Gov Matters 6

Governance Matters VI:
Aggregate and Individual Governance Indicators

1996-2006
Daniel Kaufmann
Aart Kraay
Massimo Mastruzzi
The World Bank
June 2007
Abstract: This paper reports on the latest update of the Worldwide Governance
Indicators (WGI) research project, covering 212 countries and territories and measuring
six dimensions of governance between 1996 and 2006: Voice and Accountability,
Political Stability and Absence of Violence, Government Effectiveness, Regulatory
Quality, Rule of Law, and Control of Corruption. This latest set of aggregate indicators,
are based on hundreds of specific and disaggregated individual variables measuring
various dimensions of governance, taken from 33 data sources provided by 30 different
organizations. The data reflect the views on governance of public sector, private sector
and NGO experts, as well as thousands of citizen and firm survey respondents
worldwide. We also explicitly report the margins of error accompanying each country
estimate. These reflect the inherent difficulties in measuring governance using any kind
of data. We find that even after taking margins of error into account, the WGI permit
meaningful cross-country comparisons as well as monitoring progress over time. In less
than a decade, a substantial number of countries exhibit statistically significant
improvements in at least one dimension of governance, while other countries exhibit
deterioration in some dimensions. The decade-long aggregate indicators, together with
the disaggregated individual indicators, are available on a newly-redesigned website at
www.govindicators.org.
________________________________________
1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA, [email protected], [email protected],
[email protected]. The views expressed here are the authors' and do not necessarily reflect
those of the World Bank, its Executive Directors, or the countries they represent. The Worldwide
Governance Indicators are not used by the World Bank for resource allocation or for any other official
purpose. We would like to B. Parks, M. Camerer, M. Carballo, R. Fullenbaum, B. Muskovitz, F. Marzo, C.
Walker, S. Sarkis, J. Langston, L. Abruzzese, P. Wongwan, S. Hatipoglu, D. Cingranelli, D. Richards, J.
Zveglich, M. Lagos, A. Lopes-Claros, R. Coutinho, S. Mannan, and D. Cieslikowsky for providing data and
answering our numerous questions, and Luis Servén for helpful comments. The support and collaboration of
the World Economic Forum, the U.S. State Department, and the Netherlands Government is appreciated.
1. Introduction
This paper presents the latest update of the Worldwide Governance Indicators
(WGI) research project.1 The indicators measure six dimensions of governance: voice
and accountability, political stability and absence of violence, government effectiveness,
regulatory quality, rule of law, and control of corruption. They cover 212 countries and
territories for 1996, 1998, 2000, and annually for 2002-2006.2 The indicators are based
on several hundred individual variables measuring perceptions of governance, drawn
from 33 separate data sources constructed by 30 different organizations. We assign
these individual measures of governance to categories capturing these six dimensions of
governance, and use an unobserved components model to construct six aggregate
governance indicators in each period.
As in the past, we complement our estimates of governance for each country

with margins of error that indicate the unavoidable uncertainty associated with
measuring governance across countries. These margins of error have declined over
time with the addition of new data sources to our aggregate indicators, and are
substantially smaller than for any of the individual data sources. We continue to
encourage users of the governance indicators to take these margins of error into
account when making comparisons of governance across countries, and within countries
over time. In particular, a useful rule of thumb is that when confidence intervals for
governance based on our reported margins of error overlap in comparisons of two
countries, or a single country over time, this suggests that the data do not reveal
statistically (or for that matter practically) significant differences.
The margins of error we report are not unique to our aggregate indicators, nor
are they unique to perceptions-based measures of governance on which we rely.
Measurement error is pervasive among all indicators of governance and institutional
quality, including individual indicators as well as ‘objective’ or fact-based ones -- if these
1
This paper is the sixth in a series of estimates of governance across countries. Documentation
of previous rounds can be found in Kaufmann, Kraay, and Zoido-Lobatón (1999a,b,2002), and
Kaufmann, Kraay, and Mastruzzi (2004, 2005, 2006a,b).
2
A few of the entities covered by our indicators are not fully independent states (e.g. Puerto Rico,
Hong Kong, West Bank/Gaza, Martinique, and French Guyana). A handful of very small
independent principalities (e.g. Monaco, San Marino, and Andorra) are also included. For stylistic
convenience all 212 entities are referred to in this paper as “countries”.
1
are available at all. Unfortunately, typically little if any effort is devoted to estimating, let
alone reporting, the substantial margins of error in any other governance and/or
investment climate indicators – objective or subjective, aggregate or individual. A key
advantage of our measures of governance is that we are explicit about the
accompanying margins of error, whereas in most other cases they are often left implicit
or ignored altogether.
Despite these margins of error, our aggregate indicators are sufficiently

informative that many cross-country comparisons of governance can result in statistically
(and practically) significant differences. In comparing governance levels across
countries, for example, we document that over 60 percent of all cross-country pairwise
comparisons using the WGI for 2006 result in statistically significant differences at the 90
percent significance level, and nearly 75 percent of comparisons are significant at the
less stringent 75 percent significance level. In assessing trends over time, we find that
nearly 30 percent of countries experience significant changes over the period 1998-2006
in at least one of the six indicators (roughly evenly divided between significant
improvements and deteriorations). This highlights the fact that governance can and
does change even over relatively short periods such as a decade. This should both
provide encouragement to reformers seeking to improve governance, as well as warn
against complacency in other cases as sharp deteriorations in governance are possible.
The aggregate indicators that we report are a useful way of summarizing the very
large amount of information embodied in all of our underlying data sources. The specific
aggregation procedure we use also allows us to calculate explicit margins of error to
capture the inherent uncertainties in measuring governance. At the same time, we
recognize that for many purposes the information in each of our individual underlying
data sources can be of interest to users. In many cases these provide highly specific
and disaggregated information about particular dimensions of governance that are also
of interest for monitoring and diagnostic purposes. For this reason we began last year,
and continue this year, the practice of reporting on our website country scores on all of
the individual indicators underlying our aggregate governance indicators. We report
these disaggregated underlying indicators for the entire time period covered by the
aggregate indicators, from 1996 to 2006.
2
We begin by describing the data used to construct this round of the governance
indicators in Section 2. As discussed in more detail below, we have added five new data
sources in this round, including a new and very large cross-country household survey,
the Gallup World Poll, as well as new expert assessments from Global Integrity, the
International Budget Project, the International Fund for Agricultural Development, and
the OECD Development Center. We have also made numerous minor revisions to the
past data from several of our underlying sources in order to make them more
comparable over time, and we have also introduced data from some of our new sources
into the aggregate indicators for previous years. These revisions have resulted in minor
changes to our previous estimates for 1996-2005, and so the entire new dataset
described here supersedes previous releases. In Section 3 we briefly describe cross-
country differences and changes over time in governance as measured by our
aggregate indicators. Section 4 concludes.
2. Methodology and Data Sources for 2006
In this section we briefly describe the update of our governance indicators for
2006, as well as some minor backwards revisions to our past data spanning the period
1996-2005. Our methodology for constructing aggregate governance indicators has not
changed from past years, and a detailed discussion can be found in Kaufmann, Kraay,
and Mastruzzi (2004). The six dimensions of governance we measure are:
1. Voice and Accountability (VA) – measuring the extent to which a country's

citizens are able to participate in selecting their government, as well as freedom
of expression, freedom of association, and a free media.
2. Political Stability and Absence of Violence (PV) – measuring perceptions of the
likelihoood that the government will be destabilized or overthrown by
unconstitutional or violent means, including domestic violence and terrorism
3. Government Effectiveness (GE) – measuring the quality of public services, the
quality of the civil service and the degree of its independence from political
pressures, the quality of policy formulation and implementation, and the
credibility of the government's commitment to such policies
3
4. Regulatory Quality (RQ) – measuring the ability of the government to formulate
and implement sound policies and regulations that permit and promote private
sector development
5. Rule of Law (RL) – measuring the extent to which agents have confidence in and
abide by the rules of society, and in particular the quality of contract enforcement,
the police, and the courts, as well as the likelihood of crime and violence
6. Control of Corruption (CC) – measuring the extent to which public power is
exercised for private gain, including both petty and grand forms of corruption, as
well as "capture" of the state by elites and private interests
In brief our methodology consists of identifying many individual sources of data

on perceptions of governance that we can assign to these six broad categories. We
then use a statistical methodology known as an unobserved components model to
construct aggregate indicators from these individual measures. These aggregate
indicators are weighted averages of the underlying data, with weights reflecting the
precision of the individual data sources. Crucially our methodology also generates
margins of error for the estimates of governance for each country, which need to be
taken into account when making comparisons of governance across countries and over
time.
2.1 Underlying Data Sources
We rely on a large number of individual data sources that provide us with

information on perceptions of governance of a wide range of stakeholders. These data
sources consist of surveys of firms and individuals, as well as the assessments of
commercial risk rating agencies, non-governmental organizations, and a number of
multilateral aid agencies and other public sector organizations. A full list of these
sources is presented in Table 1. For the 2006 round of the data, we rely on a total of
310 individual variables measuring different dimensions of governance. These are
taken from 33 different sources, produced by 30 different organizations. Appendices A
and B provide a detailed description of each data source, and document how we have
assigned individual questions from these data sources to our six aggregate indicators.
Almost all of our data sources are available annually, and we use the data only from the
most recent year available from each source in our aggregate indicators. In a few
4
cases, as noted in Appendix A, we use data lagged one or two years if current data are
not available.3 In some cases we use several individual variables from a single data
source in our aggregate indicators. When we do so, we first compute a simple average
of these variables from a single source, and then treat the average of these individual
questions as a single observation from that data source.
Our data sources reflect the perceptions of a very diverse group of respondents.
Several are surveys of individuals or domestic firms with first-hand knowledge of the
governance situation in the country. These include the World Economic Forum’s Global
Competitiveness Report, the Institute for Management Development’s World
Competitiveness Yearbook, the World Bank’s business environment surveys, the Gallup
World Poll, Latinobarometro, and Afrobarometro. We refer to these as "Surveys" in
Table 1. We also capture the perceptions of country analysts at the major multilateral
development agencies (the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the
African Development Bank, the Asian Development Bank, and the World Bank),
reflecting these individuals’ in-depth experience working on the countries they assess.
Together with some data sources provided by the United States Department of State, we
classify these as "Public Sector Data Providers" in Table 1. We also have a number of
data sources provided by various nongovernmental organizations such as Reporters
Without Borders, Freedom House, and the Bertelsmann Foundation. Finally, an
important category of data sources for us are commercial business information
providers, such as the Economist Intelligence Unit, Global Insight, and Political Risk
Services. These last two types of data providers typically base their assessments on a
global network of correspondents with extensive experience in the countries they are
rating.
The distribution of the number of data sources of each type indicated in Table 1
is almost exactly uniform. Of our 33 data sources, nine fall in the category of
nongovernmental organizations, and the remaining categories have eight data sources
each. However, an important distinction is that the commercial business information
providers typically report data for much larger country samples than our other types of
sources. An extreme example is the Global Insight Business Conditions and Risk
3
We never use lagged data when current data are available, in order to ensure that our indicators
are as timely as possible.
5
Indicators, which provides information on 203 countries in each of our six aggregate
indicators. Primarily for reasons of cost, household and firm surveys have much smaller
country coverage. Our largest surveys, the Global Competitiveness Report survey and
the Gallup World Poll each cover around 120 countries in 2006, and several regional
surveys cover necessarily smaller sets of countries. Some of the expert assessments
provided by NGOs and public sector organizations have quite substantial country
coverage, but others, particularly regionally-focused ones again have much smaller
country coverage. Table 2 summarizes the distribution of country-level data points for
each of the six indicators in 2006. The 2006 WGI are based on a total of 10,985 country
level data points (after averaging multiple questions from individual sources), of which
slightly less than half (46 percent) come from commercial business information
providers. The remaining data points are fairly evenly distributed between the remaining
three types of data providers.
This year, we continue the practice we started last year of reporting the
underlying data from virtually all of the individual data sources that go into our aggregate
indicators. The sources we have made available on our website are noted in Table 1. A
number of our data sources, such as Freedom House and Reporters Without Borders
have always been publicly available through the publications and/or websites of their
respective organizations. Several of our other sources provided by commercial risk
rating agencies and commercial survey organizations have only been available for a fee.
In the interests of greater transparency, these organizations have kindly agreed to allow
us to report their proprietary data in the form in which it enters our governance
indicators. As mentioned above and as documented in detail in Appendix A and B, we
in some cases use a simple average of multiple questions from the same source as an
ingredient in our governance indicators. We do this when we find more than one
question from a single data source that is relevant to one of the dimensions of
governance that we measure. On our website we report either the individual question,
or the average of individual questions, from each source that enters into our governance
indicators. All the individual variables have been rescaled to run from zero to one, with
higher values indicating better outcomes.
These individual indicators can be used to make comparisons of countries over

time, as all of our underlying sources use reasonably comparable methodologies from
6
one year to the next. They also can be used to compare different countries' scores on
each of the individual indicators, recognizing however that these types of comparisons
too are subject to margins of error. We caution users however not to compare directly
the scores from different sources for a single country, as they are not directly
comparable. To take a specific example, it does not make sense to compare a question
rated on a 1-10 scale from a data source covering only developing countries with a
similar question rated on a similar scale, but covering developed countries, as the
distribution of true governance is likely different in the two groups. As discussed in detail
in Kaufmann, Kraay, and Mastruzzi (2004), our aggregation procedure provides a way of
placing such different sources in common units that allows for meaningful aggregation
across sources.
The only data sources we have not been able to obtain permission to publicize
fully are the World Bank's Country Policy and Institutional Assessment, and the
corresponding internal assessments produced by the African Development Bank and the
Asian Development Bank. We do note however that starting in 2002 the World Bank
began publishing limited information on its CPIA assessments on its external website.
For the years 2002-2004 the overall CPIA ratings are reported by quintile for countries
eligible to borrow from the International Development Association (IDA), the soft-loan
window of the World Bank. Starting in 2005, the individual country scores for the IDA
allocation factor, a rating that reflects the CPIA as well as other considerations, is now
publicly available. The African Development Bank's CPIA ratings are also publicly
available by quintile only since 2004, and are fully public since 2005, and the Asian
Development Bank's scores have been fully public for its concessional borrowers since
2005.
2.2 Revisions to Underlying Data Sources
In this round of the governance indicators we have added five new data sources.
The Gallup World Poll is a new multicountry household survey, first conducted by the
Gallup Organization in 131 countries in 2006.4 This source is particularly noteworthy for
4
However not all of the questions we use from this survey were asked in all countries, so that
country coverage in our indicators is slightly smaller than in theirs. Annual updates for this survey
are planned, with the first for 2007 well underway
7
our purposes as it is by far the largest household survey-based data source that we use
in the WGI. We use questions from this survey in our Voice and Accountability,
Government Effectiveness, Rule of Law, and Control of Corruption indicators. The Open
Budget Index and the Global Integrity Index are two new sets of expert assessments
produced by Washington-based non-governmental organizations. The Open Budget
Index, produced by the International Budget Project, has for the first time in 2006
produced detailed assessments of access to government budget information for a set 59
countries worldwide. We use their overall index as a component of Voice and
Accountability. The Global Integrity Index has been produced by Global Integrity, for
2003 and 2006, for samples of 25 and 41 countries respectively. It is an expert
assessment that provides ratings of the statutory existence and practical effectiveness of
a long list of public sector accountability mechanisms. In keeping with our practice of
relying exclusively on perceptions data, we draw on the "in practice" subcomponents of
selected indicators in Voice and Accountability, Rule of Law, and Control of Corruption.
We have also added two data sources that are not new, but that we have learned
about since our last update and have decided to include this year. The African
Economic Outlook is an annual report produced by the OECD Development Center. It
contains two indicators of democracy and politically-motivated violence that we use in
our Voice and Accountability and Political Stability and Absence of Violence indicators.
These are based on counts of the frequency of news reports in these two areas, drawn
from a weekly newsmagazine, Marchés Tropicaux et Mediterranéens, and are available
since the beginning of our indicators in 1996. We have also learned about the Rural
Sector Performance Assessments produced by the International Fund for Agricultural
Development, a multilateral aid agency based in Rome and focused on financing
agricultural investments in developing countries.5 These assessments are similar in
content and process to the Country Policy and Institutional Assessments that are
produced by the World Bank, the African Development Bank, and the Asian
Development Bank, and have been produced since 2004. The key difference however
is in their emphasis on policies and institutions that affect the rural sector. We use this
source in five of our six of our aggregate indicators (all except Political Stability and
Absence of Violence).
5
We are grateful to Brad Parks of the Millennium Challenge Corporation for drawing our attention
to this data source.
8
This year we have also discarded two data sources that have not been updated,
as we try to rely on regularly updated data sources only for the WGI. In the past, we
have treated the World Bank's Business Environment Survey carried out in 1999 and
2000, and a special survey done by the World Bank for the 1997 World Development
Report, as a single source used in the 2000 and 1998 versions of our indicators. These
were one-time surveys that have not been repeated, and in the interest of improving
comparability over time in our data sources we have dropped them. We have also
dropped the Columbia University State Capacity Survey, an expert assessment first
carried out in 2000, with a limited update in 2002, but none subsequently.
We have also made a few changes to the set of individual indicators going into
the six aggregate indicators. Our main reason for doing so is to make these individual
indicators more comparable over time. In two cases this means that we no longer use
certain variables drawn from one-time surveys. In the past we used data from a special
World Economic Forum Executive Opinion Survey for African countries in our aggregate
indicators for 1998. As this survey was not repeated with a freestanding questionnaire,
we had data for this year only and we have decided to drop this source as the
questionnaire differed substantially from the World Economic Forum's core questionnaire
for other countries. We do note however that the World Economic Forum's core survey
has subsequently expanded country coverage and now has significant coverage in
African countries. We have also in the past used a variety of distinct one-time
household surveys conducted by Gallup International, and combined them as a single
indicator with the annual Global Corruption Barometer survey sponsored by
Transparency International, and implemented as part of the Gallup International Voice of
the People surveys. To make this source more comparable over time we now use data
only from the Global Corruption Barometer survey, which has asked a fairly consistent
set of questions regarding corruption since 2002.
Two remaining revisions to the underlying data are noteworthy. First, we have
obtained data from earlier years that we already had previously from a number of
sources (WMO and ADB), and another one of our sources has significantly expanded
country coverage starting in 2006 (EIU). Second, we have in some cases revised the
timing of our indicators in earlier years. In some cases, this was due to unavailability of
9
data at the time of the last release. For example, the African Development Bank CPIA
data for 2005 was not available at the time that we released our indicators for 2005, so
we used the most recently available data at the time, for 2004, as an input to the 2005
indicators. Now that the 2005 (but not the 2006) data are available from this source, we
have gone back and updated our 2005 indicators to reflect the 2005 CPIA from this
source (and again we use the same data for 2006 since it is the most recently available
at the time of writing). In other cases we have revised the data to take into account
differences between the year of publication of our underlying sources and the year to
which the data refers. For example, the 2007 Freedom in the World indicators from
Freedom House refer to the year 2006. In Appendix A, we have detailed the precise
relationship between the year of our indicators and the year of each underlying data
source from which our individual indicators are drawn. For details on the changes in
individual indicators, readers may compare Appendix A of this paper with Appendix A of
Kaufmann, Kraay, and Mastruzzi (2006) describing the 1996-2005 dataset.
Together these revisions in virtually all cases result in only minor changes in our
earlier estimates of governance. Averaging across our six indicators and seven periods
over which we have made revisions, the correlation between our previous and revised
indicators is 0.98, and half of all correlations were greater than 0.99. Of the 8275
aggregate indicator/country/year data points in the dataset between 1996 and 2005,
there were only 13 cases (i.e. less that 1 significant change for every 600 data points)
where our backwards revisions resulted in changes in scores that were significant at the
90 percent level. Most of these were concentrated in 1998 and 2000 where the two
most substantial changes in our underlying data set occurred (the deletion of the two
World Bank surveys noted above, and the addition of new data from WMO).
2.3 Aggregation Methodology
We combine the many individual data sources into six aggregate governance
indicators, corresponding to the six dimensions of governance described above. The
premise underlying this statistical approach should not be too controversial – each of the
individual data sources we have provides an imperfect signal of some deep underlying
notion of governance that is difficult to observe directly. This means that as users of the
individual sources, we face a signal-extraction problem – how do we isolate an
10
informative signal about governance from each individual data source, and how do we
optimally combine the many data sources to get the best possible signal of governance
in a country based on all the available data? The statistical procedure we use to perform
this aggregation, known as the unobserved components model, is described in detail in
our past work (see for example Kaufmann, Kraay and Mastruzzi (2004)). The main
advantage of this approach is that the aggregate indicators are more informative about
unobserved governance than any individual data source. Moreover, the methodology
allows us to be explicit about the precision – or imprecision – of our estimates of
governance in each country. This imprecision is not a consequence of our reliance on
subjective or perceptions data on governance – rather imprecision is an issue that
should be squarely addressed in all efforts to measure the quality of governance.
The aggregation procedure we use in effect first rescales the individual indicators
from each underlying source in order to make them comparable across data sources. It
then constructs a weighted average of each of these rescaled data sources to arrive at
an aggregate indicator of governance. The weights assigned to each data source are in
turn based on the estimates of the precision of each source that are produced by the
unobserved components model. In brief, the identifying assumption in the unobserved
components model is that any observed correlation between two measures of
corruption, for example, is due to their common, but unobserved, signal of corruption.
From this assumption it follows that data sources that are more correlated with each
other provide more reliable information about corruption, and so receive greater weight.
In past work, we have discussed in detail the merits of this approach (see particularly
Kaufmann, Kraay and Mastruzzi (2006, Section 3). We have also documented that,
since the underlying data sources on average are quite correlated with each other, the
choice of weights used to construct the aggregate indicator does not substantially affect
the estimates of governance that we report (Kaufmann, Kraay and Mastruzzi 2006,
2007).
Here we briefly report some summary information on the weights for the 2006
indicators. Table 3 reports the weights assigned to each data source in each of the six
governance indicators in 2006. 6 This table reports the weights that would be used in the
6
The weights, and/or the parameter estimates used to calculate the weights, were reported in
Governance Matters I-III. We did not publish the weights in Governance Matters IV-V for reasons
11
case of a hypothetical country appearing in all of the available underlying data sources
for each indicator. Because of gaps in the country coverage of all of our data sources,
no single country appears in all data sources. Nevertheless, the information reported in
Table 3 is informative about the relative weights of the underlying indicators. The
weights used to construct the aggregate governance indicators for any particular country
are approximately equal to the relative weights reported in Table 3 for the subset of
indicators in which that country appears.7
One noteworthy feature in Table 3 is that there are some systematic differences
in the weights assigned to different types of sources. These are summarized in the
bottom panel of the table. For each of the four types of data sources, we first report the
share of each type in the total number of sources for each indicator. For example, for
Voice and Accountability, we rely on a total of 18 data sources, of which 3, or 17
percent, are from commercial business information providers. We also report the share
of the total weights accounted for by each type of indicator. Taking the same example of
Voice and Accountability, these three data sources together receive a slightly higher
share of the total weight in the indicator, at 20 percent. The last column reports a simple
average of these two figures across all six indicators. These show that data from
commercial business information providers and data from non-governmental
organizations receive weights that are somewhat higher than their proportion in the total
number of data sources. NGO-based sources for example get 22 percent of the total
weight in the aggregate indicators but account for 16 percentof the data sources. In
contrast, survey-based indicators and indicators provided by public-sector organizations
get slightly lower, but still non-trivial, weight than their prevalence among the number of
sources would suggest..
We can combine this information with the information on country coverage of

data sources reported in Table 2. In particular, in the bottom panel of Table 2 we report
the distribution of country-level data points, weighting each point by the weight it
of space, but instead simply circulated them in Excel format upon request. A full version of this
table reporting the weights for all years in Excel format is available for downloading at
www.govindicators.org
7
The precise expression for the weights used for each country can be found in Kaufmann, Kraay
and Mastruzzi (2004, Equation (2)). Information on the estimated variance of the error term of
each source required to construct these weights can also be downloaded together with the
weights reported in Table 3 for all periods at www.govindicators.org.
12
receives in the corresponding aggregate indicator for each country. In light of the higher
weights assigned to data from commercial business information providers, we find that
the weighted average share of country-level data points for this type of source rises from
46 percent (unweighted) to 60 percent (weighted). Correspondingly, the weighted share
of household surveys declines somewhat from 17 percent to 10 percent, and for public
sector providers from 20 percent to 14 percent.
We conclude this discussion of weighting by noting that while the weighting

scheme we use has the attraction in principle of reducing the variance of the overall
governance estimates, in practice this effect is quite small with the standard errors of the
governance estimates declining by about 10 percent relative to an unweighted
benchmark. Moreover, if we compare our precision-weighted estimates of governance
with an alternative set of aggregate indicators based on simple averages of the
underlying indicators, we find that the two estimates of governance are very similar, with
correlations of 0.99 on average across all our indicators and periods. This reflects the
fact that all of our underlying data sources do, in general, provide fairly similar cross-
country ratings of governance. We have also experimented with alternative weighting
schemes that equally weight each type of governance indicator (of the four types
identified in Table 1). Again we find that the correlations are very high with our
benchmark indicators (see Kaufmann, Kraay, and Mastruzzi (2007), Critique 8, for
details).
3. Estimates of Governance 1996-2006
In Appendix C we report the aggregate governance indicators, for all countries,

for each of the six indicators. The aggregate indicators, as well as almost all of the
underlying indicators, are available at www.govindicators.org. The units in which
governance is measured follow a normal distribution with a mean of zero and a standard
deviation of one in each period. This implies that virtually all scores lie between -2.5 and
2.5, with higher scores corresponding to better outcomes.8 This also implies that our
aggregate estimates convey no information about trends in global averages of
8
These boundaries correspond to the 0.005 and 0.995 percentiles of the standard normal
distribution. For a handful of cases, individual country ratings can exceed these boundaries when
scores from individual data sources are particularly high or low.
13
governance, but they are of course informative about changes in individual countries’
relative positions over time. Below we discuss the information conveyed by some of our
individual indicators regarding trends over time in global averages of governance.
Table 4 summarizes some of the key features of our governance indicators. In

the top panel we show the number of countries included in each of the six indicators and
seven periods. In 2006 the indicators cover between 206 and 212 countries. Over time,
there has been a steady increase in the number of sources included in each of our
indicators. This increase in the number of data sources is reflected in an increase in the
median number of sources available per country, which, depending on the governance
component, ranges from 3 to 6 in 1996, and from 8 to 13 in 2006. Thanks to the increase
in sources, the proportion of countries in our sample for which our governance estimates
are based on only one source has also declined considerably, to an average of only 7
percent of the sample in 2006.
An important consequence of this expanding data availability is that the standard

errors of the governance indicators have declined, as shown in the final panel of Table
4.9 Depending on the governance component, in 1996 the average (for all countries
and indicators) of the standard error was 0.33. In 2006 the standard error ranges from
0.20 to 0.22 for five of our six indicators, while for Political Stability it is 0.27 (vs. 0.36 in
1996), reflecting the somewhat smaller number of data sources available for this
indicator. These declines in standard errors illustrate the benefits in terms of precision of
constructing composite indicators based on an expanding number of data sources
incorporating as much information as possible. Of course, since our aggregate
indicators combine information from all of these sources, they have greater precision
than any individual underlying data source. Looking across all eight time periods, the
median standard error of the individual data sources for the governance indicators was
substantially higher at 0.6, with an interquartile range from 0.45 to 0.88.10
9
As described in detail in Kaufmann, Kraay and Mastruzzi (2004), the output of our aggregation
procedure is a distribution of possible values of governance for a country, conditional on the
observed data for that country. The mean of this conditional distribution is our estimate of
governance, and we refer to the standard deviation of this conditional distribution as the “standard
error” of the governance estimate.
10
In an earlier paper (Kaufmann, Kraay and Mastruzzi (2004)) we showed how to obtain margins
of errors for other objective measures of governance and found that they were as large, or larger
14
3.1 Cross-Country Comparisons of Governance Using the WGI
We use Figure 1 to emphasize the importance of taking these margins of error

into account when making comparisons of governance across countries and over time.
In the two panels of Figure 1, we order countries in ascending order according to their
point estimates of governance in 2006 on the horizontal axis, and on the vertical axis we
plot the estimate of governance and the associated 90% confidence intervals. These
intervals indicate the range in which it is 90 percent likely that the true governance score
falls.11 We do this for two of the six governance indicators, Political Stability and
Absence of Violence, and Control of Corruption. The size of these confidence intervals
varies across countries, as different countries appear in different numbers of sources
with different levels of precision. The resulting confidence intervals are substantial
relative to the units in which governance is measured. From Figure 1 it should also be
evident that many of the small differences in estimates of governance across countries
are not likely to be statistically significant at reasonable confidence levels, since the
associated 90 percent confidence intervals are likely to overlap. For many applications,
instead of merely observing the point estimates, it is therefore more useful to focus on
the range of possible governance values for each country (as summarized in the 90%
confidence intervals shown in Figure 1), recognizing that these likely ranges often
overlap for countries that are being compared with each other.12
This is not to say however that the aggregate indicators cannot be used to make
cross-country comparisons. To the contrary, there are a great many pairwise country
comparisons that do point to statistically significant, and likely also practically
meaningful, differences across countries. Our 2006 Control of Corruption indicator for
than those of our individual subjective measures. This underscores the fact that all efforts to
measure governance involve margins of error, often non-trivial.
11
A x% confidence interval for governance can be obtained as the point estimate of governance
plus or minus the standard error times the (100-x)/2th percentile of the standard normal
distribution. For example, the 90% confidence intervals we report throughout the paper are the
point estimate plus or minus 1.64 times the standard error.
12
Of course, asking whether 90% confidence intervals overlap or not corresponds to a hypothesis
test at a significance level that is more stringent than 10%. The assumptions underlying our
statistical model imply that the standard error of the difference between two country scores is the
square root of the sum of the squared standard errors of the two sources, which is always smaller
than the sum of the two standard errors themselves. It is more convenient -- and more
conservative -- for users to simply inspect confidence intervals and see whether they overlap.
15
example covers 207 countries, so that it is possible to make 21,321 pairwise
comparisons of corruption across countries using this measure. For 62 percent of these
comparisons, 90% confidence intervals do not overlap, signaling quite highly statistically
significant differences across countries. And if we lower our confidence level to 75
percent, which may be quite adequate for many applications, we find that 73 percent of
all pairwise comparisons are statistically significant. The benefit of improved precision of
aggregate indicators with increased data availability over time can also be clearly seen
from this calculation. Consider our 1996 Control of Corruption indicator, which was
based on a median of only four data sources per country, as opposed to a median of 10
sources in 2006, implying substantially higher margins of error in 1996. Of the 11,781
possible pairwise comparisons in 1996, only 46 percent are significant at the 90%
confidence level, and only 60 percent at the 75 percent confidence interval (versus 62
percent and 73 percent respectively, in 2006).
We also emphasize that the WGI are unusual in that we report these margins of
error, which allow an explicit assessment of the significance of observed cross-country
and over time differences in estimates of governance. Although rarely explicitly
disclosed -- or even acknowledged-- all other measures of governance are subject to
margins of error as well, which in our past work we have shown to be at least as large as
those we calculate for our individual and aggregate indicators.13 This underscores the
need for caution in making cross-country comparisons with any type of governance
indicator.
A useful role of the aggregate indicators is that they allow us to summarize in a

compact way the diversity of information on governance available for each country, and
so make comparisons across countries and over time. For many purposes, however,
users may want to complement the aggregate indicators with detailed information from
the individual data sources underlying the aggregate WGI. We have already noted that
the vast majority of these are publicly available through our website at
www.govindicators.org, and can be used to make cross-country and over-time
comparisons at a more disaggregated level. One issue that arises with these more
disaggregated comparisons is that all countries do not appear in all of the underlying
data sources. This can complicate cross-country comparisons at both the disaggregated
13
See Kaufmann, Kraay, and Mastruzzi (2004).
16
and the aggregated levels. However, we note that as our underlying database has
expanded over time, more and more data sources have become available for more and
more countries.
One way to see this is to look at country pairs in the large set of over 200
countries we cover and ask how many individual data sources are available for both
countries in each pair. We summarize this information in Table 5, for our six indicators
in three separate time periods, 2006, 2002, and 1996. In the first column we report the
total number of possible pairwise comparisons between countries using our indicators.
In the next column we report the average (across all country pairs) of the number of
individual data sources common to the two countries in each pair. Thus in 2006 for
example, a comparison of two randomly-selected countries would likely involve between
five and seven common data sources. Since our indicators for 1996 are based on far
fewer data sources, this figure is lower for that period: a typical comparison of two
countries would just involve two to three common data sources. The next four columns
provide more information on the distribution of the number of common sources across all
these country pairs. In 2006, for example, roughly 60 percent of all country comparisons
involved at least five common data sources. As shown in the last two columns, this
typically represents between 80 and 90 percent of the data sources available for the
country in the pair with the fewest data sources, and roughly half the data sources of the
country in the pair with the most data sources. Therefore, there is a very considerable
common information set upon which to base comparisons of typical country pairs using
the aggregate WGI or their individual components.
We also emphasize that we do not find these differences in sets of underlying

data sources across country pairs to be a drawback of our aggregate indicators. Ideally
all of our data sources would cover all countries. But since they do not, we are faced
with a tradeoff. Either we include data sources with less than complete country
coverage, or alternatively we restrict attention to only a subset of indicators and
countries for which the underlying data would be complete. We have chosen the first
option, because the second would far too drastically reduce both the diversity of
countries and indicators appearing in the WGI. To take a specific example, consider the
22 individual data sources underlying the Control of Corruption indicator in 2006. No
single country appears in all 22 data sources, and the country appearing in the
17
maximum number of sources is Indonesia, appearing in 17 of 22 sources. Suppose next
that we rank sources according to country coverage. If we were to base the aggregate
indicator on only the top five data sources by country coverage, and insist on a fully
balanced set of countries, we would have only 117 countries appearing in all five
indicators, instead of the 207 we do cover for 2006.14 Moreover, the underlying data
sources would not be very diverse, as they would consist exclusively of data provided by
commercial business information providers. If we were to include the next five data
sources ranked by country coverage, we would have a more diverse set of data
providers, including a firm survey, a household survey, and two ratings from public
sector data providers. But if we were again to insist on fully balanced coverage we
would have only 37 countries appearing in all 10 indicators. We therefore think it much
better to report data for as large a set of countries as possible, drawing on as diverse as
possible a set of underlying data sources. The fact that not all countries appear in all
data sources is a minor inconvenience compared with the very significant benefit of
broad country coverage and diversity of underlying data sources for those countries
where these sources are available. And in any case we report through our website
virtually all of the individual underlying data sources, so that users interested in
comparisons based only on common sources can readily do so.
3.2 Changes over Time in Governance Using the WGI
We now turn to the changes over time in our estimates of governance in

individual countries. Figure 2 illustrates these changes for two selected governance
indicators over the period 1998-2006, Voice and Accountability and Rule of Law.15 In
both panels, we plot the 1998 score on the horizontal axis, and the 2006 score on the
vertical axis. We also plot the 45-degree line, so that countries above this line
correspond to improvements in governance, while countries below the line correspond to
deteriorations in governance. The first feature of this graph is that most countries are
clustered quite close to the 45-degree line, indicating that changes in our estimates of
14
The average standard error for the 117 countries appearing in five data sources is 0.16, while
for the remaining 90 countries it is 0.27 as countries in this latter group necessarily appear in a
smaller number of sources. Nevertheless, even for this group, the aggregate indicators are still
considerably more informative than individual indicators. For Control of Corruption in 2006, the
median (across sources) of the standard error of the individual indicators is 0.64, and only one
data source has an estimated standard error smaller than 0.27.
15
Throughout this section we emphasize changes over the period 1998-2006 as our aggregate
indicators for 1996 are based on significantly fewer data sources than 1998.
18
governance in most countries are relatively small even over the nine-year period
covered by the graph. A similar pattern emerges for the other four dimensions of
governance (not shown in Figure 2), and, not surprisingly the correlation between
current and lagged estimates of governance is even higher when we consider shorter
time periods than the nine-year period shown here.
Nevertheless, a substantial number of countries do show substantial changes in

governance. Over this period, we find that for each of our six indicators, on average
about 8 percent of countries experience changes that are significant at the 90 percent
confidence level. Looking across all six indicators, 29 percent of countries experience a
significant change in at least one of the six dimensions of governance over this period,
roughly equally divided between improvements and deteriorations. We also note that
the 90 percent confidence level is quite high, and for some purposes a lower confidence
level, say 75 percent, would be appropriate for identifying changes in governance that
are likely to be practically important. Not surprisingly this lower confidence level
identifies substantially more cases of significant changes: 19 percent of countries
experience a significant change on each indicator on average, and 55 percent of
countries experience a significant change on at least one dimension of governance.
In Figure 2 we have labeled those countries for which the change in estimated
governance over the 1998-2006 period is sufficiently large that the 90% confidence
intervals for governance in the two periods do not overlap.16 Examples of such more
substantial changes in governance between 1998 and 2006 include significant
improvements in Voice and Accountability in countries such as Indonesia, Kenya, and
Sierra Leone, but also declines in countries such as Belarus, Nepal, and Venezuela. In
Rule of Law we see improvements in countries such as Liberia, Rwanda, and Tajikistan,
contrasting with declines in countries such as Cote D'Ivoire, Eritrea, and Zimbabwe.
In Table 6 we provide more detail on all of the large changes in our six
governance indicators over the period 1998-2006. The first three columns report the
16
While this is not a formal test of the statistical significance of changes over time in governance,
it is a very simple and transparent rule of thumb for identifying large changes in governance. In a
Kaufmann, Kraay, and Mastruzzi (2005, 2006) we have shown in more detail how to assess the
statistical significance of changes in governance, and that this simple rule of thumb turns out to
be a fairly good approximation.
19
level of governance in the two periods, and the change. The next three columns report
on how the underlying data sources move for each case. In the column labeled “Agree”
we report the number of sources available in both periods which move in the same
direction as the aggregate indicator. The columns labeled “No Change” and “Disagree”
report the number of sources on which that country’s score does not change or moves in
the opposite direction to the aggregate indicator. For each country we also summarize
the extent to which changes in the individual sources agree with the direction of change
in the aggregate indicator by calculating the “Agreement Ratio”, or “Agree” / (“Agree” +
“Disagree”). The agreement ratio is quite high for countries with large changes in
governance. Averaging across all countries and indicators, we find an average
agreement ratio of 0.91 for the period 1998-2006, as reported in Table 6. This provides
confidence that for countries with large changes in our aggregate governance estimates,
these changes are reflected in a strong majority of the individual underlying data
sources.
The last three columns further address directly the issue of adding sources over
time. Averaging over all the significant changes, we find that for a typical change, six
new data sources were added between 1998 and 2006. One might reasonably wonder
about the extent to which changes in the aggregate indicators are driven by the addition
of sources whose ratings differed from those for 2006 provided by sources also available
in 1998. It turns out however that this effect is negligible in most cases. To see this, in
the second-last column, we have calculated the change that we would have seen in the
aggregate indicators had we used only those data sources available in both 1998 and
2006 for the indicated country. We refer to this as the "balanced" change. The final
column reports the ratio of this balanced change to the actual change reported in the
third column of Table 6. If this ratio is less than one, the actual change exceeds (in
absolute value) the balanced change, indicating that the addition of sources magnified
the change relative to what would have been observed using only the balanced set of
sources. And if this ratio is greater than one, the addition of new sources offset the
change observed among the balanced sources.
It turns out that these compositional effects are not large. For 75 of the 90
significant changes reported in Table 6, the ratio of the balanced change to the actual
change is between 0.8 and 1.2, i.e. the balanced change is within 20 percent of the
20
actual change. Another way to see the relative unimportance of compositional effects is
to calculate the share of the variance of the actual significant changes that is accounted
for by the variance in the balanced changes. When we do this, we find that 93 percent
of the variation in the observed changes is due to changes in underlying sources, and
only seven percent is due to the addition of sources.17
Finally, it is worth noting that the agreement ratios for large changes in
governance are substantially higher than the agreement ratios for all changes in
governance. This can be seen in Table 7 which computes the same agreement ratio,
but for all countries over the period 1998-2006. The agreement ratio averages 67
percent, compared with 91 percent for large changes, suggesting that for the more
typical smaller changes in our governance estimates, there is relatively more
disagreement across individual sources about the direction of the change than there is
for large changes. Nevertheless, even for these smaller changes, typically the majority
of underlying individual sources agree about the direction of the change. These
examples underscore the importance of carefully examining the factors underlying
changes in the aggregate governance indicators in particular countries. In order to
facilitate this, on our website users can now retrieve the data from the individual
indicators underlying our aggregate indicators and use this to examine trends in the
underlying data as well as changes over time in the composition of data sources on
which the estimates are based.
3.3 Trends in Global Governance
We conclude by reviewing the limited available evidence on trends in global

averages of governance over the expanded time period that we now cover. As we have
already noted, our aggregate governance indicators are not informative about trends in
global averages because we assume that world averages of governance are zero in
each period, as a convenient choice of units. While the aggregate indicators are of
course informative about the relative performance of individual (or groups of) countries
17
This is calculated as (VAR(Balanced Changes) + COV(Balanced Changes, Actual Changes))/
VAR(Actual Changes). This is also the slope of a regression of the balanced changes on the
actual changes.
21
over time, in order to assess trends in global averages of governance we need to return
to our underlying individual data sources.
In Table 8 we summarize trends in world averages in a number of our individual

data sources. Most of the sources in this table are polls of experts, with data extending
over the whole period 1996-2006. Other than expert polls, only one of them, GCS, is a
survey with sufficiently standard format to enable comparisons over a reasonable period
of time, in this case from 2002 to 2006. The first column reports the number of
countries covered by the source in each of the periods shown, and the next three
columns present the average across all countries of each of the sources in each of the
indicated years. The underlying data have been rescaled to run from zero to one, and for
each source and governance component, we report the score on the same question or
average of questions that we use in the aggregate indicator. The next three columns
report the standard deviation across countries for each source. The final column reports
the change in the global average of each indicator over the longest period for which it is
available, together with a t-statistic associated with a test of the null hypothesis that the
world average score has not changed.
The picture that emerges from Table 8 is sobering, as there appears not to be
very strong evidence of a significant trend of improvements in governance worldwide
over the more than 10 years of data covered in the table. Over this period, the average
change in the global averages of these indicators is only 0.01, on a scale from zero to
one. While two-thirds of changes are positive, roughly only one-third of the changes in
either direction are significantly different from zero at the 90 percent confidence level. Of
these five register declines and eight improvements. It is not clear how much
importance ought to be ascribed to these trends in world averages based on individual
indicators. On the one hand, these statistics represent the only information we have on
trends over time, and so they should be taken seriously. On the other hand, it is also
clear that there is substantial disagreement among sources about even the direction of
changes in global averages of governance. For now we cautiously conclude that we do
not have as yet any convincing evidence of significant improvements in governance
worldwide. We also note that this evidence is consistent with our choice of units for the
aggregate governance indicators, which are scaled to have a mean of zero and standard
deviation of one in each period.
22
4. Conclusions
In this paper we have reported on the latest update of the Worldwide

Governance Indicators for 2006. The WGI are now available biannually since 1996, and
annually for the five-year period 2002-2006. We have also continued our practice,
introduced last year, of reporting the individual indicators underlying the aggregate
indicators. It is our hope that more timely annual reporting as well as access to
individual indicators will make the aggregate indicators more useful to users in academic
and policymaking circles.
We nevertheless emphasize to all users the limitations of these measures of

governance, which are shared by virtually all efforts to measure governance across
countries and over time. The aggregate indicators we construct are useful for broad
cross-country and over time comparisons of governance, but all such comparisons
should take appropriate account of the margins of error associated with the governance
estimates. These margins of error are not unique to our perceptions-based measures
but are present -- if not explicitly acknowledged -- in any effort to measure governance.
They naturally reflect the inherent difficulty in measuring something as complicated and
multifaceted as governance. However, we have shown the feasibility of using the
aggregate indicators to make comparisons of governance across countries and over
time, subject to appropriate consideration of margins of error. In fact, for 2006 we have
seen that over 60 percent of all cross-country comparisons result in highly-significant
differences, and that nearly 30 percent of countries have experienced substantial
changes in at least one dimension of governance between 1998 and 2006.
We also caution users that the aggregate indicators can in some circumstances
be a rather blunt tool for policy advice at the country level. We expect that the provision
of the underlying data will help users in identifying -- and acting upon -- more specific
aspects of governance that may be problematic in a given country. And we also
encourage using these aggregate and individual indicators in conjunction with a wealth
of possible more detailed and nuanced sources of country-level data on governance in
formulating policy advice.
23
References
Kaufmann, Daniel, Aart Kraay and Pablo Zoido-Lobatón (1999a). “Aggregating

