The document discusses wireless sensor networks (WSN). It defines WSN and describes their key elements like sensor nodes, gateways, and base stations. It outlines the advantages of WSN like low cost and ease of deployment, and disadvantages like limited bandwidth. It then discusses various applications of WSN in areas like military, environment monitoring, and home automation. It also describes common WSN communication architectures and protocols like Zigbee and WirelessHART. Finally, it discusses hierarchical network architectures for WSN.
The document discusses wireless sensor networks (WSN). It defines WSN and describes their key elements like sensor nodes, gateways, and base stations. It outlines the advantages of WSN like low cost and ease of deployment, and disadvantages like limited bandwidth. It then discusses various applications of WSN in areas like military, environment monitoring, and home automation. It also describes common WSN communication architectures and protocols like Zigbee and WirelessHART. Finally, it discusses hierarchical network architectures for WSN.
The document discusses wireless sensor networks (WSN). It defines WSN and describes their key elements like sensor nodes, gateways, and base stations. It outlines the advantages of WSN like low cost and ease of deployment, and disadvantages like limited bandwidth. It then discusses various applications of WSN in areas like military, environment monitoring, and home automation. It also describes common WSN communication architectures and protocols like Zigbee and WirelessHART. Finally, it discusses hierarchical network architectures for WSN.
The document discusses wireless sensor networks (WSN). It defines WSN and describes their key elements like sensor nodes, gateways, and base stations. It outlines the advantages of WSN like low cost and ease of deployment, and disadvantages like limited bandwidth. It then discusses various applications of WSN in areas like military, environment monitoring, and home automation. It also describes common WSN communication architectures and protocols like Zigbee and WirelessHART. Finally, it discusses hierarchical network architectures for WSN.
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Outline Ø Introduction Ø Elements of WSN Ø Advantage and Disadvantage of of WSN Ø WSN Applications Ø Communication Architecture Ø Zigbee Ø Hierarchical Architectures for Wireless Sensor Networks Introduction § Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) consists of many individual sensors that form macro ad-hoc networks. These sensors exchange information with each other using a pre-established communication protocol without physical infrastructure or central administration. § Initially, the development of wireless sensor networks was motivated by military purposes § In recent years, several research laboratories have invested heavily in this technology § Development of WSN has been extended to industrial and civilian areas q Definition WSN is a set of autonomous distributed devices (nodes) interconnected wirelessly and cooperatively using sensors to monitor physical or environmental conditions such as temperature, sound, vibration, pressure, and movement or contaminants on certain control parameters. Characteristics § Dynamic topology § Channel variability § Can use current network infrastructure § Fault tolerance § Multihop communications or broadcast § Low energy consumption § Hardware limitations § Low production costs § Easy maintenance § Large number of nodes § Reorganization of nodes due to failures § Ease of deployment § Heterogeneity Sensor Node § An electronic device that can capture information from the environment. § Basically, the sensor node hardware consists of: § Micro controller § Power source (battery) § Memory unit § Radio transceiver § Sensors and actuators Sensor § A sensor is a device that able to convert physical or chemical quantities to electrical quantities. § Examples of physical qualities are temperature, humidity, motion, current, strain, etc. Gateway § It is a device, usually a computer, with its communication protocols that interconnect networks with different architectures at all levels of communication. Base Station § Fixed station used to collect data based on a common computer and embedded system Wireless Network § Typically based on the 802.15.4 standard § This standard defines the physical layer and media access control for wireless personal area networks with low rates of data transmission (low-rate Wireless Personal Area Networks, LR-WPAN) Advantage of WSN § Infrastructure less § Small size § Low power consumption § Auto network organization § Auto restoration and reconfiguration of network paths § Ease of deployment Disadvantage of WSN § Optimization of energy consumption is the most important § Bandwidth is limited § Limited network coverage § Limited computational resources § Very dynamic topology of the network WSN Applications § There are many natures for WSN applications that can be classified into: § Military applications § Habitat exploration of animals § Environmental applications § Human health applications § Home Applications: Home Automation § Other commercial applications Military Application of WSN § Monitoring allied forces, equipment and ammunition § Reconnaissance of enemy forces § Target acquisition § Damage assessment § Recognition of nuclear attacks, biological and chemical WSN Application for Habitat Exploration § Monitor endangered animals
Underwater networks
UMass TurtleNet Princeton ZebraNet
Environment Applications of WSN § Forest fire detection § Flood detection. § Precision Agriculture.
