The Bohr-Rutherford Atom PDF

The Bohr-Rutherford Atom
Nils Ernest
Bohr Rutherford
Physics 100
Chapt 23
1895 J.J. Thomson discovered
electron
cathode Vacuum flask
++
---
“cathode rays”
++
- + anode
Cathode rays have negative charge
and very small mass
cathode S
++
---
++
- + anode N m=0.0005MHydrogen
Plum pudding?
Positively charged Negatively charged
porridge
raisins (plums)
+ +
+
-
+
- -
+ +
+ +
- - + -+
+
-+ +
-+
+
- +
10-10m
Planetary-like?
Positively charged
dense central nucleus - Negatively charged
orbiting electrons
- -
+
-
-
10-10m
Rutherford Experiment
Vacuum
flask
-rays
What’s in the box?
Is all the mass spread or is all the mass

throughout as in a box concentrated in a dense
of marshmallows”? “ball-bearing”?
Figure it out without opening (or
shaking)
Shoot bullets randomly through the box. If it

is filled with marshmallows, all the bullets will
go straight through without (much) deflection
Figure it out without opening (or
shaking)
If it contains a ball-bearing most the bullets will go

straight through without deflection---but not all
Occasionally, a bullet will collide nearly head-on to

the ball-bearing and be deflected by a large angle
Rutherford used -ray “bullets” to
distinguish between the plum-
pudding & planetary models
Plum-pudding:
+ +
+

-
+
- -
+ +
+ +

- - + -+
 +
-+ +
-+
+

- +
no way for -rays to scatter at wide angles
distinguishing between the plum-
pudding & planetary models
-

 - -
+

 -
-
Occasionally, an-rays will be pointed head-on
to a nucleus & will scatter at a wide angle
Rutherford saw ~1/10,000
a-rays scatter at wide angles
-

- -
 +

 -
-
from this he inferred a nuclear
size of about 10-14m
Rutherford atom
10-10m
Not to scale!!!
If it were to scale,
10-14m the nucleus would
+ be too small to see
Even though it has

more than 99.9%
of the atom’s mass
Relative scales
Aloha stadium
Golf ball
x10-4
Nucleus
Atom 99.97% of the mass
Classical theory had trouble with
Rutherford’s atom
Orbiting electrons are accelerating
Accelerating electrons should radiate light
According to Maxwell’s
theory, a Rutherford
atom would only survive
for only about 10-12 secs
sola
Other peculiar discoveries:
Solar light spectrum:
Fraunhofer discovered that some wavelengths are

missing from the sun’s black-body spectrum
Other discoveries…
Low pressure gasses, when heated,
do not radiate black-body-like spectra;
instead they radiate only a few specific colors
bright colors from hydrogen match
the missing colors in sunlight
Hydrogen spectrum
Solar spectrum
Bohr’s idea
“Allowed”
orbits
Hydrogen energy levels
4
3
1
+
Hydrogen energy levels
2
1
+
What makes Bohr’s allowed energy
levels allowed?
Recall what happens when we force

waves into confined spaces:
Confined waves
Only waves with wavelengths that just fit in survive

(all others cancel themselves out)
Electrons in atoms are confined
matter waves ala deBroglie
However, if the circumference is exactly an
integer
This wave,number of wavelengths,
as it goes around, will successive
interfere
turns
with itself will interfereand
destructively constructively
cancel itself out
Bohr’s allowed energy states correspond to those

with orbits that are integer numbers of wavelengths
Bohr orbits
Bohr orbits
Quantum Mechanics
Erwin Schrodinger
Schrodinger’s equation
Matter waves are “probability”
waves
Probability to detect the
electron at some place 
is  2 at that spot
Electrons will never be

detected here
Electrons are most likely

or here to be detected here
Quantum mechanical atom
Bohr’s original idea
Probability density
Quantum Mechanics
Different QM states of the H atom
CONTOH SOAL
Seri Balmer untuk atom hidrogen sesuai dengan transisi elektronik

yang berakhir di energy level dengan bilangan kuantum n = 2, seperti yang
ditunjukkan pada gambar dibawah. (A) Cari panjang gelombang foton
terpanjang yang dipancarkan dalam seri Balmer dan tentukan frekuensi dan
energinya. (b) Cari foton dengan panjang gelombang terpendek yang
dipancarkan dalam bentuk yang sama seri.
Penyelesaian
a. Panjang Gelombang
terpanjang
Frekuensi:
Energi Photon:
Penyelesaian (Lanjutan)
b. Panjang Gelombang:
terpendek
Soal Latihan
Helium terionisasi tunggal, He1, sistem mirip hidrogen,

memiliki satu elektron dalam orbit yang bersesuaian
dengan n = 1 ketika atom berada dalam keadaan
dasarnya. Tentukan (a) energi sistem dalam keadaan
dasar dalam volt elektron dan (b) radius orbit ground-
state.

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The Bohr-Rutherford Atom

cathode Vacuum flask

Is all the mass spread or is all the mass

Shoot bullets randomly through the box. If it

If it contains a ball-bearing most the bullets will go

Occasionally, a bullet will collide nearly head-on to

Even though it has

Accelerating electrons should radiate light

Solar light spectrum:

Fraunhofer discovered that some wavelengths are

Recall what happens when we force

Only waves with wavelengths that just fit in survive

Bohr’s allowed energy states correspond to those

Electrons will never be

Electrons are most likely

Bohr’s original idea

Seri Balmer untuk atom hidrogen sesuai dengan transisi elektronik

Helium terionisasi tunggal, He1, sistem mirip hidrogen,

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