Governance Indicators.” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 2195,
Washington, D.C.
——— (1999b). “Governance Matters.” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No.
2196, Washington, D.C.
——— (2002). “Governance Matters II – Updated Indicators for 2000/01.” World Bank
Policy Research Working Paper No. 2772, Washington, D.C.
Kaufmann, Daniel, Aart Kraay and Massimo Mastruzzi (2004). “Governance Matters III:
Governance Indicators for 1996, 1998, 2000, and 2002”. World Bank Economic
Review. 18:253-287.
Kaufmann, Daniel, Aart Kraay and Massimo Mastruzzi (2005). “Governance Matters IV:
Governance Indicators for 1996-2004. World Bank Policy Research Working
Paper No. 3630. Washington, D.C.
Kaufmann, Daniel, Aart Kraay and Massimo Mastruzzi (2006a). “Measuring

Governance Using Perceptions Data", in Susan Rose-Ackerman, ed. Handbook
of Economic Corruption. Edward Elgar.
Kaufmann, Daniel, Aart Kraay and Massimo Mastruzzi (2006b). “Governance Matters V:
Aggregate and Individual Governance Indicators for 1996-2005. World Bank
Policy Research Working Paper No. 4012. Washington, D.C.
Kaufmann, Daniel, Aart Kraay and Massimo Mastruzzi (2007). “The Worldwide
Governance Indicators Project: Answering the Critics". World Bank Policy
Research Working Paper No. 4149. Washington, D.C.
24
Figure 1: Margins of Error for Governance Indicators, 2006
Political Stability and Absence of Violence
2.5
2
1.5
Governance Rating
1
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
-2.5
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Percentile Rank
Control of Corruption
2.5
1.5
1
Governance Rating
0.5
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
-2.5
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Percentile Rank
25
Figure 2: Changes Over Time in Governance Indicators 2002-2005
Voice and Accountability
2006
2
C HL
1
HR V
G HA
LSO
Y UG
N ER ID NKEN 0
SLE T HA
-3 -2 -1 0
V EN 1 2 1998 3
N PL
-1
C IV
ZW E
B LR
-2
-3
Rule of Law
3
2006
KIR
1
0 TTO
-3 -2 Y UG
RWA GEO
D ZA -1 0
ARG 1 2 1998 3
T JK ER I
LB R
-1
V EN
C IV
ZW E
-2
-3
26
Table 1: Sources of Governance Data
Country Represe
Code Source Type* Public Coverage -ntative 1996 1998 2000 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
ADB African Development Bank Country Policy and Institutional Assessments Expert (GOV) Partial 52 x x x x x x x
AEO OECD Development Center African Economic Outlook Expert (GOV) Yes 33 x x x x x x x x
AFR Afrobarometer Survey Yes 18 x x x x x x
ASD Asian Development Bank Country Policy and Institutional Assessments Expert (GOV) Partial 25 x x x x x x
BPS Business Enterprise Environment Survey Survey Yes 27 x x x x x x
BRI Business Environment Risk Intelligence Business Risk Service Expert (CBIP) Yes 50 x x x x x x x x
BTI Bertelsmann Transformation Index Expert (NGO) Yes 120 x x x x x
CCR Freedom House Countries at the Crossroads Expert (NGO) Yes 63 x x x
DRI Global Insight Global Risk Service Expert (CBIP) Yes 142 x x x x x x x x x
EBR European Bank for Reconstruction and Development Transition Report Expert (GOV) Yes 29 x x x x x x x x
EGV Global E-Governance Index Expert (NGO) Yes 196 x x x x x x
EIU Economist Intelligence Unit Expert (CBIP) Yes 154 x x x x x x x x x
FRH Freedom House Expert (NGO) Yes 197 x x x x x x x x x
GCB Transparency International Global Corruption Barometer Survey Survey Yes 62 x x x x x
GCS World Economic Forum Global Competitiveness Report Survey Yes 125 x x x x x x x x x
GII Global Integrity Index Expert (NGO) Yes 41 x x x x
GWP Gallup World Poll Survey Yes 130 x x
HER Heritage Foundation Index of Economic Freedom Expert (NGO) Yes 157 x x x x x x x x x
HUM Cingranelli Richards Human Rights Database and Political Terror Scale Expert (GOV) Yes 192 x x x x x x x x x
IFD IFAD Rural Sector Performance Assessments Expert (GOV) Yes 100 x x x
IJT iJET Country Security Risk Ratings Expert (CBIP) Yes 187 x x x x
LOB Latinobarometro Survey Yes 18 x x x x x x x x
MIG Merchant International Group Gray Area Dynamics Expert (CBIP) Yes 156 x x x x x x
MSI International Research and Exchanges Board Media Sustainability Index Expert (NGO) Yes 38 x x x x x
OBI International Budget Project Open Budget Index Expert (NGO) Yes 59 x
PIA World Bank Country Policy and Institutional Assessments Expert (GOV) Partial 136 x x x x x x x x
PRC Political Economic Risk Consultancy Corruption in Asia Survey Survey Yes 12 x x x x x x x
PRS Political Risk Services International Country Risk Guide Expert (CBIP) Yes 140 x x x x x x x x x
QLM Business Environment Risk Intelligence Financial Ethics Index Expert (CBIP) Yes 115 x x x x x x x x x
RSF Reporters Without Borders Press Freedom Index Expert (NGO) Yes 166 x x x x x x
TPR US State Department Trafficking in People report Expert (GOV) Yes 149 x x x x x x x
WCY Institute for Management and Development World Competitiveness Yearbook Survey Yes 53 x x x x x x x x
WMO Global Insight Business Conditions and Risk Indicators Expert (CBIP) Yes 202 x x x x x x x x
*CBIP -- Commercial Business Information Provider, GOV -- Public Sector Data Provider, NGO -- Non-Governmental Organization Data Provider
27
Table 2: Distribution of Data Points by Type of Data in 2006 WGI
Commercial
Business Surveys of Non-
Information Firms or Governmental Public Sector
Providers Households Organizations Organizations Total
Number of Data Points
Voice and Accountability 497 340 684 324 1845
Political Stability 1027 179 0 227 1433
Government Effectiveness 845 371 315 314 1845
Regulatory Quality 795 206 277 343 1621
Rule of Law 960 371 410 655 2396
Control of Corruption 959 439 133 314 1845
Total 5083 1906 1819 2177 10985
Shares of Total for Each Indicator

Voice and Accountability 0.27 0.18 0.37 0.18 1.00
Political Stability 0.72 0.12 0.00 0.16 1.00
Government Effectiveness 0.46 0.20 0.17 0.17 1.00
Regulatory Quality 0.49 0.13 0.17 0.21 1.00
Rule of Law 0.40 0.15 0.17 0.27 1.00
Control of Corruption 0.52 0.24 0.07 0.17 1.00
Total 0.46 0.17 0.17 0.20 1.00
Weighted Shares of Total for Each Indicator

Voice and Accountability 0.35 0.03 0.54 0.08 1.00
Political Stability 0.82 0.04 0.00 0.14 1.00
Government Effectiveness 0.65 0.12 0.09 0.14 1.00
Regulatory Quality 0.59 0.09 0.12 0.19 1.00
Rule of Law 0.59 0.12 0.13 0.15 1.00
Control of Corruption 0.59 0.20 0.06 0.16 1.00
Total 0.60 0.10 0.16 0.14 1.00
28
Table 3: Weights Used to Aggregate Individual Data Sources in 2006 WGI
VA PV GE RQ RL CC Average
Commercial Business Information Providers
bri .. 0.093 0.087 .. 0.070 0.008 0.064
dri .. 0.115 0.036 0.028 0.025 0.027 0.046
eiu 0.103 0.168 0.079 0.059 0.113 0.048 0.095
ijt .. 0.087 .. .. .. .. 0.087
mig .. 0.073 0.036 0.037 0.044 0.036 0.045
prs 0.047 0.054 0.053 0.067 0.023 0.031 0.046
qlm .. .. .. .. 0.077 0.082 0.080
wmo 0.051 0.169 0.148 0.169 0.089 0.067 0.116
Surveys of Firms or Households
afr 0.029 .. 0.103 .. 0.013 0.022 0.042
bps .. .. 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.022 0.006
gcb .. .. .. .. .. 0.019 0.019
gcs 0.016 0.035 0.082 0.064 0.093 0.084 0.062
gwp 0.003 .. 0.005 .. 0.004 0.006 0.005
lbo 0.010 .. 0.019 .. 0.008 0.000 0.009
prc .. .. .. .. .. 0.083 0.083
wcy 0.008 0.053 0.034 0.065 0.066 0.108 0.056
Non-Governmental Organization Data Providers
bti 0.121 .. 0.067 0.089 0.031 .. 0.077
ccr 0.168 .. .. .. 0.006 0.002 0.059
egv .. .. 0.007 .. .. .. 0.007
frh 0.108 .. .. .. 0.115 0.235 0.153
gii 0.091 .. .. .. 0.020 0.002 0.038
her .. .. .. 0.032 0.050 .. 0.041
msi 0.120 .. .. .. .. .. 0.120
obi 0.036 .. .. .. .. .. 0.036
rsf 0.023 .. .. .. .. .. 0.023
Public Sector Data Providers
adb .. .. 0.064 0.137 0.046 0.029 0.069
aeo 0.010 0.029 .. .. .. .. 0.020
asd .. .. 0.091 0.031 0.017 0.010 0.037
ebr .. .. .. 0.105 .. .. 0.105
hum 0.033 0.083 .. .. 0.009 .. 0.042
ifd 0.008 .. 0.030 0.029 0.014 0.022 0.021
pia .. .. 0.041 0.066 0.050 0.045 0.051
tpr .. .. .. .. 0.004 .. 0.004
Commercial Business Information Providers

Share of Sources 0.17 0.64 0.33 0.33 0.29 0.32 0.35
Share of Weights 0.20 0.79 0.45 0.37 0.45 0.30 0.43
Surveys of Firms or Households
Share of Sources 0.28 0.18 0.33 0.20 0.25 0.36 0.27
Share of Weights 0.07 0.09 0.25 0.13 0.19 0.35 0.18
Non-Governmental Organization Data Providers
Share of Sources 0.39 0.00 0.11 0.13 0.21 0.14 0.16
Share of Weights 0.68 0.00 0.08 0.12 0.23 0.24 0.22
Public Sector Data Providers
Share of Sources 0.17 0.18 0.22 0.33 0.25 0.18 0.22
Share of Weights 0.05 0.12 0.23 0.38 0.14 0.11 0.17
29
Table 4: Summary Statistics on Governance Indicators
Voice and Political Government Regulatory Control of

Accountability Stability Effectiveness Quality Rule of Law Corruption Overall
Number of Countries
1996 194 180 182 183 171 154 177
1998 199 189 194 194 194 194 194
2000 200 190 196 196 196 196 196
2002 201 190 202 197 197 197 197
2003 201 200 202 197 202 198 200
2004 208 207 208 204 210 206 207
2005 209 208 209 204 210 206 208
2006 209 209 212 206 211 207 209
Median Number of Sources Per Country

1996 4 4 3 4 6 4 4
1998 5 5 4 5 7 5 5
2000 5 5 5 6 8 6 6
2002 7 6 8 8 11 7 8
2003 8 6 8 8 11 8 8
2004 8 7 9 8 12 8 9
2005 9 7 9 8 12 9 9
2006 9 8 10 9 13 10 10
Proportion of Countries with Only One Data Source

1996 15 16 21 11 6 18 15
1998 11 7 10 10 9 10 10
2000 11 8 8 7 7 8 8
2002 10 7 5 7 7 8 7
2003 3 10 5 7 5 7 6
2004 6 6 8 7 9 8 8
2005 6 7 8 7 9 7 7
2006 6 6 9 8 8 8 7
Average Standard Error

1996 0.26 0.36 0.34 0.40 0.30 0.32 0.33
1998 0.27 0.30 0.19 0.41 0.22 0.24 0.27
2000 0.26 0.31 0.22 0.27 0.19 0.22 0.25
2002 0.22 0.29 0.23 0.25 0.19 0.21 0.23
2003 0.21 0.29 0.22 0.21 0.20 0.20 0.22
2004 0.21 0.28 0.23 0.21 0.19 0.20 0.22
2005 0.21 0.28 0.20 0.21 0.20 0.20 0.22
2006 0.20 0.27 0.22 0.22 0.20 0.20 0.22
30
Table 5: Common Sources in Pairwise Comparisons of Governance
Average Fraction of Comparisons Based Number of Common Sources

Number of Number of On Common Sources Numbering More Than or Equal to: as Fraction of:
Comparisons Common Sources 1 3 5 7 Minimum Maximum
2006
Voice and Accountability 21736 5.92 1.00 0.84 0.63 0.47 0.91 0.53
Political Stability 21736 4.88 0.99 0.73 0.53 0.37 0.95 0.58
Government Effectiveness 22366 5.62 0.99 0.74 0.58 0.44 0.86 0.50
Regulatory Quality 21115 5.19 0.99 0.70 0.59 0.42 0.85 0.52
Rule of Law 22155 7.15 0.98 0.75 0.61 0.55 0.85 0.48
Control of Corruption 21321 5.18 0.98 0.67 0.55 0.38 0.80 0.44
Average 21738 5.66 0.99 0.74 0.58 0.44 0.87 0.51
2002
Rule of Law 19306 5.75 0.96 0.71 0.58 0.44 0.80 0.48
Average 19379 4.44 0.98 0.67 0.46 0.26 0.85 0.50
1996
Rule of Law 14535 3.87 0.98 0.65 0.40 0.12 0.91 0.53
Average 15712 2.70 0.96 0.48 0.15 0.04 0.89 0.52
31
Table 6 Large Changes in Governance, 1998-2006
Governance Score
Agree/
2006 1998 No Dis- Sources Balanced Bal Chng/
Change Agree (agree+
(Level) (Level) change agree Added Change Actual Chng
Disagree)
Voice & Accountability
THAILAND -0.50 0.39 -0.89 5 0 1 0.83 6 -1.10 1.24
NEPAL -1.15 -0.18 -0.97 3 0 0 1.00 9 -0.72 0.74
BELARUS -1.71 -0.85 -0.86 3 1 0 1.00 5 -0.99 1.15
COTE D'IVOIRE -1.44 -0.63 -0.82 5 1 0 1.00 2 -0.82 1.00
ZIMBABWE -1.58 -0.85 -0.73 4 2 0 1.00 8 -0.87 1.19
VENEZUELA -0.58 0.07 -0.65 5 1 1 0.83 6 -0.75 1.15
CHILE 1.15 0.48 0.67 6 0 1 0.86 4 0.74 1.10
CROATIA 0.42 -0.29 0.70 5 0 0 1.00 7 0.68 0.97
LESOTHO 0.25 -0.74 0.99 2 0 0 1.00 6 0.51 0.51
KENYA -0.18 -0.91 0.73 5 1 0 1.00 9 0.54 0.74
GHANA 0.37 -0.40 0.77 5 1 0 1.00 7 0.67 0.87
INDONESIA -0.25 -1.08 0.83 5 0 1 0.83 8 0.85 1.02
SIERRA LEONE -0.43 -1.42 0.99 3 0 0 1.00 7 0.88 0.89
NIGER -0.24 -1.57 1.33 4 0 0 1.00 5 1.25 0.94
SERBIA 0.05 -1.11 1.16 5 0 0 1.00 6 1.04 0.90
Average 4.33 0.47 0.27 0.96 6.33
Political Stability
COTE D'IVOIRE -2.09 -0.28 -1.81 5 1 0 1.00 2 -1.77 0.98
NEPAL -2.26 -0.74 -1.52 2 0 0 1.00 5 -1.28 0.85
UZBEKISTAN -1.94 -0.48 -1.46 2 1 0 1.00 3 -1.41 0.97
THAILAND -0.99 0.39 -1.38 5 0 1 0.83 4 -1.47 1.06
KYRGYZSTAN -1.20 0.01 -1.21 3 0 0 1.00 4 -1.17 0.97
NIGERIA -1.99 -0.84 -1.15 5 1 0 1.00 3 -1.26 1.10
GUINEA -1.72 -0.58 -1.13 2 0 1 0.67 4 -1.33 1.18
PHILIPPINES -1.26 -0.13 -1.13 4 0 2 0.67 4 -0.92 0.81
BANGLADESH -1.60 -0.49 -1.11 4 1 0 1.00 3 -1.15 1.04
ETHIOPIA -1.82 -0.83 -0.98 5 0 0 1.00 3 -1.27 1.29
LEBANON -1.76 -0.88 -0.88 4 1 0 1.00 2 -0.75 0.86
IRAN -1.25 -0.39 -0.87 5 1 0 1.00 2 -0.94 1.09
VENEZUELA -1.24 -0.40 -0.83 5 0 1 0.83 4 -0.80 0.96
SOUTH AFRICA -0.07 -0.85 0.78 5 1 1 0.83 4 0.61 0.78
TAJIKISTAN -1.30 -2.26 0.96 3 0 0 1.00 4 0.87 0.91
CONGO -0.97 -2.06 1.09 3 0 1 0.75 4 1.32 1.21
GUINEA-BISSAU -0.59 -1.80 1.21 3 0 0 1.00 0 1.06 0.87
SERBIA -0.69 -1.95 1.26 4 0 0 1.00 3 1.14 0.90
ALGERIA -0.89 -2.32 1.43 6 0 0 1.00 3 1.47 1.03
LIBYA 0.24 -1.23 1.47 5 0 0 1.00 2 1.27 0.86
RWANDA -0.53 -2.15 1.62 2 0 0 1.00 3 1.06 0.65
SIERRA LEONE -0.46 -2.17 1.72 3 0 0 1.00 2 1.78 1.04
ANGOLA -0.51 -2.23 1.72 5 0 0 1.00 4 1.50 0.87
Average 4.13 0.27 0.20 0.96 2.87
32
Table 6: Large Changes in Governance, 1998-2006, Cont'd
Governance Score
Agree/
Disagree)
Government Effectiveness
ZIMBABWE -1.53 -0.50 -1.03 3 1 3 0.50 6 -0.77 0.74
COTE D'IVOIRE -1.42 -0.35 -1.07 6 0 0 1.00 3 -1.01 0.94
TOGO -1.60 -0.68 -0.91 3 1 0 1.00 7 -0.79 0.87
MALDIVES 0.03 0.96 -0.93 2 0 0 1.00 3 -0.77 0.83
CHAD -1.37 -0.61 -0.76 3 0 0 1.00 7 -0.55 0.73
MALAWI -0.85 -0.21 -0.64 4 1 0 1.00 8 -0.50 0.78
SPAIN 1.05 1.70 -0.65 6 1 0 1.00 3 -0.61 0.93
BELARUS -1.24 -0.53 -0.70 2 0 2 0.50 6 -0.77 1.09
ECUADOR -1.12 -0.52 -0.60 4 1 1 0.80 7 -0.59 1.00
PERU -0.46 0.08 -0.54 3 3 1 0.75 6 -0.55 1.01
BOLIVIA -0.69 -0.13 -0.56 4 1 1 0.80 6 -0.65 1.15
KYRGYZSTAN -0.86 -0.28 -0.58 3 0 0 1.00 9 -0.75 1.28
ITALY 0.38 0.93 -0.55 4 1 2 0.67 3 -0.52 0.94
RWANDA -0.40 -1.13 0.73 3 0 0 1.00 5 0.49 0.68
KOREA, SOUTH 1.05 0.41 0.65 7 1 0 1.00 4 0.59 0.91
AFGHANISTAN -1.39 -2.27 0.88 1 0 0 1.00 7 0.59 0.67
HONG KONG 1.76 0.93 0.83 6 0 0 1.00 3 0.80 0.96
ALGERIA -0.35 -1.15 0.80 4 1 1 0.80 5 0.77 0.97
SERBIA -0.29 -1.18 0.88 3 0 0 1.00 8 0.83 0.94
Average 3.80 0.67 0.53 0.89 5.80
Regulatory Quality
ZIMBABWE -2.21 -0.71 -1.50 6 0 2 0.75 3 -1.55 1.03
ARGENTINA -0.74 0.66 -1.40 8 0 0 1.00 2 -1.41 1.01
VENEZUELA -1.35 -0.05 -1.30 8 0 0 1.00 3 -1.44 1.11
BOLIVIA -1.03 0.35 -1.37 6 0 1 0.86 3 -1.48 1.08
COTE D'IVOIRE -1.09 0.14 -1.23 5 1 1 0.83 2 -1.19 0.97
ERITREA -1.87 -0.40 -1.48 2 1 0 1.00 4 -1.32 0.90
ECUADOR -1.06 -0.05 -1.02 6 0 1 0.86 3 -1.17 1.15
KOREA, NORTH -2.51 -0.96 -1.55 3 0 0 1.00 3 -1.72 1.11
ZAMBIA -0.56 0.40 -0.96 6 0 1 0.86 4 -0.88 0.92
GUINEA -1.05 0.00 -1.06 3 0 2 0.60 5 -1.15 1.09
TAJIKISTAN -0.98 -1.99 1.01 5 0 0 1.00 7 0.88 0.87
ARMENIA 0.26 -0.74 1.00 5 0 1 0.83 7 0.99 1.00
SLOVAKIA 1.08 0.21 0.87 6 0 1 0.86 5 0.83 0.95
IRAQ -1.46 -2.90 1.44 2 0 2 0.50 3 1.16 0.81
Congo, Dem. Rep. -1.51 -2.99 1.49 5 0 0 1.00 5 1.20 0.81
Average 5.07 0.13 0.80 0.86 3.93
33
Table 6: Large Changes in Governance, 1998-2006, Cont'd
Governance Score
Agree/
Disagree)
Rule of Law
ZIMBABWE -1.71 -0.47 -1.24 9 0 1 0.90 8 -1.18 0.95
VENEZUELA -1.39 -0.69 -0.70 10 1 1 0.91 6 -0.70 0.99
ARGENTINA -0.58 0.03 -0.61 8 2 2 0.80 5 -0.66 1.09
TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO -0.26 0.36 -0.62 5 1 1 0.83 4 -0.53 0.87
COTE D'IVOIRE -1.51 -0.90 -0.61 5 2 1 0.83 3 -0.73 1.18
ERITREA -0.99 -0.22 -0.78 4 0 0 1.00 5 -0.57 0.74
ALGERIA -0.63 -1.17 0.54 5 1 3 0.63 6 0.37 0.70
GEORGIA -0.61 -1.18 0.57 3 3 1 0.75 10 0.34 0.59
KIRIBATI 0.84 -0.69 1.53 1 0 0 1.00 3 0.63 0.41
LIBERIA -1.16 -2.07 0.91 4 0 0 1.00 3 0.78 0.86
TAJIKISTAN -1.06 -1.74 0.68 4 2 0 1.00 11 0.66 0.97
SERBIA -0.59 -1.29 0.71 3 1 1 0.75 9 0.61 0.86
RWANDA -0.59 -1.47 0.88 5 0 0 1.00 6 0.59 0.67
Average 5.08 0.94 0.84 0.88 5.92
ZIMBABWE -1.36 -0.42 -0.94 7 0 1 0.88 6 -0.82 0.88
COTE D'IVOIRE -1.16 -0.38 -0.78 5 1 0 1.00 1 -0.78 1.00
ERITREA -0.17 0.73 -0.90 2 1 0 1.00 4 -1.08 1.20
TANZANIA -0.37 -1.07 0.70 6 1 0 1.00 7 0.61 0.86
SERBIA -0.35 -1.08 0.73 4 0 0 1.00 8 0.77 1.06
Average 4.15 0.78 0.49 0.92 6.07
Overall Average 4.36 0.49 0.52 0.91 4.82 0.94
Cases>1.2 5
Cases<.8 15
0.8 < Cases < 1.2 70
34
Table 7: Agreement Ratio for Changes in Governance, 1998-2006
ALL CHANGES
Agree / (Agree +
Sample Agree No Change Disagree Disagree)
Voice and Accountability 199 2.0 0.8 0.9 0.70

Political Stability 189 1.9 0.5 0.8 0.70
Government Effectiveness 194 1.9 0.9 0.9 0.68
Regulatory Quality 194 2.5 0.4 1.3 0.66
Rule of Law 194 2.5 1.7 1.4 0.64
Control of Corruption 194 2.0 1.3 1.1 0.65
Average 194 2.1 0.9 1.1 0.67
SIGNIFICANT CHANGES (90%)

Agree / (Agree +
Agree No Change Disagree Disagree)
Sample
Voice and Accountability 15 4.3 0.5 0.3 0.94
Political Stability 23 3.9 0.3 0.3 0.93
Government Effectiveness 19 3.7 0.6 0.6 0.87
Regulatory Quality 15 5.1 0.1 0.8 0.86
Rule of Law 13 5.1 1.0 0.8 0.86
Control of Corruption 5 4.8 0.6 0.2 0.96
Average 15 4.5 0.5 0.5 0.90
35
Table 8: Global Trends in Governance 1996-2006 for Selected Sources
Average Std.Dev.
Sample 1996 2002 2006 1996 2002 2006 Change t-Statistic
EIU 120 0.41 0.43 0.47 0.25 0.25 0.26 0.06 1.79
FRH 196 0.56 0.58 0.58 0.31 0.30 0.30 0.02 0.79
GCS (Press Freedom / Parliament) 95 .. 0.57 0.55 .. 0.15 0.15 -0.01 -0.59
PRS 140 0.63 0.63 0.67 0.25 0.26 0.25 0.04 1.33
HUM 155 0.63 0.66 0.58 0.34 0.35 0.34 -0.05 -1.34
RSF 137 .. 0.73 0.73 .. 0.23 0.23 0.01 0.26
WMO 181 .. 0.55 0.57 .. 0.26 0.24 0.04 1.55
Political Stability
DRI 106 0.82 0.68 0.84 0.18 0.27 0.16 0.02 1.01
EIU 120 0.56 0.56 0.59 0.25 0.24 0.23 0.03 0.99
GCS (cost of terrorism) 95 .. 0.66 0.67 .. 0.17 0.14 0.01 0.57
PRS 140 0.70 0.75 0.73 0.13 0.12 0.11 0.03 1.98
HUM 177 0.65 0.63 0.62 0.29 0.25 0.26 -0.04 -1.27
WMO 181 .. 0.67 0.68 .. 0.24 0.22 0.01 0.54
DRI 106 0.57 0.46 0.72 0.28 0.30 0.21 0.15 4.46
EIU 120 0.43 0.39 0.37 0.31 0.31 0.27 -0.06 -1.67
GCS (infrastructure quality) 95 .. 0.53 0.51 0.22 0.24 0.23 -0.02 -0.66
PRS 140 0.58 0.54 0.54 0.24 0.29 0.28 -0.04 -1.38
WMO 181 .. 0.56 0.57 .. 0.23 0.23 0.04 1.62
Regulatory Quality
DRI 106 0.82 0.76 0.86 0.16 0.20 0.13 0.04 2.22
EIU 120 0.54 0.54 0.56 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.02 0.73
GCS (burden of regulations) 95 .. 0.30 0.35 0.15 0.13 0.12 0.06 3.17
HERITAGE 153 0.56 0.56 0.60 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.04 3.22
WMO 181 .. 0.58 0.59 .. 0.25 0.25 0.04 1.57
Rule of Law
DRI 106 0.71 0.63 0.81 0.20 0.25 0.17 0.09 3.61
EIU 120 0.49 0.51 0.53 0.27 0.26 0.24 0.04 1.30
GCS (organized crime / police / independent judiciary) 95 .. 0.56 0.57 .. 0.21 0.20 0.00 0.09
HERITAGE 153 0.57 0.49 0.46 0.23 0.24 0.24 -0.11 -4.07
PRS 140 0.72 0.62 0.63 0.23 0.24 0.22 -0.09 -3.46
QLM 115 0.45 0.46 0.44 0.29 0.30 0.30 -0.01 -0.17
HUM 159 0.59 0.57 0.51 0.36 0.36 0.40 -0.08 -1.92
WMO 181 .. 0.58 0.59 .. 0.23 0.23 0.02 0.77
DRI 106 0.58 0.52 0.66 0.26 0.32 0.27 0.08 2.24
EIU 120 0.35 0.35 0.38 0.33 0.34 0.31 0.02 0.51
GCS (bribe frequency) 95 .. 0.64 0.65 .. 0.22 0.18 0.01 0.46
PRS 140 0.59 0.41 0.42 0.21 0.19 0.20 -0.17 -7.10
QLM 115 0.39 0.40 0.37 0.29 0.29 0.29 -0.02 -0.47
WMO 181 .. 0.52 0.53 .. 0.27 0.26 0.03 1.08
Notes:
PRS Country coverage in 1996: 130, all other periods 140.
GCS Country coverage in 2002:80; 2003-2006: 95. change calculated over 2002-2006
Heritage Country coverage in 1996: 142; all other periods 153.
WMO series begins in 1998, change calculated over 1998-2006
HUM series begins in 2002, change calculated over 2002-2006
RSF series begins in 2002, change calculated over 2002-2006
36
37
Governance Matters VI: Appendices
Daniel Kaufmann, Aart Kraay, and Massimo Mastruzzi
Appendix A: Sources for Governance Indicators

A1. African Development Bank Country Policy and Institutional Assessments (ADB) ……… 39
A2. OECD Development Center African Economic Outlook (AEO) ……..………………… 40
A3. Afrobarometer (AFR) ……..………………………………………………………………. 41
A4. Asian Development Bank Country Policy and Institutional Assessments (ASD) ……..….. 42
A5. Business Environment & Enterprise Performance Survey (BPS) ……..………………….. 43
A6. Business Environment Risk Intelligence (BRI, QLM) ……..………………………………44
A7. Bertelsmann Transformation Index (BTI)……..……………………………………………45
A8. Global Insight Global Risk Service (DRI) ……..………………………………………….. 46
A9. European Bank for Reconstruction and Development Transition Report (EBR) ……..….. 47
A10. Global E-Government Index (EGV)……..………………………………………………… 48
A11. Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) ……..…………………………………………………. 49
A12. Freedom House (FRH, CCR)……..……………………………………………………….. 50
A13. Transparency International Global Corruption Barometer Survey (GCB) ……..…………. 51
A14. World Economic Forum Global Competitiveness Survey (GCS)……..………………….. 52
A15. Global Integrity Index (GII) ……..…………………………………………………………53
A16. Gallup World Poll (GWP))……..…………………………………………………………. 54
A17. Heritage Foundation Index of Economic Freedom (HER) ……..…………………………. 55
A18. Cingranelli Richards Human Rights Database & Political Terror Scale (HUM)……..……56
A19. IFAD Rural Sector Performance Assessments (IFD)……..……………………………….. 57
A20. iJET Country Security Risk Ratings (IJT) ……..………………………………………….. 58
A21. Latinobarometro (LBO))……..…………………………………………………………….. 59
A22. Merchant International Group Gray Area Dynamics (MIG) ……..……………………….. 60
A23. International Research and Exchanges Board Media Sustainability Index (MSI) ……..…. 61
A24. International Budget Project Open Budget Initiative (OBI) )……..………………………. 62
A25. World Bank Country Policy and Institutional Assessments (PIA) ……..…………………. 63
A26. Political Economic Risk Consultancy Corruption in Asia (PRC) ……..………………….. 64
A27. Political Risk Services International Country Risk Guide (PRS) ……..………………….. 65
A28. Reporters without Borders Press Freedom Index (RSF) ……..…………………………… 66
A29. US State Department’s Trafficking in People Report (TPR) ……..………………………. 67
A30. Institute for Management Development World Competitiveness Yearbook (WCY) …….. 68
A31. Global Insight Business Conditions and Risk Indicators (WMO) ……..………………… 69
Appendix B: Components of Aggregate Governance Indicators

B1. Voice and Accountability………………………………………………………………… 70
B2. Political Stability and Lack of Violence…………………………………………………… 71
B3. Government Effectiveness………………………………………………………………… 72
B4. Regulatory Quality……..…………………………………………………………………. 73
B5. Rule of Law……………..………………………………………………………..……….. 74
B6. Control of Corruption…..………………………………………………………..………… 75
Appendix C: Governance Indicators over Time

C1. Voice and Accountability………………………………………………………………..… 76
C2. Political Stability and Lack of Violence…………………………………………………… 79
C3. Government Effectiveness………………………………………………………………… 82
C4. Regulatory Quality……..…………………………………………………………………. 85
C5. Rule of Law……………..………………………………………………………………… 88
C6. Control of Corruption…..………………………………………………………………… 91
38
Table A1: African Development Bank Country Policy and Institutional Assessments (ADB)
Data Provider African Development Bank.

Description Multilateral development bank headquartered in Abidjan, Cote D'Ivoire
Website www.afdb.org
Data Source Country Policy and Institutional Assessments
Type Expert Assessment
Respondents African Development Bank country economists, subject to centralized review for
comparability
Frequency Annual since 1998
Country Coverage African Development Bank client countries
Public Access Since 2005
Description Indicators on 16 dimensions of policy and institutional performance. Responses are coded
on a 6-point scale. CPIA indicators are used to allocate concessional loans by the African
Development Bank.
2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996

NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Political Stability
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Policies to improve efficiency of public sector

X X X X X X X ..
Budget Management X X X X X X X ..
Efficiency of Public Expenditures X X X X X X X ..
Management of public debt X X X X X X X ..
Regulatory Quality
Trade policy X X X X X X X ..
Competitive environment X X X X X X X ..
Labor Market Policies X X X X X X X ..
Rule of Law
Property rights X X X X X X X ..
Anti-corruption policies .. .. X X X X X ..
Transparency / corruption X X X X X X X ..
Country Coverage 52 52 52 50 50 51 51 ..
Year of Publication 2005 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 ..
39
Table A2: OECD Development Center African Economic Outlook (AEO)
Data Provider OECD Development Center

Description Multilateral organization headquartered in Paris, France
Website www.oecd.org
Data Source African Economic Outlook
Respondents OECD Development Center Staff
Coverage African countries
Public Access Publicly available through African Economic Outlook report tables.
Description Indicators are based on the frequency of newspaper reports on incidents related to
two indicators: "hardening of the regime" and "political troubles". Newpaper
reports are taken from the weekly newspaper Marchés Tropicaux et Méditerranéens,
and are either coded as 0-1 for the occurrence of relevant stories or 0-3 on the
severity of reported incidents. Total scores are reported for each country and year,
and the distribution is highly skewed by a few countries with very high frequency of
reported events. We therefore convert to a three-point scale corresponding to
observations in the first, second, and third terciles of the distribution in each year.
2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996

Hardening of the Regime X X X X X X X X
Political Stability
Political troubles X X X X X X X X
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. ..
Regulatory Quality
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Rule of Law
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Country Coverage 33 33 32 26 26 26 26 25
Year of Publication 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996
40
Table A3: Afrobarometer (AFR)
Data Provider Michigan State University; Institute for Democracy (South Africa); Centre for Democracy and
Development (Ghana).
Description U.S-based university and African non-governmental organization
Website www.afrobarometer.org
Data Source Afrobarometer surveys
Type Survey
Respondents Households
Frequency Irregular, approximately every three years since 1999
Coverage African countries
Public Access Country level aggregates are publicly available through afrobarometer website. Record-level data
is released with some lag through the Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social
Research (www.icpsr.org).
Description This household survey is designed to collect data on attitudes towards democracy and government
in a sample of African countries. We do not use data from the 1999 survey as the questionnaire
from this year differs substantially from subsequent years.
2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996

How much do you trust the parliament? .. .. X X X .. .. ..
Overall, how satisfied are you with the way democracy works in your
.. .. X X X .. .. ..
country?
Free and fair elections X X .. .. .. .. .. ..
Political Stability
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
What proportion of the country's problems do you think the government
.. .. X X X .. .. ..
can solve?
Based on your experiences, how easy or difficult is it to obtain
X X X X X .. .. ..
household services (like piped water, electricity or telephone)?
Based on your experiences, how easy or difficult is it to obtain an X X X X X .. .. ..

identity document (such as birth certificate, driver's license or passport)?
Government handling of health services X X .. .. .. .. .. ..
Government handling of education system X X .. .. .. .. .. ..
Regulatory Quality
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Rule of Law
Over the past year, how often have you or anyone in your family feared
.. .. X X X .. .. ..
crime in your own home?
Over the past year, how often have you or anyone in your family had
.. .. X X X .. .. ..
something stolen from your house?
Over the past year, how often have you or anyone in your family been
.. .. X X X .. .. ..
physically attacked?
How much do you trust the courts of law? .. .. X X X .. .. ..
How much do you trust the police? .. .. X X X .. .. ..
Based on your experiences, how easy or difficult is it to obtain help from
X X X X X .. .. ..
the police when you need it?
How well would you say the current government is handling the fight of
.. .. X X X .. .. ..
corruption in the government?
How many elected leaders (parliamentarians) do you think are involved
X X X X X .. .. ..
in corruption?
How many judges and magistrates do you think are involved in X X X X X .. .. ..
X X X X X .. .. ..
How many government officials do you think are involved in corruption?
X X X X X .. .. ..
How many border/tax officials do you think are involved in corruption?
Country Coverage 18 18 15 15 15 .. .. ..
Year of Publication 2005 2005 2002 2002 2002 .. .. ..
41
Table A4: Asian Development Bank Country Policy and Institutional Assessments (ASD)
Data Provider Asian Development Bank

Description Multilateral development bank headquartered in Manila, the Philippines
Website www.adb.org
Respondents Asian Development Bank country economists, subject to centralized review for
comparability
Coverage Asian Development Bank client countries
Public Access Since 2005, only for countries eligible for concessional lending by the Asian Development
Bank.
on a 6-point scale. CPIA indicators are used to allocate concessional loans by the Asian
Development Bank.
2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996

NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Political Stability
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Competence of civil service X X X X X X .. ..
Budget Management X X X X X X .. ..
Efficiency of Public Expenditures X X X X X X .. ..
Management of public debt X X X X X X .. ..
Regulatory Quality
Trade policy X X X X X X .. ..
Competitive environment X X X X X X .. ..
Factor and products markets .. .. X X X X .. ..
Rule of Law
Property rights X X X X X X .. ..
Anticorruption and Accounting Institutions X X X X X X .. ..
Country Coverage 25 25 26 26 25 25 .. ..
Year of Publication 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 .. ..
42
Table A5: Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Survey (BPS)
Data Provider World Bank and European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
Description Multilateral development banks headquartered in Washington, United States and London, United
Kingdom
Website http://www.worldbank.org/eca/governance
Data Source Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Survey.
Type Survey
Respondents Firms
Frequency Every three years since 1999
Coverage Transition economies in Eastern Europe and Former Soviet Union
Public Access Full access to firm-level data through website noted above
Description This survey, part of the Investment Climate Survey project of the World Bank, collects a wide
range of data on firms' financial performance and their perceptions of the regulatory and
investment climate.
2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Political Stability and Lack of Violence

NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
How problematic are telecommunications for the growth of your business X X X X X .. .. ..
How problematic is electricity for the growth of your business. X X X X X .. .. ..
How problematic is transportation for the growth of your business. X X X X X .. .. ..
Regulatory Quality
Information on the laws and regulations is easy to obtain X X X X X .. .. ..
Interpretations of the laws and regulations are consistent and predictable .. .. X X X .. .. ..
Unpredictability of changes of regulations X X X X X X .. ..
How problematic are labor regulations for the growth of your business. X X X X X .. .. ..
How problematic are tax regulations for the growth of your business. X X X X X .. .. ..
How problematic are custom, foreign currency and trade regulations for the growth of
your business. X X X X X X .. ..
Rule of Law
How often is following characteristic associated with the court system: Fair X X X X X X .. ..
How often is following characteristic associated with the court system: affordable X X X X X X .. ..
How often is following characteristic associated with the court system: enforceable X X X X X X .. ..
How often is following characteristic associated with the court system: Honesty X X X X X X .. ..
How often is following characteristic associated with the court system: Quickness X X X X X X .. ..
Are property rights adequately protected X X X X X X .. ..
How problematic is organized crime for the growth of your business. X X X X X X .. ..
How problematic is judiciary for the growth of your business. X X X X X X .. ..
How problematic is street crime for the growth of your business. X X X X X X .. ..
How common is for firms to have to pay irregular additional payments to get things done X X X X X X .. ..
Percentage of total annual sales do firms pay in unofficial payments to public officials
X X X X X X .. ..
How often do firms make extra payments to influence the content of new legislation X X X X X X .. ..
Extent to which firms' payments to public officials impose costs on other firms X X X X X X .. ..
How problematic is corruption for the growth of your business. X X X X X X .. ..
Country Coverage 27 27 27 27 27 18 .. ..
43
Table A6: Business Environment Risk Intelligence (BRI, QLM)
Data Provider BERI S.A.

