotations included. Do they support a specific opinion or general
information?

Unit 7 ■ Niche Marketing 121


1. Skim Part A of the text—the Case Study section of a marketing class website—
for one minute. Think about the general purpose(s) of the text.
Part A

PI 0
4 j[C j - ri www.mktg101.kline.com - ck
—- Augamiii•Eiligia.
---

MKTG 101: SUBJECT: Reading Assignment 4: Case Study


Niche POSTED BY: Professor Kline, March 12, 7:56 A.M.
,!
Marketing
Welcome to the online portion of our class. Please read the case study,
"Jollibee: A Niche Market Success Story," and post your responses to the
ASSIGNMENTS online discussion board. i
_
CASE STUDY: Jollibee: A Niche Market Success Story ...,
DISCUSSION 1111W
BOARD
1 When someone says "fast food restaurant," most people will think Tony Tan Caktiong,
of McDonald's. However, if someone said the same words in the Founder of Jollibee
Philippines, most people would think of Jollibee. Jollibee isn't
famous around the world like McDonald's. But in its niche—the
Philippines—Jollibee is the number-one fast food place, with 1,414 restaurants. In the
Philippines, Jollibee makes twice as much money as McDonald's.
2 Jollibee's story began in 1975, when Tony Tan Caktiong started two ice cream shops in
the Philippines. After he saw the success that McDonald's was having around the world,
he turned his shops into fast food restaurants. Tan Caktiong explained his method of
marketing: "We felt that we could not compete with McDonald's. Therefore, we targeted a
niche market. We targeted Filipinos." More specifically, Jollibee targeted Filipino families
who love their culture and want a happy family experience when they go out.
3 To attract these customers, Jollibee decided to focus on three things: Filipino taste,
traditional Filipino families, and creating a fun place to go. First, Tan Caktiong wanted to
serve special food that Filipinos like: rice or noodles instead of French fries, fruity desserts,
and sweet, spicy burgers. In fact, the Jollibee Yumburger is similar to what a Filipino
mother would cook at home. As seen from its success, Jollibee understands Filipino taste
and culture well.
4 Tan Caktiong also made sure that Filipinos would see Jollibee as a place for families. For
example, in a well-known TV ad, Filipino actor Aga Muhlach and his wife and two children
enjoy a Jollibee meal together. This is exactly what you see when you enter a Jollibee
restaurant: happy families eating together.
5 Finally, Tan Caktiong wanted to create a fun dining experience. This is characterized by
a special character: a smiling, colorful bee that children love. Tan Caktiong chose this
character, and the name Jollibee, because the jolly—or happy—bee jumps around and
enjoys the good things in life.
6 Clearly, Jollibee has shown it can compete with the world's biggest fast food restaurant—
McDonald's—by recognizing and understanding its target market and by giving its
customers exactly what they want.

Source: Adapted from Kotler, P., & Armostrong, G. (2006). Principles of marketing (11th ed). Upper Saddle
River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.

122 Unit 7 • Marketing • aall


2. The two general purposes of the case study are to inform students about Jollibee
and to explain how it is a successful example of niche marketing. Work with a
partner. Underline three pieces of information from the text in Part A that show
these purposes.

3. Skim Part B of the text—the Student Response section of the class website—for
one minute. Work with a partner. Identify the general purpose of the student
paragraph (see the skill box on page 121). Underline any information from the
paragraph that shows this purpose. Discuss your choices with the class.
Part B

1 C 1 1=G-°Iwww.mktg101.kline.com

MKTG 101: SUBJECT: Case Study Responses


Niche POSTED BY: Professor Kline, March 12, 8:00 a.m.
Marketing
Jollibee now has more than 23 international restaurants in six countries. The company is
growing and opening more international restaurants. Research different locations based on
ASSIGNMENTS
your knowledge of Jollibee's marketing approach and values. Write a short paragraph on which
location would be best for a new Jollibee restaurant and why.
DISCUSSION
BOARD SUBJECT: RE: Case Study Responses
POSTED BY: Boris Y., March 13, 11:14 a.m. REPLY [NEXT POST

Jollibee should open a restaurant in Dubai. Dubai is one of the fastest-growing cities in the
world, so there is a clear possibility for growth. Dubai also has a large Filipino community. In
fact, Tagalog, the official language of the Philippines, is one of the most commonly spoken
languages in Dubai. It is essential that Jollibee continues its successful marketing strategy by
targeting its niche market—Filipino families. Clearly, Dubai is the best choice.

4. Read both Part A and Part B. Then work in groups of four. Each person should
choose one question and write a main idea statement to answer the question.
When done, each person shares the main idea statements with the group.
Decide together if each person answered his or her question completely and
correct the statements as needed.
1. Who did Jollibee target?

2. What did Jollibee do to attract its customers?

3. How was Jollibee able to compete with a large international company?

4. Where does the student think Jollibee should open a restaurant?

• Unit 7 ■ Niche Marketing 123


Focused Reading

1. Read the text again. Then read the sentences from the text in the chart. Write
details to support each statement. Then scan the text to check your answers.

Excerpt Supporting Details


1. In its niche—the Philippines—Jollibee is the
number-one fast food place . . .

2. [Jollibee] targeted a niche market.

3. Tan Caktiong wanted to serve special food


that Filipinos like.

4. Tan Caktiong wanted to create a fun dining


experience.

5. Jollibee should open a restaurant in Dubai.

The use of persuasive language is very common in academic settings. Writers


and speakers use special expressions to persuade their audience to think about a
topic in a certain way or to take action. These expressions show that the writer or
speaker believes a statement to be correct or very important:
Obviously, . . .
Clearly, . . .
It is important / essential / necessary . . .
should / must / need to
I strongly believe . . .
I am confident (that) . . .

2. Scan the text and circle the persuasive expressions. Then discuss the questions
with the class.

1. Why does the student paragraph use a high level of persuasion?


2. Why do you usually not see a high level of persuasion in textbooks or
professors' materials, such as the case study?

124 Unit 7 ■ Marketing s Sal


3. Discuss the questions in small groups. Use persuasive language.
1. What is the most important reason for Jollibee's success? Why?
2. Which would be a better location for a Jollibee restaurant—a big city with a
small, strong Filipino community, or a suburb where many families live but
most are not Filipino? Explain.
3. Would your city be a good choice for a Jollibee restaurant? Why or why not?

Checkpoint 1 FrVindemicconnectiork

Before You Listen

3
Building
1. Read the advice from marketing experts. Then paraphrase it starting with the
phrase You should . . . . Write in your notebook.

Academic
Listening Skills
In this section, you will 1.Know your market before you start your business.
practice recognizing EXAMPLE: You should understand your customers before
beginning a company.
the purpose of specific
statements. You will 2. Stress how your service is different.
also learn how speakers 3.Evaluate your budget.
use intonation and stress 4. Use a niche marketing approach when your company
to express meaning. resources' are limited.
For online assignments, 5. Know your target customer groups so well that you meet their
go to needs better than other businesses.
Waridemicconnectionslab resources n all the money, skills, etc. that you have available to use
Source: Items 1 and 2 adapted from Brotsky, B. (1992). Finding your niche: marketing your
professional service. Berkeley, CA: Community Resource Institute Press. Items 3-5 adapted
from Kotler, P., & Armostrong, G. (2006). Principles of marketing (11th ed). Upper Saddle
River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.

2. Circle the correct answers to complete the paragraph.


When (1) expanding / consulting with businesses on the benefits of niche
marketing, it is useful to give examples of successful businesses that have
used this method of marketing. Apple Inc. is one great example. Instead of
competing with PC makers that offer cheap computers to a large group of
customers, Apple (2) specializes / expands in specific products for a more
(continued on next page)

odd Unit 7 • Niche Marketing 125


1111=pplWr (3) limited / expanding market. For example, when it introduced iTunes, it
_.00e#
:e•/
:
**
;r:,:;Z•
made a large (4) consultant /profit because other businesses were not serving
consult v to provide the needs of customers who wanted to buy music online. After its success
information, advice, or
answers; consultant n with iTunes, Apple (5) expanded / consulted its profit with other tools, such
expand v to become as the iPhone.
or make something
larger in size or
amount
3. You will listen to a lecture and role play. The title of the lecture is The Power of
Niche Marketing. Based on the title, what do you predict is the general purpose
limited adj not very
of the lesson?
great in amount or
number; limit v
profit n money that Global Listening
you gain by selling
things or doing
1. Listen to the lecture and role play. Take notes on the main ideas.
business
specialize v to limit 2. Read the statements. Decide if they are true or false. Write T (true) or F (false).
most of your business
Use your notes. Then check your answers with a partner.
or study to a specific
group, subject, etc. 1. The goal of niche marketing is to serve a large part of the market
specialized adj that most competitors don't serve.
2. Before expanding, businesses should become successful in a
market niche.
3. When a business knows who has the biggest need for its product, it
can fill these customers' needs better.
4. If a small business tries to attract a large market right away, it will
probably run out of customers.

1 tjiij IAA.)

A speaker or writer's specific purpose is his or her reason for making a specific
statement or including certain information. Much of the specific information
a speaker or writer includes will support the general purpose, so recognizing
specific purpose can help you understand important ideas.
These are some common specific purposes:
• to give an example or to illustrate a point
• to show agreement or disagreement
• to request information
• to emphasize or show the importance of a point
A specific purpose may be stated directly. If it is not, you can ask these questions
to recognize it:
• Why is the speaker (or writer) making this statement or including this
information?
• What does the speaker (or writer) want the audience (the listeners or readers)
to do?

126 Unit 7 • Marketing 8


3. Read the questions. Then listen to three excerpts from the lecture and check ( ✓)
the specific purpose of each statement. Make a note of any clues that helped
you recognize the purpose.

4-) Excerpt One


1. What is the purpose of the teaching assistant's response to the "consultant"?
to give an example/illustrate a point
to show agreement
to show disagreement
to request information
to emphasize or show the importance of a point
Clues: "but still," stress on "really," repeats earlier statement

G) Excerpt Two
2. Why does the teaching assistant say, "Yes, that's exactly right"?
to give an example/illustrate a point
to show agreement
to show disagreement
to request information
to emphasize or show the importance of a point
Clues•
3. Why does the teaching assistant repeat the definition of niche marketing?
to give an example/illustrate a point
to show agreement
to show disagreement
to request information
to emphasize or show the importance of a point
Clues•
4-) Excerpt Three
4. Why does Park mention Jollibee?
to give an example/illustrate a point
to show agreement
to show disagreement
to request information
to emphasize or show the importance of a point
Clues:

Unit 7 ■ Niche Marketing 127


4. Discuss your answers to Exercise 3 with the class. Did the same clues help you
to recognize the specific purposes?

Focused Listening
1. Listen to the lecture again. Complete the statements with the words from
the box.

buyers Jollibee large limited need successful

1. Big companies may not serve a certain part of the market because it is not
enough for them to make a profit.
2. Many small businesses want to serve all customers even when they have a
amount of money.
3. Small business owners sometimes fear that if they focus on only one group
of , they won't make enough of a profit.
4. A small business owner should always find out who has the biggest
for his or her product.
5 is an example of a business that started small and
grew bigger after becoming

Understanding Meaning through Intonation and Stress

To express ideas clearly, speakers often use intonation and stress to give clues
about their meaning.
Intonation is the rising 1' and falling of your voice. Speakers can use intonation
to show the meaning of a word or statement. Intonation often rises when someone
is happy, excited, asking a question, or joking in a positive way. Intonation often
falls when someone is upset, serious, or joking in a negative way.
Examples:
Twenty-five dollars for a meal! T (Meaning: The meal is probably great and
doesn't cost a lot.)
Twenty-five dollars for a meal! (Meaning: The meal costs too much.)
Stress is putting extra emphasis on certain words—for example, by saying them
more loudly or slowly. A statement can have different meanings depending on
which word is stressed.
Examples:
We saw a funny advertisement. (The ad wasn't sad or serious.)
We saw a funny advertisement. (We didn't hear the ad. We saw it.)
We saw a funny advertisement. (We saw the ad, but you didn't.)

