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ALU Inputs and Outputs

The document discusses the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and its inputs and outputs. The ALU performs calculations and integer operations like addition and subtraction. It may also support floating point numbers. The ALU uses binary representations like two's complement to represent positive and negative numbers. It performs operations on these binary numbers through addition, subtraction and multiplication circuits. Multiplication is more complex and involves calculating partial products and adding them. The document also discusses different hardware approaches for implementing control of the ALU, including hardwired and microprogrammed control units.

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62 views63 pages

ALU Inputs and Outputs

The document discusses the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and its inputs and outputs. The ALU performs calculations and integer operations like addition and subtraction. It may also support floating point numbers. The ALU uses binary representations like two's complement to represent positive and negative numbers. It performs operations on these binary numbers through addition, subtraction and multiplication circuits. Multiplication is more complex and involves calculating partial products and adding them. The document also discusses different hardware approaches for implementing control of the ALU, including hardwired and microprogrammed control units.

Uploaded by

attapp
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as ODP, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ALU Inputs and Outputs

Hardware for Addition and


Subtraction
Arithmetic & Logic Unit

 Does the calculations


 Everything else in the computer is there to service
this unit
 Handles integers
 May handle floating point (real) numbers
 May be separate FPU (maths co-processor)
 May be on chip separate FPU (486DX +)
ALU Inputs and Outputs
Integer Representation

 Only have 0 & 1 to represent everything


 Positive numbers stored in binary
 e.g. 41=00101001
 No minus sign
 No period
 Sign-Magnitude
 Two’s compliment
Sign-Magnitude

 Left most bit is sign bit


 0 means positive
 1 means negative
 +18 = 00010010
 -18 = 10010010
 Problems
 Need to consider both sign and magnitude in arithmetic
 Two representations of zero (+0 and -0)
Two’s Compliment

 +3 = 00000011
 +2 = 00000010
 +1 = 00000001
 +0 = 00000000
 -1 = 11111111
 -2 = 11111110
 -3 = 11111101
Benefits

 One representation of zero


 Arithmetic works easily (see later)
 Negating is fairly easy
 3 = 00000011
 Boolean complement gives 11111100
 Add 1 to LSB 11111101
Geometric Depiction of Twos
Complement Integers
Negation Special Case 1

 0= 00000000
 Bitwise not 11111111
 Add 1 to LSB +1
 Result 1 00000000
 Overflow is ignored, so:
 -0=0
Negation Special Case 2

 -128 = 10000000
 bitwise not 01111111
 Add 1 to LSB +1
 Result 10000000
 So:
 -(-128) = -128 X
 Monitor MSB (sign bit)
 It should change during negation
Range of Numbers

 8 bit 2s compliment
 +127 = 01111111 = 27 -1
 -128 = 10000000 = -27
 16 bit 2s compliment
 +32767 = 011111111 11111111 = 215 - 1
 -32768 = 100000000 00000000 = -215
Conversion Between Lengths

 Positive number pack with leading zeros


 +18 = 00010010
 +18 = 00000000 00010010
 Negative numbers pack with leading ones
 -18 = 10010010
 -18 = 11111111 10010010
 i.e. pack with MSB (sign bit)
Addition and Subtraction

 Normal binary addition


 Monitor sign bit for overflow

 Take twos compliment of substahend and add to


minuend
 i.e. a - b = a + (-b)

 So we only need addition and complement circuits


Hardware for Addition and
Subtraction
Multiplication

 Complex
 Work out partial product for each digit
 Take care with place value (column)
 Add partial products
Multiplication Example

 1011 Multiplicand (11 dec)


 x 1101 Multiplier (13 dec)
 1011 Partial products
 0000 Note: if multiplier bit is 1 copy
 1011 multiplicand (place value)
 1011 otherwise zero
 10001111 Product (143 dec)
 Note: need double length result
Execution of Example
Flowchart for Unsigned Binary
Multiplication
Unsigned Binary Multiplication
Multiplying Negative Numbers

 This does not work!


 Solution 1
 Convert to positive if required
 Multiply as above
 If signs were different, negate answer
 Solution 2
 Booth’s algorithm
Booth’s Algorithm
Example of Booth’s Algorithm
Add(R3),Rl
Hardwired Contro Unit
Microprogrammed Contro Unit
will increment everytime time a new microinstruction is
fetched from the microprogram memory, except

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