Description Commercial risk rating agency headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland
Website www.beri.com
Data Source Political Risk Index and Operational Risk Index (BRI), Quantitative Risk Measure
in Foreign Lending (QLM)
Type Expert assessments
Respondents Permanent panel of experts convened by BERI
Frequency Three times per year since 1980 for BRI and annual since 1996 for QLM
Coverage Global sample of countries
Public Access Commercially available
Description PRI measures eight causes and two symptoms of political risk on a 7-point scale.
ORI measures 15 obstacles to business development on a 5-point scale. QLM
measures risk factors in foreign lending on a 100-point scale. We use data from
latest trimester in each year. We treat BRI and QLM as separate sources in our
aggregation procedure as BRI is a "non-representative" source and QLM is a
"representative source". See Kaufmann, Kraay, and Mastruzzi (2004) for an
explanation of how this distinction matters for aggregation.
2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996

NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Political Stability
Political Risk Index: External Causes of Political Risk: Dependence on/Importance to a
X X X X X X X X
Hostile Major Power
Political Risk Index: External Causes of Political Risk: Negative Influences of Regional
X X X X X X X X
Political Forces
Political Risk Index: Internal Causes of Political Risk: Social Conditions: Wealth
X X X X X X X X
Distribution, Population
Political Risk Index: Internal Causes of Political Risk: Fractionalization of political
X X X X X X X X
spectrum and the power of these factions.
Political Risk Index: Internal Causes of Political Risk: Fractionalization by language,
X X X X X X X X
ethnic and/or religious groups and the power of these factions.
Political Risk Index: Internal Causes of Political Risk: Restrictive (coercive) measures
X X X X X X X X
required to retain power.
Political Risk Index: Internal Causes of Political Risk: Organization and strength of forces
X X X X X X X X
for a radical government.
Political Risk Index: Symptoms of Political Risk: Societal conflict involving
X X X X X X X X
demonstrations, strikes, and street violence.
Political Risk Index: Symptoms of Political Risk: Instability as perceived by non-
X X X X X X X X
constitutional changes, assassinations, and guerilla wars.
Operation Risk Index: Bureaucratic delays X X X X X X X X
Regulatory Quality
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Rule of Law
Operation Risk Index: Enforceability of contracts X X X X X X X X
Direct Financial Fraud, Money Laundering and Organized Crime (QLM) X X X X X X X X
Political Risk Index: Internal Causes of Political Risk: Mentality, including xenophobia,
X X X X X X X X
nationalism, corruption, nepotism, willingness to compromise.
Indirect Diversion of Funds (QLM) X X X X X X X X
Country Coverage (BERI) 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 53

Country Coverage (QLM) 115 115 115 115 115 115 115 115
44
Table A7: Bertelsmann Transformation Index (BTI)
Data Provider Bertelsmann Foundation

Description Nongovernmental organization headquartered in Berlin, Germany, with goal to study social
challenges and problems and propose solutions.
Website www.bertelsmann-stiftung.de
Data Source Bertelsmann Transformation Index
Respondents Staff of Bertelsmann Foundation
Public Access Yes
Description We use data on the subcomponents of the Status Index (SI -- rating countries along
dimensions of democracy and market economy status) and the Management Index (MI --
rating countries according to progress in achieving democracy and market economy status)
2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996

Stateness (SI) X X X X X .. .. ..
Political Participation (SI) X X X X X .. .. ..
Stability of Democratic Institutions (SI) X X X X X .. .. ..
Political and Social Integration (SI) X X X X X .. .. ..
Political Stability
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Consensus Building (MI) X X X X X .. .. ..
Governance Capability (MI) X X X X X .. .. ..
Effective Use of Resources (MI) X X X X X .. .. ..
Regulatory Quality
Competition (SI) X X X X X .. .. ..
Rule of Law
Rule of Law (SI) X X X X X .. .. ..
Private Property (SI) X X X X X .. .. ..
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

45
Table A8: Global Insight Global Risk Service (DRI)
Data Provider Global Insight

Description Commercial business information provider headquartered in Boston, United States
Website www.globalinsight.com
Data Source Global Risk Service
Respondents Staff of Global Insight, subject to regional reviews
Frequency Quarterly since 1996
Description The Global Risk Service, formerly known as the Country Risk Review, was introduced by Data
Resources, Inc (DRI) in 1996. In 2001 DRI became part of Global Insight, which in 2003 also acquired
the World Markets Research Center that produces the World Markets Online ratings (WMO, see Table
A31). These two sets of ratings continue to be produced independently and so we continue to treat them
as distinct sources as we did prior to 2003. The Global Risk Review provides assessments of the
likelihood of various "risk events". We use their assessments of risk events occurring in the next five
years. Although nominally these indicators measure the likelihood of future changes in dimensions of
governance we find that in practice they are highly correlated with other assessments of the level of
governance and we interpret them in this way.
2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Political Stability
Domestic Political Risks: Military Coup Risk: A military coup d’etat (or a series of such events) that reduces the
X X X X X X X X
GDP growth rate by 2% during any 12-month period.
Domestic Political Risks: Major Insurgency/Rebellion: An increase in scope or intensity of one or more
insurgencies/rebellions that reduces the GDP growth rate by 3% during any 12-month period.
X X X X X X X X
Domestic Political Risks: Political Terrorism: An increase in scope or intensity of terrorism that reduces the GDP
X X X X X X X X
growth rate by 1% during any 12-month period.
Domestic Political Risks: Political Assassination: A political assassination (or a series of such events) that
X X X X X X X X
reduces the GDP growth rate by 1% during any 12-month period.
Domestic Political Risks: Civil War: An increase in scope or intensity of one or more civil wars that reduces the
X X X X X X X X
Domestic Political Risks: Major Urban Riot: An increase in scope, intensity, or frequency of rioting that reduces
the GDP growth rate by 1% during any 12-month period.
X X X X X X X X
Domestic Political Risk: Government Instability: An increase in government personnel turnover rate at senior
X X X X X X X X
levels that reduces the GDP growth rate by 2% during any 12-month period.
Domestic Political Risk: Government Ineffectiveness: A decline in government personnel quality at any level that
X X X X X X X X
reduces the GDP growth rate by 1% during any 12-month period.
Domestic Political Risk: Institutional Failure: A deterioration of government capacity to cope with national
problems as a result of institutional rigidity or gridlock that reduces the GDP growth rate by 1% during any 12- X X X X X X X X
month period.
Regulatory Quality
Policies Non-Tax: Regulations -- Exports: A 2% reduction in export volume as a result of a worsening in export
regulations or restrictions (such as export limits) during any 12-month period, with respect to the level at the X X X X X X X X
time of the assessment.
Policies Non-Tax: Regulations -- Imports: A 2% reduction in import volume as a result of a worsening in import
regulations or restrictions (such as import quotas) during any 12-month period, with respect to the level at the X X X X X X X X
time of the assessment.
Policies Non-Tax: Regulations -- Other Business: An increase in other regulatory burdens, with respect to the
level at the time of the assessment, that reduces total aggregate investment in real LCU terms by 10% X X X X X X X X
Policies Non-Tax: Ownership of Business by Non-Residents: A 1-point increase on a scale from "0" to "10" in
legal restrictions on ownership of business by non-residents during any 12-month period.
X X X X X X X X
Policies Non-Tax: Ownership of Equities by Non-Residents: A 1-point increase on a scale from "0" to "10" in
legal restrictions on ownership of equities by non-residents during any 12-month period.
X X X X X X X X
Rule of Law
Outcomes Non-Price: Losses and Costs of Crime: A 1-point increase on a scale from "0" to "10" in crime during
any 12-month period.
X X X X X X X X
Domestic Political Risk: Kidnapping of Foreigners: An increase in scope, intensity, or frequency of kidnapping of
foreigners that reduces the GDP growth rate by 1% during any 12-month period.
X X X X X X X X
Policies Non-Tax: Enforceability of Government Contracts: A 1 point decline on a scale from "0" to "10" in the
enforceability of contracts during any 12-month period. X X X X X X X X
Policies Non-Tax: Enforceability of Private Contracts: A 1-point decline on a scale from "0" to "10" in the legal
enforceability of contracts during any 12-month period. X X X X X X X X
Risk Event Outcome non-price: Losses and Costs of Corruption: A 1-point increase on a scale from "0" to "10"
in corruption during any 12-month period.
X X X X X X X X
46
Table A9: European Bank for Reconstruction and Development Transition Report (EBR)
Data Provider European Bank for Reconstruction and Development

Description Multilateral development bank based in London, United Kingdom
Website www.ebrd.org
Data Source Transition Report
Respondents EBRD staff
Coverage Transition economies
Public Access Yes
Description The Transition Report includes scores on a 5-point scale for eight Transition Indicators
measuring progress towards market economy status. Scores are based on a checklist of
underlying criteria and reflect the views of EBRD staff.
2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996

NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Political Stability
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Regulatory Quality
Price liberalisation X X X X X X X X
Trade & foreign exchange system X X X X X X X X
Competition policy X X X X X X X X
Rule of Law
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Country coverage 29 27 27 27 27 26 26 27
47
Table A10: Global E-Governance Index (EGV)
Data Provider Brown University Center for Public Policy

Description University located in Providence, United States
Website www.insidepolitics.org
Data Source Global E-Governance Index
Type Expert assessment
Respondents Research team led by Professor Darrell M. West
Public Access Yes
Description This source reports an assessment of the quality of e-government based on reviews of official
government websites. Features assessed include online publications, online database, audio
clips, video clips, non-native languages or foreign language translation, commercial advertising,
premium fees, user payments, disability access, privacy policy, security features, presence of
online services, number of different services, digital signatures, credit card payments, email
address, comment form, automatic email updates, website personalization, personal digital
assistant (PDA) access, and an English version of the website. Assessments are scored on a
100-point scale with 72 points for availability of publications and databases and 28 points for
the number of online services available.
2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996

NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Political Stability
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Global E-governance Index X X X X X .. .. ..
Regulatory Quality
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Rule of Law
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

48
Table A11: Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU)
Data Provider Economist Intelligence Unit

Description Commercial business information provider headquartered in London, United Kingdom
Website www.eiu.com
Data Source Country Risk Service, Country Forecasts
Respondents Network of over 500 correspondents, reviewed for consistency by panels of regional experts
Description We use data on the components of these two data sources made available to us by the
Economist Intelligence Unit. We use data from December of each year with exception of
1996 in which we draw data from first quarter of 1997.
2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996
Orderly transfers X X X X X X X X
Vested interests X X X X X X X X
Accountablity of Public Officials X X X X X X X X
Human Rights X X X X X X X X
Freedom of association X X X X X X X X
Political Stability
Armed conflict X X X X X X X X
Violent demonstrations X X X X X X X X
Social Unrest X X X X X X X X
International tensions / terrorist threat X X X X X X X X
Quality of bureaucracy / institutional effectiveness X X X X X X X X

Excessive bureacucracy / red tape X X X X X X X X
Regulatory Quality
Unfair competitive practices X X X X X X X X
Price controls X X X X X X X X
Discriminatory tariffs X X X X X X X X
Excessive protections X X X X X X X X
Discriminatory taxes X X X X X X X X
Rule of Law
Violent crime X X X X X X X X
Organized crime X X X X X X X X
Fairness of judicial process X X X X X X X X
Enforceability of contracts X X X X X X X X
Speediness of judicial process X X X X X X X X
Confiscation/expropriation X X X X X X X X
Intellectual property rights protection X X X X X X X X
Private property protection X X X X X X X X
Corruption among public officials X X X X X X X X
49
Table A12: Freedom House (FRH, CCR)
Data Provider Freedom House

Description Freedom House is a non-governmental organization promoting democratic values around the world and is
headquartered in New York, United States.
Website www.freedomhouse.org
Data Source Freedom in the World (FRW), Freedom of the Press (FRP), Nations in Transit (FNT) and Countries at the
Crossroads (CCR)
Respondents Freedom House staff and consultants, subject to centralized review process
Frequency FRW: Annual since 1955
FRP: Annual since 1980
FNT: Annual since 1995
CCR: Annual since 2004 but covering alternating sets of countries
Coverage FRW: Global sample of countries
FRP: Global sample of countries
FNT: Transition economies in Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union
CCR: Developing country sample
Public Access Yes
Description FRW and FRP provide indicators of political rights (7-point scale), civil liberties (7-point scale), and press
freedoms (100-point scale) based on checklists of underlying indicators listed below. The indicators are
complemented with country narratives justifying the scores. FNT and CCR are series of more detailed
narrative country reports including common sets of quantitative indicators on democratic and economic
issues, typically scored on a 7-point scale. These too are based on a checklist of underlying indicators.
We average data from FRW, FRP and FNT and treat it as a single source that we refer to as FRH, as these
are produced by the same teams. We treat CCR as a distinct source as it is produced separately. Note that
the indicators refer to data from the previous year: we therefore lag the data from this source by one year.
2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996

Voice and Accoun tab ility
Freedom of the W orld:
Political R ights X X X X X X X X
C ivil Liberties X X X X X X X X
Freedom of the Press
Press F reedom Index X X X X X X X X
C ountries at the C rossroads
C ivil Liberties X X X .. .. .. .. ..
Accountability and public voice X X X .. .. .. .. ..
Political Stability
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
G overn m ent Effectiven ess

NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
R egu latory Q uality
N /A .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
R u le of Law
N ations in T ransit: R ule of Law X X X X X X X X
C ountries at the C rossroads: R ule of Law X X X .. .. .. .. ..
C o ntrol of C orruptio n
N ations in T ransit: C orruption X X X X X X X ..
C ountries at the C rossroads: A nti-C orruption and T ransparency X X X .. .. .. .. ..
C ountry coverage (FR H ) 197 196 196 196 196 192 191 191
C ountry coverage (FR P ) 195 194 194 193 193 187 186 187
C ountry coverage (FN T) 29 29 29 28 27 27 27 27
C ountry coverage (C C R ) 62 62 60 30 .. .. .. ..
Year of Publication (FR H , FR P & FN T) 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2001 1999 1997
Year of Publication (C C R ) 2006 2006 2005 2004 .. .. .. ..
50
Table A13: Transparency International Global Corruption Barometer (GCB)
Data Provider Transparency International

Description Nongovernmental organization devoted to fighting corruption
Website www.transparency.org
Data Source Global Corruption Barometer
Type Survey
Public Access Country-level aggregate responses and some breakdowns are reported on TI's website
Description This survey commissioned by TI collects data on households' experiences with petty
corruption and their perceptions of the overall incidence of corruption. Note that we do
NOT use data from the TI Corruption Perceptions Index. This is a composite indicator of
corruption based on an aggregation of a subset of the data sources that we use in our Control
of Corruption indicator.
2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996

NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Political Stability
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Regulatory Quality
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Rule of Law
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Frequency of corruption X X X .. .. .. .. ..
Frequency of household bribery X X X .. .. .. .. ..
Extent of grand corruption .. .. X .. .. .. .. ..
Extent of petty corruption .. .. X .. .. .. .. ..
Country coverage (CCR) 62 69 61 .. .. .. .. ..

Year of Publication 2006 2005 2004 .. .. .. .. ..
51
Table A14: World Economic Forum Global Competitiveness Survey (GCS)
Data Provider World Economic Forum

Description Nongovernmental organization bringing together business, government, academic and media leaders to
address economic, social and political issues
Website www.weforum.org
Data Source Global Competitiveness Survey
Type Survey
Respondents Firms
Public Access Country-level aggregates of most variables reported in the annual Global Competitiveness Report.
Description This survey gathers the views of domestic and foreign-owned firms on a range of issues related to the
business environment. Most questions are scored on a 7-point scale.
2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996
Firms are usually informed clearly and transparently by the Government on changes in policies
X .. X X X .. .. ..
affecting their industry
Newspapers can publish stories of their choosing without fear of censorship or retaliation X X X X X .. .. ..
When deciding upon policies and contracts, Government officials favor well-connected firms X X X X X .. .. ..
Influence of legal contributions to political parties on specific public policy outcomes X .. X X X .. .. ..
Effectiveness of national Parliament/Congress as a law making and oversight institution X X X X X .. .. ..
Political Stability
The threat of terrorism in the country imposes significant costs on business X X X X X .. .. ..
Competence of public sector personnel X X X X X X X X
Quality of general infrastructure X X X X X X X X
Quality of public schools X X X X X X X X
Time spent by senior management dealing with government officials X X X X X X X X
Public Service vulnerability to political pressure .. .. .. .. .. .. X X
Wasteful government expenditure X X X .. .. X X ..
Regulatory Quality
Administrative regulations are burdensome X X X X X X X X
Tax system is distortionary X X X X X X X X
Import barriers / cost of tariffs as obstacle to growth X X X X X X X X
Competition in local market is limited X X X X X X X ..
It is easy to start company X .. X X X X X ..
Anti monopoly policy is lax and ineffective X X X X X X X X
Environmental regulations hurt competitiveness X X X X X X X ..
Government subsidies keep uncompetitive industries alive artificially .. .. .. X X X X X
Complexity of Tax System X X X .. .. .. .. ..
Rule of Law
Common crime imposes costs on business X X X X X .. .. ..
Organized crime imposes costs on business X X X X X X X X
Money laundering through banks is pervasive X X X X X .. .. ..
Money laundering through non-banks is pervasive .. .. X X X .. .. ..
Quality of Police X X X X X X X X
Insider trading is pervasive .. .. X X X .. X X
The judiciary is independent from political influences of government, citizens, or firms X X X X X X X ..
Legal framework to challenge the legality of government actions is inefficient X X X X X X X X
Intellectual Property protection is weak X X X X X X X X
Protection of financial assets is weak X X X X X X .. ..
Illegal donation to parties are frequent X .. X X X .. .. ..
Percentage of firms which are unofficial or unregistered / Tax evasion X X X X X X X X
Public trust in financial honesty of politicians X X X X X X X ..
Extent to which legal contributions to political parties are misused by politicians .. .. X X X .. .. ..
Diversion of public funds due to corruption is common X X X X X .. .. ..
Frequent for firms to make extra payments connected to: public utilities, tax payments, loan
applications, awarding of public contracts, influencing laws, policies regulations, decrees, getting X X X X X X X X
favourable judicial decisions
Extent to which firms' illegal payments to influence government policies impose costs on other
X X X X X X .. ..
firms
Extent to which influence of powerful firms with political ties impose costs on other firms X X X X X .. .. ..
Country Coverage: 126 117 104 102 88 76 59 58
52
Table A15: Global Integrity Index (GII)
Data Provider Global Integrity

Description Nongovernmental organization located in Washington, United States, advocating integrity
and accountability in government.
Website www.globalintegrity.org
Data Source Global Integrity Index
Respondents Local country experts and peer reviewers recruited by Global Integrity
Coverage Mostly developing country sample
Public Access Yes
Description The Global Integrity Index uses 290 indicators to assess the existence and effectiveness of
anti-corruption mechanisms that promote public integrity. They typically pair an indication
of the "in law'" existence of a particular institutions with an "in practice" assessment of its
functioning. We use a simple average of the "in practice" components of each of the
indicated GII indicators, in keeping with our practice of relying purely on perceptions-based
data in the WGI.
2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996

Civil Society Organizations X X X X .. .. .. ..
Media X X X X .. .. .. ..
Public Access to Information X X X X .. .. .. ..
Voting & Citizen Participation X X X X .. .. .. ..
Election Integrity X X X X .. .. .. ..
Political Financing X X X X .. .. .. ..
Political Stability
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Regulatory Quality
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Rule of Law
Executive Accountability X X X X .. .. .. ..
Judicial Accountability X X X X .. .. .. ..
Rule of Law X X X X .. .. .. ..
Law Enforcement X X X X .. .. .. ..
Anti-Corruption Law X X X X .. .. .. ..
Anti-Corruption Agency X X X X .. .. .. ..
Country coverage 41 25 25 25 .. .. .. ..
Year of Publication 2006 2004 2004 2004 .. .. .. ..
53
Table A16: Gallup World Poll (GWP)
Data Provider The Gallup Organization

Description Commercial survey firm based in Washington, United States
Website www.gallupworldpoll.com
Data Source Gallup World Poll
Type Survey
Frequency Annual starting in 2006
Description The Gallup World Poll is a new survey polling representative samples of households in a
large sample of countries. The core survey instrument asks a wide range of questions,
including some related to governance as indicated below.
2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996

Confidence in honesty of elections X .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Political Stability
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Satisfaction with public transportation system X .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Satisfaction with roads and highways X .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Satisfaction with education system X .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Regulatory Quality
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Rule of Law
Confidence in the police force X .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Confidence in judicial system X .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Have you been a victim of crime? X .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Is corruption in governmnent widespread? X .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Country coverage 122 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Year of Publication 2006 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
54
Table A17: Heritage Foundation Index of Economic Freedom (HER)
Data Provider Heritage Foundation

Description The Heritage Foundation is a nongovernmental research and educational institute
headquartered in Washington, United States, advocating conservative public policies.
Website www.heritage.org
Data Source Index of Economic Freedom
Respondents Staff of Heritage Foundation
Public Access Yes
Description Heritage constructs an Index of Economic Freedom consisting of 10 components. There
were major revisions to the methodology in 2006 and 2007. We use data from the three of
these components that are based on subjective assessments of Heritage staff and are
comparable over time: Investment Freedom, Financial Freedom, and Property Rights.
These indicators are scored on a 100-point scale. Note that the indicators refer to data from
the previous year: we therefore lag the data from this source by one year.
2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996

NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Political Stability
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Regulatory Quality
Foreign investment X X X X X X X X
Banking / Finance X X X X X X X X
Rule of Law
Property Rights X X X X X X X X
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
55
Table A18: Cingranelli Richards Human Rights Database & Political Terror Scale (HUM)
Data Provider University of Binghamton Cingranelli-Richards Human rights database (CIRI) and University of
North Carolina Political Terror Scale (PTS)
Description United States based universities
Website www.humanrightsdata.com
Data Source Cingranelli-Richards Human Rights Dataset (CIRI) and the Political Terror Scale (PTS)
Respondents Coding by Cingranelli-Richards and Gibney teams
Frequency Annually since 1980
Public Access Yes
Description The Cingranelli-Richards dataset is a numerical coding on a 2 or 3 point scale of data on 13 human
rights, as reported in Amnesty International Human Rights Reports and the U.S. Department of
State Country Reports on Human Rights Practices. It is produced by Professor David Cingranelli
at the University of Binghamton, U.S.A. and Professor David Richards at the University of
Memphis, U.S.A. and is available at www.humanrightsdata.com. The Political Terror Scale is a
numerical coding on a 5-point scale of state-sponsored domestic political terror through
imprisonments, torture, disappearances and violations of the rule of law. It is produced by Prof.
Marc Gibney at the University of North Carolina and is available electronically at:
http://www.unca.edu/politicalscience/images/Colloquium/faculty-staff/gibney.html. Note that the
two sources are averaged and treated as a single source in Political Stability and Absence of
Violence since they are based on the same underlying publications.
2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996

Restrictions on domestic and foreign travel (CIRI) X X X X X X X X
Freedom of political participation (CIRI) X X X X X X X X
Imprisonments because of ethnicity, race, or
X X X X X X X X
political, religious beliefs? (CIRI)
Government censorship (CIRI) X X X X X X X X
Political Stability
Frequency of political killings (CIRI) X X X X X X X X
Frequency of disappearances (CIRI) X X X X X X X X
Frequency of tortures (CIRI) X X X X X X X X
Political terror scale (PTS) X X X X X X X X
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Regulatory Quality
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Rule of Law
Independence of judiciary (CIRI) X X X X X X X X
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Country coverage (CIRI) 192 192 192 159 159 159 159 159
Country coverage (PTS) 176 176 178 178 178 178 177 174
56
Table A19: IFAD Rural Sector Performance Assessments (IFD)
Data Provider International Fund for Agricultural Development

Description Multilateral development institution headquartered in Rome, Italy, financing agricultural
investments in developing countries.
Website www.ifad.org
Data Source Rural Sector Performance Assessments
Respondents IFAD country economists, subject to centralized review
Coverage IFAD client countries
Public Access Yes
Description This source assesses 12 dimensions of the rural policy environment on a 6-point scale. The
assessments are used in IFAD's performance-based allocation system for distributing
resources across countries.
2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996

Policy and legal framework for rural organizations X X X .. .. .. .. ..
Dialogue between government and rural organizations X X X .. .. .. .. ..
Political Stability
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Allocation & management of publlic resources for rural
development
X X X .. .. .. .. ..
Regulatory Quality
Enabling conditions for rural financial services development X X X .. .. .. .. ..
Investment climate for rural businesses X X X .. .. .. .. ..
Access to agricultural input and produce markets X X X .. .. .. .. ..
Rule of Law
Access to land X X X .. .. .. .. ..
Access to water for agriculture X X X .. .. .. .. ..
Accountability, transparency and corruption in rural areas X X X .. .. .. .. ..
Country Coverage 100 121 124 .. .. .. .. ..

Year of publication 2006 2005 2004 .. .. .. .. ..
57
Table A20: iJET Country Security Risk Ratings (IJT)
Data Provider iJET

Description Commercial security risk consulting company based in Annapolis, United States
Website www.ijet.com
Data Source Country Security Risk Ratings
Respondents iJET staff
Description iJET provides assessments of security risks faced by travelers, coded on a 5-point scale.
2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996

NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Political Stability
Security Risk Rating X X X .. .. .. .. ..
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Regulatory Quality
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Rule of Law
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Country Coverage 187 182 167 .. .. .. .. ..

Year of publication 2006 2005 2004 .. .. .. .. ..
58
Table A21: Latinobarometro (LBO)
Data Provider Latinobarometro

Description Nongovernmental organization based in Santiago, Chile
Website www.latinobarometro.org
Data Source Latinobarometro surveys
Type Survey
Coverage Sample of Latin American countries
Public Access Some country-level aggregates are freely available, rest of dataset is commercially available
Description Latinobarometro administers a common questionnaire to households in Latin America with
questions on areas such as Economy and International Trade, Integration and Regional
Trading Blocks, Democracy, Politics and Institutions, Social Policies, Civic Culture, Social
Capital and Social Fraud, the Environment, and Current Issues.
2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996

Satisfaction with democracy X X X X X .. X X
Trust in Parliament X X X X .. .. X ..
Political Stability
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Trust in Government X X X .. X .. .. ..
Regulatory Quality
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Rule of Law
Trust in Judiciary X X X X X X X X
Trust in Police X X X .. .. X X X
Have you been a victim of crime? X X X X X .. .. ..
Frequency of corruption X X X X X X X ..
Year of publication 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996
59
Table A22: Merchant International Group Gray Area Dynamics (MIG)
Data Provider Merchant International Group
Description Commercial risk rating agency headquartered in London, United Kingdom
Website www.merchantinternational.com
Data Source Gray Area Dynamics.
Respondents Merchant International Group staff
Public Access Commercially-available
Description Provides assessments of risks to foreign investor posed by 10 risk factors assessed on a 10-
point scale.
2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996

NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

Extremism X X X X X .. .. ..
Bureaucracy X X X X X .. .. ..
Regulatory Quality
Unfair Trade X X X X X .. .. ..
Unfair Competition X X X X X .. .. ..
Rule of Law
Legal Safeguards X X X X X .. .. ..
Organized Crime X X X X X .. .. ..
Corruption X X X X X .. .. ..
Country coverage 156 155 155 155 118 .. .. ..

60
Table A23: International Research and Exchanges Board Media Sustainability Index (MSI)
Data Provider International Research and Exchanges Board

Description International nonprofit organization headquartered in Washington, United States,
specializing in education, independent media, Internet development, and civil society
programs.
Website www.irex.org
Data Source Media Sustainability Index
Respondents Panel of local respondents in each country, subject to centralized review
Coverage Developing country sample
Public Access Yes
Description Index rates countries on a variety of subcomponents relating to freedom of speech, plurality
of media available to citizens, professional journalism standards, business sustainability of
media, and the efficacy of institutions that support independent media.
2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996

Media Sustainability Index X X X X X .. .. ..

NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Regulatory Quality
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Rule of Law
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Year of publication 2007 2005 2005 2004 2002 .. .. ..
61
Table A24: International Budget Project Open Budget Index (OBI)
Data Provider International Budget Project

Description Nongovernmental organization based in Washington, United States, devoted to developing
civil society capacity to influence government budget processes.
Website www.internationalbudget.org
Data Source Open Budget Index
Respondents Local experts recruited by the International Budget Project subject to anonymous peer
review
Frequency First release in 2006, intended annual frequency
Coverage Global country sample
Public Access Yes
Description The Open Budget Index is based on a questionnaire with 122 multiple choice questions on
various dimensions of the availability, timeliness and quality of central government budget
documents. Note that the 2006 index refers to data reflecting conditions in 2005.
2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996

Open Budget Initiative X X .. .. .. .. .. ..
Political Stability
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Regulatory Quality
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Rule of Law
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Country Coverage 59 59 .. .. .. .. .. ..
Year of publication 2006 2006 .. .. .. .. .. ..
62
Table A25: World Bank Country Policy and Institutional Assessments (PIA)
Data Provider The World Bank.

Description Multilateral development bank headquartered in Washington, United States
Website www.worldbank.org
Respondents World Bank country economists subject to centralized review for comparability
Frequency Annually since 1978
Coverage World Bank client countries
Public Access Since 2005, only for countries eligible for concessional lending from the International
Development Association.
on a 6-point scale. CPIA indicators are used to allocate concessional lending across
countries.
2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996

NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Management of external debt X X X X X X X X
Management of development programs .. .. X X X X X ..
Quality public administration X X X X X X .. ..
Budget management X X X X X X X X
Efficiency of revenue mobilization / public expenditures X X X X X X X X
Regulatory Quality
Business regulatory environment X X X X X X X ..
Factor and products markets .. .. .. X X X X X
Trade policy X X X X X X X X
Rule of Law
Property rights X X X X X X X ..
Transparency, accountability and corruption in public sector X X X X X X X ..
63
Table A26: Political and Economic Risk Consultancy Corruption in Asia Survey (PRC)
Data Provider Political and Economic Risk Consultancy

Description Commercial business information firm headquartered in Hong Kong, China
Website www.asiarisk.com
Data Source Corruption in Asia
Type Survey
Respondents Expatriate business people
Coverage Asian countries
Description This survey asks respondents to rate severity of corruption, attitudes towards corruption, and
effectiveness of efforts to reduce corruption, on a 10-point scale.
2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996

NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Political Stability
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Regulatory Quality
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Rule of Law
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
To what extent does corruption exist in a
way that detracts from the business X X X X X X X ..
environment for foreign companies?
Year of publication 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 ..
64
Table A27: Political Risk Services International Country Risk Guide (PRS)
Data Provider Political Risk Services

Description Commercial business information provider headquartered in Syracuse, United States
Website www.prsgroup.com
Data Source International Country Risk Guide
Type Expert assessments subject to peer review at the topic and regional levels
Respondents Political Risk Services staff
Frequency Monthly since 1984
Description The International Country Risk Guide includes a Political Risk Index, which in turn consists of
12 components measuring various dimensions of the political and business environment facing
firms operating in a country. We use data from December reports of each year.
2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996

Military in Politics The military are not elected by anyone, so their participation in government,
either direct or indirect, reduces accountability and therefore represents a risk. The threat of
military intervention might lead as well to an anticipated potentially inefficient change in policy or X X X X X X X X
even in government. It also works as an indication that the government is unable to function
effectively and that the country has an uneasy environment for foreign business.
Democratic Accountability. Quantifies how responsive government is to its people, on the basis
that the less response there is the more likely is that the government will fall, peacefully or
violently. It includes not only if free and fair elections are in place, but also how likely is the
X X X X X X X X
government to remain in power or remain popular.
Political Stability
Government Stability. Measures the government’s ability to carry out its declared programs, and
its ability to stay in office. This will depend on issues as: the type of governance, the cohesion of
the government and governing party or parties, the closeness of the next election, the government
X X X X X X X X
command of the legislature, and approval of government policies.
Internal Conflict. Assess political violence and its influence on governance. Highest scores go to
countries with no armed opposition, and where the government does not indulge in arbitrary
violence, direct or indirect. Lowest ratings go to civil war torn countries. Intermediate ratings are
X X X X X X X X
awarded on the basis of the threats to the government and busines.
External conflict: The external conflict measure is an assessment both of the risk to the incumbent
government and to inward investment. It ranges from trade restrictions and embargoes, whether
imposed by a single country, a group of countries, or the international community as a whole, X X X X X X X X
through geopolitical disputes, armed threats, exchanges of fire on borders, border incursions,
foreign-supported insurgency, and full-scale warfare.
Ethnic tensions : This component measures the degree of tension within a country attributable to
racial, nationality, or language divisions. Lower ratings are given to countries where racial and
nationality tensions are high because opposing groups are intolerant and unwilling to compromise. X X X X X X X X
Higher ratings are given to countries where tensions are minimal, even though such differences
may still exist.
Bureaucratic Quality. Measures institutional strength and quality of the civil service,
assess how much strength and expertise bureaucrats have and how able they are to
manage political alternations without drastic interruptions in government services, or X X X X X X X X
policy changes. Good performers have somewhat autonomous bureaucracies, free
from political pressures, and an established mechanism for recruitment and training.
Regulatory Quality
Investment Profile. Includes the risk to operations (scored from 0 to 4, increasing in risk); taxation
(scored from 0 to 3), repatriation (scored from 0 to 3); repatriation (scored from 0 to 3) and labor X X X X X X X X
costs (scored from 0 to 2). They all look at the government’s attitude towards investment.
Rule of Law
Law and Order. The Law sub-component is an assessment of the strength and impartiality of the
legal system, while the Order sub-component is an assessment of popular observance of the law.
X X X X X X X X
Corruption. Measures corruption within the political system, which distorts the economic and
financial environment, reduces the efficiency of government and business by enabling people to
assume positions of power through patronage rather than ability, and introduces an inherently
X X X X X X X X
instability in the political system.
Year of publication 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996
65
Table A28: Reporters Without Borders Press Freedom Index (RSF)
Data Provider Reporters Without Borders

Description International nongovernmental organization headquartered in Paris, France, devoted to the
protection of reporters and respect of press freedom.
Website www.rsf.org
Data Source Worldwide Press Freedom Index
Respondents Reporters, researchers, legal experts and press freedom advocates in assessed countries
Public Access Yes
Description The press freedom index is based on a 50-question checklist on the incidence and severity of
restrictions on reporters and the media
2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996

Press Freedom Index X X X X X .. .. ..

NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Regulatory Quality
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Rule of Law
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..

66
Table A29: U.S. Department of State Trafficking in People Report (TPR)
Data Provider United States Department of State

Description Foreign affairs department of the United States Government.
Website www.state.gov
Data Source Trafficking in People Report
Respondents United States embassy staff worldwide subject to centralized review
Coverage Global country sample
Public Access Yes
Description This report scores countries on a four-point scale based on the extent of government efforts
to combat "severe trafficking in persons" defined as (a) sex trafficking in which a
commercial sex act is induced by force, fraud, or coercion, or in which the person induced to
perform such act has not attained 18 years of age; or (b) the recruitment, harboring,
transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for labor or services, through the use of
force, fraud or coercion for the purpose of subjection to involuntary servitude, peonage, debt
bondage, or slavery. Note that the reports refer to data from the previous year: we therefore
lag the data from this source by one year.
2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996

NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Political Stability
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Regulatory Quality
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Rule of Law
Trafficking in People X X X X X X .. ..
NA .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Country coverage 149 149 142 131 116 82 .. ..
67
Table A30: Institute for Management Development World Competitiveness Yearbook (WCY)
Data Provider Institute for Management Development

Description Educational and research organization headquartered in Lausanne, Switzerland
Website www.imd.ch
Data Source World Competitiveness Yearbook
Type Survey
Respondents Businesspeople working in countries being assessed
Public Access Country-level averages of responses to survey questions reported in World Competitiveness
Yearbook
Description The World Competitiveness Yearbook ranks countries on a large number of factual and
subjective indicators relating to the business environment. We use indicators drawn from
their Executive Opinion Survey capturing the views of approximately 4000 respondents.
2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996

Transparency of Governm ent policy X X X X X X X X
Political Stability
The risk of political instability is very high X X X X X X .. ..
Governm ent Effectiveness

Governm ent econom ic policies do not adapt quickly to changes in the econom y X X X X X X .. X
The public service is not independent from political interference X X X X X X X ..
Governm ent decisions are not effectively im plem ented X X X X X X X ..
Bureaucracy hinders business activity X X X X X X X X
The distribution infrastructure of goods and services is generally inefficient X X X X X X .. X
Political System is not adapted to todays' econom ic challenges .. .. .. .. .. X .. X
Policy direction is not consistent X X X .. .. .. .. ..
Regulatory Quality
The exchange rate policy of your country hinders the com petitiveness of firm s X X X X X .. .. ..
Protectionism in the country negatively affects the conduct of business X X X X X X X ..
Com petition legislation in your country does not prevent unfair com petition X X X X X X X X
Price controls affect pricing of products in m ost industries X X X X X X X X
Legal regulation of financial institutions is inadequate for financial stability .. .. X X X X X X
Foreign financial institutions do not have access to the dom estic m arket .. .. .. X X .. .. X
Access to capital m arkets (foreign and dom estic) is easily available X X X X X .. .. ..
Ease of doing business is not a com petitive advantage for your country X X X X X .. .. ..
Financial institutions' transparency is not widely developed in your country X X X X X .. .. ..
Custom s' authorities do not facilitate the efficient transit of goods X X X X X X X ..
The legal fram ework is detrim ental to your country's com petitiveness X X X X X X X ..
Foreign investors are free to acquire control in dom estic com panies X X X X X X X ..
Public sector contracts are sufficiently open to foreign bidders X X X X X X X X
Real personal taxes are non distortionary X X X X X X X X
Real corporate taxes are non distortionary X X X X X X X ..
Banking regulation does not hinder com petitiveness X X X X X .. .. ..
Political system as obstacle to developm ent .. .. .. .. .. X X ..
Labor regulations hinder business activities .. .. X .. .. .. .. ..
New Legislation restricts com petitiveness X X X .. .. .. .. ..
Subsidies im pair econom ic developm ent X X X .. .. .. .. ..
Ease to start a business X X X .. .. .. .. ..
Rule of Law
Tax evasion is a com m on practice in your country X X X X X X X ..
Justice is not fairly adm inistered in society X X X X X X X X
Personal security and private property are not adequately protected X X X X X X X X
Parallel econom y im pairs econom ic developm ent in your country X X X X X X X X
Insider trading is com m on in the stock m arket .. .. X X X .. .. X
Patent and copyright protection is not adequately enforced in your country X X X X X .. X X
Bribing and corruption exist in the econom y X X X X X X X X
68
Table A31: Global Insight Business Risk and Conditions (WMO)
Data Provider Global Insight

Description Commercial business information provider headquartered in Boston, United States
Website www.globalinsight.com
Data Source World Markets Online
Respondents Staff of World Markets Research Center, subject to regional reviews for comparability
Frequency Annual assessments with daily online updates
Description WMO produces assessments of the quality and stability of various dimensions of the
business environment. It was acquired by Global Insight in 2003, which also owns and
produces the DRI Global Risk Service (see Table A8). These two sets of ratings continue to
be produced independently and so we continue to treat them as distinct sources as we did
prior to 2003.
2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996

Institutional permanence An assessment of how mature and well-established the political
system is. It is also an assessment of how far political opposition operates within the system X X X X X X X ..
or attempts to undermine it from outside.
Representativeness How well the population and organised interests can make their voices
heard in the political system. Provided representation is handled fairly and effectively, it will X X X X X X X ..
ensure greater stability and better designed policies.
Political Stability
Civil unrest How widespread political unrest is, and how great a threat it poses to investors.
Demonstrations in themselves may not be cause for concern, but they will cause major
X X X X X X X ..
disruption if they escalate into severe violence. At the extreme, this factor would amount to
civil war.
Terrorism Whether the country suffers from a sustained terrorist threat, and from how many
sources. The degree of localisation of the threat is assessed, and whether the active groups X X X X X X X ..
are likely to target or affect businesses.
Bureaucracy : An assessment of the quality of the country’s bureaucracy. The better the
bureaucracy the quicker decisions are made and the more easily foreign investors can go X X X X X X X ..
about their business.
Policy consistency and forward planning How confident businesses can be of the continuity
of economic policy stance - whether a change of government will entail major policy
disruption, and whether the current government has pursued a coherent strategy. This factor X X X X X X X ..
also looks at the extent to which policy-making is far-sighted, or conversely aimed at short-
term economic advantage.
Regulatory Quality
Tax Effectiveness How efficient the country’s tax collection system is. The rules may be clear
and transparent, but whether they are enforced consistently. This factor looks at the relative X X X X X X X ..
effectiveness too of corporate and personal, indirect and direct taxation.
Legislation An assessment of whether the necessary business laws are in place, and
whether there any outstanding gaps. This includes the extent to which the country's X X X X X X X ..
legislation is compatible with, and respected by, other countries' legal systems.
Rule of Law
Judicial Independence An assessment of how far the state and other outside actors can
influence and distort the legal system. This will determine the level of legal impartiality X X X X X X X ..
investors can expect.
Crime How much of a threat businesses face from crime such as kidnapping, extortion, street
violence, burglary and so on. These problems can cause major inconvenience for foreign X X X X X X X ..
investors and require them to take expensive security precautions.
Corruption : An assessment of the intrusiveness of the country’s bureaucracy. The amount of
red tape likely to countered is assessed, as is the likelihood of encountering corrupt officials X X X X X X X ..
and other groups.
Year of Publication 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 ..
69
Appendix B: Components of Aggregate Governance Indicators in 2006
Table B1: Voice and Accountability
Code Concept Measured
Representative Sources
EIU Orderly transfers
Vested interests
Accountability of Public Officials
Human Rights
Freedom of association
FRH Civil liberties : Freedom of speech, of assembly and demonstration, of religion, equal opportunity, of excessive governmental intervention
Political Rights : free and fair elections, representative legislative, free vote, political parties, no dominant group, respect for minorities
FRP Freedom of the Press

GCS Newspapers can publish stories of their choosing without fear of censorship or retaliation
When deciding upon policies and contracts, Government officials favor well-connected firms
Effectiveness of national Parliament/Congress as a law making and oversight institution
Link between donations and policy
Passive voice
GWP Confidence in honesty of elections
HUM Travel: domestic and foreign travel restrictions
Freedom of political participation
Imprisonments: Are there any imprisoned people because of their ethnicity, race, or their political, religious beliefs?
Government censorship
PRS Military in Politics The military are not elected by anyone, so their participation in government, either direct or indirect, reduces accountability
and therefore represents a risk. The threat of military intervention might lead as well to an anticipated potentially inefficient change in policy
or even in government.
Democratic Accountability. Quantifies how responsive government is to its people, on the basis that the less response there is the more
likely is that the government will fall, peacefully or violently. It includes not only if free and fair elections are in place, but also how likely is the
government to remain in power.
RSF Press Freedom Index
WMO Institutional permanence: An assessment of how mature and well-established the political system is.
Representativeness :How well the population and organized interests can make their voices heard in the political system
Non-representative Sources
AEO Hardening of the regime

AFR Elections are free and fair
BTI Stateness
Political Participation
Institutional Stability
Political and Social Integration
CCR Civil Liberties
Accountability and public voice
GII Civil Society Organizations
Media
Public Access to Information
Voting & Citizen Participation
Election Integrity
Political Financing
IFD Policy and legal framework for rural organizations
Dialogue between government and rural organizations
LBO Satisfaction with democracy
Trust in Parliament
MSI Media Sustainability Index
OBI Open Budget Index
WCY Transparency of Government policy
70
Table B2: Political Stability
DRI Military Coup Risk : A military coup d’etat (or a series of such events) that reduces the GDP growth rate by 2% during any 12-month
period.
Major Insurgency/Rebellion : An increase in scope or intensity of one or more insurgencies/rebellions that reduces the GDP growth rate by
3% during any 12-month period.
Political Terrorism: An increase in scope or intensity of terrorism that reduces the GDP growth rate by 1% during any 12-month period.
Political Assassination : A political assassination (or a series of such events) that reduces the GDP growth rate by 1% during any 12-
month period.
Civil War : An increase in scope or intensity of one or more civil wars that reduces the GDP growth rate by 4% during any 12-month
period.
Major Urban Riot: An increase in scope, intensity, or frequency of rioting that reduces the GDP growth rate by 1% during any 12-month
period.
EIU Armed conflict
Violent demonstrations
Social Unrest
International tensions
GCS Country terrorist threat : Does the threat of terrorism in the country impose significant costs on firms?
HUM Frequency of political killings
Frequency of disappearances
Frequency of torture
IJT Security Risk Rating
MIG Extremism. The term “extremism” covers the threat posed by any individuals or organisations who hold a narrow set of fanatical beliefs.
Extremists are likely to believe that any and all means are justified to eradicate the target of hostility, and are not afraid to destroy
themselves in the process. This ideological aspect of extremism makes it highly unpredictable, and its close association with violence
makes it highly dangerous. The extent to which extremism should be judged a threat to a particular business in a particular market can be
assessed along the following lines: integration issues; religious tensions; pressure groups; terrorist activity; xenophobia.
PRS Internal Conflict : Assesses political violence and its influence on governance.
External conflict: The external conflict measure is an assessment both of the risk to the incumbent government and to inward investment.
Government Stability. Measures the government’s ability to carry out its declared programs, and its ability to stay in office.
Ethnic tensions : This component measures the degree of tension within a country attributable to racial, nationality, or language divisions.
PTS Political Terror Scale