128 Unit 7 ■ Marketing •


2. Listen for intonation and stress in the excerpts from the lecture. For each item,
mark the rising T and falling intonation, and underline any words that are
stressed. Then circle the correct meaning.
0 Excerpt One: Any volunteers? Anyone at all? T Don't all offer at once.
a. There are too many volunteers.
®No one is offering to volunteer.
Gd Excerpt Two: OK, now, when you're out in the real world, let's say
consulting with clients, you'll quickly realize that many small businesses
want to serve everyone, even with a limited amount of money for marketing.
a. School isn't like the world of business.
b. Many students have jobs outside of class.
0 Excerpt Three: Plus, who doesn't like ice cream?
a. The speaker wants to find out who doesn't like his product.
b. The speaker thinks everyone likes his product.
0 Excerpt Four: Well, how many millions of dollars do you have to market
your product to the world?
a. The speaker knows his client doesn't have enough money.
b. The speaker wonders how much money his client has to spend.
0 Excerpt Five: Ah-ha. I see what you're saying. I need to think about who
really wants my ice cream.
a. The speaker finally understands.
b. The speaker disagrees.

3.0 Listen for stress in an excerpt from the lecture. Circle the correct answers.
1. Which word does the speaker stress in the following statement? You can't
do that.
a. you
b. can't
2. What does the speaker mean?
a. That could work for a big business, but not for you.
b. You are not allowed to do this.
3. If the speaker wanted to show that the client could do something else, which
word would he probably have stressed?
a. do
b. that

04 Unit 7 ■ Niche Marketing 129


4. Work in groups of three. Your company has developed a new breakfast
product. Your team's job is to find a niche market for the product and to
persuade the company to focus on this niche. This is called pitching. Follow the
steps.
Step 1: Choose a product.
• Fruit drink with vitamins targeted for weight loss
• Breakfast bar in the shape of a popular children's cartoon character
• Egg sandwich with vegetables
• (your own idea)
Step 2: Choose the best niche market for your product. Make a list of the
characteristics of people who probably want this product. Discuss why your
product is important to your target customers and how it can help them.
Step 3: Write your pitch. Answer this question: What is the best niche
market for this product, and why? Include a description of your product and
give strong reasons to support your opinion. Use persuasive expressions from
page 124.
Step 4: Pitch your idea to the class. Divide the tasks among group members.
• Introduce your product and niche market.
• Describe your niche market.
• Give reasons for your choice of niche market.

Checkpoint 2 P's°46:idemicconnectionslab4

4
Building
Before You Write

Writing a Persuasive Paragraph -

Academic The goal of a persuasive paragraph is to convince the audience to take an action
Writing Skills or to think about something in a certain way. In a persuasive paragraph:
• The topic sentence (main idea) usually gives the writer's opinion. It may give
In this section, you
his or her purpose directly.
will practice writing
• The body of the paragraph includes facts, quotations, and examples that
persuasive paragraphs. support the writer's opinion. All of these details relate to the main idea.
Then you will use ideas • The concluding sentence either calls the reader to take a specific action or
and vocabulary from repeats the topic sentence in different words.
this unit to write a letter
to persuade an investor
to invest in a business.
For online assignments,
go to
-̀--,ykaderrucconnections

130 Unit 7 • Marketing P


1. Work with a partner. Look again at the persuasive student paragraph on the
website on page 123. Complete the tasks.
1. Underline the topic sentence once. What main idea does it introduce?
2. What facts, quotations, or examples does the student give? Do they all relate
to the main idea?
3. Underline the concluding sentence twice. Does this sentence call the reader
to take a specific action, or does it repeat the topic sentence in different
words?

2. Susan van der Kamp is looking for someone to invest' in her business selling
stroopwafels—Dutch cookies—to coffee and tea shops in New Zealand. Read
her letter. Later, you will choose a persuasive paragraph to complete the letter.

1011 Sutherland Road


Wellington 6023

August 18, 2011


Steven Wong, CEO
Wong and Associates
P.O. Box 5690
Wellington 6015
Stroopwafels are popular
Dutch cookies filled with a Dear Mr. Wong:
sweet syrup My name is Susan van der Kamp, and I am starting a stroopwafel
business in New Zealand. Stroopwafels are popular cookies in the
Netherlands. They are delicious when put on top of a hot drink to warm
the syrup inside of them. I have developed a strong plan to make my
business a success, and I am inviting you to invest in it.

(persuasive paragraph goes here)

After you have looked over my marketing plan, I would like to discuss the
opportunity for you to invest in this unique business.
Sincerely,
Juzarb Van, dm, k.c6w,
Susan van der Kamp

'invest v to give money to a company, business, or bank in order to get a profit later on

WOO Unit 7 • Niche Marketing 131


3. Read the two paragraphs. Both paragraphs try to persuade investor Steven
Wong to support Susan van der Kamp's business. As you read each paragraph,
complete the tasks. Think about which paragraph Ms. van der Kamp should use
in her letter. Complete the tasks.
• Circle persuasive language.
• Underline the topic sentence (if any) once.
• Note the details in the body of the paragraph and how they relate to the
main idea.
• Underline the concluding sentence (if any) twice.
Paragraph A

I think that my stroopwafel business might be a good investment


opportunity for you. Like other successful businesses that have used niche
marketing, I have chosen to focus on a small market—Dutch immigrants
in New Zealand. There are more than 140,000 people of Dutch descents
here. My plan is to sell stroopwafels to local coffee shops and tearooms in
Wellington, where there is a large Dutch population. Soon I plan to take
my business to other parts of New Zealand.

n family origins, especially nationality or relationship to someone


1 descent
important who lived a long time ago

Paragraph B

I am confident that my stroopwafel business will succeed here, because


there is already an interested group of buyers for my product. As a
successful restaurant investor, you must know about Jollibee and its
marketing approach of focusing on Filipino communities. Like Jollibee,
I have decided to focus on a small niche, Dutch immigrants in New
Zealand. This market is specific but strong—more than 140,000 people.
Non-Dutch people also enjoy this treat. In fact, even Starbucks now
sells stroopwafels at their shops in the United States. My plan is to sell
stroopwafels to local coffee shops and tearooms in Wellington, where
there is already a large Dutch population. Later I plan to expand my
business to other parts of New Zealand. I strongly believe that my
stroopwafel business would be a very profitable investment for you.

4. Work with a partner. Compare the notes you took while reading. Which
paragraph is more persuasive? What makes this paragraph more persuasive?
Be specific.

132 Unit 7 ■ Marketing P


Focused Writing
1. Read the advice from marketing entrepreneur Bob Leduc on how businesses can
find their niche markets. Underline the most important ideas. Then work with
a partner. Discuss the most important ideas of the excerpt. What is its general
purpose?

A Niche of Your Own: Finding a Niche Market


by Bob Leduc
1. First, list all the benefits that your product or service gives. For example, a
product might save time, save money, or give pleasure.
2. List some of the characteristics of customers who would benefit from your
product.
3. Decide if the group you've identified is profitable and if you can connect with
it. If so, you should be able to answer YES to these questions:
■ Do your target customers have a strong need for your product or service?
■ Do they have money to pay for your product or service?
■ Is this group big enough to give you enough business?
■ Can you find ways to reach your niche through marketing and ads?
■ Can you clearly explain your product/service to these customers and
persuade them of its benefits?
If you answer YES to all these questions, you've found a successful niche market!
Source: Adapted from Leduc, B. (1999). Target a niche market to increase your sales and profits. Retrieved
May 27, 2009, from http://www.soho.org/Marketing-Articles/Target-a-Niche.htm.

Understanding How Au re Affects Purpo

When preparing to write or speak, think about your audience—the people you are
writing or speaking to. Understanding your audience can influence your purpose
and affect how you present information. To help identify your audience, think
about these questions:
• Who will be your readers? (children, men, students, parents, etc.)
• What do you know about them? (gender, interests, feelings toward topic,
education level, etc.)
Use what you know about your audience to identify your own purpose and to
choose the best techniques for sharing information. Here are some examples:
• If your audience has opinions that are different from yours, you may try to
persuade them.
• If your audience has little knowledge of your subject, you may need to inform
them about it or explain it to them.
• If your audience has little interest in your subject, it may be helpful to entertain
them as you give information.

Unit 7 ■ Niche Marketing 133


2. Answer the questions. Discuss your ideas with the class.
1. Look again at Leduc's advice on page 133. Who is probably his audience?
How do you know?
2. What suggestions would you give Leduc on how to present this information
if his audience:
• Knew nothing about niche marketing?
• Wasn't interested in this topic?

Integrated Writing Task


You have read texts and listened to a lecture about niche marketing. You will now
use your knowledge of the unit content, topic vocabulary, purpose, persuasive
language, and audience to write a letter persuading someone to invest in a
business.

Follow the steps to write your letter.

Step 1: Choose a product or service that interests you (for example, a health
product or a type of entertainment or work you can provide). Imagine that you are
a small business owner marketing this product.
Step 2: You will write a letter to Julia Pinto, a young investor who works with
small, local businesses. Your purpose is to inform her about your business and
persuade her to invest in it. Answer the questions to provide information about
your business. Take notes in your notebook.
1. What is your business? What product or service do you provide?
2. Why is your business a good investment? How will a niche marketing
approach help it succeed?
3. Use Leduc's advice to find a niche market. Describe the specific
characteristics of your target market. Why is this market strong?
4. Consider Jollibee's niche marketing approach. What is one example or
connection with Jollibee that you can use to persuade your investor?
Step 3: Use your notes to make a paragraph outline. Use the skills box on page
130 as a checklist. In your topic sentence, give your opinion about why your
business will be successful and why it is a good investment opportunity. See
Paragraph B on page 132 for an example.
Step 4: Use your outline to write a persuasive paragraph. Use persuasive
language and some of the expressions to make connections between your
marketing plan and important ideas and examples in this unit.
• I have chosen to focus on a small niche market because . . .
• I believe the market I have chosen is strong because . . .
• You've probably heard about the success of Jollibee . . .
• Like Jollibee,.. .

134 Unit 7 ■ Marketing Oa


Step 5: Complete the letter. Then add your persuasive paragraph.