Volcano monitoring Human Health Applications of WSN § Aim to develop wireless sensor networks that can be introduced into the human body to prevent problems and diseases. Home Application of WSN § WSN can create smart homes where nodes are integrated into furniture and appliances. § In one room, these nodes communicate with each other and with the server room. Other Applications of WSN § Environment control in office buildings. § Interactive museums. § Inventory management. Sensor Network vs. Ad-Hoc Network § Large scale § Batteries may not be replaceable § May not have global identifiers § Queries may be data centric rather than address centric: § Who's temperature is more than 95 degree vs. What is your temperature? § Geographical routing, Data fusion, Data aggregation Sense, Compute and Communicate § Sensor nodes pick up data § e.g., temperature at (x,y) § Process the data on the fly § e.g., what is the maximum temperature? § or, what are the locations of the maxima § data compression and signal processing § Communicate results to designated nodes § Provides a rich class of problems in distributed computing and communications Communication Architecture
Sink C Internet and D Satellite A E B
Task manager node Sensor nodes Sensor field
User IEEE 802.15.4-2006 § Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Network § Physical layer used in ZigBee, WirelessHART, MiWi which add upper layers § 10 m reach at 250 kbps (20/40/100 kbps versions) § Three Frequency Bands: § 868.0-868.6 MHz in Europe § 902-928 Mhz in North America § 2400-2383.5 MHs worldwide § Uses Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSS) § BPSK or QPSK modulation IEEE 802.15.4 Modes § Two modes: § With Beacon: Coordinator sends start beacon and stop beacon to indicate active time. § The time is slotted. Slotted CSMA/CA. Transmissions end at second beacon. § Without Beacon: Unslotted CSMA/CA protcol with random exponential backoff ZigBee
§ Technology in market needs low cost wireless networks
based on the IEEE 802.15.4 wireless personal area networks (WPAN Wireless Personal Area Networks) Network Topology § ZigBee supports three network topologies: § Star topology: the coordinator is in the center. § Tree topology: the coordinator will be the root of the tree. § Mesh Topology: at least one of the nodes have more than two connections. WirelessHART § A commonly used sensor network protocol stack HART § Highway Addressable Remote Transducer § Communication between smart devices and monitoring systems § 4-20 mA current loop is a commonly used analog measurement technique § Low level frequency shift keying (FSK) over 4-20 mA analog signal. 1200 bps. WirelessHART § Extension of HART to Wireless § Supports star and mesh topologies § Self-organizing and self-healing § Uses IEEE 802.15.4-2006 radios in 2.4GHz § Frequency hopping with blacklisting to avoid used channels § 128-bit AES encryption § Uses multi-path routing. Messages alternate paths to ensure secondary paths are up. WirelessHART Field Devices § WirelessHART adapter or builtin § Gateways: Connect to the backbone network § Network Manager: Manages routes, monitors health (can be integrated in to gateways or hosts) § Security Manager: Contains list of authorized devices. Distributes security keys. § Repeater: Extends the range. § Adapter: Attaches to devices without wirelessHART Hierarchical Architectures for Wireless Sensor Networks § Planar Wireless Sensor Network § Two-Tiered Sensor Network Architecture § Three-Tiered Sensor Network Architecture Planar Wireless Sensor Network § Typically, a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is composed of a large number of static nodes scattered throughout a certain geographical region. The sensory data is routed from the originator sensors to a remote sink in a multi-hop ad hoc fashion. Two-Tiered Sensor Network Architecture • In a two-tiered mobile-enabled wireless sensor network overlay, WSN utilizes mobile devices as the elements to construct the upper overlay. This owes to the development of microelectronic and wireless communication technologies resulting in the form of mobile phone, laptop and PDA. Three-Tiered Sensor Network Architecture § Combining the advantages of fixed access points and mobile agent serving as overlay elements together § The lowest layer is a random deployed network composed of sensor nodes. These nodes are able to communicate immediately with upper layer agent in near range. They can also form an ad hoc network by communicating with each other, but it is not necessary. § The most notable feature of medium layer is its mobility. The mobile agents move to anywhere at anytime if needed. They are responsible for gathering data from lower layer and then forwarding to upper layer.