WMO Civil unrest How widespread political unrest is, and how great a threat it poses to investors. Demonstrations in themselves may not be
cause for concern, but they will cause major disruption if they escalate into severe violence. At the extreme, this factor would amount to
civil war.
Terrorism Whether the country suffers from a sustained terrorist threat, and from how many sources. The degree of localization of the
threat is assessed, and whether the active groups are likely to target or affect businesses.
AEO Political Troubles
BRI Fractionalization of political spectrum and the power of these factions.
Fractionalization by language, ethnic and/or religious groups and the power of these factions.
Restrictive (coercive) measures required to retain power.
Organization and strength of forces for a radical government.
Societal conflict involving demonstrations, strikes, and street violence.
Instability as perceived by non-constitutional changes, assassinations, and guerrilla wars.
WCY Risk of political instability
71
Table B3: Government Effectiveness
DRI Government Instability : An increase in government personnel turnover rate at senior levels that reduces the GDP growth rate by 2% during
any 12-month period.
Government Ineffectiveness: A decline in government personnel quality at any level that reduces the GDP growth rate by 1% during any 12-
month period.
Institutional Failure: A deterioration of government capacity to cope with national problems as a result of institutional rigidity that reduces the
EGV Global E-government
EIU Quality of bureaucracy
Excessive bureaucracy / red tape
GCS Public Spending Composition
Quality of general infrastructure
Quality of public schools
Time spent by senior management dealing with government officials
GWP Satisfaction with public transportation system
Satisfaction with roads and highways
Satisfaction with education system
MIG Quality of Bureaucracy.
PRS
Bureaucratic Quality. Measures institutional strength and quality of the civil service, assess how much strength and expertise bureaucrats
have and how able they are to manage political alternations without drastic interruptions in government services, or policy changes.
WMO
Policy consistency and forward planning: How confident businesses can be of the continuity of economic policy stance - whether a change of
government will entail major policy disruption, and whether the current government has pursued a coherent strategy.
Bureaucracy : An assessment of the quality of the country’s bureaucracy. The better the bureaucracy the quicker decisions are made and the
more easily foreign investors can go about their business.
ADB Management of public debt
Policies to improve efficiency of public sector
Revenue Mobilization
Budget Management
AFR Based on your experiences, how easy or difficult is it to obtain household services (like electricity or telephone)?
Based on your experiences, how easy or difficult is it to obtain an identity document (like birth certificate, passport)?
Government handling of health services
Government handling of education
ASD Civil service
Revenue Mobilization and Budget Management
Management and Efficiency of Public Expenditures
BPS How problematic are telecommunications for the growth of your business
How problematic is electricity for the growth of your business.
How problematic is transportation for the growth of your business.
BRI Bureaucratic delays
BTI Consensus Building
Governance Capability
Effective Use of Resources
CPIA Management of external debt
Quality public Administration
Revenue Mobilization
Budget Management
IFD Allocation & management of publlic resources for rural development
LBO Trust in Government
WCY Government economic policies do not adapt quickly to changes in the economy
The public service is not independent from political interference
Government decisions are not effectively implemented
Bureaucracy hinders business activity
The distribution infrastructure of goods and services is generally inefficient
Policy direction is not consistent
72
Table B4: Regulatory Quality
DRI Regulations -- Exports: A 2% reduction in export volume as a result of a worsening in export regulations or restrictions (such as export
limits) during any 12-month period, with respect to the level at the time of the assessment.
Regulations -- Imports: A 2% reduction in import volume as a result of a worsening in import regulations or restrictions (such as import
quotas) during any 12-month period, with respect to the level at the time of the assessment.
Regulations -- Other Business : An increase in other regulatory burdens, with respect to the level at the time of the assessment, that
reduces total aggregate investment in real LCU terms by 10%
Ownership of Business by Non-Residents: A 1-point increase on a scale from "0" to "10" in legal restrictions on ownership of business by
non-residents during any 12-month period.
Ownership of Equities by Non-Residents : A 1-point increase on a scale from "0" to "10" in legal restrictions on ownership of equities by
non-residents during any 12-month period.
EIU Unfair competitive practices
Price controls
Discriminatory tariffs
Excessive protections
GCS Administrative regulations are burdensome
Tax system is distortionary
Import barriers as obstacle to growth
Competition in local market is limited
Anti monopoly policy is lax and ineffective
Environmental regulations hurt competitiveness
Complexity of tax System
Easy to start company
HER Foreign investment
Banking / finance
Wage/Prices
MIG Unfair Competition .
Unfair Trade .
PRS Investment Profile.
WMO Tax Effectiveness: How efficient the country’s tax collection system is.
Legislation: An assessment of whether the necessary business laws are in place.
ADB Trade policy
Competitive environment
Labor Market Policies
ASD Trade Policy and Forex Regime
Enabling Environment for Private Sector Development
BPS Information on the laws and regulations is easy to obtain
How problematic are anti competitive practices for the growth of your business.
How problematic are unpredictable regulations for the growth of your business.
How problematic are labor regulations for the growth of your business.
How problematic are tax regulations for the growth of your business.
How problematic are custom and trade regulations for the growth of your business.
BTI Competition
Price Stability
CPIA Competitive environment
Trade policy
EBRD Price liberalization
Trade & foreign exchange system
Competition policy
IFD Enabling conditions for rural financial services development
Investment climate for rural businesses
Access to agricultural input and produce markets
WCY Access to capital markets (foreign and domestic) is easily available
Ease of Doing Business
Banking regulation does not hinder competitiveness
Competition legislation in your country does not prevent unfair competition
Customs' authorities do not facilitate the efficient transit of goods
Financial institutions' transparency is not widely developed in your country
Easy to start company
Foreign investors are free to acquire control in domestic companies
Price controls affect pricing of products in most industries
Public sector contracts are sufficiently open to foreign bidders
Real corporate taxes are non distortionary
Real personal taxes are non distortionary
The exchange rate policy of your country hinders the competitiveness of enterprises
The legal framework is detrimental to your country's competitiveness
Protectionism in your country negatively affects the conduct of business in your country
Labor regulations hinder business activities
Subsidies impair economic development
73
Table B5: Rule of Law
DRI Losses and Costs of Crime : A 1-point increase on a scale from "0" to "10" in crime during any 12-month period.
Kidnapping of Foreigners : An increase in scope, intensity, or frequency of kidnapping of foreigners that reduces the GDP growth rate by 1%
during any 12-month period.
Enforceability of Government Contracts : A 1 point decline on a scale from "0" to "10" in the enforceability of contracts during any 12-month
period.
Enforceability of Private Contracts: A 1-point decline on a scale from "0" to "10" in the legal enforceability of contracts during any 12-month
period.
EIU Violent crime
Organized crime
Fairness of judicial process
Enforceability of contracts
Speediness of judicial process
Confiscation/expropriation
GCS Common crime imposes costs on business
Organized crime imposes costs on business
Money laundering through banks is pervasive
Quality of Police
The judiciary is independent from political influences of members of government, citizens or firms
Legal framework to challenge the legality of government actions is inefficient
Intellectual Property protection is weak
Protection of financial assets is weak
Tax evasion
Illegal donation to parties
GWP Confidence in the police force
Confidence in judicial system
Have you been a victim of crime?
HER Property Rights
HUM Independence of Judiciary
MIG Organised Crime.
Legal Safeguards.
PRS Law and Order. The Law sub-component is an assessment of the strength and impartiality of the legal system, while the Order sub-
component is an assessment of popular observance of the law (assessed separately).
QLM Direct Financial Fraud, Money Laundering and Organized Crime
TPR Trafficking in People Report
WMO Judicial Independence An assessment of how far the state and other outside actors can influence and distort the legal system. This will
determine the level of legal impartiality investors can expect.
Crime - How much of a threat businesses face from crime such as kidnapping, extortion, street violence, burglary...
ADB Property Rights
AFR Based on your experiences, how easy or difficult is it to obtain help from the police when you need it?
ASD Rule of Law
BPS Fairness, honesty, enforceability, quickness and affordability of the court system
Property right protection
How problematic is organized crime for the growth of your business.
How problematic is judiciary for the growth of your business.
How problematic is street crime for the growth of your business.
BRI Enforceability of contracts
BTI Rule of Law
Private Property
CCR Rule of Law
CPIA Property rights
FRH Rule of Law : Considers judicial/constitutional matters as well as the legal and de facto status of ethnic minorities.
GII Executive Accountability
Judicial Accountability
Rule of Law
Law Enforcement
IFD Access to land
Access to water for agriculture
LBO Trust in Judiciary
Trust in Police
Have you been a victim of crime?
WCY Tax evasion is a common practice in your country
Justice is not fairly administered in society
Personal security and private property are not adequately protected
Parallel economy impairs economic development in your country
Patent and copyright protection is not adequately enforced in your country
74
Table B6: Control of Corruption
DRI Risk Event Outcome non-price: Losses and Costs of Corruption: A 1-point increase on a scale from "0" to "10" in corruption during any 12-
month period.
EIU Corruption
GCS Public trust in financial honesty of politicians
Diversion of public funds due to corruption is common
Frequent for firms to make extra payments connected to: import/export permits
Frequent for firms to make extra payments connected to: public utilities
Frequent for firms to make extra payments connected to tax payments
Frequent for firms to make extra payments connected to: awarding of public contracts
Frequent for firms to make extra payments connected to: getting favorable judicial decisions
Extent to which firms' illegal payments to influence government policies impose costs on other firms
Bribery influencing laws
Undue political influence
GWP Is corruption in government widespread?
MIG Corruption. There is an immense variety of activities that may be construed as corrupt. Bribery is the most obvious. However, what is and
is not a bribe is a matter of presentation and perception in much the same way as “corruption” itself. Some of the issues that executives
should consider include: accounting standards; anti-corruption policy credibility and enforceability; cronyism, nepotism and vested
interests; cultural differences; judicial independence; transparency of decision-making.
PRS Corruption. Measures corruption within the political system, which distorts the economic and financial environment, reduces the efficiency
of government and business by enabling people to assume positions of power through patronage rather than ability, and introduces an
inherently instability in the political system.
QLM Indirect Diversion of Funds
WMO Corruption : This index assesses the intrusiveness of the country’s bureaucracy. The amount of red tape likely to countered is assessed, as
is the likelihood of encountering corrupt officials and other groups.
ADB Transparency / corruption
AFR How many elected leaders (parliamentarians or local councilors) do you think are involved in corruption?
How many judges and magistrates do you think are involved in corruption?
How many government officials do you think are involved in corruption?
How many border/tax officials do you think are involved in corruption?
ASD Anti-corruption
BPS How common is for firms to have to pay irregular additional payments to get things done
On average, what percent of total annual sales do firms pay in unofficial payments to public officials
How often do firms make extra payments to influence the content of new legislation
Extent to which firms' payments to public officials to affect legislation impose costs on other firms
How problematic is corruption for the growth of your business.
Frequency of bribery in utility, permits, procurement, health, fire inspection, environent, taxes, customs and judiciary
BRI
Internal Causes of Political Risk : Mentality, including xenophobia, nationalism, corruption, nepotism, willingness to compromise, etc.
CCR Transparency / corruption