(your street)

(your city, state, and postal code)

(today's date)
Julia Pinto
Pinto Investment Group
771 Commonwealth Avenue
Boston, MA 02116

Dear Ms. Pinto:

My name is , and I am starting


(your name)

a business that will provide


(product/service)

I am inviting you to invest in

this business, which I'm confident will be a great success.

(add your paragraph)

I will contact you again soon to see if you are interested in investing in this
opportunity, and to answer any questions you have.

Sincerely,

(your signature)

(your name)

Unit 7 ■ Niche Marketing 135


Step 6: Exchange your letter with a partner. Comment on your partner's
persuasive paragraph. Use the checklist.

Paragraph Checklis

Does the topic sentence give an opinion?

Does the body . . .


• include facts, quotations, and examples that support the
writer's opinion?
• have details that relate to the main idea?

Does the concluding sentence . . .


• call the reader to take a specific action?
• repeat the topic sentence in different words?

Step 7: Revise your paragraph based on your partner's comments.


Step 8: Work in small groups. Imagine that you work for Ms. Pinto's investment
company. Read and discuss each letter. Choose one business to support. Share
and explain your choice with the class.

136 Unit 7 ■ Marketing • OA


0 Communication p
0 Nonverbal
Communication
!Mit DesL.
Content: This course is designed to familiarize
the student with the concept of nonverbal
communication.

Skills: Inference
• Making inferences about a speaker's attitude
• Inferring word meaning from context
• Presenting a role play
• Using stress, intonation, and pauses to express
meaning

Unit Requirements
Lecture and Discussion: "Nonverbal Communication:
Uses and Misunderstandings"

Readings: "Studies in nonverbal communication"


(a student summary)
"Proxemics for Better Communication" (an excerpt
from a scientific journal)

Integrated Speaking Task: Preparing and participating


in a role play demonstrating nonverbal
communication

Assignments: www.MvAcademicConnectionsLab.com

137
Previewing the Academic Content
The process of sending and receiving messages without words is called nonverbal
communication. Nonverbal communication includes the use of the body and face
Preview to express meaning. This element of communication is central to how people
For online assignments, understand and relate to one another. Each day people send and receive thousands
go to of nonverbal messages. Nonverbal communication is also complex, as people
interpret nonverbal messages based on their own culture and background.
Fq;gademicconnections
In this unit, you will study elements of nonverbal communication and how
important nonverbal clues are in everday communication. You will also learn
some universal ways in which people use nonverbal communication. Finally, you
Key Words will look at issues or misunderstandings that can happen when people interpret
nonverbal messages.
attitude n a general
opinion or feeling 1. Read the paragraph about a study by psychologist Albert Mehrabian and study
about someone or the pie chart showing Mehrabian's findings. Then discuss the questions on page
something
139 with the class.
communication n
the process of
sharing information
or expressing Albert Mehrabian is a psychologist known for his studies of the relationship
thoughts and feelings; between verbal and nonverbal communication. Mehrabian found that face-to-face
communicate v communication has three basic elements: words, tone of voice, and nonverbal
complex adj messages. He also found that nonverbal messages are especially important in
consisting of many communicating feelings and attitudes. According to his study, when a person's
different parts and words express a different attitude or feeling than the nonverbal messages he or
often difficult to
she gives, people are more likely to believe the nonverbal messages.
understand
interpret v to
explain or determine
How People
the meaning of
Understand Meaning
a statement,
action, event, etc.; When Words and
interpretation n Nonverbal Signs 7%
Do Not Match words
misunderstanding n
a failure to
comprehend a 38%
question, statement, emotional
or situation;
meaning
misunderstand v
(tone of voice)
tone of voice n
the way your voice
sounds, which often
shows how you are 55%
feeling or what you nonverbal
mean messages

Source: Adapted from Mehrabian, A. (1981). Silent messages: Implicit communication of emotions and attitudes.
Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

138 Unit 8 • Communication


1. How much meaning is expressed through words when those words seem
to be different from nonverbal signals? How much meaning is expressed
through nonverbal communication?
2. Do these findings surprise you? Explain.

2. Look at the photo of two people. What attitudes and feelings does each person
show? Write W for the woman, M for the man, or B for both. Some of the
choices may not be correct for either person. Use a dictionary if needed.

aggressive helpful relaxed understanding


angry humorous sad upset
frustrated offended sorry (others)•
happy persuasive uncomfortable

3. Discuss your answers to Exercise 2 in small groups. Answer the questions.


1. Which attitudes and feelings did you choose?
2. How did the people's bodies, hands, and faces help you understand
their feelings?
3. What do you think is happening in this situation? What do you think the
people are saying? Do their nonverbal messages match what you think they
are saying?

i..j
, .I
Unit 8 • Nonverbal Communication 139
This unit will help you Previewing the Academic Skills Focus
understand ideas and
attitudes that are not
stated directly. It will
also show you how to
Writers and speakers do not always state their meaning, purpose, or feelings
express your own ideas,
directly. They often imply, or suggest, these things by giving certain types of clues.
meanings, and attitudes The reader or listener must look for these clues and put together all the information
using stress, intonation, given to infer, or guess, the meaning, purpose, and feelings.
and pauses. To make inferences, look for these types of clues:
• Content: What facts or information are included or not included?
• Word choice: What attitudes or opinions does the choice of words show?
• Intonation or stress (for speakers only): How does the speaker say something?
What does this show?
To check your inference, ask, "How do I know the writer (or speaker) meant this?"

1. Make inferences to understand the


cartoon. Work with a partner to answer
the questions.

1. Where are the two men? What do you FOR


NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION!
think people do at this place?
2. Who are the two men? How are they
dressed? How old are they?
3. What is happening in the cartoon?
What are the men doing? What
meaning and feelings do their actions
express? Explain.
4. How do the men feel about each
other? How do you know?

2.G- Listen to and make inferences about a comment made by a student from a
class on nonverbal communication. Take notes to answer the questions. Then
compare your answers with a partner's.
1. What is the student's purpose for sharing this information? What specific
facts or information does she include to communicate this purpose?
2. How does the student feel? Which words show this? Does she use stress or
intonation to show her feelings? If so, how?

140 Unit 8 • Communication rida


Before You Listen
Kinesics is a type of nonverbal communication that studies gestures—movements of
Building the body. Work in small groups. Answer the questions about gestures. Use the key
words in your discussion.
Academic
Listening Skills 1. Look at the gesture that means "I don't
In this section, you will know" in Western cultures. Do you
learn more about using know of any other meanings for this
information you hear to gesture? Do you know of any other
make inferences. gestures that signal the same thing?
For online assignments, What are they?
go to 2. Do you know any gestures to
irIFSESdemicconnectionsiab communicate these ideas? If so, show
them to your partner.
Good job! No way! Watch out! Pay attention!
Who? Me? Good-bye. Come here.

appropriate ad.( 3. Do you think gestures mean the same thing in every culture? Explain.
correct or good for 4. Do you know of any gestures that are appropriate in one culture or situation
a particular time,
but not in another? Explain.
situation, or purpose
assume v to think
that something is true Global Listening
even though you do
not know that it is;
assumption n
1.G Listen to the lecture and group discussion. Take notes on the main ideas.

gesture n a movement
2. Read the statements. Decide if they are true or false. Write T (true) or F (false).
of your head, arm, or
Use your notes. Then compare your answers with a partner's.
hand to express your
feeling 1. Not all cultures use nonverbal communication.
potential n the 2. One way people use nonverbal communication is to regulate
possibility that
something will develop conversation.
or happen in a 3. A gesture is specific intonation that communicates an idea.
particular way
regulate v to control
4. Nonverbal signals are an effective way to communicate across
an activity or process, cultures.
usually by having rules
5. Ai's (the Japanese student's) experience is an example of how
signal n a sound, nonverbal signals are used to take turns speaking.
action, or event that
gives information or
tells someone to do
something

Unit 8 ■ Nonverbal Communication 141


3. Review the skill box on page 140. Then listen to the excerpts from the lecture
and the discussion, and circle the correct answer to complete each statement.
For each statement, note specific words or other clues (content, intonation and
stress, or word choice) that helped you infer the answer.
• Excerpt One (Professor)
1. The professor wants students to use / to understand the use of gestures
across cultures.

Notes.
2. The professor suggests that people can / cannot change their
communication style when needed.

Notes.
• Excerpt Two (Ai Sato)
3. The student implies that in Japanese culture it is not polite to be quiet / talk
too much in conversation.

Notes
4. The student suggests that Japanese and American cultures use different /
the same nonverbal signals to regulate conversation.

Notes-
4) Excerpt Three (Ai Sato)
5. The student would disagree / agree with the idea that people can change
their nonverbal communication styles when needed.

Notes-
• Excerpt Four (Tim White)
6. The student's general purpose is to entertain / inform his classmates with a
personal example.

Notes.

Focused Listening
1. Listen again to the lecture and the discussion. Answer the questions in small
groups.

1. What are two examples of how people in Western cultures show they want a
turn to speak in conversation?
2. According to the professor, what is one example of a gesture?
3. According to Tim White, what are two examples of how his classmate is
rude?

142 Unit 8 • Communication rildilt


-

Making Inferences about a Speaker's Attitude

An attitude is how someone generally feels or thinks about something. Speakers


often do not directly state their attitudes. In this case, the listener must listen
carefully for specific clues that suggest what the speaker is feeling. To make
inferences about a speaker's attitude, listen for:
• The speaker's word choices. Words like good or best show a positive attitude,
while words like bad or wrong show a negative attitude. Also, certain words
make an idea stronger—for example, very, really, so, and just.
• Stress. A speaker may emphasize words to show strong feelings.

No.
NO!

• Intonation. Speakers often use rising intonation to show positive feelings and
falling intonation to show negative feelings.
4")
"Good morning!" (rising intonation)
"Good morning." (falling intonation)

2. Read the words. Decide if their meaning shows a positive or negative attitude.
Write + for positive and — for negative. Use a dictionary if needed.

1. but 6. good 11. rude


2. comfortable 7. hard 12. too much
3. difficult 8. help 13. trouble
4. enough 9. polite 14. uncomfortable
5. fine 10. problem 15. yes

3. Listen to the excerpts from the lecture and the discussion. Listen for stress,
intonation, and word choice to infer attitude. Write + for positive or — for
negative to show the general attitude expressed in each excerpt. Then use the
words from the box to complete the statements describing each speaker's feeling
or attitude. You can use more than one word for each statement.

confident frustrated helpful offended relaxed uncomfortable upset

G) Excerpt One
general attitude.
Ai Sato used to feel when she first had
conversations with Americans.

(continued on next page)

ritaiUnit 8 • Nonverbal Communication 143


4) Excerpt Two
general attitude•
Ai Sato now feels speaking with Americans.
4) Excerpt Three
general attitude•
Tim White feels by his classmate who tries to
answer all of the teacher's questions.
Excerpt Four
general attitude•
The professor is when he tells the students to be
careful with gestures.

4.1n your notebook, write a paragraph about a misunderstanding you have


experienced due to nonverbal communication. Include specific examples. Then
share your experiences in small groups.

