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01 - Elements of Pitch

The document provides an overview of musical fundamentals including pitch, octave registers on the keyboard, musical notation on the staff using clefs, major and minor scales, key signatures, intervals, and scale degree names. It introduces basic concepts such as half and whole steps that make up the major scale pattern, accidentals that raise or lower notes, and the use of sharps and flats in key signatures organized by the circle of fifths.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
236 views2 pages

01 - Elements of Pitch

The document provides an overview of musical fundamentals including pitch, octave registers on the keyboard, musical notation on the staff using clefs, major and minor scales, key signatures, intervals, and scale degree names. It introduces basic concepts such as half and whole steps that make up the major scale pattern, accidentals that raise or lower notes, and the use of sharps and flats in key signatures organized by the circle of fifths.

Uploaded by

Chan Virginia
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter

 1    
Keyboard  and  Octave  registers  
• Pitch  refers  to  highness  or  lowness  in  a  sound  
• Named  for  the  first  7  letters  of  the  alphabet  (ABCDEFG)  
• C  is  the  note  that  we  will  relate  to  the  keyboard  
• 7  ¼  octaves  on  a  standard  keyboard  from  A-­‐0  to  C8  
• From  any  C  up  to  the  next  C  is  called  an  octave  
• All  the  notes  from  one  C  to  another  (not  including  the  upper  C)  are  part  of  the  same  
octave  register.  
Notation  on  the  Staff  
• A  Staff  is  used  to  indicate  the  precise  pitch  desired.  
• Contains  5  lines  and  4  spaces  
• Can  be  indefinitely  extended  with  Ledger  lines  
• A  Clef  associates  certain  pitches  with  the  lines  and  spaces  
o G-­‐Clef  –  Treble  
o F  CLEF  –  Bass  
o C-­‐Clef  –  Alto  clef  
o C-­‐Clef  –  Tenor  Clef  
• A  Grand  Staff  is  a  combination  of  both  treble  and  bass  clef  joined  by  a  brace  
The  Major  Scale  
• Scales  form  the  basis  of  tonal  music  
• The  Major  Scale  is  a  pattern  of  half  and  whole  steps  encompassing  an  octave  
• Half-­‐step  is  the  distance  from  a  key  to  the  next  key  white  or  black  
o Natiral  half  step  is  between  C-­‐D,  E-­‐F  
• Whole  step  skips  the  next  key  and  goes  to  the  following  one.  
• The  major  scale  pattern  is  Whole,  Whole,  Half,  Whole,  Whole,  Whole,  Half  
• Tetrachords  –  four-­‐note  pattern  of  1-­‐1-­‐  ½  .    Major  scalw  is  made  up  of  two  tetrachords  
with  a  whole  step  in  the  middle.  
• Accidental  –  symbols  that  raises  or  lowers  a  note  
o Double  sharp  
o Sharp  
o Natural  
o Flat  
o Double  flat  
o When  we  say  an  accidental  it  occurs  after  the  letter  name,  but  when  we  write  an  
accidental  it  occurs  before  the  letter  name  
Major  Key  Signatures  
• Key  –  the  term  that  is  used  to  identify  the  first  degree  of  a  scale  
• Key  Signature  –  is  a  pattern  of  sharps  and  flats  that  appear  at  the  beginning  of  a  staff    
and  indicates  that  certain  notes  are  to  raised  or  lowered  consistently.  
o Sharp  –  G,  D,  A,  E,  B,  F#,  C#  
o Flat  –  F,  Bb,  Eb,  Ab,  Db,  Gb,  Cb  
• Notes  that  are  spelled  differently  but  sound  the  same  are  said  to  be  Enharmonic  
• Transposition  –  to  write  or  play  music  in  some  key  other  than  the  original  
• Order  of  sharps  –  F,C,G,D,A,E,B  
• Order  of  Flats  –  B,E,A,D,G,C,F  
• Circle  of  Fifths  –  follows  the  order  of  sharps  in  a  clockwise  motion  around  a  circle  (p.10)  
 
 
Minor  Scales  
• Natural  minor  scale  –  like  a  major  scale  with  a  lowered,  3,  6,  and  7th  degree.  
• Harmonic  Minor  scale  –  thought  of  as  a  major  scale  with  a  lowered  3rd  and  6th    degree  
• Melodic  minor  scale  –  ascending  form  is  like  a  major  scale  with  a  lowered  3rd  degree,  
the  descending  form  is  the  same  as  the  natural  minor  scale.  
Minor  key  signatures  
• Relative  –  share  the  same  key  signature  
• Parallel  –  share  the  same  letter  name  only  
• See  chart  on  p.  13.  Refers  only  to  the  natural  form  of  the  minor  and  accidentals  must  be  
used  to  write  the  harmonic  and  melodic  forms  
Scale  degree  Names  
• 1st    -­‐  Tonic  
• 2nd  –  Supertonic  
• 3rd  –  Mediant  
• 4th  –  Subdominant  
• 5th  –  Dominant  
• 6th  –  Submediant  
• 7th  –  Subtonic  or  Leading  tone  –  depends  on  whether  it  is  raised.  
Intervals    
• Interval  –  a  measurement  of  the  distance  in  pitch  between  two  notes  
• Harmonic  Interval  –  performing  the  two  notes  at  the  same  time  
• Melodic  Interval  –  performing  the  two  notes  successively    
• Two  Parts  of  an  interval  name  
o Numerical  name  –  how  far  apart  they  are  
 Unison  instead  of  1  
 Octave  instead  of  8  
 2nd  instead  of  two  
 3rd  instead  of  three  
 Intervals  smaller  than  an  octave  are  called  simple  intervals  
 Intervals  larger  than  an  octave  are  called  compound  intervals  
o Modifier  –  Perfect,  Major,  Minor,  augmented  and  diminished  
Interval  Modifiers  
• Perfect  refers  only  to  the  Unison  P1,  Octave  P8,  the  4th    P4,  and  5th  P5  
• Major  or  Minor  refers  only  to  2nds,  (M2,  m2),  3rds  (M3,  m3),  6th    (M6,  m6),  7th    (M7,  
m7)  
• Augmented  –  a  major  or  perfect  interval  that  is  raised  by  ½  step    (+)  
• Diminished  –  a  minor  or  perfect  interval  is  made  ½  step  smaller  
 
Inversions  of  Intervals    
• Inversion  –  putting  the  top  note  below  the  lower  note  of  an  interval  
• 2nd  becomes  7th  (9)  3rd  becomes  6th  (9),  4th  becomes  5th  (9),  etc.  
• the  modifier  changes  as  well  when  inverted    
o minor  becomes  Major  and  vice-­‐versa  
o augmented  becomes  diminished  and  vice-­‐versa  
o Perfect  is  always  perfect  
Consonant  and  Dissonant  
• Consonant  –  pleasing  to  the  ear  –  3rds,  6ths,  perfect  5ths  and  octaves  
• Dissonant  –  not  pleasing  to  the  ear  
 

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