CPIA Transparency / corruption
FRH Corruption
GCB Frequency of corruption
Frequency of household bribery
GII Anti-Corruption Law
Anti-Corruption Agency
IFD Accountability, transparency and corruption in rural areas
LBO Have you heard of acts of corruption?
PRC Corruption Index
WCY Bribing and corruption exist in the economy
75
APPENDIX C: Governance Indicators over Time
TABLE C1: Voice and Accountability
2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996
Country Code Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N. Est. S.E. N.
AFGHANISTAN AFG -1.31 0.16 9 -1.27 0.17 8 -1.41 0.17 8 -1.54 0.17 6 -1.57 0.21 5 -1.98 0.29 3 -2.02 0.30 3 -1.73 0.29 2
ALBANIA ALB -0.01 0.15 12 -0.04 0.17 10 -0.04 0.18 8 0.02 0.17 7 -0.09 0.17 6 -0.30 0.25 4 -0.42 0.26 4 -0.49 0.27 3
ALGERIA DZA -0.83 0.14 12 -0.73 0.14 13 -0.80 0.16 11 -1.09 0.17 9 -1.08 0.17 8 -1.24 0.22 6 -1.39 0.23 6 -1.23 0.24 5
AMERICAN SAMOA ASM 0.61 0.49 1 0.65 0.41 1 0.48 0.39 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
ANDORRA ADO 1.39 0.28 3 1.47 0.28 3 1.48 0.28 3 1.32 0.27 3 1.43 0.29 2 1.55 0.32 2 1.59 0.34 2 1.41 0.33 1
ANGOLA AGO -1.25 0.15 13 -1.22 0.16 11 -1.17 0.16 11 -1.09 0.18 8 -1.23 0.18 7 -1.50 0.22 5 -1.41 0.23 5 -1.54 0.24 4
ANGUILLA AIA 1.08 0.49 1 0.89 0.41 1 0.82 0.39 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA ATG 0.57 0.28 3 0.53 0.28 4 0.56 0.27 4 0.20 0.27 3 0.14 0.29 2 0.18 0.32 2 0.10 0.34 2 -0.02 0.33 1
ARGENTINA ARG 0.27 0.15 13 0.24 0.16 13 0.33 0.17 12 0.32 0.17 11 0.16 0.17 10 0.30 0.22 6 0.14 0.23 7 0.39 0.19 6
ARMENIA ARM -0.72 0.13 13 -0.56 0.16 10 -0.59 0.16 9 -0.63 0.15 8 -0.52 0.17 6 -0.43 0.25 4 -0.54 0.26 4 -0.74 0.29 2
ARUBA ABW 1.08 0.49 1 1.13 0.41 1 0.70 0.39 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
AUSTRALIA AUS 1.45 0.20 9 1.54 0.19 9 1.52 0.19 9 1.43 0.19 9 1.41 0.20 8 1.47 0.22 6 1.43 0.23 6 1.34 0.24 5
AUSTRIA AUT 1.55 0.20 9 1.41 0.19 8 1.51 0.19 8 1.35 0.20 8 1.33 0.20 8 1.38 0.22 6 1.42 0.23 6 1.34 0.24 5
AZERBAIJAN AZE -1.14 0.13 14 -1.03 0.14 12 -0.85 0.15 10 -0.87 0.14 9 -0.82 0.16 8 -0.96 0.22 5 -0.93 0.23 5 -1.11 0.26 3
BAHAMAS BHS 1.02 0.25 4 0.97 0.25 4 1.01 0.25 4 1.06 0.24 4 1.16 0.25 3 1.15 0.27 3 1.10 0.28 3 1.12 0.30 2
BAHRAIN BHR -0.71 0.14 10 -0.70 0.15 10 -0.53 0.16 9 -0.61 0.15 8 -0.59 0.18 8 -0.93 0.22 5 -1.07 0.23 5 -1.24 0.24 4
BANGLADESH BGD -0.52 0.15 12 -0.51 0.15 11 -0.66 0.16 10 -0.64 0.18 8 -0.49 0.18 8 -0.36 0.22 5 -0.21 0.23 5 -0.17 0.24 4
BARBADOS BRB 1.12 0.26 4 1.04 0.28 4 1.15 0.27 4 1.23 0.27 3 1.38 0.29 2 1.44 0.32 2 1.48 0.34 2 1.23 0.33 1
BELARUS BLR -1.71 0.16 9 -1.66 0.18 7 -1.30 0.18 7 -1.29 0.17 7 -1.32 0.17 7 -1.35 0.25 4 -0.85 0.26 4 -1.49 0.29 2
BELGIUM BEL 1.46 0.20 9 1.42 0.19 8 1.47 0.19 8 1.48 0.20 8 1.38 0.20 8 1.37 0.22 6 1.35 0.23 6 1.23 0.24 5
BELIZE BLZ 0.57 0.22 5 0.71 0.28 4 0.75 0.27 4 0.88 0.27 3 0.84 0.27 3 0.95 0.29 3 0.85 0.30 3 1.05 0.29 2
BENIN BEN 0.33 0.16 12 0.12 0.20 9 -0.02 0.21 7 0.10 0.21 5 0.10 0.21 5 0.41 0.29 3 0.39 0.30 3 0.71 0.29 2
BERMUDA BMU 1.08 0.49 1 1.13 0.41 1 1.09 0.39 1 1.10 0.48 1 1.06 0.51 1 0.88 0.48 1 1.11 0.48 1 .. .. ..
BHUTAN BTN -0.95 0.20 6 -1.02 0.22 6 -0.95 0.22 6 -1.22 0.26 4 -1.21 0.25 4 -0.99 0.29 3 -0.98 0.30 3 -1.50 0.29 2
BOLIVIA BOL -0.14 0.15 13 -0.23 0.15 12 -0.16 0.16 11 -0.05 0.17 9 0.08 0.17 9 0.25 0.22 5 0.26 0.23 6 0.25 0.19 5
BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA BIH 0.18 0.16 10 0.06 0.16 9 -0.06 0.16 9 -0.13 0.17 7 -0.25 0.17 7 -0.08 0.27 3 -0.13 0.28 3 -0.38 0.28 2
BOTSWANA BWA 0.57 0.16 13 0.68 0.16 12 0.90 0.17 11 0.90 0.17 10 0.75 0.17 9 0.75 0.22 6 0.76 0.23 6 0.86 0.24 5
BRAZIL BRA 0.37 0.15 14 0.44 0.16 13 0.31 0.17 12 0.38 0.17 11 0.27 0.17 10 0.29 0.22 6 0.26 0.23 7 0.13 0.19 6
BRUNEI BRN -1.08 0.25 4 -0.96 0.25 4 -0.81 0.25 4 -0.99 0.24 4 -0.88 0.23 5 -0.74 0.25 4 -0.75 0.26 4 -1.14 0.27 3
BULGARIA BGR 0.56 0.14 13 0.51 0.15 10 0.56 0.16 9 0.52 0.16 9 0.61 0.16 9 0.51 0.22 5 0.38 0.23 5 0.09 0.24 4
BURKINA FASO BFA -0.32 0.15 13 -0.47 0.17 10 -0.51 0.18 9 -0.45 0.19 7 -0.40 0.19 7 -0.30 0.25 5 -0.52 0.25 5 -0.31 0.27 4
BURUNDI BDI -1.04 0.18 9 -1.00 0.22 6 -1.23 0.22 6 -1.20 0.21 5 -1.31 0.21 5 -1.63 0.29 3 -1.51 0.30 3 -1.52 0.29 2
CAMBODIA KHM -0.98 0.16 10 -1.00 0.16 9 -0.80 0.17 8 -0.86 0.16 7 -0.77 0.19 6 -0.82 0.25 4 -0.91 0.26 4 -0.98 0.26 3
CAMEROON CMR -1.02 0.16 12 -1.05 0.16 11 -1.04 0.17 9 -1.14 0.17 9 -1.05 0.17 8 -1.12 0.22 6 -1.12 0.23 6 -1.26 0.24 5
CANADA CAN 1.46 0.20 9 1.52 0.19 8 1.68 0.19 8 1.54 0.20 8 1.51 0.20 8 1.61 0.22 6 1.61 0.23 6 1.51 0.24 5
CAPE VERDE CPV 0.85 0.21 7 0.36 0.24 6 0.58 0.26 6 0.56 0.26 5 0.49 0.28 4 0.81 0.40 1 0.82 0.43 1 0.87 0.33 1
CAYMAN ISLANDS CYM 0.84 0.49 1 0.89 0.41 1 0.84 0.39 1 0.87 0.48 1 1.49 0.51 1 1.52 0.48 1 1.55 0.48 1 .. .. ..
CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC CAF -1.06 0.21 5 -1.21 0.22 6 -1.34 0.22 6 -1.40 0.21 5 -1.04 0.21 5 -0.67 0.29 3 -0.62 0.30 3 -0.36 0.29 2
CHAD TCD -1.39 0.17 11 -1.44 0.19 9 -1.15 0.21 8 -1.05 0.20 7 -0.91 0.20 6 -0.95 0.29 4 -0.93 0.29 4 -0.86 0.29 3
CHILE CHL 1.15 0.17 11 1.24 0.17 11 1.23 0.17 11 1.09 0.17 10 1.08 0.17 10 0.80 0.22 6 0.48 0.23 7 0.53 0.19 6
CHINA CHN -1.66 0.15 11 -1.46 0.16 11 -1.33 0.16 11 -1.36 0.17 9 -1.40 0.17 9 -1.38 0.22 6 -1.39 0.23 6 -1.66 0.24 5
COLOMBIA COL -0.25 0.14 14 -0.27 0.15 13 -0.34 0.16 12 -0.56 0.17 10 -0.52 0.17 10 -0.60 0.22 6 -0.52 0.23 7 -0.30 0.19 6
COMOROS COM -0.25 0.26 5 -0.54 0.26 5 -0.47 0.26 5 -0.41 0.26 4 -0.53 0.28 3 -0.90 0.32 2 -0.71 0.34 2 -0.11 0.33 1
CONGO COG -1.10 0.20 8 -1.05 0.20 8 -0.88 0.23 7 -0.80 0.23 5 -0.86 0.23 5 -1.62 0.25 4 -1.68 0.26 4 -0.52 0.27 3
CONGO, DEM. REP. ZAR -1.62 0.16 10 -1.70 0.18 9 -1.80 0.17 9 -1.74 0.20 6 -1.88 0.20 5 -1.89 0.27 3 -1.90 0.28 3 -1.62 0.30 2
COSTA RICA CRI 0.84 0.16 12 0.80 0.16 11 1.04 0.17 10 1.06 0.17 9 1.12 0.17 9 1.11 0.22 5 1.14 0.23 6 1.11 0.19 5
COTE D'IVOIRE CIV -1.44 0.17 8 -1.54 0.18 8 -1.34 0.17 9 -1.32 0.18 8 -1.33 0.17 8 -1.32 0.22 6 -0.63 0.23 6 -0.74 0.24 5
CROATIA HRV 0.42 0.15 12 0.49 0.15 11 0.67 0.16 10 0.64 0.16 9 0.56 0.16 9 0.44 0.22 5 -0.29 0.23 5 -0.28 0.26 3
CUBA CUB -1.55 0.18 8 -1.73 0.18 8 -1.58 0.17 8 -1.62 0.18 7 -1.61 0.18 7 -1.63 0.22 5 -1.61 0.23 5 -1.73 0.24 4
CYPRUS CYP 1.14 0.20 8 0.98 0.19 7 1.00 0.20 7 1.06 0.20 6 1.20 0.21 5 1.16 0.22 5 1.01 0.23 5 1.14 0.24 4
CZECH REPUBLIC CZE 0.96 0.17 11 0.93 0.16 10 1.03 0.17 9 1.06 0.17 9 1.02 0.17 9 0.82 0.22 6 0.96 0.23 6 0.96 0.24 5
DENMARK DNK 1.72 0.20 9 1.79 0.19 8 1.83 0.19 8 1.60 0.20 8 1.54 0.20 8 1.50 0.22 6 1.50 0.23 6 1.46 0.24 5
DJIBOUTI DJI -0.99 0.26 5 -1.03 0.26 5 -0.83 0.26 5 -0.73 0.26 4 -0.70 0.28 3 -0.77 0.32 2 -1.09 0.34 2 -0.82 0.33 1
DOMINICA DMA 0.97 0.28 3 0.95 0.28 4 0.99 0.27 4 1.09 0.27 3 1.10 0.29 2 1.05 0.32 2 1.05 0.34 2 1.23 0.33 1
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC DOM 0.11 0.17 11 0.01 0.17 10 0.13 0.17 10 0.03 0.18 8 0.28 0.18 7 0.19 0.22 5 -0.05 0.23 5 0.20 0.24 4
ECUADOR ECU -0.35 0.15 13 -0.35 0.15 12 -0.22 0.16 11 -0.10 0.17 9 -0.07 0.17 9 -0.25 0.22 5 0.06 0.23 6 0.22 0.19 5
EGYPT EGY -1.08 0.13 14 -0.93 0.14 13 -0.96 0.16 11 -1.02 0.17 9 -1.05 0.17 9 -0.88 0.22 6 -0.91 0.23 6 -1.03 0.24 5
EL SALVADOR SLV -0.05 0.16 12 -0.02 0.16 11 0.08 0.17 10 0.14 0.17 9 0.10 0.17 9 -0.08 0.22 5 -0.05 0.23 6 0.02 0.19 5
EQUATORIAL GUINEA GNQ -1.80 0.21 6 -1.63 0.21 6 -1.68 0.21 7 -1.64 0.22 6 -1.62 0.23 5 -1.63 0.27 4 -1.63 0.27 4 -1.61 0.28 3
ERITREA ERI -1.81 0.16 8 -1.90 0.19 7 -1.82 0.19 7 -1.92 0.21 5 -1.85 0.21 5 -1.34 0.29 3 -1.17 0.30 3 -1.09 0.29 2
ESTONIA EST 1.01 0.17 10 1.00 0.17 9 1.10 0.17 9 1.09 0.17 9 1.02 0.18 8 0.99 0.22 6 0.99 0.23 5 0.90 0.26 3
ETHIOPIA ETH -1.08 0.14 13 -1.15 0.16 11 -1.18 0.16 11 -1.15 0.17 9 -1.25 0.17 8 -1.02 0.22 6 -0.80 0.23 6 -0.88 0.24 5
FIJI FJI -0.38 0.26 4 0.11 0.27 4 0.01 0.27 4 0.04 0.26 4 0.03 0.27 3 -0.61 0.29 3 0.07 0.30 3 -0.17 0.29 2
FINLAND FIN 1.63 0.20 9 1.73 0.19 8 1.81 0.19 8 1.58 0.20 8 1.57 0.20 8 1.58 0.22 6 1.51 0.23 6 1.42 0.24 5
FRANCE FRA 1.40 0.19 10 1.49 0.18 9 1.44 0.19 8 1.09 0.20 8 1.12 0.20 8 1.12 0.22 6 1.13 0.23 6 1.05 0.24 5
FRENCH GUIANA GUF 0.37 0.49 1 0.40 0.41 1 0.48 0.39 1 0.41 0.48 1 0.40 0.51 1 0.44 0.48 1 0.45 0.48 1 .. .. ..
GABON GAB -0.96 0.20 8 -0.86 0.20 8 -0.78 0.19 8 -0.69 0.20 7 -0.38 0.20 7 -0.41 0.22 6 -0.37 0.23 6 -0.38 0.24 5
GAMBIA GMB -0.90 0.20 8 -1.02 0.23 7 -0.57 0.23 7 -0.41 0.23 6 -0.56 0.23 5 -1.07 0.25 4 -1.00 0.26 4 -1.37 0.27 3
GEORGIA GEO -0.16 0.13 13 -0.20 0.16 10 -0.37 0.17 9 -0.50 0.15 7 -0.58 0.18 5 -0.24 0.29 3 -0.41 0.30 3 -0.40 0.29 2
GERMANY DEU 1.48 0.20 9 1.56 0.19 9 1.56 0.19 9 1.46 0.19 9 1.44 0.20 8 1.36 0.22 6 1.33 0.23 6 1.27 0.24 5
Note: “Est.” refers to estimate, “S.E.” refers to standard errors, and “N.” refers to number of sources. The standard
errors have the following interpretation: there is roughly a 70% chance that the level of governance lies within plus or
minus one standard error of the point estimate of governance.
76
TABLE C1: Voice and Accountability (cont.)
2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996
GHANA GHA 0.37 0.15 13 0.26 0.16 13 0.00 0.17 12 0.18 0.17 11 -0.07 0.17 9 -0.01 0.22 6 -0.40 0.23 6 -0.24 0.24 5
GREECE GRC 1.05 0.20 9 1.11 0.19 8 1.14 0.19 8 1.02 0.20 8 1.05 0.20 8 1.04 0.22 6 1.13 0.23 6 0.73 0.24 5
GRENADA GRD 0.67 0.27 4 0.57 0.28 4 0.60 0.26 5 0.77 0.27 3 0.75 0.29 2 0.61 0.32 2 0.59 0.34 2 1.01 0.33 1
GUAM GUM 0.61 0.49 1 0.65 0.41 1 0.57 0.39 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
GUATEMALA GTM -0.29 0.14 14 -0.40 0.15 13 -0.34 0.15 12 -0.52 0.15 11 -0.44 0.17 9 -0.34 0.22 5 -0.35 0.23 6 -0.23 0.19 5
GUINEA GIN -1.15 0.18 8 -1.15 0.20 7 -1.19 0.20 7 -1.19 0.20 6 -1.16 0.19 6 -1.21 0.25 4 -1.21 0.26 4 -1.11 0.27 3
GUINEA-BISSAU GNB -0.41 0.23 6 -0.53 0.24 6 -0.68 0.23 6 -1.17 0.23 5 -1.02 0.23 5 -0.85 0.25 4 -1.15 0.28 3 -0.27 0.27 3
GUYANA GUY 0.01 0.17 8 -0.19 0.20 7 0.17 0.24 5 0.64 0.24 4 0.67 0.24 4 0.55 0.25 4 0.49 0.26 4 0.84 0.27 3
HAITI HTI -1.11 0.18 8 -1.38 0.18 8 -1.47 0.18 8 -1.25 0.16 8 -1.37 0.19 7 -0.85 0.25 4 -0.91 0.26 4 -0.49 0.27 3
HONDURAS HND -0.34 0.15 13 -0.33 0.15 12 -0.33 0.16 11 -0.18 0.17 9 -0.22 0.18 8 -0.16 0.22 5 -0.18 0.23 6 -0.11 0.19 5
HONG KONG HKG 0.55 0.20 8 0.59 0.20 7 0.52 0.20 7 0.33 0.21 7 0.12 0.21 7 -0.15 0.28 4 -0.13 0.29 4 0.22 0.26 4
HUNGARY HUN 1.14 0.17 10 1.18 0.17 9 1.25 0.17 9 1.25 0.17 9 1.21 0.17 9 1.25 0.22 6 1.11 0.23 6 1.11 0.24 5
ICELAND ISL 1.47 0.20 8 1.61 0.23 7 1.64 0.23 7 1.55 0.22 7 1.48 0.22 7 1.48 0.25 5 1.47 0.26 5 1.34 0.27 4
INDIA IND 0.35 0.15 13 0.40 0.16 12 0.39 0.17 11 0.32 0.17 10 0.40 0.17 9 0.28 0.22 6 0.34 0.23 6 0.12 0.24 5
INDONESIA IDN -0.25 0.14 14 -0.16 0.15 13 -0.40 0.16 12 -0.45 0.15 11 -0.48 0.17 9 -0.41 0.22 6 -1.08 0.23 6 -1.13 0.24 5
IRAN IRN -1.33 0.14 11 -1.24 0.15 10 -1.23 0.16 9 -1.28 0.18 7 -1.11 0.18 7 -0.94 0.22 5 -0.87 0.23 5 -1.34 0.24 4
IRAQ IRQ -1.54 0.16 8 -1.45 0.16 8 -1.76 0.18 7 -1.66 0.18 7 -2.08 0.18 7 -1.98 0.22 5 -1.93 0.23 5 -1.90 0.24 4
IRELAND IRL 1.42 0.20 9 1.64 0.19 8 1.48 0.19 8 1.28 0.20 8 1.25 0.20 8 1.39 0.22 6 1.37 0.23 6 1.22 0.24 5
ISRAEL ISR 0.68 0.18 10 0.60 0.19 8 0.65 0.19 8 0.55 0.20 8 0.59 0.20 8 0.66 0.22 6 0.65 0.23 6 0.82 0.24 5
ITALY ITA 1.14 0.20 9 1.06 0.19 9 1.20 0.19 9 0.99 0.19 9 1.02 0.20 8 1.05 0.22 6 1.09 0.23 6 0.93 0.24 5
JAMAICA JAM 0.51 0.17 10 0.44 0.17 9 0.39 0.17 9 0.47 0.18 8 0.52 0.18 7 0.75 0.22 5 0.72 0.23 5 0.69 0.24 4
JAPAN JPN 0.91 0.20 9 0.98 0.19 9 1.00 0.19 9 1.02 0.19 9 0.99 0.20 8 0.89 0.22 6 0.90 0.23 6 0.85 0.24 5
JORDAN JOR -0.62 0.13 14 -0.49 0.14 13 -0.54 0.16 11 -0.67 0.15 10 -0.76 0.18 8 -0.30 0.22 5 -0.35 0.23 5 -0.39 0.24 4
KAZAKHSTAN KAZ -1.03 0.14 13 -0.92 0.14 12 -1.03 0.15 10 -1.01 0.14 9 -1.08 0.16 8 -0.90 0.22 5 -0.74 0.23 5 -0.93 0.26 3
KENYA KEN -0.18 0.13 15 -0.19 0.15 14 -0.31 0.15 13 -0.36 0.15 12 -0.68 0.17 9 -0.81 0.22 6 -0.91 0.23 6 -0.87 0.24 5
KIRIBATI KIR 0.49 0.28 3 0.17 0.28 3 0.50 0.28 3 0.99 0.31 2 1.06 0.34 1 1.09 0.40 1 1.17 0.43 1 1.21 0.33 1
KOREA, NORTH PRK -2.19 0.18 8 -2.07 0.18 8 -1.87 0.17 8 -1.96 0.20 6 -1.93 0.19 6 -2.06 0.25 4 -2.10 0.26 4 -1.98 0.27 3
KOREA, SOUTH KOR 0.71 0.17 11 0.78 0.16 10 0.79 0.17 9 0.79 0.17 9 0.77 0.17 9 0.63 0.22 6 0.63 0.23 6 0.47 0.24 5
KOSOVO LWI -0.40 0.24 4 -0.42 0.27 3 -0.92 0.43 1 -0.88 0.35 1 -0.87 0.34 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
KUWAIT KWT -0.36 0.17 9 -0.31 0.17 8 -0.36 0.20 6 -0.43 0.20 6 -0.38 0.20 7 -0.29 0.22 5 -0.31 0.23 5 -0.53 0.24 4
KYRGYZSTAN KGZ -0.70 0.13 12 -0.80 0.17 9 -0.96 0.17 8 -1.08 0.15 7 -1.00 0.18 6 -1.18 0.29 3 -0.71 0.30 3 -0.71 0.29 2
LAOS LAO -1.58 0.16 9 -1.61 0.19 7 -1.41 0.19 7 -1.59 0.21 5 -1.62 0.21 5 -1.27 0.29 3 -1.08 0.30 3 -1.16 0.29 2
LATVIA LVA 0.83 0.17 9 0.76 0.17 8 0.78 0.17 8 0.87 0.18 8 0.81 0.18 7 0.77 0.22 5 0.81 0.23 5 0.72 0.26 3
LEBANON LBN -0.51 0.15 11 -0.37 0.16 9 -0.51 0.17 8 -0.69 0.18 7 -0.76 0.18 8 -0.29 0.24 4 -0.35 0.25 4 -0.45 0.26 3
LESOTHO LSO 0.25 0.20 8 -0.09 0.24 6 -0.15 0.26 6 0.14 0.26 5 0.06 0.27 4 -0.48 0.29 3 -0.74 0.34 2 -0.14 0.29 2
LIBERIA LBR -0.55 0.18 7 -0.79 0.21 6 -1.52 0.20 7 -1.72 0.20 6 -1.70 0.19 6 -1.37 0.25 4 -1.09 0.26 4 -1.41 0.27 3
LIBYA LBY -1.90 0.14 9 -1.82 0.15 9 -1.65 0.16 8 -1.66 0.18 7 -1.69 0.18 7 -1.60 0.22 5 -1.60 0.23 5 -1.81 0.24 4
LIECHTENSTEIN LIE 1.39 0.28 3 1.47 0.28 3 1.39 0.28 3 1.33 0.27 3 1.34 0.29 2 1.55 0.32 2 1.59 0.34 2 1.41 0.33 1
LITHUANIA LTU 0.93 0.17 9 0.92 0.17 8 0.99 0.17 8 1.04 0.18 8 0.93 0.18 7 0.89 0.22 5 0.89 0.23 5 0.91 0.26 3
LUXEMBOURG LUX 1.63 0.20 7 1.56 0.24 6 1.63 0.24 6 1.46 0.23 6 1.34 0.23 5 1.40 0.25 5 1.49 0.26 5 1.38 0.27 4
MACAO MAC 0.37 0.49 1 0.40 0.41 1 0.12 0.39 1 0.64 0.48 1 0.40 0.51 1 0.23 0.48 1 0.24 0.48 1 .. .. ..
MACEDONIA MKD 0.07 0.16 10 -0.09 0.16 9 -0.17 0.16 9 -0.09 0.16 8 -0.30 0.17 6 -0.35 0.25 4 -0.30 0.26 4 -0.12 0.26 3
MADAGASCAR MDG -0.05 0.17 12 -0.07 0.19 10 -0.10 0.19 9 -0.04 0.19 7 -0.26 0.19 6 0.07 0.25 4 0.12 0.26 4 0.36 0.27 3
MALAWI MWI -0.31 0.14 14 -0.53 0.15 13 -0.62 0.17 10 -0.54 0.18 9 -0.58 0.18 8 -0.14 0.22 5 -0.07 0.23 5 -0.01 0.24 4
MALAYSIA MYS -0.34 0.15 12 -0.12 0.16 11 -0.10 0.16 11 -0.37 0.15 10 -0.40 0.17 9 -0.32 0.22 6 -0.20 0.23 6 -0.27 0.24 5
MALDIVES MDV -1.02 0.26 5 -0.96 0.26 5 -1.09 0.26 5 -0.82 0.26 4 -0.85 0.29 2 -0.72 0.32 2 -0.69 0.34 2 -1.15 0.33 1
MALI MLI 0.34 0.18 11 0.33 0.19 10 0.23 0.19 10 0.27 0.19 9 0.26 0.19 8 0.18 0.25 5 -0.02 0.25 5 0.71 0.27 4
MALTA MLT 1.24 0.20 6 1.22 0.24 5 1.35 0.24 5 1.33 0.24 5 1.29 0.25 3 1.29 0.27 3 1.27 0.28 3 1.18 0.30 2
MARSHALL ISLANDS MHL 1.16 0.32 2 1.15 0.37 2 1.16 0.37 2 1.12 0.31 2 1.24 0.34 1 1.25 0.40 1 1.26 0.43 1 1.32 0.33 1
MARTINIQUE MTQ 0.61 0.49 1 0.65 0.41 1 0.75 0.39 1 0.64 0.48 1 0.62 0.51 1 0.66 0.48 1 0.67 0.48 1 .. .. ..
MAURITANIA MRT -0.95 0.19 8 -0.99 0.22 6 -1.23 0.22 6 -0.90 0.26 4 -0.66 0.25 4 -0.76 0.29 3 -0.76 0.30 3 -0.94 0.29 2
MAURITIUS MUS 0.86 0.18 9 0.79 0.18 9 0.88 0.20 8 0.88 0.21 7 0.75 0.21 7 1.05 0.29 4 1.03 0.29 4 0.88 0.26 4
MEXICO MEX 0.06 0.15 14 0.19 0.16 13 0.27 0.17 12 0.24 0.17 11 0.25 0.17 10 0.21 0.22 6 -0.05 0.23 7 -0.20 0.19 6
MICRONESIA FSM 1.05 0.28 3 0.97 0.28 3 0.83 0.28 3 1.06 0.31 2 0.97 0.34 1 0.92 0.40 1 0.89 0.43 1 1.16 0.33 1
MOLDOVA MDA -0.48 0.16 11 -0.60 0.16 10 -0.71 0.16 9 -0.62 0.16 8 -0.52 0.16 7 0.05 0.22 5 0.05 0.23 5 -0.06 0.26 3
MONACO MCO 0.75 0.32 2 0.69 0.37 2 0.91 0.37 2 0.87 0.31 2 1.06 0.34 1 1.06 0.40 1 1.08 0.43 1 1.13 0.33 1
MONGOLIA MNG 0.10 0.18 9 0.04 0.19 9 0.24 0.20 7 0.34 0.20 6 0.36 0.19 6 0.37 0.25 4 0.52 0.26 4 0.47 0.27 3
MONTENEGRO MNP -0.07 0.16 9 -0.30 0.61 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
MOROCCO MAR -0.63 0.13 14 -0.64 0.14 13 -0.43 0.16 11 -0.64 0.15 10 -0.35 0.17 9 -0.35 0.22 6 -0.24 0.23 6 -0.65 0.24 5
MOZAMBIQUE MOZ -0.06 0.14 14 0.04 0.15 12 -0.08 0.16 12 -0.07 0.17 10 -0.13 0.17 9 -0.20 0.22 6 -0.12 0.23 6 0.10 0.24 5
MYANMAR MMR -2.28 0.18 8 -2.20 0.18 8 -2.11 0.17 8 -2.10 0.18 7 -2.05 0.18 7 -2.05 0.22 5 -1.95 0.23 5 -2.06 0.24 4
NAMIBIA NAM 0.39 0.16 11 0.29 0.16 13 0.29 0.17 12 0.32 0.17 11 0.33 0.17 10 0.45 0.22 6 0.40 0.23 6 0.65 0.24 5
NAURU NRU 1.07 0.32 2 1.03 0.37 2 1.03 0.37 2 1.11 0.31 2 0.87 0.34 1 0.83 0.40 1 0.93 0.43 1 0.98 0.33 1
NEPAL NPL -1.15 0.14 12 -1.18 0.16 9 -1.04 0.17 8 -0.86 0.17 6 -0.87 0.21 5 -0.18 0.29 3 -0.18 0.30 3 0.02 0.29 2
NETHERLANDS NLD 1.67 0.20 9 1.70 0.19 8 1.73 0.19 8 1.54 0.20 8 1.50 0.20 8 1.57 0.22 6 1.63 0.23 6 1.48 0.24 5
NETHERLANDS ANTILLES ANT 0.61 0.49 1 0.65 0.41 1 0.48 0.39 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
NEW ZEALAND NZL 1.62 0.19 10 1.67 0.18 9 1.68 0.19 8 1.61 0.20 8 1.54 0.20 7 1.67 0.22 6 1.61 0.23 6 1.60 0.24 5
NICARAGUA NIC -0.22 0.14 14 -0.23 0.15 13 -0.09 0.15 12 -0.02 0.15 11 -0.13 0.18 8 -0.04 0.22 5 0.04 0.23 6 0.07 0.19 5
NIGER NER -0.24 0.19 9 -0.28 0.20 8 -0.38 0.20 8 -0.42 0.20 6 -0.36 0.19 6 -0.25 0.25 4 -1.57 0.26 4 -1.04 0.27 3
NIGERIA NGA -0.78 0.13 15 -0.79 0.15 14 -0.88 0.15 13 -0.77 0.15 12 -0.85 0.17 10 -0.68 0.22 6 -1.24 0.23 6 -1.78 0.24 5
77
TABLE C1: Voice and Accountability (cont.)
2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996
NORWAY NOR 1.64 0.19 10 1.65 0.18 9 1.73 0.19 8 1.52 0.20 8 1.50 0.20 8 1.55 0.22 6 1.53 0.23 6 1.51 0.24 5
OMAN OMN -0.77 0.18 6 -0.72 0.18 6 -0.62 0.20 5 -0.90 0.20 6 -0.72 0.21 6 -0.66 0.22 5 -0.66 0.23 5 -1.03 0.24 4
PAKISTAN PAK -1.17 0.14 13 -1.08 0.15 11 -1.17 0.16 10 -1.25 0.15 9 -1.23 0.18 7 -1.39 0.22 5 -0.74 0.23 5 -0.73 0.24 4
PALAU PCI 1.19 0.32 2 1.16 0.37 2 1.16 0.37 2 1.23 0.31 2 1.06 0.34 1 1.06 0.40 1 1.08 0.43 1 1.13 0.33 1
PANAMA PAN 0.49 0.17 11 0.42 0.17 11 0.54 0.19 10 0.49 0.19 9 0.62 0.20 8 0.70 0.22 5 0.55 0.23 6 0.26 0.19 5
PAPUA NEW GUINEA PNG -0.05 0.17 7 -0.25 0.17 7 -0.38 0.18 7 -0.14 0.18 6 -0.15 0.18 6 -0.01 0.22 5 0.07 0.23 5 0.42 0.24 4
PARAGUAY PRY -0.36 0.15 12 -0.39 0.16 11 -0.52 0.16 11 -0.46 0.17 9 -0.54 0.17 9 -0.56 0.22 5 -0.45 0.23 6 -0.01 0.19 5
PERU PER 0.05 0.15 13 0.03 0.15 12 -0.10 0.16 11 0.01 0.17 9 0.17 0.17 9 -0.08 0.22 5 -0.54 0.23 6 -0.13 0.19 5
PHILIPPINES PHL -0.18 0.14 14 0.02 0.15 13 -0.06 0.16 12 0.04 0.17 10 0.11 0.17 9 0.22 0.22 6 0.39 0.23 6 0.22 0.24 5
POLAND POL 0.95 0.17 11 0.97 0.16 10 1.11 0.17 9 1.11 0.17 9 1.10 0.17 9 1.11 0.22 6 1.07 0.23 6 1.02 0.24 5
PORTUGAL PRT 1.27 0.20 9 1.43 0.19 9 1.47 0.19 9 1.38 0.19 9 1.32 0.20 8 1.38 0.22 6 1.48 0.23 6 1.30 0.24 5
PUERTO RICO PRI 1.09 0.30 3 1.03 0.30 2 0.88 0.30 2 0.99 0.30 2 1.01 0.29 2 0.88 0.48 1 0.89 0.48 1 .. .. ..
QATAR QAT -0.51 0.15 9 -0.40 0.16 9 -0.47 0.18 7 -0.68 0.17 7 -0.65 0.22 5 -0.56 0.24 4 -0.79 0.25 4 -1.05 0.26 3
REUNION REU 1.31 0.49 1 1.38 0.41 1 1.15 0.39 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
ROMANIA ROM 0.43 0.14 13 0.38 0.15 12 0.39 0.16 11 0.38 0.16 10 0.49 0.16 9 0.40 0.22 5 0.37 0.23 5 0.18 0.24 4
RUSSIA RUS -0.87 0.13 14 -0.66 0.14 13 -0.57 0.14 12 -0.58 0.15 11 -0.35 0.16 10 -0.52 0.22 6 -0.57 0.23 6 -0.44 0.24 5
RWANDA RWA -1.14 0.16 10 -1.20 0.19 8 -1.33 0.19 8 -1.22 0.21 5 -1.47 0.21 5 -1.53 0.29 3 -1.37 0.30 3 -1.35 0.29 2
SAMOA SAM 0.54 0.28 3 0.58 0.28 3 0.56 0.28 3 0.68 0.27 3 0.67 0.29 2 0.68 0.32 2 0.52 0.34 2 0.73 0.33 1
SAN MARINO SMR 1.16 0.32 2 1.13 0.37 2 1.14 0.37 2 1.20 0.31 2 1.25 0.34 1 1.33 0.40 1 1.35 0.43 1 1.41 0.33 1
SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE STP 0.25 0.22 5 0.04 0.28 4 0.07 0.27 4 0.38 0.27 3 0.57 0.29 2 0.38 0.32 2 0.31 0.34 2 0.70 0.33 1
SAUDI ARABIA SAU -1.42 0.16 9 -1.33 0.16 8 -1.38 0.18 7 -1.60 0.18 7 -1.61 0.18 8 -1.48 0.22 5 -1.50 0.23 5 -1.65 0.24 4
SENEGAL SEN -0.05 0.16 12 0.08 0.17 10 0.06 0.17 10 0.04 0.17 10 0.17 0.17 9 0.01 0.22 6 -0.12 0.23 6 -0.16 0.24 5
SERBIA YUG 0.05 0.15 11 -0.19 0.16 9 -0.10 0.16 9 -0.05 0.16 9 -0.14 0.16 8 -0.72 0.22 5 -1.11 0.23 5 -1.38 0.24 4
SEYCHELLES SYC 0.11 0.22 5 0.20 0.21 6 0.41 0.21 6 -0.03 0.26 4 0.17 0.28 3 0.05 0.32 2 0.07 0.34 2 0.12 0.33 1
SIERRA LEONE SLE -0.43 0.15 10 -0.62 0.18 8 -0.71 0.18 8 -0.72 0.16 7 -0.85 0.19 6 -1.53 0.27 3 -1.42 0.28 3 -0.86 0.27 3
SINGAPORE SGP -0.07 0.17 10 0.13 0.17 9 0.26 0.17 9 0.13 0.17 9 0.22 0.18 8 0.14 0.22 6 0.28 0.23 6 -0.12 0.24 5
SLOVAKIA SVK 0.99 0.17 10 0.93 0.17 9 1.05 0.17 9 1.06 0.17 9 1.00 0.18 8 0.83 0.24 5 0.73 0.26 4 0.28 0.24 4
SLOVENIA SVN 1.10 0.17 11 1.07 0.16 10 1.16 0.17 9 1.18 0.17 9 1.14 0.17 9 0.99 0.22 6 1.05 0.23 5 1.15 0.26 3
SOLOMON ISLANDS SLB 0.06 0.28 3 0.01 0.28 3 -0.25 0.28 3 0.30 0.31 2 0.33 0.34 1 0.02 0.40 1 1.00 0.43 1 1.07 0.33 1
SOMALIA SOM -2.07 0.20 6 -2.00 0.20 7 -1.72 0.20 7 -1.77 0.20 6 -1.68 0.20 5 -1.85 0.27 3 -2.04 0.28 3 -1.93 0.30 2
SOUTH AFRICA ZAF 0.60 0.13 15 0.74 0.16 14 0.70 0.17 13 0.77 0.17 12 0.63 0.17 11 0.80 0.22 7 0.76 0.23 7 0.83 0.24 6
SPAIN ESP 1.05 0.20 9 1.12 0.19 8 1.32 0.19 8 1.25 0.20 8 1.26 0.20 8 1.25 0.22 6 1.30 0.23 6 1.18 0.24 5
SRI LANKA LKA -0.35 0.15 12 -0.24 0.15 11 -0.24 0.16 10 -0.19 0.15 9 -0.21 0.18 8 -0.31 0.22 5 -0.12 0.23 5 -0.22 0.24 4
ST. KITTS AND NEVIS KNA 1.13 0.28 3 1.11 0.28 4 0.46 0.27 4 0.80 0.31 2 0.96 0.34 1 0.96 0.40 1 0.98 0.43 1 1.03 0.33 1
ST. LUCIA LCA 1.22 0.28 3 1.18 0.28 4 0.66 0.27 4 1.08 0.31 2 1.07 0.34 1 1.01 0.40 1 1.03 0.43 1 1.08 0.33 1
ST. VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES VCT 1.04 0.28 3 1.05 0.28 4 0.71 0.27 4 1.06 0.31 2 0.97 0.34 1 0.98 0.40 1 1.00 0.43 1 1.05 0.33 1
SUDAN SDN -1.76 0.16 9 -1.77 0.18 8 -1.60 0.17 8 -1.65 0.18 7 -1.63 0.18 7 -1.71 0.22 5 -1.77 0.23 5 -1.97 0.24 4
SURINAME SUR 0.26 0.24 6 0.05 0.25 5 0.11 0.24 5 0.34 0.24 4 0.36 0.25 3 0.22 0.27 3 -0.23 0.28 3 0.16 0.30 2
SWAZILAND SWZ -1.10 0.18 7 -1.36 0.22 6 -1.32 0.22 6 -1.39 0.26 4 -1.24 0.25 4 -1.36 0.29 3 -1.20 0.30 3 -1.09 0.29 2
SWEDEN SWE 1.55 0.19 10 1.59 0.18 9 1.76 0.19 8 1.54 0.20 8 1.52 0.20 8 1.58 0.22 6 1.58 0.23 6 1.43 0.24 5
SWITZERLAND CHE 1.72 0.20 9 1.61 0.19 8 1.71 0.19 8 1.46 0.20 8 1.43 0.20 8 1.44 0.22 6 1.44 0.23 6 1.39 0.24 5
SYRIA SYR -1.64 0.14 10 -1.49 0.15 10 -1.51 0.16 9 -1.64 0.18 7 -1.65 0.18 7 -1.56 0.22 5 -1.50 0.23 5 -1.66 0.24 4
TAIWAN TWN 0.79 0.17 10 0.95 0.17 9 0.91 0.17 9 0.94 0.17 9 0.90 0.17 9 0.73 0.22 6 0.82 0.23 6 0.60 0.24 5
TAJIKISTAN TJK -1.27 0.13 12 -1.17 0.17 9 -1.30 0.17 8 -1.28 0.18 6 -1.32 0.18 6 -1.38 0.29 3 -1.66 0.30 3 -1.63 0.29 2
TANZANIA TZA -0.26 0.13 15 -0.31 0.16 12 -0.51 0.17 11 -0.43 0.17 10 -0.31 0.17 9 -0.42 0.22 6 -0.50 0.23 6 -0.70 0.24 5
THAILAND THA -0.50 0.15 12 0.03 0.16 11 0.19 0.16 11 0.32 0.17 9 0.41 0.17 9 0.51 0.22 6 0.39 0.23 6 0.30 0.24 5
TIMOR-LESTE TMP -0.33 0.19 7 -0.20 0.21 7 0.05 0.22 6 0.16 0.20 5 0.19 0.29 2 -0.15 0.40 1 .. .. .. .. .. ..
TOGO TGO -1.24 0.17 9 -1.37 0.20 7 -1.28 0.20 7 -1.27 0.20 6 -1.32 0.19 6 -1.25 0.25 4 -1.18 0.26 4 -1.03 0.27 3
TONGA TON -0.11 0.26 4 -0.15 0.27 4 -0.31 0.27 4 -0.20 0.31 2 -0.12 0.34 1 -0.13 0.40 1 -0.14 0.43 1 -0.15 0.33 1
TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO TTO 0.47 0.20 8 0.59 0.19 8 0.57 0.19 8 0.58 0.20 7 0.50 0.21 6 0.60 0.22 5 0.83 0.23 5 0.86 0.24 4
TUNISIA TUN -1.15 0.14 12 -0.92 0.15 12 -0.74 0.16 11 -0.80 0.17 9 -0.88 0.17 9 -0.70 0.22 6 -0.76 0.23 6 -0.82 0.24 5
TURKEY TUR -0.19 0.15 13 -0.06 0.15 13 -0.09 0.16 12 -0.14 0.17 10 -0.26 0.17 9 -0.51 0.22 6 -0.66 0.23 6 -0.38 0.24 5
TURKMENISTAN TKM -2.00 0.19 6 -1.94 0.19 6 -1.89 0.22 5 -1.81 0.21 5 -1.89 0.21 5 -1.67 0.29 3 -1.64 0.30 3 -1.82 0.29 2
TUVALU TUV 0.72 0.28 3 0.65 0.28 3 0.55 0.28 3 1.06 0.31 2 1.17 0.34 1 1.33 0.40 1 1.35 0.43 1 1.41 0.33 1
UGANDA UGA -0.54 0.13 15 -0.60 0.15 13 -0.83 0.16 12 -0.79 0.15 11 -1.01 0.17 9 -1.16 0.22 6 -0.84 0.23 6 -0.57 0.24 5
UKRAINE UKR -0.11 0.14 11 -0.36 0.14 11 -0.61 0.14 11 -0.66 0.14 11 -0.57 0.16 9 -0.52 0.22 5 -0.32 0.23 5 -0.33 0.26 3
UNITED ARAB EMIRATES ARE -0.78 0.16 9 -0.66 0.16 9 -0.55 0.20 7 -0.80 0.20 6 -0.69 0.21 6 -0.56 0.22 5 -0.54 0.23 5 -0.98 0.24 4
UNITED KINGDOM GBR 1.42 0.19 10 1.49 0.18 9 1.61 0.19 8 1.31 0.20 8 1.30 0.20 8 1.31 0.22 6 1.31 0.23 6 1.04 0.24 5
UNITED STATES USA 1.08 0.18 10 1.26 0.18 9 1.28 0.19 9 1.24 0.19 9 1.35 0.20 8 1.35 0.22 6 1.38 0.23 6 1.31 0.24 5
URUGUAY URY 0.94 0.17 10 0.91 0.17 10 0.90 0.17 10 1.05 0.17 9 1.04 0.17 9 0.88 0.22 5 0.87 0.23 6 0.93 0.19 5
UZBEKISTAN UZB -1.86 0.15 8 -1.81 0.16 8 -1.70 0.15 8 -1.70 0.14 8 -1.55 0.17 7 -1.63 0.29 3 -1.57 0.29 3 -1.53 0.26 3
VANUATU VUT 0.50 0.28 3 0.32 0.28 3 0.32 0.28 3 0.84 0.31 2 0.93 0.34 1 0.58 0.40 1 0.54 0.43 1 0.58 0.33 1
VENEZUELA VEN -0.58 0.15 13 -0.54 0.15 13 -0.60 0.15 13 -0.44 0.15 12 -0.51 0.17 10 -0.27 0.22 6 0.07 0.23 7 0.15 0.19 6
VIETNAM VNM -1.45 0.14 13 -1.39 0.15 11 -1.31 0.16 10 -1.46 0.15 9 -1.38 0.18 8 -1.35 0.22 5 -1.41 0.23 5 -1.57 0.24 4
VIRGIN ISLANDS (U.S.) VIR 0.84 0.49 1 1.13 0.41 1 0.73 0.39 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
WEST BANK GAZA WBG -0.81 0.22 5 -0.69 0.23 5 -0.99 0.28 4 -1.22 0.28 3 -1.14 0.28 3 -1.07 0.32 2 -0.98 0.34 2 -0.68 0.33 1
YEMEN YEM -1.06 0.13 12 -0.99 0.15 10 -0.92 0.16 9 -0.95 0.15 8 -1.08 0.18 7 -0.92 0.22 5 -0.77 0.23 5 -0.94 0.24 4
ZAMBIA ZMB -0.34 0.14 14 -0.48 0.15 12 -0.37 0.16 12 -0.32 0.17 10 -0.40 0.17 9 -0.39 0.22 6 -0.53 0.23 6 -0.53 0.24 5
ZIMBABWE ZWE -1.58 0.14 14 -1.69 0.15 13 -1.55 0.15 12 -1.47 0.15 11 -1.49 0.17 9 -1.15 0.22 6 -0.85 0.23 6 -0.65 0.24 5
78
TABLE C2: Political Stability
2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996
AFGHANISTAN AFG -2.29 0.26 5 -2.02 0.26 5 -2.13 0.27 5 -2.03 0.32 3 -1.96 0.33 3 -2.73 0.32 3 -2.55 0.41 2 -2.08 0.49 1
ALBANIA ALB -0.37 0.24 7 -0.59 0.26 6 -0.80 0.29 5 -0.43 0.31 4 -0.62 0.31 4 -0.96 0.30 4 -0.87 0.28 4 -0.13 0.36 3
ALGERIA DZA -0.89 0.23 9 -1.14 0.23 9 -1.48 0.23 9 -1.85 0.24 8 -1.88 0.24 7 -1.90 0.26 6 -2.32 0.25 6 -2.44 0.29 5
ANDORRA ADO 1.39 0.39 2 1.41 0.40 2 1.42 0.41 2 1.45 0.38 2 1.20 0.49 1 1.14 0.52 1 1.11 0.55 1 .. .. ..
ANGOLA AGO -0.51 0.23 9 -0.78 0.23 8 -0.95 0.23 9 -1.09 0.25 7 -1.42 0.25 6 -2.39 0.26 5 -2.23 0.25 5 -2.27 0.33 4
ANGUILLA AIA 1.17 0.39 2 1.27 0.39 2 0.79 0.50 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA ATG 0.82 0.34 3 0.84 0.34 3 1.19 0.35 3 0.83 0.38 2 0.71 0.49 1 0.67 0.52 1 0.65 0.55 1 .. .. ..
ARGENTINA ARG -0.03 0.22 10 -0.12 0.21 10 -0.30 0.22 10 -0.29 0.23 9 -1.02 0.22 9 0.05 0.23 7 0.15 0.24 6 0.11 0.29 5
ARMENIA ARM -0.30 0.23 8 -0.20 0.25 7 -0.57 0.26 6 -0.31 0.28 5 -0.80 0.29 5 -1.24 0.30 4 -0.87 0.28 4 0.24 0.38 2
ARUBA ABW 1.36 0.39 2 1.44 0.39 2 0.99 0.50 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
AUSTRALIA AUS 0.85 0.22 10 0.87 0.21 10 0.89 0.22 10 0.82 0.23 9 1.17 0.23 8 1.20 0.23 7 1.16 0.24 6 1.10 0.29 5
AUSTRIA AUT 1.04 0.22 10 1.05 0.21 10 0.97 0.22 10 0.94 0.23 9 1.29 0.23 8 1.20 0.23 7 1.27 0.24 6 1.23 0.29 5
AZERBAIJAN AZE -1.07 0.23 8 -1.25 0.23 8 -1.37 0.24 7 -1.40 0.25 6 -1.27 0.25 6 -0.91 0.26 5 -0.72 0.25 5 -0.64 0.34 3
BAHAMAS BHS 0.94 0.32 4 0.94 0.32 4 0.94 0.33 4 0.80 0.35 3 0.86 0.38 3 1.10 0.38 3 0.84 0.31 3 1.04 0.45 2
BAHRAIN BHR -0.42 0.23 8 -0.29 0.23 8 -0.03 0.23 8 0.19 0.25 6 0.22 0.25 6 0.07 0.26 5 -0.21 0.25 5 -0.83 0.33 4
BANGLADESH BGD -1.60 0.23 8 -1.68 0.23 8 -1.14 0.23 8 -1.09 0.25 7 -0.85 0.24 7 -0.55 0.26 5 -0.49 0.25 5 -0.90 0.33 4
BARBADOS BRB 1.10 0.30 5 1.22 0.31 4 1.24 0.31 4 1.04 0.34 3 1.02 0.42 2 0.99 0.42 2 0.99 0.41 2 1.04 0.49 1
BELARUS BLR 0.16 0.24 7 0.10 0.26 6 -0.21 0.26 6 0.15 0.28 5 -0.02 0.31 4 -0.14 0.30 4 -0.12 0.28 4 -0.11 0.38 2
BELGIUM BEL 0.74 0.22 10 0.75 0.21 10 0.78 0.22 10 1.03 0.23 9 1.17 0.22 9 0.94 0.23 7 0.97 0.24 6 0.94 0.29 5
BELIZE BLZ 0.09 0.27 5 0.27 0.31 4 0.78 0.31 4 0.69 0.34 3 0.32 0.42 2 0.29 0.42 2 0.58 0.41 2 0.77 0.49 1
BENIN BEN 0.38 0.26 7 0.29 0.29 6 -0.04 0.29 5 0.36 0.34 3 0.71 0.42 2 0.67 0.42 2 0.61 0.41 2 1.04 0.49 1
BERMUDA BMU 0.81 0.39 2 0.83 0.39 2 0.89 0.40 2 0.80 0.47 1 0.71 0.49 1 0.67 0.52 1 0.65 0.55 1 .. .. ..
BHUTAN BTN 1.30 0.31 4 1.14 0.31 4 0.85 0.31 4 0.77 0.34 3 0.63 0.42 2 0.48 0.42 2 0.46 0.41 2 0.84 0.49 1
BOLIVIA BOL -0.93 0.23 8 -1.13 0.23 8 -0.64 0.23 8 -0.67 0.25 7 -0.16 0.24 7 -0.25 0.26 5 -0.25 0.25 5 -0.16 0.33 4
BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA BIH -0.52 0.24 7 -0.63 0.24 7 -0.50 0.24 7 -0.72 0.26 5 -0.67 0.26 5 -0.62 0.34 3 -0.60 0.34 3 -0.50 0.42 2
BOTSWANA BWA 1.23 0.23 9 1.02 0.23 9 0.92 0.24 8 0.98 0.24 8 0.83 0.23 8 0.94 0.26 6 0.81 0.25 6 0.68 0.29 5
BRAZIL BRA -0.09 0.22 10 -0.11 0.21 10 -0.09 0.22 10 0.01 0.23 9 -0.18 0.22 9 0.11 0.23 7 -0.46 0.24 6 -0.57 0.29 5
BRUNEI BRN 1.23 0.36 3 1.26 0.37 3 1.36 0.38 3 1.07 0.35 3 0.99 0.38 3 1.23 0.38 3 1.19 0.31 3 1.12 0.45 2
BULGARIA BGR 0.29 0.23 9 0.21 0.23 8 0.09 0.23 8 0.33 0.25 7 0.48 0.24 7 0.49 0.26 5 0.56 0.25 5 -0.22 0.33 4
BURKINA FASO BFA -0.19 0.23 9 -0.01 0.29 6 -0.21 0.28 6 0.04 0.30 5 -0.39 0.34 4 -0.09 0.37 4 -0.10 0.31 4 0.04 0.36 3
BURUNDI BDI -1.35 0.24 7 -1.41 0.31 4 -2.34 0.31 4 -2.08 0.34 3 -2.41 0.42 2 -2.22 0.42 2 -2.42 0.41 2 -2.01 0.49 1
CAMBODIA KHM -0.48 0.26 6 -0.50 0.26 6 -0.47 0.27 5 -0.72 0.29 4 -0.71 0.30 4 -0.75 0.34 3 -1.17 0.34 3 -1.41 0.42 2
CAMEROON CMR -0.22 0.23 9 -0.39 0.23 9 -0.60 0.23 8 -0.60 0.24 8 -0.66 0.24 7 -0.54 0.26 6 -0.78 0.25 6 -1.35 0.29 5
CANADA CAN 0.94 0.22 10 0.94 0.21 10 0.99 0.22 10 1.17 0.23 9 1.20 0.22 9 1.05 0.23 7 1.04 0.24 6 0.94 0.29 5
CAPE VERDE CPV 0.89 0.31 3 0.73 0.40 2 1.11 0.41 2 0.97 0.38 2 0.65 0.42 2 1.08 0.60 1 1.04 0.54 1 1.04 0.49 1