Checkpoint 1 !TiTaademicconnectionsa ili

Before You Read


1. Work with a partner. Take turns talking for 60 seconds about what you are
Building going to do after class today. Then answer the questions.
Academic 1. During how much of your conversation did you look at each other—for
Reading Skills more than half or less than half of the time?
In this section, you 2. Did you look at your partner more when you were speaking or when you
will learn how to infer were listening?
the meaning of new 3. What percentage of the time do you think people look at one another during
vocabulary, and you a conversation?
will practice making
inferences based on 2. Read the textbook paragraph. Then discuss the questions on page 145 with
information you read. your partner.
For online assignments,
go to
Gaze is when, where, and how long a person looks at someone else. This
*75r5'demicconnections;ab includes eye contact—when two people look directly at one another.
Michael Argyle and Mark Cook (1976) studied gaze during conversations
of English-speaking people and had these results:
■ Listeners gaze at speakers 70 percent of the time.
■ Speakers gaze at their listeners 40 percent of the time.
■ Speakers and listeners share eye contact with each other 30 percent of
the time.
Argyle, M., & Cook, M. (1976). Gaze and mutual gaze. New York: Cambridge University Press.

144 Unit 8 ■ Communication


1. Look at your notes from Exercise 1. Was your experience similar to or
different from Argyle and Cook's findings?
2. Do you think the results of the study would be the same or different in your
culture? Explain.
3. In what situations is it appropriate and inappropriate to gaze at another person
in your culture? How is this different from other cultures you know of?

Global Reading

analyze v to look at or 1. Read the student summary and classmates' comments from the website of an
think about the parts of online communications class. Underline the main ideas. (Do not use a dictionary
something in order to for new words. Later you will infer their meaning.)
understand the whole
thing
calm down v to [ I + www.Garcia.Commioi.com
become quiet and
relaxed after you have
been angry, excited,
or upset, or to make COMM 101: Interpersonal Communication
someone become
Assignment 3: Summaries of Studies
quiet and relaxed; • PAGES
Posted by: Professor Garcia, October 28, 4:36 p.m.
calm adj ASSIGNMENTS

method n a planned Instructions:
way of doing 1) Post a brief summary of a study about nonverbal • RECENT POSTS
something communication. The purpose of your summary is to
inform the class of the study and to make your classmates
interested in the topic.
2) Read your classmates' summaries. Then make comments
and ask questions.
3) Respond to all questions and comments
about your summary.
Kidwell Summary
Posted by: Robert B., October 30, 9:12 p.m.
Summary of Mardi Kidwell's article "Calm
down!: The role of gaze in the interactional
management of hysteria by police" (Discourse
Studies, 2006)
1 Police officers experience many situations
where communication is difficult but very important. Sometimes
they must get information from dangerous or dishonest people.
Officers also need to help people calm down when they are hurt
or upset in traumatic events such as car accidents. Mardi Kidwell
did a study about this in 2006. In her study, she shows that the
use of gaze is a very important part of regulating face-to-face
communication in difficult situations for a police officer.
2 Kidwell reviewed real video from the television show COPS to
study how police officers use gaze. COPS is a reality program that

(continued on next page)

1° Unit 8 • Nonverbal Communication 145


records police officers as they interact with people. Kidwell analyzed
a 55-second video to see how a police officer used gaze to calm
a hysterical woman. Her grandson had been shot, so she was very
upset and couldn't communicate.
3 Kidwell cites other studies (Argyle and Cook [1976] and Kendon [1967,
1990]), becasue they found that gaze is very important for knowing
if a person is participating in a conversation. When people gaze at
one another, they share communication. If one does not return the
other's gaze, he/she makes it difficult to communicate, In fact, that
person may be refusing to interact.
4 According to Kidwell, when the hysterical woman in COPS refuses to
look at the police officer, the officer understands it as an important
sign of problems with their communication. As a result, he tries to fix
the problem. Kidwell describes many different ways that the officer
tries to get the woman to gaze at him. First, he talks to her. Next, he
moves his head in line with her eyes. Finally, he puts his hand on her
chin and turns her face toward him. In this way, the police officer
actually requires her gaze.
5 The woman is able to listen and follow the police officer's
instructions only after he holds her gaze. Kidwell concludes that
gaze is the most important method of regulating face-to-face
interaction.

COMMENTS
6 Posted by Akiko N., October 30, 10:55 p.m.
In my culture, touching someone's face like that would make them
very uncomfortable. They might even get more agitated and upset.
Looking the woman straight in the eye is inappropriate, because her
experience and feelings are personal!

7 Posted by Robert B., November 2, 8:17 p.m.


Yeah, that's a cultural difference. Actually, I read another interesting
study about why people avert their gaze like the woman in the
study. People look away when they have to think really hard about
something. The research says that looking away helps people shut
out everything else so they can think. I wonder if that's universal or
also cultural.

8 Posted by Sean F., November 3, 4:23 p.m.


Did Kidwell really only study 55 seconds of videotape to decide that
gaze is such an important thing in police work?

9 Posted by Robert B., November 3, 6:13 p.m.


No. Actually, she studied 35 hours of footage, but she studied the 55
seconds in detail ...
Source: Doherty-Sneddon, G., et al. 120021. Development of gaze aversion as disengagement from
visual information. Developmental Psychology, 38, 438-445.

146 Unit 8 ■ Communication


2. Complete the main idea statements about the summary and the students'
comments.

1. Mardi Kidwell's study shows that

2. The method of Kidwell's study was analyzing

3. Earlier studies showed that

4. Kidwell found that when the woman refused to meet the officer's gaze, he

5. The conclusion of Kidwell's study is that

6. Akiko thinks that

7. Robert (in response to Akiko) says that

Focused Reading
1. Complete the statements with details from the website on pages 145-146.

feels uncomfortable reality television program the year 2006

many different ways rules of gaze when they need to think

1. Kidwell performed her study in


2. COPS is a that shows events that actually
happened.
3. Kidwell found that the police officer tried
to get the woman to look at him.
4. Akiko with the police officer's actions
toward the woman.
5. Akiko suggests that are different in
different cultures.
6. Robert writes that people look away

Unit 8 ■ Nonverbal Communication 147


1.1111144.4jt

In academic settings, you will be expected to learn a lot of new vocabulary. You
can infer a new word's meaning by looking at clues in the context (the words and
sentences before and after the word). Look for these kinds of clues:
• Synonyms (words very close in meaning)
synonyms

Example She was quiet and tranquil.

• Antonyms and contrasts (words and ideas with opposite meanings)


antonyms

Example The woman was very upset earlier, but now she is sedate.
• Examples or explanations used with the word
Eye contact, gestures, and smiling are all examples of kinesics.

• Grammar (noun, verb, adjective, adverb, etc.)


new word, word form = adjective
His nonverbal signals seemed aggressive.

2. Work in small groups. Infer the meaning of the words from the reading. Follow
the steps to complete the chart.

1. Scan the website on pages 145-146 for the words listed in the chart.
2. Look for clues about the word's meaning. Write them in the chart.
3. Write the type of each clue (explanation, example, synonym, antonym,
contrast, grammar).
4. Write a definition for each word.

Word Clue(s) Type of Clue(s) Definition

traumatic people hurt, upset explanation very bad, upsetting


(paragraph 1) car accidents example
"difficult" situations synonym

hysterical
(paragraphs
2, 4)

refuse
(paragraphs
3, 4)

148 Unit 8 • Communication


Word Clue(s) Type of Clue(s) Definition
avert
(paragraph 7)

footage
(paragraph 9)

3. Write two other new words from the website in the chart in Exercise 2. Infer their
meanings from context. Then share them with the class.

4. You will do an experiment in which you break a well-known nonverbal


communication rule. Follow the steps to do the experiment.

Step 1: Review the lecture, group discussion, and readings from this unit. In your
notebook, take notes on specific rules of nonverbal communication and examples
of nonverbal signals mentioned in the lecture, the discussion, and the reading.
Then write examples from your own knowledge and experience. Keep your notes.
You will need them later.

Lecture: to speak —> make eye contact, raise eyebrows.


Step 2: Choose a rule to break from your notes or from one of these examples:
• Try to take a turn in a conversation, but keep your head down.
• Make a gesture that is inappropriate for a situation.
• Gaze at a stranger for a long time.
Step 3: Perform your experiment—break the rule. Take notes on how others
respond.
Step 4: Report the results of your experiment to the class.

Checkpoint 2 iii7Sadernicconnectionslabt

Unit 8 • Nonverbal Communication 149


Before you Speak

Presenting a Role Play


Building
Academic In academic classes you may be asked to create and perform a role play (short
Speaking Skills drama) to demonstrate your understanding of concepts you learn. Use these
techniques to help make your performance more effective:
In this section, you will • Memorize the content of your role play—do not read it.
practice preparing role • Make note of nonverbal signals to use throughout your performance.
plays. You will also
• Practice several times.
practice using stress,
• Face your audience.
intonation, and pauses
• Use a loud voice so that everyone can hear you clearly.
to express meaning.
Then you will use • Pay attention to stress and intonation in your voice

ideas and vocabulary


from this unit to write
1. Work with a partner. Complete the dialogue based on the COPS video scene
and present a role play you read about on pages 145-146. Practice the dialogue with your partner,
demonstrating the using the techniques in the skill box.
importance of nonverbal
communication. F xampie
For online assignments, WOMAN: Oh, no! He was SHOT! Oh! . . .
go to
POLICE OFFICER: Now calm down. I need you to . . .
M7Sademicconnectionsiab
WOMAN: Where are they taking him? I've got to . . .

2. Perform the role play for another pair of students. As you watch your classmates'
performance, make a note of one thing they did well and one thing they could
have done better.

Focused Speaking
1. Read the article about proxemics, a form of nonverbal communication that
studies personal space.

PROXEMICS FOR BETTER COMMUNICATION

T he distance people keep between themselves and others expresses their level
of comfort together and the closeness of their relationship. As the diagram
shows, intimate space—the zone very near the body—is usually for people with
whom we have a very close relationship, such as romantic partners. On the
other hand, space farther away from the body is used with people we do not
know as well. This idea is generally universal, though the exact distances vary
from culture to culture and person to person.

150 Unit 8 • Communication P'31da".1"


Even small movements in and out of these zones can have a great effect on
making another person more or less comfortable. For this reason, paying
careful attention to the general guidelines in the diagram and to the nonverbal
cues you receive will improve your communication.

0-1.5 feet

1.5-4 feet

4-12 feet

12-25 feet

public space (12-25 feet): for presentations and public speaking


social space (4-12 feet): for most interaction at work, school, and with strangers
personal space (1.5-4 feet): for talking with family and friends
intimate space (0-1.5 feet): usually for very close relationships, but sometimes
necessary in crowded places

Source Based on Hall, E.T. (1966). The hidden dimension. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.

2.G) Listen to four short conversations. Mark the letter (A, B, C, or D) of the
conversation next to the correct photograph. Then identify the zone shown in
each photograph.

2.

Conversation: Conversation•

Zone: Zone•

3. 4.

Conversation• Conversation:

Zone: Zone•

Unit 8 ■ Nonverbal Communication 151


Using Stress, Intonation, and Pauses to Express Meaning

In Unit 7, you learned to listen for stress and intonation in order to understand a
speaker's meaning. When speaking, use these techniques to make your own ideas
and feelings clear:
• Stress important words by saying them more loudly, slowly, and clearly.
• Use rising or falling intonation to express meaning (see skill box on page
128) or attitude (see skill box on page 143).
• Pause, or stop very briefly, before saying important words or ideas.

3. Listen to individual sentences from the conversations in Exercise 2. Underline


the stressed words, mark rising T or fallingL intonation, and write a slash (/) to
show pauses.

4) Excerpt One: A really uncomfortable misunderstanding happened


one day . . .
Excerpt Two: Well, guys, the project is due next Tuesday.

4) Excerpt Three: So, I can go to the library today to find some articles.
4) Excerpt Four: I'll go with you. Alberto, what can you do?

4) Excerpt Five: No! I'm just really upset right now . . .


Excerpt Six: I'll miss you too. I'll call you all the time.

4. Work with a partner. Take turns repeating each statement in Exercise 3 as


accurately as you can. Use your markings from Exercise 3 to help you remember
the speakers' stress, intonation, and pauses.

Integrated Speaking Task


You have read texts and listened to a lecture and a discussion about different
types of nonverbal communication. You will now use your knowledge of the unit
content, topic vocabulary, and inferences to write and present a role play in which
you demonstrate nonverbal communication to imply ideas and feelings. You will
also make inferences as you analyze the situations shown in your classmates'
performances.

Follow the steps to prepare for your role play.

Step 1: Work in small groups to brainstorm ideas for a role play.


1. Compare your notes you made in Step 1 in Exercise 4 on page 149. Add
examples related to proxemics.
2. Discuss the settings and situations in which the examples from your notes
could cause clear communication or a misunderstanding. (For example,
consider an interaction between people in a classroom, at a job interview, at
a party, at a store, or at a police station.)

152 Unit 8 ■ Communication PT


3. Decide together on a situation and some examples of nonverbal
communication to show in your role play.
Step 2: Write your role play.
1. Outline the situation. Explain the cause(s) of understanding or
misunderstanding. Include details about the specific nonverbal signal(s)
used.
2. Write the dialogue, creating roles for every person in your group. Note the
nonverbal cues that will be part of the communication. Mark the intonation,
stress, and pauses you will use to imply ideas and feelings where possible.
Step 3: Review the techniques in the skill box on page 150, and practice your role
play at least twice.
Step 4: Perform the role play for your class. Then give the audience two minutes
to analyze the causes of understanding or misunderstanding, as well as your
implied ideas and feelings.
For each role play you watch, take notes on these points to help you analyze the
situation and inferences made:
• situation of role play
• nonverbal signals
4, implied ideas and feelings
• result: clear communication or misunderstanding?
Step 5: As a class, discuss each role play and how it demonstrates the elements of
nonverbal communication and inference skills you learned in this unit.

"ilird Unit 8 ■ Nonverbal Communication 153


AUDIOSCRIPT

are similar feel more confident around one another. They


feel better about themselves. In Peter Todd's speed dating
Psychology: First Impressions and study, both men and women said that similarity was most
important in choosing a partner.
Attraction
The third element I want to talk about is exchange—this
Global Listening is when two people give to and receive from each other.
Exercise 1, Page 10 For example, they can help each other, share things, and
give love. The important point here is that people have to
Professor: Hello everyone. Are we ready? OK . . . today
feel good about exchange in a relationship. Have you ever
I will talk about three elements of interpersonal attraction been in a relationship where one person gave more than the
that are important in any relationship. If you remember, other? Was the relationship happy? Probably not. If two
interpersonal attraction is when a person likes or wants people feel good about their exchanges, they will continue
a relationship with another person. When people hear in the relationship. And if not, the relationship can grow
this term, they think of romantic relationships. However, weak.
attraction is a part of all relationships, including those
with friends, family, and romantic partners. So, the three So in conclusion, there are three major elements of
elements I will talk about today are physical attractiveness, attraction that are important for all relationships: physical
similarity, and exchange. attractiveness, similarity, and exchange. Any questions?

Lecture: Elements of Attraction Integrated Writing Task


Exercise 1, Page 16
Professor: Hello everyone. Are we ready? OK . . . today
I will talk about three elements of interpersonal attraction Akiko: Excuse me. Do you know where the new student
that are important in any relationship. If you remember, orientation is going to be?
interpersonal attraction is when a person likes or wants
a relationship with another person. When people hear Rosa: Yes. It's in room H305. My name's Rosa, by the way.
this term, they think of romantic relationships. However, What's yours?
attraction is a part of all relationships, including those Akiko: Oh, my name is Akiko. Thank you for your help,
with friends, family, and romantic partners. So, the three Rosa.
elements I will talk about today are physical attractiveness,
similarity, and exchange. Rosa: Sure, Akiko. Akiko. .. that's a Japanese name, right?
Are you from Japan?
I'm sure it's not surprising that physical beauty is one of the
most important elements of attraction. In his speed-dating Akiko: Yes, from Chiba.
study, Peter M. Todd found that the most important part Rosa: I'm from Mexico—Mexico City. How do you like it
of attraction for men was beauty, even if they said other here?
qualities were more important. Other researchers have
found that people believe that beautiful people are more Akiko: Urn, it's OK. I just arrived last week, and it's my
intelligent, interesting, happy, and kind. Studies also show first time to travel alone.
that teachers behave better toward attractive children, and Rosa: Oh! Are you by any chance Hiro's friend? He told me
mothers of beautiful babies give their babies more attention. about a friend who was going to be a new student here. He
Isn't that interesting? said you're friendly, have short hair, and wear nice clothes.
Another important element of attraction is easy to He was right! That bag is beautiful, by the way.
understand: it is similarity. This means that two people Akiko: Thank you. You know Hiro?
feel that they are—more or less—the same. In a number of
different studies psychologists found that people are more Rosa: Yes, we're good friends. I'm meeting him at the
likely to choose friends and partners of the same age, race, orientation because we are both student advisors and
class, and with similar opinions. This is because people who helping with the new students. We have an hour before
orientation starts. Come on, I'll show you the cafeteria.

Audioscript 155
Akiko: OK. I'm very glad to meet you! Can I buy you a So, as you can see, destroying the rain forest has serious
coffee to thank you for your help? effects on living things across our planet. OK. . . next week,
we're going to talk more about global warming.. .
Rosa: That would be great. Thank you! ...Hiro told me you
like to shop. I do too! Focused Listening
Akiko: Oh! I stepped on your foot. I'm so sorry. Exercise 2, Page 26

Rosa: Don't worry. I didn't even notice. EXCERPT ONE


If this little piece of the tree's ecosystem was missing,
the web would break, and there would be few Brazil nut
UNIT 2
trees. Consequently, people in the Amazon would lose an
important food.
Ecology: The Web of Life
EXCERPT TWO
Lecture: Web of Life Many unknown plants have also already disappeared, so
Professor: Are we ready to begin? OK. . . Today, I'll scientists won't be able to study them and find more new
continue on the topic of the web of life and discuss what medicines from them.
happens when a part of the web is in danger. In particular, EXCERPT THREE
I'll discuss the ecosystem of the Amazon rain forest, and Since many living things depend on each other, when some
the effect of its destruction on life across the planet. die, the whole web of life is affected.
Like other ecosystems, all parts of the rain forest web of
Exercise 3, Page 26
life are connected. Think about the Brazil nut tree: This tree
depends on pollination by small bees and other insects for Unfortunately, the web of life of the Amazon is in danger.
life. If this little piece of the tree's ecosystem was missing, In fact, 20 percent of the rain forest has disappeared, due to
the web would break, and there would be few Brazil nut human actions. Local people and international companies
trees. Consequently, people in the Amazon would lose an are burning forests down to use the land for farms and farm
important food. This would also destroy an international animals. In addition, people around the world use paper
business worth about $50 million a year. and building materials made from millions of rain forest
Unfortunately, the web of life of the Amazon is in danger. trees. These actions have serious effects on all living things.
In fact, 20 percent of the rain forest has disappeared, due to First, because trees are disappearing, many animals are
human actions. Local people and international companies losing their homes and food. A lot of them die. Since many
are burning forests down to use the land for farms and farm living things depend on each other, when some die, the
animals. In addition, people around the world use paper and whole web of life is affected.
building materials made from millions of rainforest trees.
These actions have serious effects on all living things. Before You Speak
Exercise 1, Page 32
First, because trees are disappearing, many animals are
losing their homes and food. A lot of them die. Since many Student: My presentation today is on pollination, a very
living things depend on each other, when some die, the important ecosystem service. When we think about bees,
whole web of life is affected. usually the first thing we think of is sweet, delicious
honey, right? Yeah, well—there is the surprising thing—
The destruction of the rain forest also has serious
beekeepers in the U.S. make more money today by renting
consequences for people around the world. We use many
honeybees to pollinate plants than by selling honey. Yeah.
trees and plants from the Amazon to produce medicines
See, beekeepers put bees in boxes called beehives and take
that help people with serious diseases. In fact, 70 percent
them all over the country to work on farms. But . . . now a
of medicines for cancer come from rain forest plants.
strange thing is happening. Bees are leaving their beehives
Aspirin and many other drugs you probably use come
and not returning. One beekeeper in California lost 50
from rain forest plants, too. But scientists have tested only
million bees in one day! Yeah. Really. Now, losing millions
one percent of rain forest plants. Just one percent! Many
of bees is a real serious problem all over the world.
unknown plants have also already disappeared, so scientists
won't be able to study them and find more new medicines Honeybee pollination services are worth $8.3 billion per
from them. This hurts all of us. year in the United States alone. If the bee population keeps
growing smaller, there will be very costly consequences.