CHAD TCD -1.81 0.26 7 -1.32 0.29 6 -1.22 0.29 6 -1.23 0.30 5 -1.61 0.34 4 -1.37 0.41 3 -1.31 0.40 3 -0.74 0.38 2
CHILE CHL 0.85 0.22 10 0.91 0.21 10 0.81 0.22 10 0.87 0.23 9 0.94 0.22 9 0.62 0.23 7 0.13 0.24 6 0.44 0.29 5
CHINA CHN -0.37 0.22 10 -0.26 0.21 10 -0.17 0.22 10 -0.36 0.23 9 -0.21 0.22 9 -0.10 0.23 7 -0.09 0.24 6 -0.27 0.29 5
COLOMBIA COL -1.62 0.22 10 -1.81 0.21 10 -1.98 0.22 10 -2.21 0.23 9 -2.06 0.22 9 -1.91 0.23 7 -1.64 0.24 6 -1.42 0.29 5
COMOROS COM -0.15 0.39 2 -0.18 0.40 2 0.02 0.41 2 -0.58 0.38 2 0.31 0.42 2 -0.19 0.42 2 0.47 0.41 2 1.04 0.49 1
CONGO COG -0.97 0.23 8 -1.23 0.23 8 -1.09 0.28 6 -0.92 0.30 5 -1.29 0.32 5 -1.15 0.37 4 -2.06 0.31 4 -0.83 0.45 2
CONGO, DEM. REP. ZAR -2.31 0.23 8 -2.32 0.23 8 -2.22 0.23 8 -2.20 0.28 5 -2.24 0.29 5 -2.65 0.30 4 -3.08 0.28 4 -1.89 0.36 3
COSTA RICA CRI 0.93 0.23 8 0.91 0.23 8 0.91 0.23 8 0.90 0.25 7 1.06 0.24 7 0.89 0.26 5 0.75 0.25 5 0.84 0.33 4
COTE D'IVOIRE CIV -2.09 0.23 8 -2.45 0.23 8 -2.16 0.23 8 -1.89 0.24 7 -1.81 0.24 7 -0.86 0.26 6 -0.28 0.25 6 -0.14 0.29 5
CROATIA HRV 0.47 0.23 9 0.36 0.23 8 0.42 0.23 8 0.34 0.25 7 0.39 0.24 7 0.32 0.26 5 0.11 0.25 5 -0.11 0.34 3
CUBA CUB 0.12 0.24 7 -0.06 0.24 7 0.08 0.24 7 -0.05 0.25 6 -0.05 0.25 6 -0.35 0.26 5 -0.21 0.25 5 -0.37 0.33 4
CYPRUS CYP 0.44 0.24 7 0.35 0.24 7 0.33 0.25 7 0.41 0.27 5 0.24 0.26 5 0.48 0.26 5 0.29 0.25 5 0.53 0.33 4
DENMARK DNK 0.82 0.22 10 0.96 0.21 10 1.03 0.22 10 1.18 0.23 9 1.26 0.23 8 1.19 0.23 7 1.20 0.24 6 1.03 0.29 5
DJIBOUTI DJI -0.20 0.34 3 -0.64 0.40 2 -0.25 0.41 2 -0.92 0.38 2 -0.41 0.42 2 -0.50 0.42 2 -1.07 0.41 2 0.21 0.49 1
DOMINICA DMA 0.78 0.34 3 0.87 0.34 3 1.08 0.35 3 0.66 0.38 2 0.46 0.49 1 0.43 0.52 1 0.65 0.55 1 .. .. ..
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC DOM 0.17 0.23 8 0.03 0.23 8 0.04 0.23 8 -0.12 0.25 7 0.23 0.24 7 0.09 0.26 5 -0.35 0.28 4 -0.49 0.40 3
ECUADOR ECU -0.90 0.23 8 -0.81 0.23 8 -0.86 0.22 9 -0.95 0.24 8 -0.83 0.23 8 -0.99 0.25 6 -0.40 0.24 6 -0.86 0.29 5
EGYPT EGY -0.87 0.22 10 -0.92 0.21 10 -0.99 0.22 10 -0.84 0.23 9 -0.71 0.22 8 -0.35 0.24 7 -0.41 0.24 7 -1.07 0.26 6
EL SALVADOR SLV -0.07 0.25 7 -0.05 0.25 7 -0.08 0.26 7 -0.17 0.27 6 0.20 0.27 6 0.23 0.31 4 -0.16 0.28 4 -0.30 0.40 3
ERITREA ERI -0.87 0.27 5 -0.78 0.31 4 -0.65 0.31 4 -0.75 0.34 3 -0.44 0.42 2 -1.26 0.42 2 -1.41 0.41 2 0.28 0.49 1
ESTONIA EST 0.78 0.23 9 0.71 0.22 9 0.93 0.23 9 1.07 0.24 8 0.98 0.23 8 0.80 0.24 6 0.67 0.25 5 0.67 0.34 3
ETHIOPIA ETH -1.82 0.25 8 -1.52 0.25 8 -1.20 0.25 8 -1.35 0.26 7 -1.30 0.27 6 -1.24 0.31 5 -0.83 0.27 5 -1.16 0.33 4
FIJI FJI 0.13 0.34 3 0.39 0.34 3 0.31 0.35 3 0.42 0.38 2 0.36 0.42 2 -0.03 0.42 2 0.84 0.41 2 0.77 0.49 1
FINLAND FIN 1.47 0.22 10 1.55 0.21 10 1.60 0.22 10 1.65 0.23 9 1.60 0.22 9 1.48 0.23 7 1.34 0.24 6 1.19 0.29 5
FRANCE FRA 0.46 0.22 10 0.43 0.21 10 0.51 0.22 10 0.51 0.23 9 0.93 0.22 9 0.84 0.23 7 0.77 0.24 6 0.90 0.29 5
FRENCH GUIANA GUF 0.06 0.39 2 0.24 0.49 1 0.20 0.50 1 0.27 0.47 1 0.22 0.49 1 -0.04 0.52 1 -0.04 0.55 1 .. .. ..
GABON GAB 0.11 0.23 8 0.08 0.23 8 0.19 0.23 8 0.16 0.24 7 0.10 0.24 7 0.29 0.26 6 -0.05 0.27 5 -0.34 0.33 4
GAMBIA GMB 0.18 0.29 5 0.24 0.34 4 0.25 0.36 4 0.37 0.34 4 0.68 0.38 3 0.47 0.38 3 0.62 0.31 3 0.11 0.45 2
GEORGIA GEO -0.86 0.24 7 -0.69 0.26 6 -1.03 0.27 6 -1.62 0.30 4 -1.48 0.30 4 -1.46 0.32 3 -1.59 0.34 3 -0.94 0.38 2
GERMANY DEU 0.83 0.22 10 0.80 0.21 10 0.69 0.22 10 0.70 0.23 9 1.04 0.22 9 1.20 0.23 7 1.22 0.24 6 1.14 0.29 5
79
TABLE C2: Political Stability (cont.)
2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996
GHANA GHA 0.23 0.23 8 0.29 0.23 9 0.05 0.23 9 -0.01 0.24 8 -0.05 0.24 7 -0.22 0.26 6 -0.05 0.25 6 -0.18 0.29 5
GREECE GRC 0.48 0.22 10 0.45 0.21 10 0.40 0.22 10 0.58 0.23 9 0.68 0.22 9 0.69 0.23 7 0.32 0.24 6 0.37 0.29 5
GRENADA GRD 0.48 0.34 3 0.46 0.34 3 0.93 0.35 3 0.94 0.38 2 0.85 0.42 2 0.83 0.42 2 0.86 0.41 2 1.04 0.49 1
GUAM GUM 0.73 0.46 1 0.76 0.49 1 0.64 0.50 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
GUATEMALA GTM -0.82 0.23 8 -0.91 0.25 7 -0.81 0.26 7 -0.84 0.27 6 -0.86 0.27 6 -0.69 0.31 4 -0.81 0.28 4 -1.61 0.40 3
GUINEA GIN -1.72 0.24 7 -1.10 0.30 5 -0.87 0.30 5 -0.61 0.32 4 -1.30 0.35 4 -1.80 0.38 3 -0.58 0.31 3 -1.43 0.45 2
GUYANA GUY -0.59 0.25 7 -0.23 0.28 6 -0.29 0.30 5 -0.32 0.32 4 -0.55 0.38 3 -0.56 0.38 3 -0.04 0.31 3 0.01 0.45 2
HAITI HTI -1.54 0.26 6 -1.79 0.30 5 -1.94 0.30 5 -0.98 0.31 5 -1.30 0.35 4 -0.82 0.38 3 -1.39 0.31 3 -0.43 0.45 2
HONDURAS HND -0.46 0.23 8 -0.61 0.25 7 -0.43 0.26 7 -0.45 0.27 6 -0.26 0.27 6 -0.23 0.31 4 -0.28 0.28 4 -0.47 0.40 3
HONG KONG HKG 1.16 0.24 8 1.17 0.24 8 1.04 0.24 8 0.80 0.26 7 0.78 0.24 7 0.82 0.26 5 0.56 0.27 4 -0.01 0.41 3
HUNGARY HUN 0.73 0.22 10 0.85 0.21 10 0.81 0.22 10 0.99 0.23 9 1.00 0.22 9 0.76 0.23 7 1.04 0.24 6 0.58 0.29 5
ICELAND ISL 1.60 0.24 8 1.65 0.27 7 1.68 0.28 7 1.69 0.30 6 1.54 0.33 5 1.42 0.32 4 1.28 0.31 3 1.07 0.45 2
INDIA IND -0.84 0.22 10 -0.79 0.21 10 -0.94 0.22 10 -1.25 0.23 9 -1.01 0.22 9 -0.66 0.23 7 -0.83 0.24 6 -1.12 0.29 5
INDONESIA IDN -1.17 0.22 10 -1.29 0.21 10 -1.57 0.22 10 -2.03 0.23 9 -1.62 0.22 9 -1.76 0.23 7 -1.43 0.24 6 -0.81 0.29 5
IRAN IRN -1.25 0.23 8 -1.15 0.22 8 -1.08 0.23 8 -1.06 0.24 7 -0.82 0.23 7 -0.35 0.25 6 -0.39 0.24 6 -0.69 0.29 5
IRAQ IRQ -2.91 0.24 7 -2.82 0.24 7 -3.07 0.26 6 -2.36 0.25 6 -1.90 0.25 6 -1.75 0.26 5 -2.34 0.25 5 -2.90 0.33 4
IRELAND IRL 1.16 0.22 10 1.15 0.21 10 1.10 0.22 10 1.23 0.23 9 1.30 0.23 8 1.31 0.23 7 1.29 0.24 6 0.97 0.29 5
ISRAEL ISR -1.18 0.23 9 -1.04 0.22 9 -1.27 0.23 9 -1.41 0.24 8 -1.51 0.23 8 -0.74 0.24 6 -0.87 0.25 5 -0.68 0.29 5
ITALY ITA 0.28 0.22 10 0.29 0.21 10 0.27 0.22 10 0.48 0.23 9 0.70 0.22 9 0.72 0.23 7 0.81 0.24 6 0.54 0.29 5
JAMAICA JAM -0.28 0.25 7 -0.31 0.25 7 -0.25 0.26 7 -0.49 0.27 6 -0.44 0.27 6 -0.09 0.31 4 -0.22 0.28 4 0.25 0.40 3
JAPAN JPN 1.11 0.22 10 1.01 0.21 10 1.04 0.22 10 1.17 0.23 9 1.17 0.22 9 1.07 0.23 7 1.21 0.24 6 0.89 0.29 5
JORDAN JOR -0.53 0.23 9 -0.23 0.22 9 -0.34 0.23 9 -0.26 0.24 8 -0.43 0.24 7 0.01 0.26 5 -0.13 0.25 5 0.17 0.33 4
KAZAKHSTAN KAZ 0.06 0.22 9 -0.01 0.22 9 -0.15 0.23 8 0.08 0.24 7 0.09 0.23 7 0.13 0.25 6 0.16 0.24 6 -0.31 0.30 4
KENYA KEN -1.09 0.23 9 -1.19 0.23 9 -1.05 0.23 9 -1.28 0.24 8 -1.22 0.24 7 -1.10 0.26 6 -1.02 0.25 6 -0.68 0.29 5
KIRIBATI KIR 1.39 0.39 2 1.41 0.40 2 1.20 0.41 2 1.23 0.55 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
KOREA, NORTH PRK -0.24 0.30 4 -0.26 0.31 4 -0.15 0.32 4 -0.01 0.35 3 0.30 0.38 3 -0.08 0.38 3 -0.46 0.31 3 -1.83 0.45 2
KOREA, SOUTH KOR 0.42 0.22 10 0.55 0.21 10 0.48 0.22 10 0.32 0.23 9 0.31 0.22 9 0.12 0.23 7 0.07 0.24 6 0.15 0.29 5
KUWAIT KWT 0.28 0.23 8 0.06 0.23 8 0.06 0.24 7 -0.01 0.25 6 -0.01 0.25 6 0.61 0.26 5 0.35 0.25 5 0.00 0.33 4
KYRGYZSTAN KGZ -1.20 0.24 7 -1.14 0.26 6 -1.16 0.27 5 -1.25 0.30 4 -1.18 0.30 4 -0.48 0.32 3 0.01 0.34 3 0.57 0.38 2
LAOS LAO -0.09 0.25 6 -0.30 0.27 5 -0.59 0.31 4 -1.05 0.34 3 -0.27 0.37 3 -0.73 0.42 2 -0.31 0.41 2 1.04 0.49 1
LATVIA LVA 0.81 0.23 8 0.86 0.23 8 0.90 0.23 8 1.14 0.25 7 0.95 0.24 7 0.61 0.26 5 0.13 0.25 5 0.52 0.34 3
LEBANON LBN -1.76 0.24 7 -1.16 0.24 7 -0.94 0.24 7 -0.69 0.25 6 -0.69 0.25 6 -0.61 0.26 5 -0.88 0.25 5 -0.52 0.33 4
LESOTHO LSO 0.16 0.26 6 0.30 0.30 4 0.43 0.30 4 0.22 0.30 4 0.01 0.33 3 0.00 0.42 2 -0.22 0.41 2 0.56 0.49 1
LIBERIA LBR -1.22 0.32 4 -1.38 0.32 4 -1.48 0.33 4 -2.23 0.35 3 -2.26 0.38 3 -2.08 0.38 3 -1.75 0.31 3 -2.62 0.45 2
LIBYA LBY 0.24 0.24 7 0.18 0.24 7 0.03 0.26 6 -0.24 0.25 6 -0.39 0.25 6 -0.69 0.26 5 -1.23 0.25 5 -1.77 0.33 4
LIECHTENSTEIN LIE 1.39 0.39 2 1.41 0.40 2 1.52 0.41 2 1.45 0.38 2 1.20 0.49 1 1.14 0.52 1 1.11 0.55 1 .. .. ..
LITHUANIA LTU 0.89 0.23 8 0.93 0.23 8 0.98 0.23 8 1.17 0.25 7 1.00 0.24 7 0.56 0.26 5 0.41 0.25 5 0.44 0.34 3
LUXEMBOURG LUX 1.51 0.24 8 1.47 0.27 7 1.48 0.28 7 1.65 0.30 6 1.67 0.32 5 1.54 0.32 4 1.43 0.31 3 1.08 0.45 2
MACAO MAC 0.99 0.39 2 1.28 0.49 1 1.34 0.50 1 1.06 0.47 1 0.46 0.49 1 0.43 0.52 1 0.19 0.55 1 .. .. ..
MACEDONIA MKD -0.66 0.24 7 -1.01 0.24 7 -1.03 0.24 7 -0.97 0.25 6 -1.00 0.27 4 -0.85 0.34 3 -0.92 0.34 3 0.22 0.42 2
MADAGASCAR MDG 0.10 0.23 9 -0.02 0.27 7 -0.04 0.28 7 0.44 0.31 5 -0.24 0.38 3 0.12 0.38 3 0.03 0.31 3 0.08 0.45 2
MALAWI MWI 0.02 0.23 9 0.04 0.25 8 -0.11 0.26 7 -0.20 0.27 6 -0.17 0.28 5 -0.56 0.31 4 -0.13 0.28 4 -0.25 0.40 3
MALAYSIA MYS 0.35 0.22 10 0.47 0.21 10 0.26 0.22 10 0.30 0.23 9 0.39 0.22 9 0.20 0.23 7 0.08 0.24 6 0.64 0.29 5
MALDIVES MDV 0.78 0.34 3 0.79 0.34 3 0.55 0.35 3 0.94 0.38 2 1.01 0.42 2 1.11 0.42 2 1.03 0.41 2 0.21 0.49 1
MALI MLI 0.01 0.26 8 0.03 0.27 7 0.33 0.28 7 0.22 0.29 6 0.19 0.32 5 0.19 0.37 4 0.06 0.31 4 0.60 0.36 3
MALTA MLT 1.21 0.25 7 1.38 0.28 6 1.33 0.29 6 1.51 0.31 5 1.52 0.38 3 1.40 0.38 3 1.35 0.31 3 1.16 0.45 2
MARSHALL ISLANDS MHL 1.13 0.60 1 1.14 0.59 1 1.15 0.60 1 1.23 0.55 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
MARTINIQUE MTQ 1.17 0.39 2 1.27 0.39 2 1.38 0.40 2 0.80 0.47 1 0.46 0.49 1 0.43 0.52 1 0.19 0.55 1 .. .. ..
MAURITANIA MRT -0.29 0.27 6 -0.46 0.31 4 -0.13 0.31 4 -0.14 0.34 3 0.17 0.42 2 0.10 0.42 2 0.22 0.41 2 0.56 0.49 1
MAURITIUS MUS 0.91 0.26 6 1.01 0.31 5 0.98 0.31 5 0.93 0.28 5 0.93 0.28 5 0.73 0.40 3 1.00 0.39 3 0.69 0.34 3
MEXICO MEX -0.40 0.22 10 -0.25 0.21 10 -0.06 0.22 10 -0.15 0.23 9 0.02 0.22 9 -0.08 0.23 7 -0.50 0.24 6 -0.83 0.29 5
MICRONESIA FSM 1.12 0.34 3 1.09 0.34 3 0.98 0.35 3 0.65 0.55 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
MOLDOVA MDA -0.48 0.23 8 -0.59 0.25 7 -0.45 0.26 6 -0.21 0.25 6 -0.15 0.26 5 -0.22 0.26 5 0.15 0.25 5 0.05 0.34 3
MONACO MCO 1.06 0.46 2 1.05 0.43 2 1.08 0.44 2 1.23 0.55 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
MONGOLIA MNG 0.78 0.26 7 0.93 0.28 6 0.77 0.30 5 0.93 0.32 4 1.06 0.38 3 0.79 0.38 3 0.39 0.31 3 0.58 0.45 2
MONTENEGRO MNP 0.15 0.29 5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
MOROCCO MAR -0.31 0.23 9 -0.48 0.23 9 -0.43 0.23 9 -0.34 0.24 8 -0.32 0.23 8 -0.21 0.26 6 0.12 0.25 6 -0.61 0.26 6
MOZAMBIQUE MOZ 0.52 0.23 9 0.11 0.23 9 -0.10 0.23 9 0.10 0.24 8 0.29 0.27 6 -0.01 0.31 5 0.00 0.27 5 -0.83 0.33 4
MYANMAR MMR -0.69 0.24 7 -0.88 0.24 7 -0.94 0.24 7 -1.25 0.25 6 -1.33 0.25 6 -1.58 0.26 5 -1.29 0.25 5 -1.25 0.33 4
NAMIBIA NAM 0.83 0.23 9 0.58 0.23 9 0.56 0.23 9 0.34 0.24 8 0.23 0.23 8 -0.31 0.31 5 0.51 0.27 5 0.53 0.33 4
NAURU NRU 1.13 0.60 1 1.14 0.59 1 1.15 0.60 1 1.23 0.55 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
NEPAL NPL -2.26 0.24 7 -2.35 0.25 6 -2.07 0.27 5 -1.83 0.34 3 -1.72 0.37 3 -1.18 0.42 2 -0.74 0.41 2 -0.55 0.49 1
NETHERLANDS NLD 0.77 0.22 10 0.85 0.21 10 0.95 0.22 10 1.13 0.23 9 1.23 0.22 9 1.39 0.23 7 1.42 0.24 6 1.22 0.29 5
NEW CALEDONIA NCL -0.20 0.43 2 -0.18 0.55 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. -0.85 0.79 1
NEW ZEALAND NZL 1.27 0.23 9 1.23 0.22 9 1.44 0.23 9 1.23 0.24 8 1.24 0.24 7 1.15 0.24 6 1.28 0.25 5 1.08 0.33 4
NICARAGUA NIC -0.44 0.23 8 -0.20 0.25 7 -0.17 0.26 7 -0.24 0.27 6 -0.09 0.27 6 -0.09 0.31 4 -0.57 0.28 4 -0.68 0.4 3
NIGER NER -0.35 0.26 7 -0.39 0.29 6 -0.59 0.28 6 -0.14 0.32 4 -0.28 0.38 3 -0.16 0.38 3 -0.49 0.31 3 -0.03 0.45 2
NIGERIA NGA -1.99 0.23 9 -1.73 0.23 9 -1.81 0.23 9 -1.65 0.24 8 -1.71 0.23 8 -1.58 0.26 6 -0.84 0.25 6 -1.63 0.26 6
80
TABLE C2: Political Stability (cont.)
2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996
NORWAY NOR 1.21 0.22 10 1.27 0.21 10 1.34 0.22 10 1.41 0.23 9 1.47 0.23 8 1.26 0.23 7 1.25 0.24 6 1.22 0.29 5
OMAN OMN 0.66 0.24 7 0.73 0.24 7 0.79 0.24 7 0.86 0.25 6 0.85 0.25 6 0.86 0.26 5 0.69 0.25 5 0.47 0.33 4
PAKISTAN PAK -1.92 0.22 9 -1.71 0.22 9 -1.72 0.22 9 -1.70 0.24 8 -1.58 0.23 7 -0.92 0.25 6 -1.28 0.24 6 -1.45 0.29 5
PALAU PCI 1.13 0.60 1 1.14 0.59 1 1.15 0.60 1 1.23 0.55 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
PANAMA PAN 0.09 0.23 8 0.04 0.23 8 0.22 0.23 8 0.19 0.25 7 0.36 0.24 7 0.26 0.26 5 0.04 0.25 5 0.21 0.33 4
PAPUA NEW GUINEA PNG -0.80 0.24 7 -0.78 0.24 7 -0.64 0.24 7 -0.73 0.25 6 -0.69 0.26 5 -0.45 0.26 5 -0.26 0.28 4 -1.36 0.40 3
PARAGUAY PRY -0.48 0.25 7 -0.52 0.25 7 -0.37 0.26 7 -0.75 0.27 6 -1.07 0.27 6 -1.08 0.31 4 -1.01 0.28 4 -0.26 0.40 3
PERU PER -0.90 0.22 9 -1.01 0.22 9 -0.87 0.22 9 -0.99 0.24 8 -0.84 0.23 8 -0.93 0.25 6 -0.77 0.24 6 -1.28 0.29 5
PHILIPPINES PHL -1.26 0.22 10 -1.07 0.21 10 -1.24 0.22 10 -1.24 0.23 9 -0.70 0.22 9 -0.77 0.23 7 -0.13 0.24 6 -0.49 0.29 5
POLAND POL 0.22 0.22 10 0.32 0.21 10 0.20 0.22 10 0.63 0.23 9 0.66 0.22 9 0.43 0.23 7 0.62 0.24 6 0.55 0.29 5
PORTUGAL PRT 0.85 0.22 10 0.95 0.21 10 0.94 0.22 10 1.17 0.23 9 1.27 0.23 8 1.19 0.23 7 1.22 0.24 6 1.06 0.29 5
PUERTO RICO PRI 0.75 0.30 4 0.78 0.29 4 0.89 0.29 4 0.71 0.33 3 0.59 0.36 2 0.59 0.35 2 0.51 0.40 2 0.60 0.52 1
QATAR QAT 0.86 0.23 8 0.74 0.23 8 0.91 0.24 7 1.00 0.25 6 0.67 0.26 5 1.03 0.26 5 0.96 0.25 5 0.33 0.33 4
REUNION REU 0.73 0.46 1 0.50 0.49 1 0.45 0.50 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
ROMANIA ROM 0.12 0.22 10 0.10 0.21 10 0.07 0.23 9 0.25 0.24 8 0.32 0.24 7 0.02 0.26 5 0.20 0.25 5 0.39 0.33 4
RUSSIA RUS -0.74 0.22 10 -0.98 0.21 10 -1.04 0.22 10 -0.85 0.23 9 -0.60 0.22 9 -0.72 0.23 7 -0.84 0.24 6 -1.02 0.29 5
RWANDA RWA -0.53 0.28 5 -0.66 0.39 3 -0.87 0.38 3 -1.16 0.38 2 -1.80 0.42 2 -1.81 0.42 2 -2.15 0.41 2 -2.01 0.49 1
SAMOA SAM 1.15 0.34 3 1.15 0.34 3 1.15 0.35 3 1.28 0.38 2 1.02 0.42 2 1.15 0.42 2 1.26 0.41 2 1.04 0.49 1
SAN MARINO SMR 1.13 0.60 1 1.14 0.59 1 1.15 0.60 1 1.23 0.55 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE STP 0.51 0.31 3 0.70 0.40 2 0.68 0.41 2 0.25 0.38 2 0.47 0.42 2 0.99 0.42 2 0.99 0.41 2 1.04 0.49 1
SAUDI ARABIA SAU -0.65 0.23 8 -0.71 0.22 8 -1.08 0.23 8 -0.42 0.24 7 -0.47 0.23 7 0.05 0.25 6 -0.08 0.24 6 -0.52 0.29 5
SENEGAL SEN -0.26 0.23 8 -0.12 0.26 7 -0.10 0.25 7 -0.41 0.26 7 -0.42 0.27 6 -0.52 0.31 5 -0.95 0.27 5 -0.26 0.33 4
SERBIA YUG -0.69 0.25 7 -0.87 0.23 8 -0.86 0.23 8 -0.83 0.25 7 -0.75 0.25 6 -1.70 0.31 4 -1.95 0.28 4 -1.12 0.40 3
SEYCHELLES SYC 1.09 0.27 5 1.16 0.28 5 0.74 0.27 5 0.60 0.34 3 0.83 0.42 2 1.15 0.42 2 0.99 0.41 2 1.04 0.49 1
SIERRA LEONE SLE -0.46 0.29 5 -0.41 0.32 4 -0.38 0.33 4 -1.12 0.35 3 -0.95 0.38 3 -1.91 0.38 3 -2.17 0.31 3 -2.28 0.45 2
SINGAPORE SGP 1.30 0.22 10 1.15 0.21 10 1.11 0.22 10 0.98 0.23 9 1.32 0.22 9 1.15 0.23 7 1.01 0.24 6 1.07 0.29 5
SLOVAKIA SVK 0.85 0.23 9 0.81 0.22 9 0.63 0.23 9 0.92 0.24 8 0.87 0.23 8 0.35 0.26 5 1.00 0.27 4 0.68 0.33 4
SLOVENIA SVN 1.05 0.23 9 0.99 0.22 9 1.07 0.23 9 1.14 0.24 8 1.28 0.23 8 0.92 0.24 6 1.06 0.25 5 1.02 0.34 3
SOLOMON ISLANDS SLB 0.15 0.39 2 0.25 0.40 2 0.07 0.41 2 0.08 0.55 1 -0.56 0.63 1 -0.88 0.60 1 1.04 0.54 1 1.04 0.49 1
SOMALIA SOM -2.75 0.32 4 -2.64 0.32 4 -2.60 0.38 3 -2.32 0.35 3 -2.28 0.38 3 -2.47 0.38 3 -2.37 0.31 3 -2.31 0.45 2
SOUTH AFRICA ZAF -0.07 0.21 11 -0.06 0.21 11 -0.22 0.21 11 -0.36 0.22 10 -0.42 0.21 10 -0.39 0.23 8 -0.85 0.24 7 -1.25 0.26 6
SPAIN ESP 0.33 0.22 10 0.42 0.21 10 0.30 0.22 10 0.38 0.23 9 0.55 0.22 9 0.75 0.23 7 0.40 0.24 6 0.34 0.29 5
SRI LANKA LKA -1.61 0.23 8 -1.35 0.23 8 -1.14 0.23 8 -0.95 0.25 7 -0.96 0.24 7 -1.58 0.26 5 -1.36 0.25 5 -2.10 0.33 4
ST. KITTS AND NEVIS KNA 1.28 0.34 3 1.36 0.34 3 1.47 0.35 3 1.23 0.55 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
ST. LUCIA LCA 0.98 0.34 3 1.04 0.34 3 1.27 0.35 3 1.23 0.55 1 0.29 0.63 1 1.08 0.60 1 0.26 0.54 1 1.04 0.49 1
ST. VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES VCT 1.11 0.34 3 1.25 0.34 3 1.22 0.35 3 0.94 0.55 1 0.29 0.63 1 1.08 0.60 1 1.04 0.54 1 1.04 0.49 1
SUDAN SDN -2.18 0.24 7 -2.12 0.24 7 -1.85 0.26 6 -2.14 0.25 6 -2.05 0.25 6 -2.39 0.26 5 -2.06 0.28 4 -2.58 0.40 3
SURINAME SUR 0.11 0.29 6 0.36 0.33 4 0.42 0.33 4 0.52 0.32 4 0.42 0.38 3 0.24 0.38 3 0.33 0.31 3 0.52 0.45 2
SWAZILAND SWZ -0.14 0.26 5 -0.12 0.30 4 0.11 0.30 4 0.00 0.30 4 0.21 0.33 3 -0.09 0.42 2 -0.07 0.41 2 0.00 0.49 1
SWEDEN SWE 1.13 0.22 10 1.20 0.21 10 1.31 0.22 10 1.46 0.23 9 1.31 0.23 8 1.25 0.23 7 1.31 0.24 6 1.24 0.29 5
SWITZERLAND CHE 1.40 0.22 10 1.34 0.21 10 1.33 0.22 10 1.46 0.23 9 1.50 0.23 8 1.46 0.23 7 1.42 0.24 6 1.37 0.29 5
SYRIA SYR -0.88 0.24 7 -0.96 0.24 7 -0.64 0.24 7 -0.32 0.25 6 -0.26 0.25 6 -0.65 0.26 5 -0.31 0.25 5 -0.82 0.33 4
TAIWAN TWN 0.51 0.22 10 0.60 0.21 10 0.59 0.22 10 0.75 0.23 9 0.76 0.22 9 0.56 0.23 7 0.85 0.24 6 0.99 0.29 5
TAJIKISTAN TJK -1.30 0.24 7 -1.33 0.26 6 -1.41 0.27 5 -1.41 0.30 4 -1.42 0.30 4 -1.86 0.32 3 -2.26 0.34 3 -2.59 0.38 2
TANZANIA TZA -0.17 0.23 9 -0.38 0.23 9 -0.44 0.23 9 -0.48 0.24 8 -0.17 0.24 7 -0.46 0.26 6 -0.09 0.25 6 -0.31 0.29 5
THAILAND THA -0.99 0.22 10 -0.65 0.21 10 -0.46 0.22 10 -0.06 0.23 9 0.33 0.22 9 0.40 0.23 7 0.39 0.24 6 0.05 0.29 5
TIMOR-LESTE TMP -0.98 0.33 4 -0.66 0.32 4 -0.32 0.35 3 -0.23 0.38 2 -0.59 0.42 2 0.30 0.60 1 .. .. .. .. .. ..
TOGO TGO -0.86 0.24 7 -1.50 0.30 5 -0.43 0.30 5 -0.40 0.32 4 0.01 0.38 3 -0.18 0.38 3 -0.72 0.31 3 -0.54 0.45 2
TONGA TON 0.70 0.34 3 0.77 0.34 3 0.83 0.35 3 0.65 0.55 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO TTO -0.15 0.23 8 -0.10 0.23 8 -0.03 0.26 7 -0.16 0.27 6 -0.16 0.29 5 0.06 0.31 4 0.44 0.28 4 0.46 0.40 3
TUNISIA TUN 0.21 0.23 9 0.07 0.23 9 0.10 0.23 9 0.16 0.24 8 0.10 0.23 8 0.24 0.26 6 0.28 0.25 6 0.15 0.29 5
TURKEY TUR -0.65 0.22 10 -0.57 0.21 10 -0.87 0.22 10 -0.80 0.23 9 -1.01 0.22 9 -1.00 0.23 7 -1.09 0.24 6 -1.48 0.29 5
TURKMENISTAN TKM -0.27 0.25 6 -0.23 0.25 6 -0.68 0.27 5 -0.60 0.30 4 -0.41 0.30 4 -0.01 0.32 3 0.11 0.34 3 0.21 0.38 2
TUVALU TUV 1.39 0.39 2 1.41 0.40 2 1.30 0.41 2 1.23 0.55 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
UGANDA UGA -1.18 0.23 9 -1.38 0.23 9 -1.42 0.23 9 -1.53 0.24 8 -1.67 0.24 7 -1.54 0.26 6 -1.27 0.25 6 -1.31 0.29 5
UKRAINE UKR -0.27 0.22 9 -0.37 0.22 9 -0.39 0.22 9 -0.31 0.24 8 -0.20 0.23 8 -0.36 0.25 6 -0.21 0.24 6 -0.23 0.30 4
UNITED ARAB EMIRATES ARE 0.68 0.23 8 0.59 0.23 8 0.61 0.23 8 0.81 0.25 6 0.80 0.25 6 0.80 0.26 5 0.72 0.25 5 0.74 0.33 4
URUGUAY URY 0.73 0.23 8 0.69 0.23 8 0.50 0.23 8 0.62 0.25 7 0.68 0.24 7 0.89 0.26 5 0.53 0.25 5 0.68 0.33 4
UZBEKISTAN UZB -1.94 0.25 6 -1.95 0.25 6 -1.59 0.25 6 -1.50 0.26 5 -1.30 0.26 5 -1.31 0.31 3 -0.48 0.33 3 -0.19 0.34 3
VANUATU VUT 1.39 0.39 2 1.41 0.40 2 0.73 0.41 2 0.94 0.55 1 1.14 0.63 1 1.08 0.60 1 1.04 0.54 1 1.04 0.49 1
VENEZUELA VEN -1.24 0.22 10 -1.19 0.21 10 -1.22 0.22 10 -1.28 0.23 9 -1.32 0.22 9 -0.54 0.23 7 -0.40 0.24 6 -0.84 0.29 5
VIETNAM VNM 0.42 0.22 9 0.36 0.22 9 0.19 0.22 9 0.16 0.24 8 0.30 0.23 8 0.27 0.25 6 0.39 0.24 6 0.31 0.29 5
WEST BANK GAZA WBG -2.00 0.35 3 -1.68 0.36 3 -1.68 0.35 3 -1.70 0.34 3 -1.97 0.37 3 -1.75 0.42 2 -1.70 0.41 2 .. .. ..
YEMEN YEM -1.40 0.24 7 -1.42 0.26 6 -1.74 0.26 6 -1.48 0.28 5 -1.48 0.28 5 -1.35 0.31 4 -1.49 0.28 4 -1.15 0.40 3
ZAMBIA ZMB 0.29 0.23 9 0.00 0.23 8 0.08 0.23 9 -0.12 0.24 8 -0.33 0.24 7 -0.38 0.26 6 -0.09 0.25 6 -0.51 0.29 5
ZIMBABWE ZWE -1.18 0.23 9 -1.55 0.23 9 -1.55 0.23 9 -1.62 0.24 8 -1.76 0.23 8 -1.44 0.26 6 -0.86 0.25 6 -0.60 0.29 5
81
TABLE C3: Government Effectiveness
2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996
AFGHANISTAN AFG -1.39 0.21 8 -1.26 0.20 6 -1.09 0.21 6 -1.25 0.24 4 -1.56 0.24 4 -2.11 0.27 2 -2.27 0.20 1 .. .. ..
ALBANIA ALB -0.42 0.18 11 -0.63 0.18 9 -0.35 0.22 8 -0.56 0.20 7 -0.59 0.20 7 -0.71 0.22 4 -0.72 0.17 4 -0.11 0.36 3
ALGERIA DZA -0.35 0.17 11 -0.33 0.16 11 -0.46 0.16 11 -0.51 0.16 10 -0.64 0.17 9 -0.96 0.19 6 -1.15 0.16 6 -0.40 0.27 4
AMERICAN SAMOA ASM 0.21 0.34 1 0.21 0.27 1 -0.20 0.39 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
ANDORRA ADO 1.46 0.33 2 1.29 0.27 2 1.34 0.37 2 1.27 0.33 2 1.35 0.30 2 1.45 0.31 1 1.49 0.20 1 .. .. ..
ANGOLA AGO -1.20 0.17 12 -1.02 0.17 10 -1.18 0.16 11 -1.04 0.16 10 -1.14 0.17 9 -1.41 0.19 6 -1.14 0.16 6 -1.44 0.27 4
ANGUILLA AIA 1.57 0.34 1 1.57 0.27 1 0.97 0.39 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
ARGENTINA ARG -0.19 0.16 13 -0.24 0.15 13 -0.22 0.16 13 -0.34 0.16 11 -0.47 0.16 12 0.06 0.17 8 0.18 0.15 8 0.37 0.23 7
ARMENIA ARM -0.16 0.16 13 -0.05 0.17 10 -0.07 0.21 9 -0.22 0.20 8 -0.21 0.20 8 -0.65 0.22 4 -0.47 0.17 4 -0.62 0.62 1
ARUBA ABW 1.29 0.34 1 1.30 0.27 1 1.19 0.39 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
AUSTRALIA AUS 1.94 0.18 10 1.89 0.16 9 2.06 0.18 9 1.97 0.17 9 1.81 0.18 8 1.83 0.18 7 1.89 0.16 7 1.43 0.26 6
AUSTRIA AUT 1.62 0.18 10 1.62 0.16 9 1.78 0.18 9 1.94 0.17 9 1.97 0.18 8 1.92 0.18 7 1.77 0.16 7 2.04 0.26 6
AZERBAIJAN AZE -0.70 0.16 13 -0.67 0.15 12 -0.85 0.18 11 -0.76 0.17 10 -0.85 0.17 10 -0.83 0.17 6 -0.88 0.16 5 -0.91 0.28 3
BAHAMAS BHS 1.15 0.29 3 1.28 0.25 3 1.13 0.32 3 1.24 0.28 3 1.29 0.26 3 1.34 0.28 2 1.48 0.20 2 0.42 0.68 1
BAHRAIN BHR 0.35 0.19 8 0.42 0.17 8 0.61 0.18 8 0.48 0.19 7 0.59 0.18 8 0.71 0.21 4 0.80 0.17 4 0.43 0.31 3
BANGLADESH BGD -0.81 0.16 12 -0.91 0.15 11 -0.81 0.17 11 -0.66 0.16 10 -0.66 0.16 10 -0.46 0.17 6 -0.60 0.16 5 -0.64 0.27 4
BARBADOS BRB 1.21 0.25 4 1.18 0.25 4 1.05 0.32 4 1.24 0.30 3 1.35 0.30 2 1.45 0.31 1 1.49 0.20 1 .. .. ..
BELARUS BLR -1.24 0.19 10 -1.15 0.20 8 -1.20 0.22 8 -1.10 0.20 8 -1.11 0.20 7 -0.90 0.22 4 -0.53 0.17 4 -1.42 0.40 2
BELGIUM BEL 1.64 0.18 10 1.66 0.16 9 1.79 0.18 9 1.91 0.17 9 2.03 0.17 9 1.70 0.18 7 1.67 0.16 7 1.94 0.26 6
BELIZE BLZ -0.18 0.23 6 0.09 0.23 5 0.07 0.28 5 0.09 0.26 4 0.03 0.26 3 0.04 0.26 2 0.32 0.19 2 -0.39 0.48 1
BENIN BEN -0.50 0.17 11 -0.68 0.17 9 -0.43 0.22 7 -0.36 0.22 6 -0.53 0.23 5 -0.25 0.25 3 -0.34 0.18 3 0.01 0.48 1
BERMUDA BMU 1.02 0.34 1 1.02 0.27 1 1.07 0.39 1 1.07 0.33 1 1.13 0.30 1 1.18 0.31 1 1.22 0.20 1 .. .. ..
BHUTAN BTN 0.33 0.22 6 0.35 0.21 6 0.23 0.26 6 0.52 0.24 5 0.47 0.23 4 0.83 0.22 3 0.64 0.19 2 0.20 0.48 1
BOLIVIA BOL -0.69 0.17 12 -0.80 0.16 11 -0.51 0.17 11 -0.26 0.17 9 -0.27 0.17 10 -0.20 0.18 6 -0.13 0.16 6 0.07 0.27 4
BOTSWANA BWA 0.74 0.16 13 0.82 0.15 12 0.82 0.15 12 0.75 0.15 11 0.74 0.16 11 0.63 0.19 6 0.65 0.16 6 0.24 0.27 4
BRAZIL BRA -0.11 0.16 14 -0.08 0.15 13 0.03 0.16 13 0.10 0.16 11 -0.10 0.16 12 0.03 0.17 8 -0.10 0.15 8 -0.27 0.23 7
BRUNEI BRN 0.71 0.29 3 0.57 0.25 3 0.07 0.32 3 0.67 0.28 3 0.83 0.26 3 0.92 0.28 2 0.92 0.20 2 1.07 0.68 1
BULGARIA BGR 0.14 0.18 12 0.23 0.16 10 0.10 0.18 10 0.06 0.17 10 0.16 0.17 10 0.11 0.18 6 -0.07 0.16 6 -0.94 0.27 4
BURKINA FASO BFA -0.79 0.17 12 -0.61 0.19 8 -0.56 0.21 8 -0.64 0.21 7 -0.72 0.21 6 -0.63 0.23 4 -0.83 0.18 4 -0.68 0.42 2
BURUNDI BDI -1.29 0.17 11 -1.35 0.20 7 -1.31 0.22 7 -1.33 0.22 6 -1.56 0.23 5 -1.40 0.25 3 -1.72 0.18 3 -0.97 0.48 1
CAMBODIA KHM -1.01 0.18 10 -0.92 0.16 9 -0.84 0.20 8 -0.75 0.19 7 -0.74 0.18 7 -0.82 0.19 4 -0.83 0.18 3 -1.12 0.30 2
CAMEROON CMR -0.89 0.17 12 -0.94 0.16 11 -0.79 0.17 10 -0.62 0.16 10 -0.81 0.17 9 -0.74 0.19 6 -1.06 0.16 6 -1.17 0.27 4
CANADA CAN 2.03 0.18 10 1.94 0.16 9 2.05 0.18 9 2.12 0.17 9 2.09 0.17 9 1.91 0.18 7 1.86 0.16 7 2.07 0.26 6
CAPE VERDE CPV 0.17 0.20 7 -0.10 0.20 6 -0.06 0.22 6 -0.16 0.22 5 -0.16 0.22 5 0.20 0.37 2 0.31 0.45 2 -0.12 0.48 1
CHAD TCD -1.37 0.18 10 -1.21 0.18 8 -1.01 0.20 8 -0.85 0.21 7 -0.86 0.23 6 -0.60 0.25 3 -0.61 0.18 3 -0.65 0.48 1
CHILE CHL 1.25 0.16 13 1.28 0.15 13 1.33 0.16 13 1.28 0.16 11 1.27 0.16 12 1.20 0.17 8 1.36 0.15 8 0.95 0.23 7
CHINA CHN -0.01 0.16 12 -0.09 0.15 12 0.01 0.16 12 0.00 0.16 11 0.03 0.16 11 -0.03 0.17 8 -0.22 0.15 8 0.24 0.23 7
COLOMBIA COL 0.01 0.16 14 -0.09 0.15 13 -0.13 0.16 13 -0.23 0.16 11 -0.46 0.16 12 -0.35 0.17 8 -0.42 0.15 8 0.23 0.23 7
COMOROS COM -1.70 0.25 5 -1.66 0.23 5 -1.56 0.25 5 -1.40 0.26 4 -0.96 0.25 4 -1.33 0.25 3 -1.76 0.18 3 -0.71 0.48 1
CONGO COG -1.31 0.19 9 -1.35 0.18 9 -1.13 0.22 7 -1.28 0.22 6 -1.39 0.23 6 -1.50 0.23 4 -1.17 0.18 4 -1.22 0.42 2
CONGO, DEM. REP. ZAR -1.61 0.18 10 -1.68 0.17 10 -1.44 0.17 10 -1.44 0.19 8 -1.77 0.20 8 -1.80 0.21 5 -1.88 0.17 5 -1.70 0.36 3
COOK ISLANDS COK 0.12 0.40 2 0.52 0.42 2 -0.15 0.55 1 -0.23 0.51 2 -0.27 0.47 2 0.13 0.37 1 .. .. .. .. .. ..
COSTA RICA CRI 0.29 0.17 12 0.31 0.16 11 0.46 0.17 11 0.47 0.17 9 0.51 0.17 10 0.46 0.18 6 0.65 0.16 6 -0.02 0.25 5
COTE D'IVOIRE CIV -1.42 0.18 9 -1.38 0.17 9 -1.24 0.17 10 -0.92 0.17 9 -0.96 0.17 9 -0.78 0.19 6 -0.35 0.16 6 0.08 0.27 4
CROATIA HRV 0.52 0.18 12 0.52 0.16 11 0.49 0.17 11 0.32 0.17 10 0.35 0.17 10 0.34 0.19 5 0.13 0.16 5 -0.06 0.28 3
CUBA CUB -0.92 0.20 8 -0.85 0.18 8 -0.66 0.19 8 -0.57 0.19 7 -0.61 0.19 7 -0.49 0.21 4 -0.74 0.17 4 -0.42 0.31 3
CYPRUS CYP 1.22 0.21 7 1.16 0.18 6 1.12 0.20 6 1.21 0.20 5 1.31 0.20 5 1.16 0.21 4 1.21 0.17 4 1.35 0.31 3
DENMARK DNK 2.29 0.18 10 2.14 0.16 9 2.26 0.18 9 2.22 0.17 9 2.14 0.18 8 1.96 0.18 7 1.94 0.16 7 2.18 0.26 6
DJIBOUTI DJI -1.01 0.25 5 -0.87 0.23 5 -0.63 0.25 5 -0.77 0.26 4 -0.90 0.25 4 -1.10 0.25 3 -1.02 0.18 3 -0.98 0.48 1
DOMINICA DMA 0.77 0.30 3 0.54 0.25 4 0.35 0.30 4 0.24 0.27 3 0.29 0.26 3 0.39 0.26 2 0.49 0.19 2 -0.91 0.48 1
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC DOM -0.44 0.17 12 -0.42 0.16 11 -0.54 0.17 11 -0.40 0.17 9 -0.31 0.17 9 -0.17 0.19 5 -0.20 0.17 4 -0.78 0.28 3
ECUADOR ECU -1.12 0.17 12 -1.01 0.16 11 -0.80 0.16 12 -0.76 0.16 10 -0.85 0.16 11 -0.84 0.17 7 -0.52 0.15 7 -0.89 0.25 5
EGYPT EGY -0.41 0.16 13 -0.40 0.15 12 -0.24 0.15 12 -0.32 0.16 11 -0.42 0.16 11 -0.24 0.17 8 -0.48 0.15 8 0.00 0.24 6
EL SALVADOR SLV -0.26 0.18 11 -0.29 0.16 10 -0.25 0.18 10 -0.27 0.18 8 -0.45 0.18 9 -0.50 0.19 5 -0.54 0.17 5 -0.27 0.27 4
ERITREA ERI -1.24 0.20 8 -0.93 0.20 7 -1.06 0.22 7 -0.91 0.22 6 -0.79 0.23 5 -0.99 0.25 3 -1.05 0.18 3 -0.39 0.48 1
ESTONIA EST 1.17 0.18 11 1.11 0.16 11 1.12 0.17 11 1.16 0.16 11 0.91 0.16 11 0.89 0.18 7 0.74 0.16 5 0.55 0.28 3
ETHIOPIA ETH -0.61 0.17 11 -0.90 0.16 10 -0.72 0.17 10 -0.79 0.17 9 -0.91 0.18 8 -0.97 0.20 5 -1.06 0.17 5 -1.04 0.28 3
FIJI FJI -0.10 0.30 3 -0.09 0.25 3 -0.49 0.32 3 -0.17 0.27 3 0.14 0.26 3 -0.43 0.26 2 -0.17 0.19 2 -0.06 0.48 1
FINLAND FIN 2.08 0.18 10 2.09 0.16 9 2.09 0.18 9 2.23 0.17 9 2.18 0.17 9 2.01 0.18 7 1.93 0.16 7 2.10 0.26 6
FRANCE FRA 1.20 0.18 10 1.47 0.16 9 1.49 0.18 9 1.57 0.17 9 1.59 0.17 9 1.60 0.18 7 1.36 0.16 7 1.76 0.26 6
GABON GAB -0.63 0.19 9 -0.71 0.18 9 -0.73 0.18 9 -0.52 0.18 8 -0.36 0.18 8 -0.60 0.19 6 -0.38 0.17 5 -0.99 0.28 3
GAMBIA GMB -0.73 0.19 8 -0.70 0.19 7 -0.48 0.21 7 -0.54 0.22 6 -0.71 0.23 5 -0.46 0.23 4 -0.59 0.18 4 -0.38 0.42 2
GEORGIA GEO -0.16 0.18 11 -0.37 0.18 9 -0.60 0.21 9 -0.66 0.21 7 -0.77 0.21 7 -0.56 0.23 3 -0.62 0.18 3 -0.31 0.40 2
82
TABLE C3: Government Effectiveness (cont.)
2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996
GERMANY DEU 1.52 0.18 10 1.51 0.16 9 1.43 0.18 9 1.48 0.17 9 1.79 0.17 9 1.91 0.18 7 1.81 0.16 7 2.07 0.26 6
GHANA GHA 0.05 0.16 12 -0.10 0.15 12 -0.25 0.15 12 -0.25 0.15 11 -0.22 0.16 10 0.01 0.19 6 -0.21 0.16 6 -0.37 0.27 4
GREECE GRC 0.62 0.18 10 0.66 0.16 9 0.81 0.18 9 0.84 0.17 9 0.89 0.17 9 0.73 0.18 7 0.87 0.16 7 0.79 0.26 6
GRENADA GRD 0.17 0.28 4 0.24 0.25 4 0.11 0.30 4 0.21 0.27 3 0.41 0.26 3 0.44 0.26 2 0.59 0.19 2 -0.52 0.48 1
GUAM GUM 0.21 0.34 1 0.21 0.27 1 0.27 0.39 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
GUATEMALA GTM -0.67 0.17 12 -0.70 0.16 10 -0.70 0.18 10 -0.53 0.18 8 -0.54 0.18 9 -0.47 0.19 5 -0.34 0.17 4 -0.50 0.27 4
GUINEA GIN -1.44 0.18 10 -1.09 0.19 8 -0.97 0.21 8 -0.88 0.21 7 -0.94 0.21 7 -0.88 0.23 4 -1.10 0.18 4 -1.07 0.42 2
GUYANA GUY -0.15 0.19 8 -0.54 0.19 7 -0.23 0.25 6 -0.25 0.24 5 -0.29 0.24 4 -0.24 0.24 3 -0.35 0.19 3 -0.14 0.42 2
HAITI HTI -1.37 0.20 8 -1.39 0.20 7 -1.66 0.23 7 -1.48 0.20 7 -1.55 0.21 6 -1.35 0.24 3 -0.97 0.19 3 -1.03 0.42 2
HONDURAS HND -0.60 0.17 12 -0.64 0.16 10 -0.57 0.18 10 -0.59 0.18 8 -0.57 0.18 9 -0.46 0.19 5 -0.67 0.17 4 -0.86 0.27 4
HONG KONG HKG 1.76 0.19 9 1.64 0.17 8 1.59 0.19 8 1.42 0.18 8 1.28 0.18 8 1.15 0.19 6 0.93 0.16 6 1.16 0.28 5
HUNGARY HUN 0.71 0.16 13 0.75 0.15 12 0.82 0.16 12 0.86 0.16 12 1.02 0.16 12 0.94 0.17 8 0.92 0.15 8 0.59 0.23 7
ICELAND ISL 2.13 0.20 7 2.22 0.20 6 2.23 0.25 6 2.23 0.23 6 2.01 0.23 5 2.09 0.23 4 2.07 0.18 4 1.50 0.47 3
INDIA IND -0.04 0.16 13 -0.12 0.15 12 -0.06 0.16 12 -0.05 0.16 11 -0.11 0.16 11 -0.14 0.17 8 -0.16 0.15 8 -0.19 0.23 7
INDONESIA IDN -0.38 0.15 14 -0.47 0.14 13 -0.43 0.16 13 -0.58 0.15 12 -0.56 0.15 12 -0.50 0.15 9 -0.78 0.15 8 0.14 0.23 7
IRAN IRN -0.80 0.18 11 -0.77 0.17 10 -0.55 0.17 10 -0.48 0.17 9 -0.54 0.17 9 -0.35 0.20 5 -0.53 0.16 5 -0.75 0.28 4
IRAQ IRQ -1.70 0.22 6 -1.65 0.20 6 -1.48 0.20 7 -1.60 0.19 7 -1.95 0.19 7 -1.88 0.21 4 -2.11 0.17 4 -1.49 0.31 3
IRELAND IRL 1.53 0.18 10 1.64 0.16 9 1.58 0.18 9 1.62 0.17 9 1.75 0.18 8 1.78 0.18 7 1.72 0.16 7 1.84 0.26 6
ISRAEL ISR 1.10 0.19 9 0.96 0.17 8 1.12 0.19 8 0.96 0.18 8 0.99 0.18 8 1.06 0.19 6 0.80 0.16 6 1.30 0.26 6
ITALY ITA 0.38 0.18 10 0.60 0.16 9 0.68 0.18 9 0.88 0.17 9 0.88 0.17 9 0.86 0.18 7 0.93 0.16 7 0.97 0.26 6
JAMAICA JAM 0.13 0.18 10 -0.12 0.17 9 0.12 0.18 9 0.01 0.18 8 -0.06 0.18 8 0.03 0.19 5 0.08 0.17 4 -0.22 0.28 3
JAPAN JPN 1.29 0.18 10 1.16 0.16 9 1.11 0.18 9 1.09 0.17 9 1.01 0.17 9 1.05 0.18 7 1.03 0.16 7 1.34 0.26 6
JORDAN JOR 0.19 0.17 12 0.10 0.16 11 0.16 0.17 11 0.25 0.16 10 0.20 0.17 9 0.05 0.18 6 0.12 0.16 6 0.22 0.25 5
KAZAKHSTAN KAZ -0.53 0.16 13 -0.58 0.15 12 -0.70 0.17 11 -0.64 0.17 10 -0.89 0.17 10 -0.67 0.18 6 -0.79 0.16 6 -1.00 0.26 4
KENYA KEN -0.69 0.16 13 -0.79 0.15 12 -0.70 0.15 12 -0.70 0.15 11 -0.75 0.16 10 -0.66 0.19 6 -0.73 0.16 6 -0.26 0.27 4
KIRIBATI KIR -0.49 0.25 4 -0.48 0.22 4 -0.60 0.29 4 -0.44 0.36 3 -0.25 0.35 3 -0.11 0.29 2 -0.39 0.54 1 -0.32 0.48 1