156 Audioscript
So, I know you're all asking, like, where did the bees go? Second, time management is an important way to lower
What's happening? Right? Why are there fewer bees? stress. One of the things that causes students stress is
Experts are studying this. Any guesses? First, just like all feeling like there is too much to do. Studies like the ones
of us students, bees work too much and they have a poor by Campbell and Svenson in the 1990s show that good
diet—it's not natural. This can cause bees to get stressed time management skills help students do better in school.
and sick—just like with people. Finally, insecticides used One example of how you can manage your time is to make
on farms can hurt bees. a schedule and write down what you do in a day—and
Like I said, there are serious consequences of losing bees. how much time you spend on everything. This shows how
With no bees, people will have to pollinate all the foods that you're using your time. Ask yourself questions like: Do I
depend on insect pollination—including apples, onions, and want or need to do each of these things, and for this long?
about—oh-150 other fruits and vegetables. This would If not, make changes. For example, you may need to spend
cause the food to be very expensive and not as good. So, less time in front of the TV. Another example of time
in other words, losing bees is very costly for the economy. management is making a list of things you need to do each
One expert says that losing bees may cause farmers in the day. You may realize that you need to divide projects into
United States to lose $15 billion—and other businesses to smaller steps so you can finish them. And that brings us
lose $75 billion. to a surprising point: People who manage their time well,
often schedule time to relax, too. That's also an important
In conclusion, bees are a super valuable part of our web technique to use.
of life. The effects of losing them can be very costly.
Finally, having a healthy lifestyle also helps manage stress.
Hopefully, we can find a way to save bees soon. OK. Are
Things like exercising, eating good foods, and getting
there any questions?
enough sleep keep your body strong and give you energy.
When you feel healthy, you'll be able to manage stress
UNIT 3 better.
Health: Stress and Health So to sum up, a few easy stress management techniques can
help students in a lot of ways. They lower stress, help you
Global Listening live a healthier life, and help you be better students. Any
Exercise 1, Page 49 questions?
Presenter: Hello everyone, and thank you to Dr. Ayala for Focused Listening
inviting me to speak to your class today. Now. . . research Exercise 3, Page 52
shows that college students are more stressed now than in
the past. Does that surprise you? So, today I'll talk to you EXCERPT ONE
about stress management techniques—helpful ways to For example, at least a few of you must be afraid of
manage or lower stress. speaking in public.
EXCERPT Two
Lecture: Stress Management
And that brings us to a surprising point: People who
Presenter: Hello everyone, and thank you to Dr. Ayala for manage their time well often schedule time to relax, too.
inviting me to speak to your class today. Now. .. research
EXCERPT THREE
shows that college students are more stressed now than in
the past. Does that surprise you? So, today I'll talk to you Things like exercising, eating good foods, and getting
about stress management techniques—helpful ways to enough sleep keep your body strong and give you energy.
manage or lower stress. When you feel healthy, you'll be able to manage stress
better.
The first technique I want to talk about is called stress
inoculation. When you use stress inoculation, you learn
what gives you stress and then you try to change how you
UNIT 4
behave in that situation. For example, at least a few of you
must be afraid of speaking in public. If you had to give a Literature: Folktales
class presentation next week, you could prepare for this Lecture: Common Characteristics of Folktales
stressful event by taking small steps to get used to the
situation. For instance, you could practice your presentation Professor: Hi class. Good morning. Everyone ready? OK.
in front of your friends, in front of a mirror, or on video. For today's lecture we're going to talk about some common
Studies show this technique can reduce your anxiety in characteristics of the folktale. Most of us know some very
stressful situations. old folktales. People shared these stories orally for years

Audioscript 157
before writing them down. Since people told stories instead UNIT r-
of writing them, the stories changed in between places and
with each storyteller. Each new storyteller made changes Chemistry: Green Chemistry
to the stories based on his own traditions and culture. For
example, many cultures have stories like the raven tale Global Listening
about how people got light. In these tales, though, the main Exercise 1, Page 90
character is another type of animal. So, to sum up, folktales
began in the oral tradition, and as a result they have Professor: Good morning, everyone. As you know, we
changed over time. have been talking about biofuels as an alternative to
petroleum fuel. Today we will hear from Dr. Steven Schultz
Next, the characters in folktales are similar. They are about a new kind of biofuel that has green chemists feeling
usually ordinary characters who do extraordinary things. excited. Dr. Schultz is a green chemist who works with
They usually have only one or two strong characteristics. governments and businesses on how they can benefit from
For instance, the chief in the Raven story is selfish and not alternative fuels. Please welcome Dr. Schultz.
very smart. But Raven is very generous—he wants to help
people. And he's very clever as he finds a way to get the Dr. Schultz: Well, thank you, Dr. Kim. You may think that
light. In addition, often the characters in folktales are not chemists don't get excited, but we do. Sometimes we get
people but animals with human qualities. They talk, make really excited, and this is one of those times. We may have
plans, and have strong emotions. Small animals such as actually found a product—waste vegetable oil (also known
the popular spider and turtle play this role in West African as WVO)—that can solve some of our fuel problems. And,
stories. In summary, the characters of folktales are simple the great thing is, it already exists! Waste vegetable oil is
but often clever in achieving their goals. oil that restaurants have used to cook food—like French
fries. Then we process the oil into fuel for cars. So actually,
Finally, the plot, or what happens in the folktale, is usually this oil is used twice. Now, I know this may sound strange
exciting. Most folktales begin with an expression like to a lot of you, but WVO is a good alternative when you
"a long time ago" and then move very quickly into the think about it, because it's available, inexpensive, and as
story, which starts with a problem. For instance, a strong, easy to use as, regular fuel.
bad character often gives a weaker character a task and
promises something if he completes the task. The weaker Lecture: From French Fries to Fuel
character often uses clever tricks, special skills, or magic
to complete the task. In the end of a folktale, the good Professor: Good morning, everyone. As you know, we
characters usually win and the bad characters lose. In have been talking about biofuels as an alternative to
petroleum fuel. Today we will hear from Dr. Steven Schultz
conclusion, the plot of a folktale is interesting.
about a new kind of biofuel that has green chemists feeling
So, in summary, we know that the tradition of folktales excited. Dr. Schultz is a green chemist who works with
is very old. They are told all over the world, but they governments and businesses on how they can benefit from
share several of the same features—they began in the oral alternative fuels. Please welcome Dr. Schultz.
tradition and changed through the years, they also have the
same types of characters and a strong plot. Dr. Schultz: Well, thank you, Dr. Kim. You may think that
chemists don't get excited, but we do. Sometimes we get
Global Listening really excited, and this is one of those times. We may have
Exercise 3, Page 64
actually found a product—waste vegetable oil (also known
as WVO)—that can solve some of our fuel problems. And,
So, in summary, we know that the tradition of folktales the great thing is, it already exists! Waste vegetable oil is
is very old. They are told all over the world, but they oil that restaurants have used to cook food—like French
share several of the same features—they began in the oral fries. Then we process the oil into fuel for cars. So actually,
tradition and changed through the years, they also have the this oil is used twice. Now, I know this may sound strange
same types of characters and a strong plot. to a lot of you, but WVO is a good alternative when you
think about it, because it's available, inexpensive, and as
easy to use as regular fuel.
So, first of all, WVO is already available For example, the
U.S. produced over 11 billion liters of WVO in 2000. Don't
you think that says a lot about our diet? Of course, all that
oil from fried food has to go somewhere, right? It's usually
just waste. So, using vegetable oil for fuel turns an existing

158 Audioscript
waste into a valuable product. . . it's like turning garbage UNIT 6
into gold! Right now restaurants have to pay to dispose of
their cooking oil. So they are, of course, happy to give it
away for free.
Art History: The Art of Marc Chagall

This brings me to another point—waste vegetable oil is Global Listening


quite cheap. . . definitely cheaper than petroleum prices Exercise 1, Page 109
now. When I work with companies and communities, we Professor: Good morning everyone. Now, you've been
look at finding ways to use WVO because it's such a great learning about Marc Chagall's life and themes in his art.
deal—not only for people but for the environment. Today we will talk more specifically about Chagall's
Finally, WVO is easy to use. Actually, any car that runs on independent style and what some critics think of his work.
regular diesel can use vegetable oil. There are several ways
Lecture: Chagall: Style and Criticism
to make it work. You can mix WVO with regular fuel and
put it in the car. Or you can put a special part in your car to Professor: Good morning everyone. Now, you've been
make it run on WVO. learning about Marc Chagall's life and themes in his art.
Today we will talk more specifically about Chagall's
So as you can see, waste vegetable oil is a simple and green
independent style and what some critics think of his work.
alternative to petroleum that is available, cheap, and easy to
use. Now, I'd be happy to answer any questions... As you know, many painters of Chagall's time used abstract
styles to show modern life and experiences such as war
Focused Listening and difficult economic times. These artists believed that
Exercise 2, Page 91 the old ways of painting could not show these experiences.
Common themes in modernist art were social problems and
EXCERPT ONE
loss of hope. On the other hand, with themes such as love,
You may think that chemists don't get excited, but we do.
simple life, and nature, Chagall's art is easy to understand
EXCERPT TWO and full of hope. According to Jean-Michel Foray of the
For example, the U.S. produced over 11 billion liters of Chagall Museum, Chagall wanted people to understand
WVO in 2000. Don't you think that says a lot about our what he was saying in his art. But some critics say that
diet? Chagall is just too simple and sentimental, a point I will
return to later.
Exercise 3, Page 92
OK, so by now you probably realize that Chagall did not
RADIO REPORT: DRIVING ON VEGETABLE OIL use just one technique. He used elements of many different
styles in his work. In I and the Village, he used some cubist
Kent Glass (reporter): Waste vegetable oil is a great
and modernist techniques: geometric shapes like circles
alternative for people like Peter Berger. The oil he uses is
and squares, bright colors, and showing objects in an unreal
restaurant waste and was going to be thrown out anyway. So
way. But at the same time, many of his subjects look real.
he can drive his car without feeling bad about polluting the
This all creates a feeling of fantasy, doesn't it? His paintings
environment.
are dreamlike. Look at the painting The Birthday. It shows
Peter Berger (WVO user): When I need more oil, I simply a man and a woman. We know how much he loved Bella, so
go to the local Chinese restaurant or fast food restaurant. the man must be Marc and the woman must be Bella. Only
They are happy to give it away, and it doesn't cost me one of the woman's feet is touching the ground, and both
anything. of Chagall's feet are off the ground, with his head turned to
kiss her. And where are they? We see a bed and a dresser,
There is some difficulty with the process of cleaning oil so
so they may be in a bedroom. Maybe it's a dream? This is
I can use it. And I had to get a new part put in my car, too.
something we see so much of in Chagall: bringing together
But it's worth the work.
the real and the unreal. This might be what creates that
Kim Wei (environmental studies expert): Yes, waste feeling of dreamy joy.
vegetable oil is a good alternative to petroleum fuel... But
Some art critics, however, criticize Chagall's work as
we also have to remember that there might be problems with
being too sentimental. Sabina Ott of the San Francisco
producing vegetable oil just to drive cars. Already in the
Art Institute says that Chagall's colors, for instance, are
Amazon, people cut huge areas of forests so they can grow
fantastic, but his simple subjects—flying animals and
plants to produce vegetable oil for fuels. As a result, many
dreamy lovers—make his art too sentimental. Ott feels it
animals and plants die. It also increases pollution and causes
doesn't make her look for a deeper meaning.
prices of food to rise. So, it really isn't the safest alternative.

Audioscript 159
But Chagall's art might have a very important purpose. Claudia: I agree. I can't tell if the person is alone or if
Art director Tim Riley explains how Chagall lived through there's an audience.
two terrible world wars, but he always stayed interested
Roberto: Yeah, it's hard to tell. To me it looks like the
in, quote, "the power of good in the world," because he
person's alone.
believed art, quote, "could and should make the world a
better place through themes of love and hope." Claudia: OK. So what do you think is the purpose of the
painting?
So in a time when many artists and thinkers lost hope,
Chagall's work showed joy and beauty, and this made him Roberto: I believe that this painting shows a strong
unpopular with some critics. But why is Chagall's art so emotion: a deep feeling of sadness. The colors are all so
popular then? In my opinion, it must be because it shows dark.
what everyone wants to experience: love and hope. So what
Claudia: I agree, but I also think that the painting might be
do you think?
telling the story of a lonely guitar player who lost someone
special. That's why the person is so sad and wearing black.
Exercise 3, Page 110
Roberto: I don't quite agree. But our time is almost up, so
EXCERPT ONE
what about the style? Isn't the painting cubist? There are a
Look at the painting The Birthday. It shows a man and a lot of shapes like circles and squares.
woman. We know how much he loved Bella, so the man
must be Marc and the woman must be Bella. Claudia: That's right. It really looks like a lot of cutout
shapes. It reminds me a lot of Picasso's painting The Guitar
EXCERPT TWO Player. It's also very abstract like this one, and I know
Only one of the woman's feet is touching the ground, and Popova was very influenced by Picasso's modernist ideas.
both of Chagall's feet are off the ground, with his head
turned to kiss her. Roberto: I feel the same way.
EXCERPT THREE
And where are they? We see a bed and a dresser, so UNIT 7
they may be in a bedroom. Maybe it's a dream? This is
something we see so much of in Chagall: bringing together Marketing: Niche Marketing
the real and the unreal. This might be what creates that
feeling of dreamy joy. Previewing the Academic Skills Focus
Exercise 2, Page 120
Focused Speaking
Lucy: I noticed Starbucks mentioned in the next homework
Exercise 1, Page 114
assignment. I love Starbucks. What do they have to do with
Roberto: So what do you see in Popova's Lady with the target marketing?
Guitar?
Professor: Actually, Starbucks is an interesting example
Claudia: Well, the painting is called Lady with the Guitar, of target marketing. Instead of focusing on fast and cheap
so this must be the lady and that must be the guitar. But coffee—like at fast food restaurants, for instance—
don't you think that the woman looks more like a man? Starbucks started with a plan to create a unique, European
coffee experience. They wanted to serve high quality
Roberto: I think so, too. That could be some writing on coffee drinks in a comfortable place where people could
the left.
relax, think, and talk with others. So they targeted a very
Claudia: I think you're right. specific group of people: college-educated men and women
between 18 and 30 that care about social issues like the
Roberto: And there's a table. It might be at a restaurant. environment.
Claudia: I disagree with you. I don't see a table. Lucy: The same kind of customers they still target today?
Roberto: Doesn't that square on the left right above the Anthony: No, I don't think that they still target a niche
guitar look like a table? market. You see everyone at Starbucks now: students,
Claudia: It looks like another square to me. business people, families, children . . .

Roberto: Oh well. It looks like the person is wearing a Professor: That's right, Anthony. As Starbucks has grown
dark shirt or suit. over the years, it's added other products and services to
attract a larger market.

160 Audioscript
Exercise 3, Page 120 Nora: But you won't make a profit that way. I guarantee
EXCERPT ONE
you that your business will be stronger if you recognize
What do they have to do with target marketing? who has the biggest need for your product and take time to
understand that niche market. Then you can specialize to
EXCERPT TWO meet the exact needs of your customers. Plus, you'll be able
Instead of focusing on fast and cheap coffee—like at fast to advertise more effectively, which saves money.
food restaurants, for instance . . .
Park: Yeah. Take Jollibee, for instance. Even they started
EXCERPT THREE small by targeting a niche market.
No, I don't think that they still target a niche market.
Nora: Yeah, and once they became successful, they were
EXCERPT FOUR able to expand and reach more customers. Now—in their
That's right, Anthony. market—they do better than McDonalds.

Lecture and Role Play: The Power of TA: Ah-ha. I see what you're saying. I need to think about
Niche Markets who really wants my ice cream. Good job guys. Thanks for
volunteering. Ok, moving . . .
Teaching Assistant: Morning, class. OK, for today
everybody read about niche marketing. Let's see. . . who Global Listening
can review the definition of a niche market for us? OK? Exercise 3, Page 127
How about you, Paul?
EXCERPT ONE
Paul: OK, uh, a niche market is a small, specific group of Park: Instead of advertising to a large general market right
possible buyers who have a real need or want for a product away, you should become successful in a small niche first.
or service. If you don't, you will run out of money. There is too much
TA: Yes, that's exactly right. Niche marketing means competition in big markets.
specializing in one small part of the market that most TA: Well, I don't have a lot of money for marketing, but
competitors don't serve. Maybe the market is too small still, I'm really hoping to expand my business quickly.
for a big company to make enough of a profit, or maybe
other companies have not identified the market's need for a EXCERPT Two
certain product or service. OK, now, when you're out in the Paul: OK, uh, a niche market is a small, specific group of
real world, let's say consulting with clients, you'll quickly possible buyers who have a real need or want for a product
realize that many small businesses want to serve everyone, or service.
even with a limited amount of money for marketing. This is TA: Yes, that's exactly right. Niche marketing means
not a good idea for a small business. It costs too much and specializing in one small part of the market that most
makes it difficult to focus on the needs of customers. competitors don't serve.
So, let's do a role play to look at how you might help EXCERPT THREE
someone see the benefits of niche marketing. Imagine that Nora: I guarantee you that your business will be stronger
I'm planning to start my own ice cream business. I need a if you recognize who has the biggest need for your product
team of consultants to help with my marketing plan. Any and take time to understand that niche market. Then you can
volunteers? Anyone at all? Don't all offer at once! OK, specialize to meet the exact needs of your customers. Plus,
thank you, you, Nora and Park. Here we go! I'll start: "I you'll be able to advertise more effectively, which saves
need to find a lot of customers. If I limit my market to only money.
one group of buyers, I won't make enough money. Plus,
who doesn't like ice cream?" Park: Yeah. Take Jollibee, for instance. Even they started
small by targeting a niche market.
Park: Well, how many millions of dollars do you have
to market your product to the world? You can't do that. Focused Listening
Instead of advertising to a large general market right away, Exercise 3, Page 129
you should become successful in a small niche first. If
you don't, you will run out of money. There is too much Well, how many millions of dollars do you have to market
competition in big markets. your product to the world? You can't do that.

TA: Well, I don't have a lot of money for marketing, but


still, I'm really hoping to expand my business quickly.

Audioscript 161
UNIT Student 1: OK. . . The first point of the lecture was
that people use nonverbal communication to regulate
Communication: Nonverbal conversation. Anyone have an example of this?

Communication Student 2: Yeah, like when I first left Japan and went
to America, I had a really hard time talking in groups of
Previewing the Academic Skills Focus Americans. They didn't give me a turn to speak. I was
Exercise 2, Page 140 silent and polite—in the Japanese way—but they just talked
and talked! It was difficult for me because they talked so
I don't feel like my older brother listens to me, because of much. It took me a long time to learn to give appropriate
his nonverbal communication. He tells me he's listening, signals, but now I understand, and I am comfortable talking
but I just don't believe it. Often when I'm talking, he with Americans.
doesn't even look at me, or he does something else. These
signs tell me he's not listening. He needs to take this Student 3: I have an example of someone being rude.
communication class. There's this guy in my math class—when the teacher asks
a question, he doesn't just raise his hand to answer—he
Lecture and Discussion: Nonverbal waves it around. Or, he calls out the answer. He just wants
Communication: Uses and Misunderstandings to make a good impression on the teacher, but the rest of
Professor: Good morning! Let's get started. So, last time us interpret this as inappropriate, because no one else has a
we talked about what nonverbal communication is. Let's chance to answer. It's good to raise your hand, of course—
review with an example. Have you ever wanted to say but quietly, ya know?
something in a conversation, but the other person just
Global Listening
talked on and on? OK, so take a moment to imagine what
you would do in this situation. Write down the nonverbal Exercise 3, Page 142
signals you might give to show you want to say something. EXCERPT ONE
Now, if you compared notes with the person next to you, Of course, you must be careful with gestures, because
would your signals be the same? That depends. See, they're not the same across cultures.
everybody uses nonverbal communication, but the specific
signals used are different among people and cultures. So EXCERPT Two
today we're going to discuss two universal ways nonverbal Yeah, like when I first left Japan and went to America, I
communication is used, but also how people assume things had a really hard time talking in groups of Americans. They
based on personal interpretations. didn't give me a turn to speak. I was silent and polite—in
the Japanese way—but they just talked and talked!
Now, one way people use nonverbal communication is
to regulate conversation, like in the example I just gave. EXCERPT THREE
In Western cultures when a listener wants a turn to speak It took me a long time to learn to give appropriate signals,
to someone else, she will make eye contact with the but now I understand and I am comfortable talking with
speaker, or look straight in the speaker's eyes, and raise her Americans.
eyebrows. In a large group, like in a classroom, a student EXCERPT FOUR
will usually raise her hand to show she wants to speak. I have an example of someone being rude. There's this guy
In addition to helping to regulate a conversation, nonverbal in my math class—when the teacher asks a question, he
signals can be used to quickly communicate an idea. When doesn't just raise his hand to answer, he waves it around.
a specific body movement is used instead of words, it's Or, he calls out the answer.
called a gesture. Putting a finger to the lips can mean "be
Focused Listening
quiet," for example. Of course, you must be careful with
gestures, because they're not the same across cultures. A Exercise 3, Page 143
gesture like putting your thumb up means "Good job!" in EXCERPT ONE
the United States, but it can easily get you in trouble in Like when I first left Japan and went to America, I had a
certain other cultures. Clearly, there is a lot of potential for really hard time talking in groups of Americans. . . . It was
misunderstanding with nonverbal signals. difficult for me because they talked so much.
Now, I'd like you to break into groups and discuss your EXCERPT Two
own experiences with nonverbal communication . . . But now I understand, and I am comfortable talking with
Americans.

162 Audioscript
EXCERPT THREE
There's this guy in my math class—when the teacher asks a
question, he doesn't just raise his hand to answer, he waves
it around. Or, he calls out the answer.
EXCERPT FOUR
Of course, you must be careful with gestures, because
they're not the same across cultures.

Focused Speaking
Exercise 2, Page 151

CONVERSATION A
Tom: Honey. Can't we talk about this? I'm so sorry.
Sonia: No! I'm just really upset right now.. .
CONVERSATION B
Sarah: I can't believe we graduated!
Ana: I'm really going to miss you guys.
Sarah: I'll miss you too. I'll call you all the time.
Jennifer: I know—and you'll text me all the time, too! Aw,
I'm going to miss you so much. But we'll see each other
during vacation too.. .
CONVERSATION C
Next, I'll tell you about another example of how nonverbal
miscommunication affected my business trip overseas. A
really uncomfortable misunderstanding happened one day...
CONVERSATION D
Eric: Well, guys, the project is due next Tuesday. So, I can
go to the library today to find some articles.
Sue: I'll go with you. Alberto, what can you do?
Alberto: I'll look on the Internet.
Eric: OK, then let's meet again on Friday morning to put all
the information together and plan our presentation.