KOREA, NORTH PRK -1.70 0.22 6 -1.79 0.20 6 -1.70 0.21 6 -1.80 0.25 4 -1.96 0.24 4 -1.88 0.28 2 -1.97 0.20 2 -0.89 0.68 1
KOREA, SOUTH KOR 1.05 0.16 12 1.01 0.15 11 0.93 0.16 11 0.90 0.16 11 0.95 0.16 11 0.77 0.17 8 0.41 0.15 8 0.92 0.26 6
KOSOVO LWI -0.36 0.91 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
KUWAIT KWT 0.28 0.20 8 0.38 0.18 7 0.28 0.21 6 0.28 0.20 6 0.11 0.19 7 0.11 0.21 4 0.16 0.17 4 0.35 0.31 3
KYRGYZSTAN KGZ -0.86 0.17 12 -0.89 0.17 10 -0.72 0.21 9 -0.65 0.20 8 -0.64 0.20 8 -0.49 0.20 4 -0.28 0.18 3 -0.49 0.40 2
LAOS LAO -0.91 0.18 10 -1.06 0.19 8 -0.97 0.23 7 -1.03 0.22 6 -0.69 0.21 6 -0.81 0.22 3 -0.67 0.19 2 -0.06 0.48 1
LATVIA LVA 0.73 0.18 11 0.64 0.16 10 0.66 0.18 10 0.69 0.17 10 0.69 0.17 10 0.50 0.18 6 0.61 0.16 5 -0.46 0.28 3
LEBANON LBN -0.45 0.19 10 -0.33 0.18 9 -0.35 0.18 9 -0.28 0.17 8 -0.35 0.17 9 -0.19 0.19 5 -0.09 0.16 5 0.21 0.27 4
LESOTHO LSO -0.27 0.17 10 -0.28 0.19 8 -0.24 0.20 8 -0.33 0.19 7 -0.25 0.21 6 -0.16 0.25 3 -0.09 0.18 3 0.14 0.48 1
LIBERIA LBR -1.37 0.23 5 -1.30 0.21 5 -1.74 0.23 6 -1.65 0.23 5 -1.62 0.23 5 -1.87 0.23 4 -1.88 0.18 4 -1.76 0.42 2
LIBYA LBY -0.86 0.21 7 -0.97 0.18 7 -0.80 0.20 7 -0.95 0.19 7 -1.06 0.19 7 -1.11 0.21 4 -0.96 0.17 4 -1.02 0.31 3
LITHUANIA LTU 0.82 0.19 10 0.90 0.16 10 0.89 0.18 10 0.94 0.17 10 0.68 0.17 10 0.37 0.18 6 0.56 0.16 5 -0.35 0.28 3
LUXEMBOURG LUX 1.73 0.20 7 1.95 0.20 6 2.12 0.25 6 2.09 0.23 6 2.18 0.24 5 2.06 0.26 3 2.05 0.18 4 2.27 0.47 3
MACAO MAC 1.02 0.34 1 1.30 0.27 1 1.10 0.39 1 1.33 0.33 1 0.85 0.30 1 0.64 0.31 1 0.42 0.20 1 .. .. ..
MACEDONIA MKD -0.20 0.18 11 -0.36 0.17 10 -0.17 0.18 10 -0.30 0.17 9 -0.48 0.19 7 -0.74 0.22 3 -0.63 0.18 3 -0.34 0.30 2
MADAGASCAR MDG -0.18 0.16 13 -0.10 0.16 10 -0.35 0.19 9 -0.35 0.20 8 -0.42 0.21 6 -0.56 0.23 4 -0.45 0.18 4 -0.97 0.42 2
MALAWI MWI -0.85 0.16 13 -0.78 0.15 11 -0.84 0.16 11 -0.73 0.16 10 -0.76 0.17 9 -0.36 0.20 5 -0.21 0.17 5 -0.67 0.28 3
MALAYSIA MYS 1.02 0.16 13 1.01 0.15 12 0.96 0.16 12 0.85 0.16 11 0.80 0.16 11 0.81 0.17 8 0.55 0.15 8 0.85 0.23 7
MALDIVES MDV 0.03 0.24 5 0.16 0.22 5 0.24 0.27 5 0.37 0.25 4 0.57 0.23 4 0.48 0.22 3 0.96 0.19 2 -0.12 0.48 1
MALI MLI -0.41 0.16 12 -0.45 0.16 10 -0.30 0.18 10 -0.23 0.18 9 -0.45 0.19 8 -0.79 0.23 4 -0.87 0.18 4 -0.69 0.42 2
MALTA MLT 1.21 0.21 6 0.95 0.20 5 1.06 0.26 5 1.06 0.25 5 1.11 0.26 3 1.13 0.28 2 0.96 0.20 2 -0.24 0.68 1
MARSHALL ISLANDS MHL -1.06 0.35 3 -0.91 0.36 3 -0.99 0.39 3 -0.98 0.36 3 -0.31 0.35 3 -0.94 0.29 2 -0.56 0.54 1 .. .. ..
MARTINIQUE MTQ 0.75 0.34 1 0.75 0.27 1 0.75 0.39 1 0.80 0.33 1 0.85 0.30 1 0.91 0.31 1 0.95 0.20 1 .. .. ..
MAURITANIA MRT -0.64 0.20 9 -0.23 0.22 6 -0.24 0.24 6 0.03 0.24 5 -0.09 0.25 4 -0.16 0.25 3 -0.14 0.18 3 0.20 0.48 1
MAURITIUS MUS 0.63 0.18 9 0.60 0.17 8 0.65 0.19 7 0.67 0.20 6 0.44 0.20 6 0.52 0.25 4 0.37 0.29 4 0.46 0.30 2
MEXICO MEX 0.16 0.16 14 0.01 0.15 13 0.13 0.16 13 0.18 0.16 11 0.31 0.16 12 0.31 0.17 8 0.34 0.15 8 -0.04 0.23 7
MICRONESIA FSM -0.23 0.25 4 -0.09 0.22 4 -0.62 0.29 4 -0.56 0.36 3 -0.34 0.35 3 -0.71 0.29 2 -0.56 0.54 1 .. .. ..
MOLDOVA MDA -0.85 0.18 12 -0.74 0.16 11 -0.83 0.18 10 -0.65 0.17 9 -0.62 0.18 8 -0.60 0.19 5 -0.31 0.16 5 -0.56 0.28 3
MONACO MCO 0.36 0.88 1 -0.12 0.91 1 1.41 0.87 1 -0.63 0.88 1 -0.62 0.90 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
MONGOLIA MNG -0.46 0.18 10 -0.38 0.17 9 -0.42 0.22 8 -0.28 0.20 7 -0.20 0.20 6 -0.34 0.20 4 -0.33 0.19 3 -0.53 0.42 2
MONTENEGRO MNP -0.20 0.21 8 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
MOROCCO MAR 0.02 0.17 12 -0.19 0.16 11 -0.08 0.16 11 -0.08 0.16 10 -0.10 0.17 10 0.00 0.19 6 -0.04 0.16 6 -0.05 0.25 5
MOZAMBIQUE MOZ -0.30 0.16 13 -0.33 0.15 12 -0.35 0.15 12 -0.43 0.15 11 -0.34 0.17 9 -0.36 0.20 5 -0.06 0.17 5 -0.27 0.28 3
MYANMAR MMR -1.58 0.20 9 -1.63 0.18 8 -1.56 0.19 8 -1.31 0.19 7 -1.40 0.19 7 -1.20 0.21 4 -1.18 0.17 4 -1.28 0.31 3
NAMIBIA NAM 0.13 0.16 11 0.07 0.15 12 0.08 0.15 12 0.13 0.15 11 0.10 0.16 11 0.26 0.20 5 0.36 0.17 5 0.46 0.28 3
NAURU NRU -1.25 0.88 1 -0.44 0.91 1 -1.34 0.87 1 -1.71 0.88 1 -1.18 0.90 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
NEPAL NPL -0.89 0.17 11 -0.96 0.17 9 -0.79 0.20 8 -0.57 0.22 6 -0.47 0.21 6 -0.43 0.22 3 -0.46 0.19 2 -0.25 0.48 1
NETHERLANDS NLD 1.86 0.18 10 1.96 0.16 9 2.09 0.18 9 2.06 0.17 9 2.11 0.17 9 2.09 0.18 7 2.12 0.16 7 2.24 0.26 6
NEW CALEDONIA NCL -0.38 0.59 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.42 0.68 1
NEW ZEALAND NZL 1.94 0.19 9 1.91 0.17 8 2.16 0.19 8 2.01 0.18 8 1.80 0.18 7 1.63 0.19 6 1.77 0.16 6 2.22 0.28 5
NICARAGUA NIC -0.97 0.17 12 -0.77 0.16 10 -0.61 0.18 10 -0.61 0.18 8 -0.77 0.18 9 -0.60 0.19 5 -0.42 0.17 4 -0.89 0.27 4
NIGER NER -0.79 0.19 10 -0.81 0.19 8 -0.78 0.21 8 -0.81 0.21 7 -0.87 0.21 6 -1.12 0.23 4 -1.20 0.18 4 -1.07 0.42 2
83
TABLE C3: Government Effectiveness (cont.)
2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996
NIGERIA NGA -0.96 0.16 13 -0.91 0.15 12 -0.94 0.15 12 -0.82 0.15 11 -0.98 0.16 11 -1.01 0.18 7 -1.06 0.16 6 -1.36 0.25 5
NIUE NIU -0.61 0.88 1 -0.44 0.91 1 .. .. .. -0.19 0.88 1 -0.76 0.90 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
NORWAY NOR 2.10 0.18 10 2.01 0.16 9 2.13 0.18 9 2.07 0.17 9 2.00 0.18 8 1.92 0.18 7 2.04 0.16 7 2.22 0.26 6
OMAN OMN 0.46 0.22 6 0.47 0.20 6 0.53 0.21 6 0.60 0.20 6 0.43 0.19 7 0.54 0.21 4 0.56 0.17 4 0.86 0.31 3
PAKISTAN PAK -0.51 0.15 13 -0.54 0.15 12 -0.51 0.16 12 -0.53 0.16 11 -0.61 0.16 10 -0.65 0.17 7 -0.63 0.16 6 -0.52 0.25 5
PALAU PCI -0.61 0.88 1 -0.76 0.91 1 0.39 0.87 1 0.32 0.88 1 -0.35 0.90 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
PANAMA PAN 0.12 0.17 12 0.10 0.16 11 0.01 0.18 10 -0.10 0.18 8 -0.06 0.18 9 0.20 0.18 6 0.26 0.16 5 -0.30 0.27 4
PARAGUAY PRY -0.88 0.18 11 -0.83 0.16 10 -0.92 0.18 10 -0.95 0.18 8 -1.12 0.18 9 -1.09 0.19 5 -0.97 0.17 4 -0.76 0.28 3
PERU PER -0.46 0.16 13 -0.60 0.15 12 -0.49 0.16 12 -0.42 0.16 10 -0.38 0.16 11 -0.16 0.17 7 0.08 0.15 7 -0.13 0.24 6
PHILIPPINES PHL -0.01 0.16 13 -0.08 0.15 12 -0.20 0.16 12 -0.16 0.16 11 -0.18 0.16 11 -0.19 0.17 8 -0.21 0.15 8 -0.03 0.23 7
POLAND POL 0.49 0.16 13 0.54 0.15 12 0.45 0.16 12 0.55 0.16 12 0.56 0.16 12 0.59 0.17 8 0.73 0.15 8 0.78 0.23 7
PORTUGAL PRT 0.95 0.18 10 1.03 0.16 9 1.07 0.18 9 1.24 0.17 9 1.19 0.18 8 1.10 0.18 7 1.37 0.16 7 1.10 0.26 6
PUERTO RICO PRI 0.71 0.28 4 1.01 0.24 3 1.12 0.29 3 1.17 0.27 3 1.19 0.26 2 1.38 0.27 2 1.30 0.18 2 1.47 0.62 1
QATAR QAT 0.53 0.20 7 0.55 0.18 7 0.63 0.21 6 0.58 0.20 6 0.62 0.19 6 0.60 0.21 4 0.70 0.17 4 0.49 0.31 3
REUNION REU 1.02 0.34 1 1.02 0.27 1 1.07 0.39 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
ROMANIA ROM -0.05 0.16 13 -0.08 0.15 13 -0.15 0.17 12 -0.20 0.16 11 -0.22 0.17 10 -0.38 0.18 6 -0.33 0.16 5 -0.69 0.27 4
RUSSIA RUS -0.43 0.16 13 -0.38 0.15 12 -0.22 0.16 12 -0.22 0.16 12 -0.30 0.16 12 -0.61 0.17 8 -0.45 0.15 8 -0.62 0.23 7
RWANDA RWA -0.40 0.20 8 -1.05 0.21 6 -0.68 0.23 6 -0.85 0.23 5 -1.01 0.23 5 -0.83 0.25 3 -1.13 0.18 3 -1.23 0.48 1
SAMOA SAM 0.07 0.25 4 0.32 0.22 4 0.05 0.29 4 0.37 0.25 4 0.13 0.23 4 0.40 0.22 3 0.36 0.19 2 -0.39 0.48 1
SAN MARINO SMR -0.26 0.88 1 -0.50 0.91 1 -0.22 0.87 1 -0.67 0.88 1 -0.35 0.90 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE STP -0.87 0.22 6 -0.77 0.23 5 -0.77 0.25 5 -0.59 0.26 4 -0.67 0.25 4 -0.59 0.25 3 -0.54 0.18 3 -0.65 0.48 1
SAUDI ARABIA SAU -0.28 0.19 9 -0.38 0.17 8 -0.33 0.18 8 -0.31 0.18 8 -0.30 0.17 9 -0.13 0.20 5 -0.18 0.16 5 -0.34 0.28 4
SENEGAL SEN -0.23 0.16 12 -0.13 0.16 10 -0.18 0.17 10 -0.19 0.16 10 0.04 0.17 9 -0.04 0.20 5 0.13 0.17 5 -0.16 0.28 3
SERBIA YUG -0.29 0.18 11 -0.37 0.16 10 -0.17 0.18 10 -0.55 0.17 10 -0.59 0.18 9 -0.90 0.23 3 -1.18 0.18 3 -0.45 0.34 2
SEYCHELLES SYC -0.09 0.22 6 0.03 0.19 7 -0.08 0.20 7 -0.19 0.24 5 -0.02 0.25 4 -0.02 0.25 3 0.47 0.18 3 -0.58 0.48 1
SIERRA LEONE SLE -1.10 0.20 9 -1.26 0.20 7 -1.28 0.21 7 -1.38 0.21 6 -1.54 0.21 6 -1.49 0.23 4 -1.37 0.18 4 -0.59 0.42 2
SINGAPORE SGP 2.20 0.17 11 2.15 0.16 10 2.20 0.17 10 2.14 0.17 10 2.11 0.17 10 2.28 0.18 7 2.13 0.16 7 2.28 0.26 6
SLOVAKIA SVK 0.91 0.18 12 0.95 0.16 11 0.75 0.17 11 0.57 0.16 11 0.45 0.17 10 0.30 0.21 6 0.25 0.25 5 0.54 0.25 5
SLOVENIA SVN 1.11 0.18 11 1.02 0.16 10 0.98 0.18 10 1.08 0.16 11 0.91 0.16 11 0.71 0.18 7 0.62 0.16 5 0.81 0.28 3
SOLOMON ISLANDS SLB -0.92 0.25 4 -0.67 0.22 4 -1.56 0.29 4 -2.49 0.36 3 -1.03 0.35 3 -1.08 0.29 2 -0.96 0.54 1 -1.04 0.48 1
SOMALIA SOM -2.19 0.23 5 -2.16 0.21 6 -2.08 0.23 6 -1.92 0.23 5 -1.62 0.24 4 -2.25 0.24 3 -2.09 0.19 3 -1.76 0.42 2
SOUTH AFRICA ZAF 0.78 0.15 14 0.83 0.14 14 0.77 0.14 14 0.68 0.14 13 0.68 0.15 13 0.64 0.16 9 0.80 0.15 9 0.39 0.23 7
SPAIN ESP 1.05 0.18 10 1.40 0.16 9 1.36 0.18 9 1.76 0.17 9 1.82 0.17 9 1.75 0.18 7 1.70 0.16 7 1.60 0.26 6
SRI LANKA LKA -0.36 0.16 12 -0.41 0.15 11 -0.33 0.17 11 -0.17 0.16 10 -0.06 0.16 10 -0.30 0.16 7 -0.25 0.16 5 -0.44 0.27 4
ST. KITTS AND NEVIS KNA 0.84 0.30 3 0.96 0.25 4 -0.08 0.30 4 -0.45 0.44 2 -0.27 0.47 2 0.04 0.44 1 -0.23 0.54 1 -0.19 0.48 1
ST. LUCIA LCA 1.00 0.30 3 1.07 0.25 4 0.21 0.30 4 0.12 0.44 2 0.01 0.47 2 0.13 0.44 1 -0.15 0.54 1 0.27 0.48 1
ST. VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES VCT 0.92 0.30 3 1.02 0.25 4 0.26 0.30 4 -0.17 0.44 2 -0.20 0.47 2 -0.04 0.44 1 -0.23 0.54 1 -0.39 0.48 1
SUDAN SDN -1.14 0.18 10 -1.28 0.17 10 -1.22 0.17 10 -1.19 0.17 9 -1.13 0.17 9 -1.15 0.19 6 -1.15 0.17 5 -1.49 0.28 3
SURINAME SUR -0.03 0.22 6 -0.04 0.23 5 -0.04 0.28 5 -0.18 0.27 4 -0.28 0.26 3 -0.15 0.28 2 -0.64 0.20 2 -0.89 0.68 1
SWAZILAND SWZ -0.70 0.20 8 -0.92 0.21 7 -0.82 0.22 7 -0.80 0.22 6 -0.45 0.23 5 -0.71 0.25 3 -0.67 0.18 3 -0.32 0.48 1
SWEDEN SWE 2.00 0.18 10 1.95 0.16 9 2.07 0.18 9 2.09 0.17 9 2.07 0.18 8 2.00 0.18 7 2.05 0.16 7 2.12 0.26 6
SWITZERLAND CHE 2.13 0.18 10 2.05 0.16 9 2.30 0.18 9 2.05 0.17 9 2.19 0.18 8 2.16 0.18 7 1.99 0.16 7 2.39 0.26 6
SYRIA SYR -1.03 0.19 9 -1.19 0.18 8 -1.05 0.19 8 -1.01 0.19 7 -0.89 0.19 7 -0.98 0.21 4 -0.88 0.17 4 -0.15 0.31 3
TAIWAN TWN 1.11 0.17 11 1.12 0.16 10 1.24 0.17 10 1.11 0.17 10 1.03 0.17 10 0.91 0.18 7 0.79 0.16 7 1.43 0.26 6
TAJIKISTAN TJK -1.06 0.17 12 -1.10 0.17 10 -1.12 0.21 9 -1.11 0.20 8 -1.13 0.20 8 -1.24 0.20 4 -1.49 0.18 3 -1.61 0.40 2
TANZANIA TZA -0.31 0.16 13 -0.35 0.15 12 -0.36 0.15 12 -0.33 0.15 11 -0.40 0.16 10 -0.42 0.19 6 -0.53 0.16 6 -0.84 0.27 4
THAILAND THA 0.29 0.16 13 0.39 0.15 12 0.30 0.16 12 0.24 0.16 11 0.20 0.16 11 0.09 0.17 8 0.09 0.15 8 0.44 0.23 7
TIMOR-LESTE TMP -0.71 0.24 5 -0.92 0.22 4 -0.77 0.31 3 -0.96 0.29 3 -0.92 0.30 2 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
TOGO TGO -1.60 0.18 11 -1.43 0.19 8 -1.44 0.21 8 -1.36 0.21 7 -1.30 0.21 6 -1.17 0.23 4 -0.68 0.18 4 -0.68 0.42 2
TONGA TON -0.64 0.25 4 -0.48 0.22 4 -0.68 0.29 4 -0.61 0.36 3 -0.50 0.35 3 -0.55 0.29 2 -0.47 0.54 1 -0.19 0.48 1
TUNISIA TUN 0.55 0.17 11 0.45 0.16 11 0.50 0.16 11 0.53 0.16 10 0.61 0.17 10 0.54 0.19 6 0.54 0.16 6 0.51 0.27 4
TURKEY TUR 0.23 0.16 14 0.21 0.15 13 0.07 0.16 13 0.11 0.16 12 0.00 0.16 12 -0.06 0.17 8 -0.22 0.15 8 -0.18 0.23 7
TUVALU TUV -0.28 0.27 3 -0.02 0.23 3 -1.04 0.32 3 -0.97 0.51 2 -0.24 0.47 2 0.54 0.37 1 .. .. .. .. .. ..
UGANDA UGA -0.50 0.16 13 -0.47 0.15 12 -0.43 0.15 12 -0.40 0.15 11 -0.54 0.16 10 -0.42 0.19 6 -0.50 0.16 6 -0.57 0.27 4
UKRAINE UKR -0.57 0.17 12 -0.41 0.15 11 -0.65 0.17 11 -0.56 0.16 11 -0.68 0.16 11 -0.66 0.17 7 -0.72 0.15 7 -0.66 0.25 5
URUGUAY URY 0.48 0.18 11 0.55 0.16 11 0.52 0.17 11 0.55 0.17 9 0.63 0.17 10 0.56 0.18 6 0.67 0.16 5 -0.08 0.27 4
UZBEKISTAN UZB -1.24 0.19 9 -1.21 0.17 9 -1.09 0.19 9 -1.08 0.17 9 -1.13 0.17 9 -0.97 0.22 4 -0.88 0.29 3 -0.99 0.28 3
VANUATU VUT -0.39 0.25 4 -0.32 0.22 4 -0.64 0.29 4 -0.89 0.36 3 -0.33 0.35 3 -0.62 0.29 2 -0.56 0.54 1 -0.19 0.48 1
VENEZUELA VEN -0.88 0.16 14 -0.84 0.15 13 -0.93 0.16 13 -0.99 0.16 11 -0.98 0.16 12 -0.72 0.17 8 -0.50 0.15 8 -0.98 0.23 7
VIETNAM VNM -0.37 0.15 13 -0.30 0.15 12 -0.41 0.16 12 -0.34 0.16 11 -0.40 0.16 11 -0.44 0.16 8 -0.55 0.15 7 -0.16 0.24 6
YEMEN YEM -0.93 0.19 10 -0.95 0.18 8 -0.92 0.19 8 -0.74 0.19 7 -0.79 0.19 7 -0.72 0.21 4 -0.64 0.17 4 -0.55 0.28 3
ZAMBIA ZMB -0.74 0.16 13 -0.91 0.16 11 -0.86 0.15 12 -0.80 0.15 11 -0.80 0.16 10 -0.96 0.19 6 -1.00 0.16 6 -0.59 0.27 4
ZIMBABWE ZWE -1.53 0.16 13 -1.53 0.15 12 -1.14 0.16 11 -1.13 0.16 10 -1.07 0.17 10 -0.98 0.18 7 -0.50 0.16 7 -0.44 0.25 5
84
TABLE C4: Regulatory Quality
2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996
AFGHANISTAN AFG -1.70 0.22 6 -1.64 0.22 5 -1.78 0.23 5 -1.80 0.25 3 -1.92 0.29 3 -2.66 0.38 2 -1.91 0.90 1 .. .. ..
ALBANIA ALB -0.14 0.18 11 -0.22 0.19 10 -0.19 0.19 9 -0.44 0.19 8 -0.25 0.22 8 -0.20 0.24 7 -0.29 0.37 6 0.11 0.35 5
ALGERIA DZA -0.61 0.17 10 -0.56 0.17 11 -0.54 0.17 11 -0.58 0.18 10 -0.67 0.20 9 -0.77 0.23 7 -1.13 0.32 7 -0.89 0.33 5
ANDORRA ADO 1.33 0.35 1 1.34 0.33 1 1.37 0.34 1 1.40 0.31 1 1.42 0.37 1 1.25 0.43 1 1.07 0.90 1 .. .. ..
ANGOLA AGO -1.20 0.17 11 -1.32 0.17 10 -1.21 0.17 10 -1.36 0.18 9 -1.48 0.21 8 -1.88 0.24 6 -1.96 0.32 7 -1.41 0.33 5
ANGUILLA AIA 1.33 0.35 1 1.09 0.33 1 0.87 0.34 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
ARGENTINA ARG -0.74 0.18 10 -0.65 0.17 11 -0.75 0.18 11 -0.67 0.17 10 -1.02 0.19 10 0.34 0.20 8 0.66 0.26 8 0.81 0.23 7
ARMENIA ARM 0.26 0.17 13 0.14 0.18 11 0.00 0.19 10 0.07 0.19 9 -0.03 0.21 9 -0.18 0.24 7 -0.74 0.37 6 -1.33 0.41 3
ARUBA ABW 0.84 0.35 1 0.85 0.33 1 0.73 0.34 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
AUSTRALIA AUS 1.67 0.20 8 1.60 0.20 8 1.71 0.20 8 1.60 0.19 8 1.44 0.22 7 1.63 0.22 7 1.38 0.27 7 1.11 0.23 6
AUSTRIA AUT 1.53 0.20 8 1.53 0.20 8 1.49 0.20 8 1.54 0.19 8 1.61 0.22 7 1.59 0.22 7 1.27 0.27 7 1.21 0.23 6
AZERBAIJAN AZE -0.44 0.17 13 -0.51 0.17 13 -0.56 0.17 12 -0.60 0.17 11 -0.71 0.19 11 -0.69 0.22 9 -0.84 0.33 7 -0.96 0.34 5
BAHAMAS BHS 1.08 0.28 3 1.08 0.27 3 1.11 0.27 3 1.14 0.26 3 1.30 0.29 3 1.15 0.35 3 0.97 0.57 3 0.50 0.55 2
BAHRAIN BHR 0.72 0.20 8 0.79 0.20 8 0.91 0.20 8 0.78 0.20 7 0.97 0.21 8 0.92 0.28 5 0.55 0.39 5 0.56 0.35 4
BANGLADESH BGD -0.87 0.18 11 -0.96 0.18 11 -1.05 0.18 11 -0.91 0.17 10 -0.95 0.20 10 -0.68 0.23 8 -0.51 0.36 6 -0.17 0.33 5
BARBADOS BRB 0.89 0.27 4 1.16 0.28 4 1.04 0.28 4 1.08 0.28 3 1.06 0.34 2 1.26 0.37 2 1.10 0.65 2 0.93 0.68 1
BELARUS BLR -1.60 0.18 10 -1.52 0.19 9 -1.50 0.19 9 -1.71 0.19 9 -1.75 0.22 8 -2.04 0.24 7 -2.22 0.37 6 -1.64 0.38 4
BELGIUM BEL 1.32 0.20 8 1.28 0.20 8 1.43 0.20 8 1.38 0.19 8 1.42 0.21 8 1.16 0.22 7 0.98 0.27 7 1.05 0.23 6
BELIZE BLZ -0.19 0.23 6 -0.03 0.25 5 -0.06 0.25 5 0.14 0.25 4 0.02 0.30 3 0.00 0.31 3 0.29 0.52 3 0.24 0.55 2
BENIN BEN -0.37 0.18 9 -0.45 0.19 8 -0.51 0.20 7 -0.53 0.22 6 -0.39 0.24 5 -0.11 0.27 4 0.26 0.43 4 0.17 0.55 2
BERMUDA BMU 1.33 0.35 1 1.34 0.33 1 1.39 0.34 1 1.40 0.31 1 1.42 0.37 1 1.49 0.43 1 0.67 0.90 1 .. .. ..
BHUTAN BTN -0.17 0.25 5 -0.16 0.26 5 -0.69 0.25 5 0.09 0.23 4 -0.40 0.31 3 -0.30 0.33 3 -0.02 0.63 2 0.12 0.73 1
BOLIVIA BOL -1.03 0.19 10 -0.57 0.18 10 -0.18 0.18 10 -0.03 0.18 9 0.00 0.20 9 0.17 0.23 7 0.35 0.30 7 0.83 0.33 5
BOTSWANA BWA 0.48 0.17 11 0.63 0.17 11 0.58 0.17 11 0.80 0.18 10 0.85 0.19 10 0.66 0.23 7 1.10 0.32 7 0.77 0.33 5
BRAZIL BRA 0.00 0.18 11 0.04 0.17 11 0.05 0.18 11 0.32 0.17 10 0.22 0.19 10 0.41 0.20 8 0.37 0.26 8 0.39 0.23 7
BRUNEI BRN 0.96 0.30 2 0.97 0.28 2 1.19 0.29 2 1.01 0.27 2 1.07 0.31 2 0.93 0.40 2 0.61 0.73 2 3.54 0.72 1
BULGARIA BGR 0.54 0.17 12 0.67 0.17 11 0.63 0.18 11 0.62 0.17 11 0.56 0.19 11 0.25 0.21 9 0.18 0.28 8 0.22 0.32 6
BURKINA FASO BFA -0.40 0.17 11 -0.44 0.18 8 -0.26 0.19 8 -0.27 0.20 7 -0.11 0.22 6 -0.09 0.26 5 0.03 0.41 5 -0.06 0.47 3
BURUNDI BDI -1.18 0.18 10 -1.23 0.19 7 -1.20 0.21 6 -1.27 0.22 5 -1.31 0.26 4 -1.16 0.29 3 -1.70 0.43 4 -1.54 0.55 2
CAMBODIA KHM -0.63 0.20 9 -0.48 0.19 9 -0.39 0.20 8 -0.32 0.19 7 -0.30 0.23 7 -0.17 0.27 5 -0.02 0.43 4 0.03 0.45 3
CAMEROON CMR -0.69 0.17 11 -0.71 0.17 11 -0.60 0.17 10 -0.77 0.18 10 -0.77 0.20 9 -0.45 0.23 7 -0.30 0.32 7 -0.75 0.33 5
CANADA CAN 1.53 0.20 8 1.52 0.20 8 1.63 0.20 8 1.53 0.19 8 1.58 0.21 8 1.49 0.22 7 1.32 0.27 7 1.02 0.23 6
CAPE VERDE CPV -0.21 0.21 6 -0.23 0.22 5 -0.30 0.22 5 -0.19 0.25 4 -0.20 0.27 4 0.08 0.33 3 -0.17 0.45 3 -0.39 0.55 2
CHAD TCD -1.15 0.18 9 -1.04 0.19 8 -0.87 0.19 8 -0.91 0.21 7 -0.84 0.24 6 -0.82 0.27 4 -0.77 0.43 4 -0.73 0.55 2
CHILE CHL 1.41 0.18 10 1.44 0.17 11 1.42 0.18 11 1.50 0.17 10 1.48 0.19 10 1.39 0.20 8 1.23 0.26 8 1.30 0.23 7
CHINA CHN -0.19 0.18 11 -0.28 0.17 11 -0.35 0.18 11 -0.44 0.17 10 -0.56 0.19 10 -0.28 0.20 8 0.09 0.26 8 0.20 0.23 7
COLOMBIA COL 0.10 0.18 11 0.04 0.17 11 -0.06 0.18 11 -0.02 0.17 10 0.07 0.19 10 0.15 0.20 8 0.08 0.26 8 0.59 0.23 7
COMOROS COM -1.52 0.23 4 -1.58 0.23 4 -1.51 0.23 4 -1.33 0.26 3 -1.08 0.29 3 -1.31 0.29 3 -1.06 0.49 3 -0.75 0.73 1
CONGO COG -1.19 0.19 9 -1.22 0.18 9 -0.98 0.20 7 -1.10 0.22 6 -1.08 0.24 6 -1.34 0.26 5 -1.52 0.41 5 -1.00 0.47 3
CONGO, DEM. REP. ZAR -1.51 0.18 9 -1.61 0.17 9 -1.73 0.17 9 -1.68 0.20 7 -1.71 0.22 7 -2.35 0.27 5 -2.99 0.36 6 -2.64 0.36 4
COOK ISLANDS COK 0.55 0.66 1 0.60 0.78 1 -0.07 0.65 1 -0.20 0.43 1 -0.05 0.76 1 0.04 0.78 1 .. .. .. .. .. ..
COSTA RICA CRI 0.44 0.19 10 0.62 0.18 10 0.51 0.18 10 0.54 0.18 9 0.48 0.20 9 0.76 0.23 7 0.89 0.30 7 0.62 0.28 6
COTE D'IVOIRE CIV -1.09 0.18 9 -1.00 0.17 9 -0.89 0.17 10 -0.71 0.18 9 -0.47 0.20 9 -0.40 0.23 7 0.14 0.32 7 -0.01 0.33 5
CROATIA HRV 0.35 0.17 12 0.51 0.17 12 0.46 0.17 12 0.39 0.17 11 0.30 0.19 11 0.05 0.22 8 0.14 0.33 7 0.23 0.34 5
CUBA CUB -1.80 0.21 7 -1.72 0.20 8 -1.46 0.20 8 -1.33 0.20 7 -1.29 0.22 7 -1.21 0.28 5 -1.05 0.39 5 -0.86 0.35 4
CYPRUS CYP 1.24 0.23 6 1.30 0.22 6 1.25 0.22 6 1.21 0.22 5 1.23 0.24 5 1.10 0.28 5 1.11 0.39 5 1.26 0.35 4
DENMARK DNK 1.81 0.20 8 1.69 0.20 8 1.79 0.20 8 1.82 0.19 8 1.73 0.22 7 1.64 0.22 7 1.46 0.27 7 1.30 0.23 6
DJIBOUTI DJI -0.93 0.22 5 -0.82 0.22 5 -0.75 0.22 5 -0.77 0.25 4 -0.64 0.27 4 -0.80 0.27 4 -0.98 0.43 4 -0.06 0.55 2
DOMINICA DMA 0.90 0.30 2 0.64 0.28 3 0.59 0.28 3 0.77 0.28 2 0.70 0.32 2 0.55 0.34 2 -0.14 0.63 2 -0.20 0.73 1
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC DOM -0.12 0.19 10 -0.27 0.18 10 -0.29 0.18 10 -0.20 0.18 9 -0.11 0.20 9 -0.01 0.25 6 0.09 0.41 5 -0.02 0.40 4
ECUADOR ECU -1.06 0.19 10 -0.83 0.18 10 -0.59 0.18 10 -0.53 0.18 9 -0.57 0.20 9 -0.42 0.23 7 -0.05 0.30 7 0.12 0.33 5
EGYPT EGY -0.44 0.17 11 -0.47 0.17 11 -0.43 0.17 11 -0.48 0.18 10 -0.46 0.19 10 -0.28 0.21 8 -0.02 0.28 8 0.17 0.28 6
EL SALVADOR SLV 0.13 0.19 9 0.11 0.19 9 0.14 0.19 9 -0.03 0.19 8 0.06 0.21 8 0.22 0.24 6 0.74 0.33 6 0.71 0.32 5
ERITREA ERI -1.87 0.19 7 -1.74 0.20 6 -1.47 0.21 6 -1.31 0.22 5 -1.07 0.26 4 -0.81 0.29 3 -0.40 0.49 3 -0.12 0.73 1
ESTONIA EST 1.42 0.18 11 1.43 0.17 12 1.41 0.17 12 1.42 0.16 12 1.41 0.18 12 1.29 0.19 10 1.39 0.33 7 1.37 0.34 5
ETHIOPIA ETH -0.82 0.17 10 -1.00 0.17 10 -0.93 0.17 10 -1.10 0.18 9 -1.12 0.20 8 -1.17 0.24 6 -1.00 0.36 6 -1.74 0.40 4
FIJI FJI -0.38 0.28 3 -0.41 0.27 3 -0.65 0.27 3 -0.40 0.26 3 -0.03 0.30 3 -0.60 0.31 3 -0.12 0.52 3 -0.37 0.55 2
FINLAND FIN 1.70 0.20 8 1.75 0.20 8 1.82 0.20 8 1.91 0.19 8 1.89 0.21 8 1.88 0.22 7 1.67 0.27 7 1.18 0.23 6
FRANCE FRA 1.06 0.20 8 1.06 0.20 8 1.16 0.20 8 1.20 0.19 8 1.04 0.21 8 0.95 0.22 7 0.74 0.27 7 0.84 0.23 6
GABON GAB -0.45 0.19 9 -0.36 0.18 9 -0.49 0.18 9 -0.17 0.19 8 -0.17 0.21 8 -0.09 0.23 7 0.42 0.36 6 -0.07 0.40 4
85
TABLE C4: Regulatory Quality (cont.)
2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996
GAMBIA GMB -0.38 0.19 8 -0.47 0.20 7 -0.36 0.20 7 -0.47 0.22 6 -0.54 0.25 5 -0.23 0.26 5 0.05 0.41 5 -1.66 0.47 3
GEORGIA GEO -0.22 0.18 11 -0.54 0.19 10 -0.57 0.19 10 -0.74 0.20 8 -0.80 0.23 8 -0.47 0.25 6 -0.81 0.38 5 -1.16 0.38 4
GERMANY DEU 1.39 0.20 8 1.36 0.20 8 1.42 0.20 8 1.52 0.19 8 1.56 0.21 8 1.54 0.22 7 1.07 0.27 7 1.12 0.23 6
GHANA GHA -0.09 0.18 10 -0.12 0.17 11 -0.41 0.17 11 -0.31 0.18 10 -0.38 0.20 9 0.01 0.23 7 -0.02 0.32 7 0.19 0.33 5
GREECE GRC 0.79 0.20 8 0.86 0.20 8 0.87 0.20 8 1.05 0.19 8 1.01 0.21 8 0.89 0.22 7 0.84 0.27 7 0.77 0.23 6
GRENADA GRD 0.44 0.28 3 0.30 0.28 3 0.18 0.28 3 0.37 0.28 2 0.38 0.32 2 0.42 0.34 2 0.39 0.63 2 -0.12 0.73 1
GUAM GUM 0.60 0.35 1 0.60 0.33 1 0.68 0.34 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
GUATEMALA GTM -0.09 0.19 10 -0.28 0.19 9 -0.13 0.19 9 -0.24 0.19 8 -0.10 0.21 8 -0.04 0.24 6 0.36 0.41 5 0.19 0.32 5
GUINEA GIN -1.05 0.18 10 -0.89 0.18 8 -1.10 0.19 8 -1.11 0.20 7 -0.92 0.22 7 -0.54 0.26 5 0.00 0.41 5 0.15 0.47 3
GUINEA-BISSAU GNB -1.06 0.21 6 -1.11 0.20 6 -1.14 0.20 6 -0.91 0.23 5 -0.97 0.25 5 -1.24 0.26 5 -1.68 0.41 5 0.18 0.57 2
GUYANA GUY -0.48 0.20 8 -0.39 0.22 7 -0.25 0.23 6 -0.23 0.23 5 -0.43 0.26 4 -0.17 0.30 4 0.17 0.48 4 0.24 0.47 3
HAITI HTI -0.82 0.21 7 -1.24 0.20 7 -1.35 0.21 7 -1.09 0.21 7 -1.03 0.23 6 -0.97 0.30 4 -1.12 0.48 4 -1.07 0.47 3
HONDURAS HND -0.44 0.19 10 -0.43 0.19 9 -0.36 0.19 9 -0.51 0.19 8 -0.37 0.21 8 -0.23 0.24 6 0.29 0.41 5 -0.30 0.32 5
HONG KONG HKG 1.95 0.20 8 1.86 0.20 8 1.83 0.20 8 1.72 0.19 8 1.54 0.21 8 1.69 0.22 7 1.78 0.27 7 1.59 0.23 6
HUNGARY HUN 1.10 0.17 12 1.11 0.17 12 1.13 0.17 12 1.15 0.16 12 1.26 0.18 12 0.94 0.19 10 1.12 0.25 9 0.66 0.22 8
ICELAND ISL 1.62 0.21 7 1.65 0.23 6 1.69 0.23 6 1.63 0.22 6 1.44 0.24 5 1.47 0.25 5 1.00 0.31 5 0.42 0.27 4
INDIA IND -0.15 0.18 11 -0.24 0.17 11 -0.38 0.18 11 -0.36 0.17 10 -0.35 0.19 10 -0.13 0.20 8 -0.28 0.26 8 0.02 0.23 7
INDONESIA IDN -0.26 0.17 12 -0.48 0.17 12 -0.50 0.17 12 -0.61 0.16 11 -0.68 0.19 11 -0.33 0.20 9 0.02 0.26 8 0.43 0.23 7
IRAN IRN -1.51 0.20 9 -1.48 0.19 9 -1.17 0.19 9 -1.12 0.19 8 -1.29 0.21 8 -1.54 0.28 5 -1.72 0.39 5 -1.73 0.35 4
IRAQ IRQ -1.46 0.22 6 -1.59 0.21 6 -1.60 0.21 6 -1.41 0.20 6 -2.20 0.23 6 -2.40 0.28 5 -2.90 0.39 5 -2.99 0.35 4
IRELAND IRL 1.75 0.20 8 1.59 0.20 8 1.63 0.20 8 1.67 0.19 8 1.73 0.22 7 1.78 0.22 7 1.59 0.27 7 1.31 0.23 6
ISRAEL ISR 0.91 0.20 8 0.82 0.20 8 0.82 0.20 8 0.92 0.19 8 0.95 0.21 8 1.14 0.22 7 0.92 0.27 7 1.07 0.23 6
ITALY ITA 0.84 0.20 8 0.88 0.20 8 1.05 0.20 8 1.04 0.19 8 0.95 0.21 8 0.86 0.22 7 0.81 0.27 7 0.68 0.23 6
JAMAICA JAM 0.25 0.19 9 0.26 0.19 9 0.16 0.19 9 0.19 0.19 8 0.25 0.21 8 0.22 0.24 6 0.35 0.41 5 0.52 0.40 4
JAPAN JPN 1.27 0.20 8 1.14 0.20 8 1.09 0.20 8 0.98 0.19 8 0.56 0.21 8 0.74 0.22 7 0.54 0.27 7 0.56 0.23 6
JORDAN JOR 0.41 0.18 11 0.25 0.17 11 0.32 0.18 11 0.21 0.17 10 0.12 0.20 9 0.30 0.23 7 0.69 0.30 7 0.27 0.28 6
KAZAKHSTAN KAZ -0.42 0.17 12 -0.47 0.17 12 -0.63 0.18 11 -0.66 0.18 10 -0.78 0.20 10 -0.67 0.21 9 -0.28 0.33 7 -0.35 0.37 4
KENYA KEN -0.21 0.17 11 -0.25 0.17 11 -0.18 0.17 11 -0.13 0.18 10 -0.24 0.20 9 -0.32 0.23 7 -0.47 0.32 7 -0.28 0.33 5
KIRIBATI KIR -1.01 0.28 3 -1.00 0.28 3 -0.59 0.28 3 -0.97 0.35 2 -1.14 0.50 2 -1.04 0.47 2 -1.00 0.71 1 -0.36 0.73 1
KOREA, NORTH PRK -2.51 0.22 6 -2.24 0.21 6 -2.19 0.21 6 -2.02 0.23 4 -1.92 0.26 4 -2.15 0.35 3 -0.96 0.57 3 -2.25 0.55 2
KOREA, SOUTH KOR 0.70 0.18 10 0.77 0.18 10 0.75 0.18 10 0.66 0.17 10 0.76 0.19 10 0.56 0.20 8 0.40 0.26 8 0.52 0.23 6
KUWAIT KWT 0.51 0.22 7 0.54 0.22 7 0.60 0.22 6 0.38 0.21 6 0.38 0.23 7 -0.05 0.28 5 -0.44 0.39 5 -0.01 0.35 4
KYRGYZSTAN KGZ -0.57 0.18 12 -0.66 0.19 11 -0.16 0.19 10 -0.25 0.19 9 -0.19 0.23 9 -0.33 0.24 7 -0.49 0.38 5 -0.46 0.42 3
LAOS LAO -1.09 0.20 9 -1.19 0.21 8 -1.19 0.22 7 -1.30 0.20 6 -1.26 0.25 6 -1.32 0.30 4 -1.20 0.52 3 -1.37 0.55 2
LATVIA LVA 1.06 0.18 11 1.03 0.17 11 1.04 0.18 11 1.06 0.17 11 0.94 0.19 11 0.68 0.21 8 0.97 0.33 7 0.88 0.34 5
LEBANON LBN -0.09 0.20 9 -0.19 0.19 9 -0.17 0.19 9 -0.20 0.19 8 -0.37 0.20 9 -0.30 0.25 6 0.02 0.36 6 0.08 0.33 5
LESOTHO LSO -0.62 0.19 9 -0.61 0.21 7 -0.58 0.21 7 -0.57 0.23 6 -0.36 0.26 5 -0.37 0.27 4 -0.41 0.43 4 -0.71 0.55 2
LIBERIA LBR -1.64 0.22 4 -1.63 0.21 4 -1.88 0.21 5 -1.76 0.23 4 -1.77 0.25 4 -1.79 0.28 4 -2.42 0.45 4 -3.17 0.57 2
LIBYA LBY -1.40 0.21 7 -1.27 0.20 7 -1.25 0.20 7 -1.60 0.20 7 -1.65 0.22 7 -1.81 0.28 5 -2.39 0.39 5 -2.13 0.35 4
LITHUANIA LTU 1.02 0.18 10 1.14 0.17 11 1.18 0.18 11 1.12 0.17 11 1.10 0.19 11 0.67 0.21 9 0.73 0.33 7 0.69 0.34 5
LUXEMBOURG LUX 1.79 0.21 7 1.82 0.23 6 1.96 0.23 6 1.96 0.22 6 2.01 0.25 5 2.00 0.25 5 1.48 0.31 5 1.31 0.27 4
MACAO MAC 1.09 0.35 1 1.09 0.33 1 1.54 0.34 1 1.15 0.31 1 0.68 0.37 1 0.51 0.43 1 0.27 0.90 1 .. .. ..
MACEDONIA MKD -0.06 0.18 11 -0.14 0.18 11 -0.11 0.18 11 -0.21 0.18 10 -0.15 0.21 8 -0.14 0.26 4 -0.24 0.42 4 -0.18 0.50 3
MADAGASCAR MDG -0.28 0.17 11 -0.32 0.18 9 -0.27 0.18 9 -0.19 0.20 8 -0.29 0.22 6 -0.56 0.26 5 -0.64 0.41 5 -0.57 0.47 3
MALAWI MWI -0.64 0.17 11 -0.57 0.17 10 -0.52 0.17 10 -0.46 0.18 9 -0.53 0.20 8 -0.24 0.24 6 -0.01 0.36 6 -0.17 0.40 4
MALAYSIA MYS 0.67 0.18 11 0.49 0.17 11 0.57 0.18 11 0.64 0.17 10 0.47 0.19 10 0.40 0.20 8 0.59 0.26 8 0.82 0.23 7
MALDIVES MDV 0.26 0.27 4 0.33 0.27 4 -0.06 0.26 4 0.48 0.24 3 0.66 0.31 3 0.62 0.33 3 0.68 0.63 2 0.28 0.73 1
MALI MLI -0.41 0.18 10 -0.47 0.18 9 -0.46 0.18 9 -0.45 0.20 8 -0.39 0.22 7 -0.18 0.26 5 0.16 0.41 5 0.19 0.47 3
MALTA MLT 1.22 0.23 6 1.21 0.25 5 1.30 0.25 5 1.28 0.24 5 1.06 0.29 3 1.09 0.35 3 1.13 0.57 3 0.86 0.55 2
MARTINIQUE MTQ 0.84 0.35 1 0.85 0.33 1 0.78 0.34 1 0.91 0.31 1 0.93 0.37 1 1.00 0.43 1 0.27 0.90 1 .. .. ..
MAURITANIA MRT -0.24 0.20 8 -0.16 0.21 6 -0.04 0.22 6 -0.11 0.24 5 0.22 0.27 4 -0.38 0.27 4 -0.58 0.43 4 -0.69 0.55 2
MAURITIUS MUS 0.58 0.18 9 0.41 0.18 8 0.40 0.20 7 0.65 0.21 6 0.59 0.24 6 0.61 0.26 5 0.54 0.32 5 0.29 0.54 2
MEXICO MEX 0.43 0.18 11 0.35 0.17 11 0.44 0.18 11 0.40 0.17 10 0.48 0.19 10 0.39 0.20 8 0.67 0.26 8 0.65 0.23 7
MICRONESIA FSM 0.15 0.28 3 0.14 0.28 3 -0.04 0.28 3 -0.58 0.35 2 -0.69 0.50 2 -0.82 0.47 2 -0.73 0.71 1 .. .. ..
MOLDOVA MDA -0.36 0.17 12 -0.48 0.17 12 -0.63 0.18 11 -0.58 0.18 10 -0.44 0.20 9 -0.42 0.22 8 -0.24 0.33 7 0.17 0.34 5
MONGOLIA MNG -0.31 0.18 11 -0.33 0.20 9 -0.39 0.20 8 -0.36 0.19 7 -0.07 0.23 6 -0.04 0.29 5 0.17 0.48 4 -0.69 0.47 3
MONTENEGRO MNP -0.40 0.20 7 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
MOROCCO MAR -0.15 0.17 11 -0.32 0.17 11 -0.18 0.17 11 -0.16 0.18 10 -0.09 0.19 10 0.00 0.23 7 0.14 0.32 7 0.22 0.33 5
MOZAMBIQUE MOZ -0.49 0.17 11 -0.58 0.17 11 -0.38 0.17 11 -0.39 0.18 10 -0.29 0.20 8 -0.21 0.24 6 -0.18 0.36 6 -0.93 0.40 4
MYANMAR MMR -2.24 0.21 8 -2.26 0.20 8 -2.32 0.20 8 -2.03 0.20 7 -2.06 0.22 7 -1.89 0.28 5 -1.50 0.39 5 -1.09 0.35 4
NAMIBIA NAM 0.16 0.17 10 0.07 0.17 11 0.23 0.17 11 0.31 0.18 10 0.44 0.19 10 0.25 0.24 6 0.41 0.36 6 0.08 0.40 4
NEPAL NPL -0.56 0.19 10 -0.61 0.20 9 -0.64 0.20 8 -0.54 0.20 6 -0.57 0.25 6 -0.61 0.30 4 -0.62 0.52 3 -0.64 0.55 2
NETHERLANDS NLD 1.65 0.20 8 1.71 0.20 8 1.81 0.20 8 1.78 0.19 8 1.89 0.21 8 1.99 0.22 7 1.74 0.27 7 1.36 0.23 6
NEW CALEDONIA NCL 0.03 0.68 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.41 0.72 1
NEW ZEALAND NZL 1.68 0.20 8 1.69 0.20 8 1.81 0.20 8 1.72 0.19 8 1.62 0.22 7 1.54 0.22 7 1.81 0.27 7 1.60 0.23 6
NICARAGUA NIC -0.48 0.19 10 -0.33 0.19 9 -0.27 0.19 9 -0.34 0.19 8 -0.39 0.21 8 -0.04 0.24 6 0.25 0.41 5 -0.04 0.32 5
86
TABLE C4: Regulatory Quality (cont.)
2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996
NIGER NER -0.56 0.18 9 -0.48 0.18 8 -0.60 0.19 8 -0.69 0.20 7 -0.63 0.22 6 -0.61 0.26 5 -0.55 0.41 5 -1.13 0.47 3
NIGERIA NGA -0.89 0.17 11 -0.92 0.17 11 -1.28 0.17 11 -1.12 0.18 10 -1.18 0.19 10 -0.65 0.21 8 -0.81 0.32 7 -1.12 0.33 5
NORWAY NOR 1.34 0.20 8 1.46 0.20 8 1.53 0.20 8 1.37 0.19 8 1.26 0.22 7 1.01 0.22 7 1.18 0.27 7 1.14 0.23 6
OMAN OMN 0.75 0.23 6 0.67 0.22 6 0.66 0.22 6 0.68 0.21 6 0.73 0.23 7 0.20 0.28 5 0.03 0.39 5 0.13 0.35 4
PAKISTAN PAK -0.39 0.18 11 -0.61 0.18 11 -0.88 0.18 11 -0.74 0.17 10 -0.81 0.21 9 -0.72 0.25 7 -0.51 0.36 6 -0.31 0.33 5
PANAMA PAN 0.33 0.19 10 0.27 0.18 10 0.31 0.19 9 0.37 0.20 8 0.51 0.22 8 0.71 0.23 7 0.95 0.36 6 0.62 0.33 5
PARAGUAY PRY -0.68 0.19 9 -0.79 0.19 9 -0.64 0.19 9 -0.63 0.19 8 -0.55 0.21 8 -0.83 0.24 6 -0.50 0.41 5 0.83 0.40 4
PERU PER 0.11 0.19 10 0.10 0.18 10 0.13 0.18 10 0.12 0.18 9 0.11 0.20 9 0.50 0.23 7 0.69 0.30 7 0.69 0.28 6
PHILIPPINES PHL -0.06 0.18 11 -0.04 0.17 11 -0.29 0.18 11 -0.05 0.17 10 -0.06 0.19 10 0.16 0.20 8 0.52 0.26 8 0.64 0.23 7
POLAND POL 0.64 0.17 12 0.79 0.17 12 0.75 0.17 12 0.62 0.16 12 0.65 0.18 12 0.65 0.19 10 0.72 0.25 9 0.57 0.22 8
PORTUGAL PRT 1.00 0.20 8 1.19 0.20 8 1.21 0.20 8 1.25 0.19 8 1.28 0.22 7 0.98 0.22 7 1.22 0.27 7 1.10 0.23 6
PUERTO RICO PRI 0.95 0.30 3 1.00 0.29 3 0.84 0.30 3 1.10 0.28 3 1.23 0.34 2 1.28 0.38 2 0.93 0.58 2 0.98 0.51 1
QATAR QAT 0.45 0.22 7 0.33 0.22 7 0.31 0.22 6 0.28 0.21 6 0.27 0.24 6 0.11 0.28 5 0.21 0.39 5 0.38 0.39 3
REUNION REU 1.09 0.35 1 1.09 0.33 1 1.16 0.34 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
ROMANIA ROM 0.37 0.17 12 0.17 0.17 13 0.13 0.17 13 -0.10 0.16 12 0.03 0.19 11 -0.18 0.21 9 0.36 0.33 7 -0.24 0.32 6
RUSSIA RUS -0.45 0.17 12 -0.33 0.17 12 -0.26 0.17 12 -0.38 0.16 12 -0.44 0.18 12 -0.80 0.19 10 -0.46 0.25 9 -0.38 0.22 8
RWANDA RWA -0.64 0.19 7 -0.80 0.20 6 -0.56 0.20 6 -0.71 0.22 5 -0.75 0.24 5 -1.04 0.27 4 -1.22 0.43 4 -1.75 0.55 2
SAMOA SAM -0.03 0.28 3 0.03 0.28 3 -0.07 0.28 3 -0.07 0.24 3 -0.08 0.31 3 -0.09 0.30 4 -0.06 0.52 3 -0.19 0.55 2
SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE STP -0.77 0.22 5 -0.85 0.23 4 -0.84 0.23 4 -0.62 0.26 3 -0.47 0.29 3 -0.85 0.29 3 -0.95 0.49 3 -0.36 0.73 1
SAUDI ARABIA SAU -0.02 0.21 7 0.02 0.20 7 -0.02 0.20 7 -0.01 0.20 7 -0.09 0.21 8 -0.09 0.28 5 -0.02 0.39 5 -0.35 0.35 4