Audioscript 163
CREDITS
Text credits: Page 2 (text and Exercise 2), "First Shutterstock; p. 33 Shutterstock; p. 37 (TR) Shutterstock,
Impressions and Hair Impressions: An Investigation of (T) Shutterstock, (B) Dex Images/Corbis; p. 38 (L)
Impact of Hair Style on First Impressions," by Marianne Shutterstock, (T) Shutterstock, (R) Mark Wilson/Getty
LaFrance, February 2001.; p. 3, "At First Sight: Persistent Images, (B) Radius Images/Alamy; p. 42 (L) David
Relational Effects of get-acquainted conversation," in Crausby/Alamy, (R) Dex Images/Corbis; p. 49 (T)
Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, Vol. 21, Shutterstock, (B) Shutterstock; p. 56 Shutterstock;
by M. Sunnafrank and A. Ramirez, pp. 361-379.; p. 13, p. 59 (TR) Shutterstock, (M) Spencer Grant/PhotoEdit;
Understanding Psychology, 8th Edition by C. G. Morris p. 60 (T) Shutterstock; p. 64 Spencer Grant/PhotoEdit;
and A. A. Maitson, 2008. Pearson Prentice Hall.; p. 67 Shutterstock; p. 79 (TR) Shutterstock, (background)
p. 32, "Estimating the Economic Value of Honey Bees as Shutterstock, (T) Shutterstock, (M) Shutterstock, (B)
Agricultural Pollinators in the United States," in Economic Shutterstock; p. 80 Shutterstock; p. 85 Shutterstock;
Entomology, 85(3), by E. E. Southwick and L. Southwick, p. 90 Shutterstock; p. 94 Issouf Sanogo/AFP/Getty Images;
Jr., pp. 621 - 633. "Mystery Bee Disappearances Sweeping p. 96 Moodboard/Corbis; p. 99 (TR) Shutterstock, (B)
U.S.," by S. Lovgren, in National Geographic News, Digital Image The Museum of Modern Art/Licensed by
February 23, 2007.; p. 39, "The Social Readjustment Rating SCALA/Art Resource, NY ©2009 Artists Rights Society
Scale," in Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 11, by T. (ARS), New York/ADAGP, Paris; p. 100 (L) Art Resource,
Holmes and R. H. Rahe, 1967.; pp. 42-43, Coping with NY, (M) Banque d'Images, ADAGP/Art Resource, NY
Stress in a Changing World, 3rd Edition, by R. Blonna, ©2009 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York/ADAGP,
2005. McGraw-Hill.; p. 94, "Plastic Bags, Sugar Cane Paris, (R) Francis G. Mayer/Corbis; p. 101 (L) Museum
and Advanced Vibrational Spectroscopy: Taking Green of Art, Smolensk, Russia/SuperStock, (R) Digital Image
Chemistry to the Third World," in Green Chemistry, by M. The Museum of Modern Art/Licensed by SCALA/Art
Poliakoff and I. Noda, 2004, 6. Reprinted by permission of Resource, NY ©2009 Artists Rights Society (ARS), New
the Royal Society of Chemistry.; pp. 101, 102, "Celebrating York/ADAGP, Paris; p. 103 Li Erben/Kipa/Corbis; p. 104
Chagall," in Online NewsHour, by S. Michaels, 2003. Digital Image © The Museum of Modern Art/Licensed by
Retrieved May 22, 2009 from http://www.pbs.org.; March SCALA/Art Resource, NY ©2009 Artists Rights Society
Chagall, by F. Le Target, 1985. Rizzoli International (ARS), New York/ADAGP, Paris; p. 108 Jaubert Bernard/
Publications.; pp. 122-123, Principles of Marketing, 11th Alamy; p. 109 Digital Image The Museum of Modern
Edition, by P. Kotler and G. Armstrong, 2006. Pearson Art/Licensed by SCALA/Art Resource, NY ©2009 Artists
Prentice Hall.; p. 133, "Target a Niche Market to Increase Rights Society (ARS), New York/ADAGP, Paris; p. 114
Your Sales and Profits," by B. Leduc, 1999. Retrieved Museum of Art, Smolensk, Russia/SuperStock; p. 115
May 27, 2009 from http://www.soho.org/Marketing- Banque d'Images, ADAGP/Art Resource, NY ©2009
Articles/Target-a-Niche.htm.; p. 138, Silent Messages: Artists Rights Society (ARS), New York/ADAGP, Paris;
Implicit Communication of Emotions and Attitudes, by A. p. 117 (TR) Shutterstock, (M) Jeff Greenberg/PhotoEdit;
Mehrabian, 1981. Wadsworth.; p. 146, "Calm Down!: The p. 118 (L) Business Wire/Getty Images, (R) Dreamstime.
Role of Gaze in the Interactional Management of Hysteria com; p. 120 (L) Jay Directo/AFP/Getty Images, (R) Jay
by the Police," in Discourse Studies, 8(6), by M. Kidwell, Directo/AFP/Getty Images; p. 122 Romeo Gacad/AFP/
2006.; pp. 150-151, The Hidden Dimension, by E. T. Hall, Getty Images; p. 125 Jay Directo/AFP/Getty Images;
1966. Doubleday. p. 127 Jeff Greenberg/PhotoEdit; p. 130 (T) Shutterstock,
(B) Shutterstock; p. 131 Canstockphoto.com; p. 137 (TR)
Photo credits: Cover: Art on File/Corbis; Page 1 (TR) Shutterstock, (T) Dreamstime.com, (M) Shutterstock, (B)
Shutterstock, (T) Shutterstock, (M) Shutterstock, (B) Image Source/Corbis; p. 139 Radius Images/Jupiterimages;
Shutterstock; p. 2 (T) Shutterstock, (MT) Dreamstime.com, p. 140 www.CartoonStock.com; p. 141 Dreamstime.
(MB) Canstockphoto.com, (B) Shutterstock; corn; p. 145 Kayte M. Deioma/PhotoEdit; p. 151 (TL)
p. 4 Shutterstock; p. 6 Shutterstock; p. 9 Shutterstock; Shutterstock, (TR) Shutterstock, (BL) Image Source/Corbis,
p. 13 Shutterstock; p. 16 Dreamstime.com; p. 19 (TR) (BR) Jupiterimages/Comstock Images/Alamy.
Shutterstock, (T) Shutterstock, (B) Dreamstime.com;
p. 20 (L) Dreamstime.com, (M) Photo courtesy of Illustration credits: Paul Hampson, Page 81; Brian
Gosia Jaros-White, (R) Shutterstock; p. 24 Shutterstock; Hughes, Pages 84, 89; Gary Torrisi, Pages 20, 22, 68, 75
p. 27 www.awag.org; p. 29 Dorling Kindersley; p. 31

164 Credits
AUDIO CD TRACKING GUIDE
Track Activity Page Track Activity Page

1 Audio Program Introduction

UNIT 5
UNIT 1
20 Global Listening, Exercise 1 90
2 Global Listening, Exercise 1 10 21 Exercise 2 90
3 Exercise 3 11 21 Focused Listening, Exercise 1 91
3 Focused Listening, Exercise 1 12 22 Exercise 2, Excerpt 1 91
4 Integrated Writing Task, Exercise 1 16 23 Excerpt 2 91
24 Exercise 3 92
UNIT 2
UNIT 6
5 Global Listening, Exercise 1 24
25 Global Listening, Exercise 1 109
5 Focused Listening, Exercise 1 25
26 Exercise 2 109
6 Exercise 2, Excerpt 1 26
27 Exercise 3, Excerpt 1 110
7 Excerpt 2 26
28 Excerpt 2 110
8 Excerpt 3 26
29 Excerpt 3 110
9 Exercise 3 26
26 Focused Listening, Exercise 1 110
10 Before You Speak, Exercise 1 32
30 Focused Speaking, Exercise 1 114
10 Focused Speaking, Exercise 1 34

UNIT 7
UNIT 3
31 Previewing the Academic
11 Global Listening, Exercise 1 49
Skills Focus, Exercise 2 120
12 Exercise 2 50
32 Exercise 3 120
12 Focused Listening, Exercise 1 51
33 Global Listening, Exercise 1 126
13 Exercise 3, Excerpt 1 52
34 Exercise 3, Excerpt 1 127
14 Excerpt 2 52
35 Excerpt 2 127
15 Excerpt 3 52
36 Excerpt 3 127
33 Focused Listening, Exercise 1 128
UNIT 4 37 Understanding Meaning
16 Previewing the Academic Content, through Intonation and Stress 128
Exercise 1 60 38 Exercise 2, Excerpt 1 129
17 Global Listening, Exercise 1 63 39 Excerpt 2 129
18 Exercise 3 64 40 Excerpt 3 129
17 Focused Listening, Exercise 1 64 41 Excerpt 4 129
19 Before You Speak, Exercise 1 75 42 Excerpt 5 129
43 Exercise 3 129
(continued on next page)

Audio CD Tracking Guide 165


Track Activity Page

UNIT 8
44 Previewing the Academic
Skills Focus, Exercise 2 140
45 Global Listening, Exercise 1 141
46 Exercise 3, Excerpt 1 142
47 Excerpt 2 142
48 Excerpt 3 142
49 Excerpt 4 142
45 Focused Listening, Exercise 1 142
50 Making Inferences about a
Speaker's Attitude 143
51 Exercise 3, Excerpt 1 143
52 Excerpt 2 144
53 Excerpt 3 144
54 Excerpt 4 144
55 Focused Speaking, Exercise 2 151
56 Exercise 3, Excerpt 1 152
57 Excerpt 2 152
58 Excerpt 3 152
59 Excerpt 4 152
60 Excerpt 5 152
61 Excerpt 6 152

166 Audio CD Tracking Guide


*A-2013-0494*
Academic Connections is a four-level integrated skills course Uebi9lickA d ents
preparing for academic study as well as for standardized tests such as theTOEFL®
test. A systematic, step-by-step approach helps students develop and sharpen their
language, academic, and test-taking abilities.

Academic Connections was developed with the Educational Testing Service (ETS)
and is based on extensive research into the actual language demands of higher
LONG MAN education.

Study Academic Connections Is:

Dictionary • INTEGRATED. Academic Connections integrates all four language skills and teaches
students how to integrate skills and content in real-world academic contexts.
of American English

• ACADEMIC. Explicit, step-by-step academic skill development leads to student


Understand more. mastery. With careful instruction and engaging practice tasks, students learn how
Achieve more.
to organize information, make connections, and think critically.
• . High-interest and intellectually-stimulating authentic material
familiarizes students with academic content. Authentic tasks include listening to
lectures, note-taking, participating in debates, preparing oral and written reports,
and writing essays.
The perfect partner for • ASSESSMENT-BASED. Academic Connections provides a variety of assessments
Academic Connections I and practice opportunities based upon individual needs.

fiWacademicconnectionslabdI
MyAcademicConnectionsLab, an integral part of the Academic Connections series,
Access code is an easy-to-use online program for students and teachers that saves time and

included improves results.


• STUDENTS receive personalized instruction and practice. Reading and listening
for online selections and test preparation are all in one place—available anywhere, anytime.
• TEACHERS can take advantage of content and class management resources
registration including online assessments, a flexible gradebook, and tools for monitoring
student progress.

CHECK IT OUT! GOTO www.MyAcademicConnectionsLab.com FOR A


PREVIEW!

Academic Connections Level 1 ISBN-10 ISBN-13


Student Book 0-13-233843-2 978-0-13-233843-1
Audio CD 0-13-245474-2 978-0-13-245474-2 TI

ISBN- 3: 978-0 3 233843 1


ISBN-10: 0 13 233843 2
0 0 0>
A]
90
Re
PEARSON
Longman
www.pearsonlongman.corn 9 7 8 0 1 3 2 3 3843

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