SENEGAL SEN -0.29 0.18 10 -0.32 0.17 9 -0.24 0.17 9 -0.23 0.18 9 -0.23 0.20 8 -0.06 0.24 6 -0.16 0.36 6 -0.31 0.40 4
SERBIA YUG -0.37 0.18 10 -0.51 0.18 10 -0.50 0.18 10 -0.63 0.18 10 -0.61 0.20 10 -0.68 0.33 3 -1.37 0.52 3 -1.28 0.49 3
SEYCHELLES SYC -0.63 0.22 5 -0.68 0.20 6 -0.70 0.20 6 -0.32 0.25 4 -0.67 0.29 3 -0.71 0.29 3 -0.73 0.49 3 -1.23 0.73 1
SIERRA LEONE SLE -1.12 0.19 8 -1.04 0.19 7 -1.14 0.19 7 -1.26 0.21 6 -1.30 0.22 6 -1.37 0.28 4 -1.44 0.41 5 -0.81 0.47 3
SINGAPORE SGP 1.85 0.19 9 1.80 0.19 9 1.87 0.19 9 1.82 0.18 9 1.87 0.20 9 2.03 0.22 7 1.93 0.27 7 1.74 0.23 6
SLOVAKIA SVK 1.08 0.17 12 1.17 0.17 12 1.17 0.17 12 0.97 0.16 12 0.90 0.18 12 0.31 0.21 9 0.21 0.29 7 0.36 0.27 7
SLOVENIA SVN 0.78 0.18 11 0.81 0.18 11 0.92 0.18 11 0.90 0.16 12 0.84 0.18 12 0.64 0.19 10 1.09 0.33 7 0.86 0.34 5
SOLOMON ISLANDS SLB -1.13 0.28 3 -1.07 0.28 3 -1.39 0.28 3 -2.36 0.35 2 -1.91 0.50 2 -1.63 0.47 2 -1.13 0.71 1 -1.31 0.73 1
SOMALIA SOM -2.70 0.22 4 -2.36 0.20 5 -2.29 0.21 5 -2.16 0.23 4 -2.14 0.27 3 -2.48 0.33 3 -2.63 0.48 4 -2.97 0.47 3
SOUTH AFRICA ZAF 0.68 0.17 11 0.51 0.16 12 0.52 0.16 12 0.59 0.17 11 0.57 0.18 11 0.47 0.19 9 0.20 0.24 9 0.17 0.23 7
SPAIN ESP 1.06 0.20 8 1.24 0.20 8 1.31 0.20 8 1.30 0.19 8 1.34 0.21 8 1.33 0.22 7 1.20 0.27 7 0.95 0.23 6
SRI LANKA LKA -0.11 0.18 11 -0.19 0.18 11 0.00 0.18 11 0.10 0.17 10 0.22 0.20 10 0.19 0.23 8 0.26 0.36 6 0.41 0.33 5
ST. KITTS AND NEVIS KNA 1.00 0.30 2 1.02 0.28 3 0.06 0.28 3 0.16 0.53 1 0.13 0.56 1 0.20 0.51 1 0.46 0.71 1 -0.12 0.73 1
ST. LUCIA LCA 1.08 0.30 2 1.02 0.28 3 0.15 0.28 3 0.16 0.53 1 0.13 0.56 1 0.20 0.51 1 0.46 0.71 1 -0.12 0.73 1
ST. VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES VCT 0.90 0.30 2 0.98 0.28 3 0.14 0.28 3 0.16 0.53 1 0.13 0.56 1 0.20 0.51 1 0.33 0.71 1 -0.20 0.73 1
SUDAN SDN -1.15 0.18 9 -1.24 0.17 9 -1.11 0.17 9 -1.20 0.18 8 -1.20 0.21 8 -1.31 0.24 6 -1.49 0.36 6 -1.98 0.40 4
SURINAME SUR -0.36 0.23 6 -0.51 0.25 5 -0.53 0.25 5 -0.48 0.25 4 -0.71 0.29 3 -0.63 0.35 3 -0.51 0.57 3 -0.53 0.55 2
SWAZILAND SWZ -0.52 0.20 8 -0.61 0.21 7 -0.63 0.21 7 -0.56 0.23 6 -0.25 0.26 5 -0.46 0.27 4 -0.25 0.43 4 0.20 0.55 2
SWEDEN SWE 1.44 0.20 8 1.52 0.20 8 1.73 0.20 8 1.69 0.19 8 1.63 0.22 7 1.43 0.22 7 1.17 0.27 7 1.15 0.23 6
SWITZERLAND CHE 1.45 0.20 8 1.47 0.20 8 1.58 0.20 8 1.62 0.19 8 1.70 0.22 7 1.74 0.22 7 1.39 0.27 7 1.18 0.23 6
SYRIA SYR -1.24 0.20 9 -1.14 0.20 8 -0.81 0.20 8 -0.77 0.20 7 -0.93 0.22 7 -1.12 0.28 5 -1.33 0.39 5 -0.91 0.35 4
TAIWAN TWN 0.94 0.19 9 1.08 0.19 9 1.08 0.19 9 0.92 0.18 9 0.97 0.20 9 1.07 0.22 7 1.17 0.27 7 0.88 0.23 6
TAJIKISTAN TJK -0.98 0.18 12 -1.02 0.19 11 -1.06 0.19 10 -1.12 0.19 9 -1.29 0.23 9 -1.28 0.25 6 -1.99 0.38 5 -2.26 0.42 3
TANZANIA TZA -0.40 0.17 11 -0.45 0.17 11 -0.41 0.17 11 -0.40 0.18 10 -0.54 0.20 9 -0.22 0.23 7 -0.22 0.32 7 -0.02 0.33 5
THAILAND THA 0.37 0.18 11 0.40 0.17 11 0.13 0.18 11 0.25 0.17 10 0.16 0.19 10 0.48 0.20 8 0.33 0.26 8 0.59 0.23 7
TIMOR-LESTE TMP -1.47 0.26 4 -1.11 0.30 3 -1.12 0.29 3 -1.41 0.26 2 -1.28 0.37 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
TOGO TGO -0.89 0.18 10 -0.87 0.18 8 -0.80 0.19 8 -0.75 0.20 7 -0.74 0.22 6 -0.63 0.26 5 -0.43 0.41 5 0.43 0.57 2
TONGA TON -0.78 0.28 3 -0.72 0.28 3 -0.77 0.28 3 -1.06 0.35 2 -1.24 0.50 2 -0.47 0.47 2 -1.13 0.71 1 -0.12 0.73 1
TUNISIA TUN 0.23 0.17 11 -0.10 0.17 11 0.09 0.17 11 0.06 0.18 10 -0.06 0.19 10 0.02 0.23 7 0.21 0.32 7 0.55 0.33 5
TURKEY TUR 0.21 0.18 12 0.16 0.17 12 0.08 0.18 12 0.12 0.17 11 0.08 0.19 11 0.22 0.20 9 0.68 0.26 8 0.58 0.23 7
TUVALU TUV -0.79 0.32 2 -0.50 0.32 2 -0.05 0.31 2 0.06 0.43 1 0.35 0.76 1 0.51 0.78 1 .. .. .. .. .. ..
UGANDA UGA -0.18 0.17 11 0.07 0.17 11 -0.11 0.17 11 -0.06 0.18 10 -0.04 0.20 9 0.02 0.23 7 0.24 0.32 7 0.33 0.33 5
UKRAINE UKR -0.47 0.18 11 -0.29 0.17 11 -0.53 0.18 11 -0.65 0.17 11 -0.64 0.19 11 -0.73 0.21 9 -0.79 0.28 8 -0.50 0.28 6
URUGUAY URY 0.31 0.19 9 0.28 0.18 10 0.32 0.18 10 0.34 0.18 9 0.55 0.20 9 0.80 0.23 7 0.98 0.36 6 0.87 0.33 5
UZBEKISTAN UZB -1.66 0.19 10 -1.73 0.19 10 -1.63 0.19 10 -1.51 0.17 10 -1.59 0.21 10 -1.96 0.25 7 -2.22 0.35 5 -1.78 0.37 4
VANUATU VUT -0.12 0.28 3 0.01 0.28 3 -0.44 0.28 3 -1.28 0.35 2 -1.22 0.50 2 -0.73 0.47 2 -0.33 0.71 1 -0.04 0.73 1
VENEZUELA VEN -1.35 0.18 11 -1.24 0.17 11 -1.19 0.18 11 -1.11 0.17 10 -0.59 0.19 10 -0.43 0.20 8 -0.05 0.26 8 -0.14 0.23 7
VIETNAM VNM -0.49 0.18 11 -0.57 0.18 11 -0.53 0.18 11 -0.56 0.17 10 -0.71 0.20 10 -0.63 0.23 8 -0.33 0.30 7 -0.19 0.28 6
YEMEN YEM -0.68 0.20 9 -0.78 0.19 8 -1.02 0.19 8 -0.91 0.19 7 -0.82 0.21 7 -0.67 0.27 5 -0.82 0.41 5 -0.44 0.40 4
ZAMBIA ZMB -0.56 0.17 11 -0.59 0.17 10 -0.62 0.17 11 -0.58 0.18 10 -0.60 0.20 9 -0.17 0.23 7 0.40 0.32 7 0.36 0.33 5
ZIMBABWE ZWE -2.21 0.17 11 -2.36 0.17 11 -2.22 0.17 11 -2.21 0.18 10 -2.03 0.19 10 -1.49 0.21 8 -0.71 0.28 8 -0.73 0.28 6
87
TABLE C5: Rule of Law
2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996
AFGHANISTAN AFG -2.00 0.19 10 -1.83 0.20 8 -1.82 0.18 8 -1.80 0.21 6 -1.78 0.23 4 -2.02 0.24 3 -1.71 0.32 2 -1.34 0.77 1
ALBANIA ALB -0.70 0.15 14 -0.80 0.16 12 -0.90 0.16 11 -1.01 0.17 10 -0.94 0.17 10 -1.11 0.18 9 -1.23 0.21 7 -0.12 0.28 5
ALGERIA DZA -0.63 0.14 15 -0.73 0.14 15 -0.69 0.14 15 -0.71 0.14 12 -0.75 0.15 11 -1.08 0.15 9 -1.17 0.18 9 -1.21 0.23 6
ANDORRA ADO 1.19 0.35 2 1.18 0.32 2 1.29 0.29 2 1.23 0.29 2 1.49 0.31 1 1.53 0.29 1 1.54 0.33 1 .. .. ..
ANGOLA AGO -1.29 0.14 16 -1.41 0.15 14 -1.36 0.14 14 -1.43 0.15 12 -1.46 0.15 11 -1.61 0.16 9 -1.56 0.18 9 -1.53 0.23 6
ANGUILLA AIA 1.68 0.36 1 1.67 0.34 1 1.17 0.30 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
ARGENTINA ARG -0.58 0.13 17 -0.54 0.13 17 -0.71 0.13 17 -0.65 0.13 16 -0.89 0.13 14 -0.04 0.13 12 0.03 0.16 12 0.12 0.19 10
ARMENIA ARM -0.52 0.13 19 -0.46 0.15 15 -0.56 0.14 14 -0.44 0.15 13 -0.46 0.16 12 -0.50 0.17 9 -0.42 0.19 8 -0.45 0.26 5
ARUBA ABW 0.88 0.36 1 0.88 0.34 1 0.94 0.30 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
AUSTRALIA AUS 1.81 0.14 13 1.74 0.14 13 1.82 0.14 13 1.83 0.14 13 1.77 0.14 10 1.74 0.14 10 1.77 0.16 10 1.83 0.19 9
AUSTRIA AUT 1.87 0.14 13 1.83 0.14 12 1.81 0.14 12 1.81 0.14 12 1.84 0.14 11 1.83 0.14 11 1.83 0.16 10 1.86 0.19 9
AZERBAIJAN AZE -0.86 0.13 19 -0.81 0.13 17 -0.83 0.13 16 -0.84 0.14 15 -0.88 0.14 13 -1.06 0.14 11 -1.02 0.17 9 -0.94 0.21 6
BAHAMAS BHS 1.22 0.27 4 1.32 0.26 4 1.32 0.25 4 1.32 0.24 4 1.31 0.26 3 1.25 0.25 3 1.21 0.28 3 0.74 0.51 2
BAHRAIN BHR 0.62 0.15 12 0.70 0.15 12 0.83 0.15 12 0.75 0.15 11 0.76 0.15 11 0.57 0.16 8 0.65 0.19 7 0.16 0.23 6
BANGLADESH BGD -0.86 0.14 16 -0.87 0.14 15 -0.93 0.14 15 -0.88 0.14 13 -0.78 0.14 13 -0.80 0.14 11 -0.85 0.18 8 -0.78 0.23 6
BARBADOS BRB 1.00 0.21 5 1.12 0.25 5 1.21 0.24 5 1.31 0.24 4 1.39 0.27 2 1.35 0.26 2 1.19 0.30 2 -0.24 0.62 1
BELARUS BLR -1.16 0.15 13 -1.09 0.17 11 -1.28 0.16 11 -1.34 0.16 11 -1.29 0.17 10 -1.01 0.18 9 -0.73 0.21 7 -0.93 0.30 4
BELGIUM BEL 1.45 0.14 13 1.44 0.14 12 1.51 0.14 12 1.51 0.14 12 1.47 0.14 12 1.40 0.14 11 1.34 0.16 10 1.55 0.19 9
BELIZE BLZ -0.05 0.19 8 -0.02 0.22 7 0.06 0.21 7 0.20 0.22 6 -0.16 0.24 5 0.07 0.23 4 -0.08 0.27 4 0.79 0.54 2
BENIN BEN -0.54 0.15 14 -0.66 0.17 11 -0.64 0.20 9 -0.56 0.20 8 -0.37 0.21 7 -0.26 0.22 6 -0.13 0.26 5 -0.30 0.54 2
BERMUDA BMU 0.88 0.36 1 0.88 0.34 1 1.12 0.30 1 1.20 0.30 1 1.22 0.31 1 1.26 0.29 1 1.27 0.33 1 .. .. ..
BHUTAN BTN 0.65 0.24 7 0.59 0.23 7 0.43 0.22 7 0.44 0.24 5 0.18 0.24 4 0.22 0.24 4 0.29 0.29 3 -1.34 0.77 1
BOLIVIA BOL -0.90 0.14 16 -0.79 0.14 15 -0.49 0.14 15 -0.44 0.14 13 -0.43 0.14 13 -0.38 0.14 10 -0.41 0.17 10 -0.31 0.23 7
BOTSWANA BWA 0.63 0.15 14 0.66 0.15 13 0.66 0.14 13 0.64 0.15 12 0.59 0.15 12 0.57 0.16 8 0.55 0.19 8 0.62 0.26 5
BRAZIL BRA -0.48 0.13 18 -0.43 0.13 17 -0.33 0.13 17 -0.33 0.13 16 -0.34 0.13 15 -0.28 0.13 13 -0.26 0.16 12 -0.20 0.19 10
BRUNEI BRN 0.32 0.32 3 0.32 0.30 3 0.39 0.28 3 0.64 0.27 3 0.51 0.28 4 0.56 0.27 3 0.59 0.30 3 0.62 0.58 2
BULGARIA BGR -0.17 0.13 17 -0.17 0.13 14 -0.07 0.13 14 -0.09 0.14 14 -0.03 0.14 14 -0.15 0.14 12 -0.27 0.16 10 -0.11 0.20 7
BURKINA FASO BFA -0.49 0.15 15 -0.59 0.19 11 -0.58 0.19 11 -0.58 0.20 9 -0.59 0.20 8 -0.54 0.22 7 -0.71 0.25 6 -0.31 0.46 3
BURUNDI BDI -0.96 0.15 13 -1.21 0.20 9 -1.43 0.21 8 -1.37 0.22 7 -1.37 0.23 6 -1.45 0.24 4 -1.42 0.26 5 -0.88 0.54 2
CAMBODIA KHM -1.11 0.15 14 -1.11 0.15 13 -1.16 0.15 12 -1.16 0.16 11 -1.09 0.16 10 -0.93 0.16 8 -1.02 0.19 6 -1.09 0.26 4
CAMEROON CMR -1.02 0.15 14 -1.09 0.15 13 -1.15 0.15 12 -1.03 0.15 12 -1.17 0.16 11 -1.19 0.16 9 -1.18 0.19 8 -1.50 0.26 5
CANADA CAN 1.85 0.14 13 1.76 0.14 12 1.80 0.14 12 1.77 0.14 12 1.74 0.14 12 1.73 0.14 11 1.79 0.16 10 1.78 0.19 9
CAPE VERDE CPV 0.61 0.18 8 0.37 0.21 7 0.28 0.21 7 0.13 0.21 6 0.13 0.22 5 0.78 0.35 3 0.83 0.40 3 0.51 0.62 1
CHAD TCD -1.36 0.16 12 -1.33 0.18 10 -1.10 0.18 10 -1.08 0.19 8 -0.84 0.21 7 -0.91 0.23 5 -0.97 0.26 5 -0.88 0.54 2
CHILE CHL 1.15 0.13 16 1.17 0.13 16 1.18 0.13 16 1.14 0.13 15 1.18 0.13 14 1.21 0.13 12 1.08 0.16 12 1.24 0.19 10
CHINA CHN -0.40 0.13 16 -0.43 0.13 16 -0.39 0.13 16 -0.47 0.13 14 -0.36 0.13 14 -0.44 0.13 12 -0.40 0.16 11 -0.23 0.19 9
COLOMBIA COL -0.64 0.13 18 -0.74 0.13 17 -0.80 0.13 17 -0.92 0.13 15 -0.89 0.13 15 -0.91 0.13 13 -0.73 0.16 12 -0.65 0.19 10
COMOROS COM -0.93 0.25 5 -0.96 0.24 5 -0.97 0.24 5 -0.87 0.25 4 -1.04 0.26 3 -1.29 0.25 3 -1.28 0.29 3 .. .. ..
CONGO COG -1.25 0.16 11 -1.46 0.15 11 -1.24 0.18 9 -1.16 0.19 8 -1.26 0.19 8 -1.38 0.19 7 -1.48 0.22 7 -1.38 0.36 4
CONGO, DEM. REP. ZAR -1.68 0.16 13 -1.72 0.16 12 -1.76 0.15 12 -1.84 0.17 10 -1.82 0.18 10 -1.99 0.19 8 -2.09 0.20 8 -2.06 0.31 5
COOK ISLANDS COK 1.07 0.67 1 1.19 0.59 1 0.58 0.53 1 0.71 0.70 1 0.87 0.48 1 0.86 0.57 1 .. .. .. .. .. ..
COSTA RICA CRI 0.55 0.14 15 0.57 0.14 14 0.60 0.14 14 0.66 0.14 13 0.63 0.14 13 0.65 0.14 11 0.60 0.17 10 0.59 0.22 8
COTE D'IVOIRE CIV -1.51 0.16 11 -1.57 0.16 11 -1.44 0.15 12 -1.47 0.16 11 -1.29 0.16 11 -0.99 0.16 9 -0.90 0.19 8 -0.69 0.26 5
CROATIA HRV -0.03 0.13 16 0.07 0.13 15 0.11 0.13 15 0.06 0.14 14 0.03 0.14 14 0.10 0.14 10 -0.16 0.17 9 -0.57 0.21 6
CUBA CUB -0.91 0.17 11 -1.15 0.16 11 -1.08 0.15 11 -1.18 0.15 10 -1.04 0.16 10 -0.88 0.16 7 -0.77 0.19 7 -1.00 0.23 6
CYPRUS CYP 0.93 0.16 10 0.85 0.16 9 0.85 0.16 9 0.86 0.16 8 0.86 0.17 7 0.87 0.16 7 0.82 0.19 7 0.76 0.23 6
DENMARK DNK 2.03 0.14 13 1.95 0.14 12 1.97 0.14 12 1.92 0.14 12 1.85 0.14 11 1.78 0.14 10 1.88 0.16 10 1.91 0.19 9
DJIBOUTI DJI -0.80 0.22 7 -0.90 0.22 7 -0.75 0.22 6 -0.82 0.23 5 -0.76 0.23 4 -0.78 0.23 4 -0.71 0.26 4 -0.24 0.62 1
DOMINICA DMA 0.66 0.29 3 0.62 0.27 4 0.62 0.25 4 0.69 0.26 3 0.63 0.28 2 0.48 0.26 2 0.52 0.30 2 .. .. ..
ECUADOR ECU -0.96 0.14 16 -0.85 0.14 15 -0.69 0.13 16 -0.66 0.14 14 -0.69 0.14 13 -0.66 0.14 11 -0.67 0.16 11 -0.44 0.21 8
EGYPT EGY 0.00 0.13 17 0.02 0.13 16 0.02 0.13 16 -0.05 0.14 14 -0.06 0.14 13 -0.04 0.14 11 -0.08 0.16 11 0.08 0.20 8
EL SALVADOR SLV -0.52 0.16 13 -0.45 0.16 12 -0.41 0.16 12 -0.49 0.17 11 -0.53 0.16 11 -0.70 0.16 9 -0.54 0.19 8 -0.86 0.25 6
ERITREA ERI -0.99 0.18 9 -0.77 0.21 8 -0.57 0.21 8 -0.42 0.22 6 -0.41 0.23 5 -0.42 0.24 4 -0.22 0.28 4 -0.29 0.77 1
ESTONIA EST 0.91 0.13 15 0.82 0.13 15 0.84 0.12 15 0.72 0.13 15 0.72 0.13 15 0.57 0.13 12 0.49 0.17 9 0.50 0.21 6
ETHIOPIA ETH -0.64 0.15 15 -0.82 0.15 13 -0.74 0.16 13 -0.74 0.16 11 -0.84 0.17 10 -0.81 0.17 8 -0.70 0.20 7 -0.94 0.28 4
FIJI FJI -0.08 0.25 4 -0.06 0.24 4 -0.06 0.23 4 -0.08 0.23 4 -0.37 0.24 4 -0.56 0.23 4 0.06 0.27 4 0.21 0.54 2
FINLAND FIN 1.95 0.14 13 1.91 0.14 12 1.93 0.14 12 1.90 0.14 12 1.87 0.14 12 1.89 0.14 10 1.89 0.16 10 1.92 0.19 9
FRANCE FRA 1.31 0.14 13 1.33 0.14 12 1.41 0.14 12 1.36 0.14 12 1.28 0.14 12 1.35 0.14 11 1.41 0.16 10 1.45 0.19 9
GABON GAB -0.59 0.16 12 -0.51 0.15 12 -0.66 0.15 12 -0.53 0.15 11 -0.34 0.15 11 -0.33 0.15 10 -0.42 0.19 8 -0.93 0.25 5
GAMBIA GMB -0.28 0.16 10 -0.26 0.19 9 -0.24 0.19 9 0.18 0.20 8 -0.27 0.22 7 -0.12 0.22 6 0.03 0.25 6 0.40 0.46 3
GEORGIA GEO -0.61 0.13 17 -0.76 0.15 14 -0.80 0.14 14 -1.21 0.16 12 -1.25 0.16 11 -1.08 0.17 9 -1.18 0.20 7 -0.84 0.26 5
88
TABLE C5: Rule of Law (cont.)
2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996
GERMANY DEU 1.77 0.14 13 1.74 0.14 13 1.73 0.14 13 1.71 0.14 13 1.71 0.14 12 1.69 0.14 11 1.68 0.16 10 1.80 0.19 9
GHANA GHA -0.13 0.15 16 -0.20 0.14 16 -0.30 0.13 16 -0.20 0.14 15 -0.17 0.14 13 -0.06 0.15 10 -0.44 0.18 9 -0.39 0.23 6
GREECE GRC 0.64 0.14 13 0.65 0.14 12 0.81 0.14 12 0.75 0.14 12 0.69 0.14 12 0.81 0.14 11 0.68 0.16 10 0.90 0.19 9
GRENADA GRD 0.12 0.28 4 0.29 0.27 4 0.26 0.25 4 0.28 0.26 3 0.21 0.28 2 0.27 0.26 2 0.28 0.30 2 .. .. ..
GUAM GUM 1.15 0.36 1 1.15 0.34 1 1.01 0.30 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
GUATEMALA GTM -1.02 0.14 17 -1.05 0.15 15 -1.01 0.15 15 -1.07 0.15 14 -0.85 0.15 12 -0.82 0.15 10 -0.92 0.19 8 -0.83 0.23 7
GUINEA GIN -1.40 0.16 12 -1.26 0.19 10 -1.19 0.19 10 -1.07 0.20 9 -0.95 0.20 8 -1.34 0.22 6 -1.23 0.25 6 -1.39 0.46 3
GUYANA GUY -0.71 0.16 11 -0.75 0.19 10 -0.55 0.21 8 -0.53 0.21 7 -0.47 0.23 5 -0.47 0.22 5 -0.29 0.26 5 0.07 0.46 3
HAITI HTI -1.56 0.18 9 -1.68 0.20 9 -1.65 0.20 10 -1.65 0.19 9 -1.83 0.19 8 -1.56 0.22 6 -1.40 0.26 5 -1.43 0.46 3
HONDURAS HND -0.88 0.14 16 -0.80 0.15 14 -0.76 0.15 14 -0.86 0.15 12 -0.84 0.15 12 -0.93 0.15 10 -0.85 0.19 8 -0.79 0.23 7
HONG KONG HKG 1.45 0.15 11 1.47 0.15 10 1.37 0.15 10 1.29 0.15 10 1.11 0.15 10 0.92 0.14 9 1.02 0.17 8 1.13 0.20 7
HUNGARY HUN 0.73 0.12 17 0.72 0.12 16 0.83 0.12 16 0.82 0.13 16 0.82 0.13 16 0.81 0.13 14 0.76 0.15 12 0.85 0.17 10
ICELAND ISL 2.03 0.15 9 2.06 0.17 8 2.01 0.17 8 1.97 0.18 8 1.89 0.19 7 1.86 0.18 7 1.79 0.20 7 1.65 0.26 6
INDIA IND 0.17 0.13 17 0.12 0.13 16 0.00 0.13 16 -0.01 0.13 15 -0.02 0.13 14 0.19 0.13 12 0.15 0.16 11 0.26 0.19 9
INDONESIA IDN -0.82 0.13 19 -0.86 0.13 18 -0.84 0.13 18 -0.97 0.13 17 -1.00 0.13 15 -0.82 0.13 13 -0.77 0.16 11 -0.36 0.19 9
IRAN IRN -0.81 0.15 15 -0.78 0.15 14 -0.57 0.14 14 -0.56 0.14 12 -0.58 0.15 11 -0.39 0.15 8 -0.44 0.18 8 -0.98 0.21 7
IRAQ IRQ -1.95 0.18 8 -1.89 0.17 8 -1.93 0.16 8 -1.72 0.16 8 -1.52 0.17 8 -1.39 0.16 7 -1.52 0.19 7 -1.61 0.23 6
IRELAND IRL 1.62 0.14 13 1.60 0.14 12 1.58 0.14 11 1.55 0.14 11 1.64 0.14 10 1.59 0.14 10 1.59 0.16 10 1.72 0.19 9
ISRAEL ISR 0.69 0.15 13 0.73 0.15 11 0.75 0.14 11 0.74 0.15 11 0.91 0.15 11 0.99 0.14 10 1.02 0.17 9 1.21 0.19 9
ITALY ITA 0.37 0.14 13 0.53 0.14 13 0.65 0.14 13 0.76 0.14 13 0.77 0.14 12 0.86 0.14 11 0.85 0.16 10 0.97 0.19 9
JAMAICA JAM -0.60 0.15 13 -0.57 0.15 12 -0.47 0.15 12 -0.59 0.16 11 -0.50 0.15 11 -0.48 0.15 8 -0.35 0.19 7 -0.30 0.25 5
JAPAN JPN 1.40 0.14 13 1.35 0.14 13 1.34 0.14 13 1.32 0.14 13 1.32 0.14 12 1.43 0.14 11 1.50 0.16 10 1.54 0.19 9
JORDAN JOR 0.45 0.14 16 0.43 0.14 15 0.39 0.13 14 0.32 0.14 13 0.24 0.15 11 0.36 0.14 9 0.41 0.17 9 0.42 0.22 7
KAZAKHSTAN KAZ -0.82 0.13 18 -0.79 0.13 17 -0.99 0.13 16 -0.98 0.13 15 -0.97 0.14 14 -0.90 0.13 13 -0.91 0.16 10 -0.83 0.20 6
KENYA KEN -0.98 0.14 18 -0.99 0.14 17 -1.01 0.13 17 -1.04 0.14 16 -1.03 0.14 13 -0.98 0.15 9 -1.11 0.18 9 -1.06 0.23 6
KIRIBATI KIR 0.84 0.27 4 0.76 0.26 4 0.27 0.24 4 0.34 0.44 3 0.62 0.38 2 0.40 0.40 2 -0.69 0.58 1 .. .. ..
KOREA, NORTH PRK -1.28 0.20 8 -1.05 0.19 8 -1.12 0.19 8 -0.94 0.22 6 -1.11 0.23 6 -0.79 0.24 4 -0.91 0.27 4 -1.23 0.46 3
KOREA, SOUTH KOR 0.72 0.13 15 0.78 0.13 14 0.70 0.13 14 0.65 0.13 14 0.79 0.13 14 0.74 0.13 12 0.69 0.16 11 0.71 0.19 9
KOSOVO LWI -0.90 0.32 2 -0.97 0.32 1 -0.99 0.29 1 -1.14 0.39 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
KUWAIT KWT 0.75 0.16 11 0.73 0.16 10 0.71 0.16 9 0.69 0.16 9 0.72 0.15 10 0.77 0.16 7 0.81 0.19 7 0.74 0.23 6
KYRGYZSTAN KGZ -1.18 0.13 18 -1.07 0.15 15 -0.82 0.14 14 -0.82 0.15 13 -0.77 0.15 12 -0.88 0.16 10 -0.72 0.20 7 -0.64 0.28 4
LAOS LAO -0.95 0.16 14 -1.05 0.17 12 -1.04 0.17 11 -1.16 0.18 9 -1.08 0.18 9 -0.94 0.19 7 -0.88 0.23 5 -1.64 0.39 3
LATVIA LVA 0.52 0.13 15 0.47 0.13 14 0.51 0.13 14 0.52 0.14 14 0.34 0.14 14 0.22 0.14 10 0.18 0.17 9 0.13 0.21 6
LEBANON LBN -0.49 0.15 14 -0.33 0.15 12 -0.22 0.15 12 -0.38 0.15 11 -0.26 0.14 12 -0.12 0.15 9 -0.18 0.18 8 -0.22 0.23 6
LESOTHO LSO -0.25 0.16 11 -0.19 0.19 9 -0.08 0.18 9 -0.17 0.18 8 -0.01 0.19 7 -0.05 0.23 5 0.10 0.26 5 -0.30 0.54 2
LIBERIA LBR -1.16 0.24 6 -1.45 0.24 5 -1.71 0.23 6 -1.71 0.24 5 -1.82 0.24 6 -2.00 0.23 5 -2.07 0.26 5 -2.27 0.58 2
LIBYA LBY -0.74 0.17 11 -0.72 0.16 11 -0.56 0.15 11 -0.75 0.15 9 -0.87 0.16 9 -0.82 0.16 7 -0.91 0.19 7 -1.29 0.23 6
LITHUANIA LTU 0.45 0.14 14 0.49 0.13 14 0.59 0.13 14 0.50 0.14 14 0.42 0.14 14 0.28 0.14 12 0.40 0.17 9 0.29 0.21 6
LUXEMBOURG LUX 1.83 0.16 9 1.91 0.19 8 1.98 0.19 8 1.93 0.20 7 1.98 0.22 6 1.89 0.20 6 1.92 0.22 6 1.64 0.30 5
MACAO MAC 0.51 0.36 2 0.79 0.33 2 1.40 0.30 1 1.20 0.30 1 0.69 0.31 1 0.19 0.29 1 0.21 0.33 1 .. .. ..
MACEDONIA MKD -0.46 0.14 14 -0.34 0.14 13 -0.25 0.14 13 -0.57 0.15 12 -0.59 0.16 10 -0.63 0.17 6 -0.53 0.21 5 -0.16 0.25 3
MADAGASCAR MDG -0.30 0.15 15 -0.20 0.17 12 -0.20 0.18 11 -0.21 0.19 10 -0.24 0.21 7 -0.32 0.22 6 -0.67 0.25 6 -0.97 0.46 3
MALAWI MWI -0.46 0.14 17 -0.28 0.14 15 -0.29 0.14 14 -0.36 0.15 13 -0.54 0.15 12 -0.54 0.16 8 -0.52 0.19 8 -0.56 0.25 5
MALAYSIA MYS 0.58 0.13 17 0.57 0.13 16 0.55 0.13 16 0.44 0.13 15 0.41 0.13 14 0.35 0.13 12 0.43 0.16 11 0.70 0.19 9
MALDIVES MDV 0.20 0.26 5 0.24 0.25 5 0.09 0.23 5 0.31 0.25 4 0.28 0.25 3 0.29 0.24 3 0.43 0.30 2 .. .. ..
MALI MLI -0.32 0.16 14 -0.17 0.17 12 -0.14 0.17 12 -0.04 0.18 11 -0.34 0.19 10 -0.47 0.22 7 -0.50 0.25 6 -0.60 0.46 3
MALTA MLT 1.47 0.18 8 1.39 0.21 7 1.39 0.21 6 1.54 0.21 6 1.38 0.26 3 1.33 0.25 3 1.27 0.28 3 0.43 0.51 2
MARSHALL ISLANDS MHL -0.23 0.39 3 -0.08 0.37 3 -0.43 0.35 3 0.08 0.44 3 -0.09 0.38 2 -0.49 0.40 2 -0.33 0.58 1 .. .. ..
MARTINIQUE MTQ 0.88 0.36 1 0.88 0.34 1 0.99 0.30 1 0.94 0.30 1 1.22 0.31 1 1.26 0.29 1 1.27 0.33 1 .. .. ..
MAURITANIA MRT -0.43 0.17 12 -0.54 0.20 9 -0.67 0.21 9 -0.42 0.21 7 -0.41 0.23 5 -0.34 0.23 5 -0.36 0.26 5 -0.88 0.54 2
MAURITIUS MUS 0.81 0.15 12 0.87 0.15 11 0.89 0.16 10 0.92 0.16 9 0.87 0.16 9 0.80 0.18 7 0.75 0.21 7 0.76 0.27 3
MEXICO MEX -0.49 0.13 18 -0.50 0.13 17 -0.40 0.13 17 -0.37 0.13 16 -0.37 0.13 15 -0.41 0.13 13 -0.51 0.16 12 -0.48 0.19 10
MICRONESIA FSM 0.69 0.27 4 0.73 0.26 4 0.52 0.24 4 -0.08 0.44 3 -0.26 0.38 2 -0.40 0.40 2 -0.33 0.58 1 .. .. ..
MOLDOVA MDA -0.61 0.13 16 -0.57 0.13 15 -0.65 0.13 14 -0.80 0.14 13 -0.74 0.14 12 -0.60 0.14 11 -0.28 0.17 9 -0.10 0.21 6
MONACO MCO 0.70 0.79 1 0.70 0.78 1 0.82 0.77 1 0.79 0.75 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
MONGOLIA MNG -0.32 0.17 12 -0.22 0.18 11 0.07 0.19 10 0.07 0.20 8 0.22 0.20 7 -0.03 0.21 6 -0.04 0.26 5 0.07 0.46 3
MONTENEGRO MNP -0.52 0.17 10 -0.40 0.32 1 -0.38 0.29 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
MOROCCO MAR -0.03 0.14 16 -0.10 0.14 15 0.04 0.14 15 -0.05 0.14 14 0.00 0.14 13 0.10 0.15 10 0.17 0.18 9 0.12 0.21 7
MOZAMBIQUE MOZ -0.59 0.14 18 -0.69 0.14 16 -0.70 0.13 16 -0.77 0.14 14 -0.66 0.15 12 -0.79 0.16 8 -0.87 0.19 8 -0.90 0.25 5
MYANMAR MMR -1.45 0.18 11 -1.62 0.17 10 -1.59 0.16 10 -1.61 0.16 9 -1.57 0.17 9 -1.26 0.17 7 -1.33 0.21 6 -1.31 0.26 5
NAMIBIA NAM 0.17 0.15 12 -0.04 0.15 14 0.00 0.14 14 0.17 0.15 13 0.25 0.15 12 0.27 0.17 7 0.31 0.20 7 0.32 0.28 4
NAURU NRU 0.70 0.79 1 0.70 0.78 1 0.82 0.77 1 0.79 0.75 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
NEPAL NPL -0.68 0.14 16 -0.80 0.15 13 -0.63 0.15 12 -0.54 0.18 10 -0.39 0.18 9 -0.28 0.19 7 -0.10 0.23 5 -0.15 0.39 3
NETHERLANDS NLD 1.75 0.14 13 1.72 0.14 12 1.77 0.14 12 1.73 0.14 12 1.75 0.14 12 1.75 0.14 11 1.81 0.16 10 1.81 0.19 9
NEW CALEDONIA NCL -0.63 0.60 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. -0.86 0.68 1
NEW ZEALAND NZL 1.93 0.15 12 1.91 0.15 11 1.92 0.14 11 1.86 0.15 11 1.79 0.15 9 1.76 0.14 9 1.87 0.17 9 1.98 0.20 8
NICARAGUA NIC -0.76 0.15 16 -0.65 0.16 14 -0.79 0.16 14 -0.62 0.16 13 -0.75 0.16 11 -0.87 0.16 8 -0.74 0.21 7 -0.36 0.25 6
NIGER NER -0.87 0.18 12 -0.88 0.19 10 -0.83 0.19 10 -0.78 0.20 9 -0.80 0.20 8 -0.89 0.22 6 -0.73 0.25 6 -0.89 0.46 3
89
TABLE C5: Rule of Law (cont.)
2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996
NIGERIA NGA -1.27 0.14 18 -1.40 0.14 17 -1.58 0.13 17 -1.66 0.14 16 -1.50 0.14 14 -1.17 0.14 11 -1.34 0.18 9 -1.35 0.21 7
NORWAY NOR 2.02 0.14 13 1.95 0.14 12 1.97 0.14 12 1.91 0.14 12 1.86 0.14 11 1.84 0.14 10 1.90 0.16 10 2.00 0.19 9
OMAN OMN 0.71 0.17 9 0.70 0.17 9 0.85 0.16 9 0.76 0.16 8 0.74 0.16 9 0.79 0.16 7 0.87 0.19 7 0.87 0.23 6
PAKISTAN PAK -0.82 0.13 18 -0.86 0.14 16 -0.86 0.13 16 -0.81 0.14 15 -0.76 0.14 13 -0.80 0.14 11 -0.79 0.17 9 -0.59 0.21 7
PALAU PCI 0.70 0.79 1 0.70 0.78 1 -0.08 0.77 1 0.79 0.75 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
PANAMA PAN -0.13 0.14 15 -0.13 0.14 15 -0.09 0.14 14 -0.14 0.15 13 -0.10 0.15 11 -0.17 0.14 10 -0.17 0.18 9 -0.20 0.23 7
PARAGUAY PRY -0.93 0.15 15 -1.00 0.15 14 -1.05 0.15 14 -1.12 0.15 12 -1.13 0.15 11 -1.02 0.15 9 -1.02 0.19 8 -0.49 0.25 6
PERU PER -0.75 0.14 17 -0.76 0.14 16 -0.62 0.13 16 -0.62 0.14 14 -0.59 0.14 13 -0.65 0.14 11 -0.68 0.16 11 -0.58 0.20 9
PHILIPPINES PHL -0.48 0.13 18 -0.44 0.13 17 -0.65 0.13 17 -0.62 0.13 15 -0.59 0.13 14 -0.54 0.13 12 -0.15 0.16 11 -0.03 0.19 9
POLAND POL 0.25 0.12 17 0.34 0.12 16 0.42 0.12 16 0.51 0.13 16 0.56 0.13 16 0.59 0.13 14 0.67 0.15 12 0.66 0.17 10
PORTUGAL PRT 0.97 0.14 13 1.09 0.14 13 1.19 0.14 13 1.24 0.14 13 1.22 0.14 11 1.14 0.14 10 1.22 0.16 10 1.13 0.19 9
PUERTO RICO PRI 0.58 0.28 4 0.62 0.27 3 0.75 0.23 3 0.71 0.23 3 1.06 0.25 2 1.02 0.24 2 1.00 0.29 2 0.74 0.56 1
QATAR QAT 0.93 0.17 10 0.86 0.17 10 0.69 0.17 9 0.62 0.17 9 0.73 0.17 7 0.70 0.17 6 0.50 0.21 5 0.10 0.28 3
REUNION REU 1.15 0.36 1 1.15 0.34 1 1.09 0.30 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
ROMANIA ROM -0.16 0.12 18 -0.22 0.12 17 -0.19 0.12 16 -0.23 0.13 15 -0.25 0.14 14 -0.20 0.14 12 -0.12 0.17 9 -0.16 0.20 7
RUSSIA RUS -0.91 0.12 19 -0.88 0.12 18 -0.84 0.12 18 -0.91 0.13 17 -0.88 0.13 16 -1.04 0.13 14 -0.85 0.15 12 -0.74 0.17 10
RWANDA RWA -0.59 0.18 11 -0.87 0.21 9 -0.79 0.20 9 -0.89 0.21 7 -0.97 0.21 7 -1.28 0.23 5 -1.47 0.26 5 -1.45 0.54 2
SAMOA SAM 0.92 0.27 4 1.09 0.26 4 0.87 0.24 4 1.07 0.25 4 1.04 0.25 3 0.71 0.22 4 0.61 0.28 3 -0.24 0.62 1
SAN MARINO SMR 0.70 0.79 1 0.70 0.78 1 0.82 0.77 1 0.79 0.75 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE STP -0.47 0.20 6 -0.61 0.24 5 -0.48 0.24 5 -0.51 0.25 4 -0.55 0.26 3 -0.11 0.25 3 -0.30 0.29 3 .. .. ..
SAUDI ARABIA SAU 0.17 0.16 12 0.18 0.15 11 0.26 0.15 11 0.28 0.15 11 0.21 0.14 12 0.18 0.15 9 0.42 0.18 8 0.44 0.21 7
SENEGAL SEN -0.33 0.15 16 -0.19 0.15 13 -0.22 0.15 13 -0.26 0.15 13 -0.14 0.15 12 -0.09 0.16 8 -0.15 0.19 8 -0.39 0.25 5
SERBIA YUG -0.59 0.15 14 -0.85 0.15 12 -0.72 0.14 12 -0.96 0.15 12 -0.90 0.15 12 -1.23 0.18 6 -1.29 0.21 5 -0.99 0.30 3
SEYCHELLES SYC 0.03 0.19 6 0.12 0.19 7 0.18 0.19 7 0.23 0.24 5 0.50 0.26 3 0.59 0.25 3 0.57 0.29 3 .. .. ..
SIERRA LEONE SLE -1.21 0.19 13 -1.19 0.20 10 -1.17 0.20 10 -1.28 0.20 9 -1.33 0.20 8 -1.38 0.23 6 -1.19 0.25 6 -1.30 0.46 3
SINGAPORE SGP 1.82 0.14 14 1.81 0.14 13 1.82 0.13 13 1.69 0.14 13 1.54 0.14 12 1.43 0.14 11 1.58 0.16 10 1.75 0.19 9
SLOVAKIA SVK 0.43 0.13 16 0.45 0.13 15 0.49 0.12 15 0.37 0.13 15 0.32 0.13 15 0.28 0.15 11 0.21 0.18 9 0.21 0.19 8
SLOVENIA SVN 0.79 0.13 15 0.79 0.13 14 0.85 0.13 14 0.89 0.13 15 0.96 0.13 15 0.80 0.13 13 0.85 0.17 9 0.86 0.21 6
SOLOMON ISLANDS SLB -0.90 0.27 4 -0.93 0.26 4 -1.09 0.24 4 -0.72 0.44 3 -1.62 0.38 2 -1.70 0.40 2 -0.69 0.58 1 .. .. ..
SOMALIA SOM -2.53 0.25 5 -2.24 0.24 6 -2.26 0.23 6 -1.96 0.24 5 -1.98 0.26 4 -2.27 0.24 4 -2.25 0.26 5 -2.10 0.46 3
SOUTH AFRICA ZAF 0.24 0.13 19 0.18 0.13 18 0.15 0.12 18 0.04 0.13 17 0.07 0.13 16 0.12 0.13 13 0.24 0.16 12 0.28 0.19 9
SPAIN ESP 1.10 0.14 13 1.11 0.14 12 1.20 0.14 12 1.29 0.14 12 1.23 0.14 12 1.36 0.14 11 1.29 0.16 10 1.33 0.19 9
SRI LANKA LKA 0.01 0.14 16 0.05 0.14 15 0.01 0.14 15 0.04 0.14 14 0.15 0.14 13 0.00 0.14 11 -0.08 0.18 8 -0.12 0.23 6
ST. KITTS AND NEVIS KNA 0.82 0.29 3 0.79 0.27 4 0.74 0.25 4 0.61 0.49 2 0.27 0.52 1 0.44 0.50 1 -0.33 0.58 1 .. .. ..
ST. LUCIA LCA 0.82 0.29 3 0.79 0.27 4 0.69 0.25 4 0.61 0.49 2 0.27 0.52 1 0.44 0.50 1 -0.33 0.58 1 .. .. ..
ST. VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES VCT 0.82 0.29 3 0.79 0.27 4 0.74 0.25 4 0.61 0.49 2 0.59 0.52 1 0.44 0.50 1 -0.33 0.58 1 .. .. ..
SUDAN SDN -1.33 0.17 12 -1.47 0.17 11 -1.45 0.16 11 -1.50 0.16 10 -1.22 0.17 10 -1.45 0.17 8 -1.57 0.20 7 -1.63 0.28 4
SURINAME SUR -0.21 0.20 8 -0.21 0.23 7 -0.23 0.23 7 -0.15 0.23 6 -0.23 0.26 4 -0.15 0.25 3 -0.20 0.28 3 -0.62 0.51 2
SWAZILAND SWZ -0.69 0.17 10 -0.78 0.20 9 -0.89 0.19 9 -0.88 0.19 7 -0.69 0.20 6 -0.65 0.23 5 -0.62 0.26 5 0.79 0.54 2
SWEDEN SWE 1.86 0.14 13 1.79 0.14 12 1.87 0.14 12 1.88 0.14 12 1.82 0.14 11 1.79 0.14 11 1.80 0.16 10 1.84 0.19 9
SWITZERLAND CHE 1.96 0.14 13 1.98 0.14 12 1.98 0.14 12 1.97 0.14 12 1.92 0.14 11 1.95 0.14 11 2.04 0.16 10 2.07 0.19 9
SYRIA SYR -0.55 0.16 13 -0.46 0.16 12 -0.31 0.15 12 -0.41 0.15 9 -0.36 0.16 9 -0.32 0.16 7 -0.28 0.19 7 -0.49 0.23 6
TAIWAN TWN 0.77 0.14 14 0.86 0.14 13 0.81 0.13 13 0.84 0.14 13 0.83 0.14 13 0.86 0.14 11 0.87 0.16 10 0.81 0.19 9
TAJIKISTAN TJK -1.06 0.14 17 -1.00 0.16 14 -1.14 0.15 13 -1.09 0.17 11 -1.30 0.16 11 -1.52 0.18 7 -1.74 0.22 6 -1.55 0.32 3
TANZANIA TZA -0.47 0.14 18 -0.43 0.14 15 -0.45 0.13 15 -0.42 0.14 14 -0.50 0.14 13 -0.46 0.15 9 -0.43 0.18 9 -0.42 0.23 6
THAILAND THA 0.03 0.13 17 0.11 0.13 16 0.05 0.13 16 0.07 0.13 14 0.22 0.13 14 0.44 0.13 12 0.39 0.16 11 0.54 0.19 9
TIMOR-LESTE TMP -1.16 0.22 7 -0.58 0.25 6 -0.84 0.26 6 -0.74 0.27 4 -1.17 0.31 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
TOGO TGO -1.03 0.16 13 -1.09 0.19 10 -1.02 0.19 10 -0.96 0.20 9 -0.70 0.20 8 -0.65 0.22 7 -0.67 0.25 6 -1.36 0.58 2
TONGA TON 0.54 0.27 4 0.55 0.26 4 0.20 0.24 4 0.08 0.44 3 0.02 0.38 2 -0.07 0.40 2 -0.69 0.58 1 .. .. ..
TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO TTO -0.26 0.15 11 -0.10 0.15 11 -0.08 0.15 10 0.12 0.16 9 0.27 0.16 8 0.36 0.15 8 0.36 0.19 7 0.53 0.25 5
TUNISIA TUN 0.38 0.14 15 0.21 0.14 15 0.27 0.14 14 0.05 0.14 12 0.15 0.14 12 -0.02 0.15 9 -0.03 0.18 9 -0.20 0.23 6
TURKEY TUR 0.08 0.13 18 0.08 0.13 18 0.09 0.13 18 0.00 0.13 16 -0.16 0.13 15 -0.06 0.13 13 -0.06 0.16 11 -0.01 0.19 9
TUVALU TUV 1.06 0.32 3 1.28 0.30 3 0.84 0.27 3 1.30 0.59 2 1.77 0.48 1 1.70 0.57 1 .. .. .. .. .. ..
UGANDA UGA -0.50 0.14 18 -0.69 0.14 16 -0.76 0.13 16 -0.64 0.14 15 -0.74 0.14 13 -0.83 0.15 10 -0.62 0.18 9 -0.64 0.23 6
UKRAINE UKR -0.72 0.13 17 -0.57 0.13 17 -0.72 0.12 17 -0.86 0.13 17 -0.85 0.13 15 -0.97 0.13 13 -0.92 0.16 11 -0.54 0.19 8
URUGUAY URY 0.40 0.15 14 0.40 0.14 14 0.42 0.14 14 0.54 0.14 12 0.54 0.14 12 0.54 0.14 10 0.53 0.18 9 0.51 0.23 7
UZBEKISTAN UZB -1.44 0.14 15 -1.42 0.14 14 -1.36 0.13 14 -1.30 0.14 14 -1.41 0.14 13 -1.04 0.16 9 -1.03 0.20 7 -0.99 0.22 5
VANUATU VUT 0.46 0.27 4 0.53 0.26 4 0.03 0.24 4 -0.05 0.44 3 -0.25 0.38 2 -0.22 0.40 2 -0.69 0.58 1 .. .. ..
VENEZUELA VEN -1.39 0.13 18 -1.27 0.13 18 -1.20 0.13 18 -1.24 0.13 17 -1.13 0.13 15 -0.83 0.13 12 -0.69 0.16 12 -0.67 0.19 10
VIETNAM VNM -0.43 0.13 18 -0.41 0.14 16 -0.55 0.13 16 -0.58 0.14 15 -0.60 0.14 14 -0.50 0.13 12 -0.49 0.16 10 -0.63 0.20 8
YEMEN YEM -0.98 0.15 15 -1.12 0.16 12 -1.10 0.16 12 -1.12 0.16 10 -1.28 0.16 9 -1.19 0.16 7 -1.03 0.19 7 -1.15 0.25 5
ZAMBIA ZMB -0.61 0.14 17 -0.59 0.15 15 -0.62 0.13 16 -0.64 0.14 14 -0.51 0.14 13 -0.56 0.15 9 -0.60 0.18 9 -0.60 0.23 6
ZIMBABWE ZWE -1.71 0.14 18 -1.63 0.14 17 -1.69 0.14 16 -1.68 0.14 15 -1.47 0.14 13 -1.24 0.14 10 -0.47 0.17 10 -0.68 0.22 7
90
TABLE C6: Control of Corruption
2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996
AFGHANISTAN AFG -1.47 0.23 7 -1.48 0.23 5 -1.49 0.21 6 -1.61 0.29 3 -1.54 0.31 2 -1.91 0.31 2 -1.91 0.37 1 .. .. ..
ALBANIA ALB -0.67 0.14 11 -0.74 0.15 8 -0.77 0.15 8 -0.76 0.16 6 -0.81 0.18 6 -0.74 0.17 6 -1.07 0.20 5 0.03 0.48 2
ALGERIA DZA -0.39 0.16 10 -0.42 0.16 11 -0.60 0.15 11 -0.61 0.16 9 -0.76 0.17 8 -0.75 0.19 7 -0.83 0.19 7 -0.37 0.25 4
ANDORRA ADO 1.27 0.39 1 1.25 0.34 1 1.08 0.38 1 1.30 0.37 1 1.32 0.39 1 1.39 0.39 1 1.44 0.37 1 .. .. ..
ANGOLA AGO -1.14 0.16 12 -1.16 0.17 10 -1.24 0.15 11 -1.18 0.16 9 -1.20 0.17 8 -1.49 0.19 7 -1.38 0.19 7 -1.06 0.25 4
ANGUILLA AIA 1.27 0.39 1 1.25 0.34 1 0.81 0.38 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
ARGENTINA ARG -0.47 0.15 14 -0.42 0.14 14 -0.45 0.14 14 -0.43 0.15 12 -0.80 0.15 11 -0.38 0.15 10 -0.12 0.17 10 -0.18 0.20 7
ARMENIA ARM -0.58 0.13 15 -0.64 0.13 11 -0.72 0.14 10 -0.62 0.14 9 -0.69 0.16 8 -0.74 0.17 6 -0.77 0.18 6 -0.70 0.41 2
ARUBA ABW 1.27 0.39 1 1.25 0.34 1 1.13 0.38 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
AUSTRALIA AUS 1.99 0.16 10 1.97 0.15 10 2.06 0.14 11 1.96 0.14 11 1.89 0.15 9 1.96 0.17 8 1.96 0.18 8 1.85 0.20 7
AUSTRIA AUT 1.99 0.15 11 1.99 0.15 10 2.13 0.15 10 2.09 0.16 9 2.04 0.17 8 1.93 0.17 8 1.94 0.18 8 1.98 0.20 7
AZERBAIJAN AZE -0.99 0.13 15 -1.02 0.13 13 -1.16 0.13 12 -1.02 0.13 11 -1.02 0.13 10 -1.14 0.14 9 -1.12 0.17 7 -1.03 0.27 3
BAHAMAS BHS 1.37 0.33 2 1.32 0.30 2 1.36 0.33 2 1.37 0.33 2 1.44 0.34 2 1.39 0.36 2 1.42 0.36 2 0.37 0.69 1
BAHRAIN BHR 0.58 0.18 8 0.64 0.17 8 0.74 0.17 8 0.76 0.18 7 0.93 0.18 7 0.69 0.21 5 0.68 0.21 5 0.02 0.25 4
BANGLADESH BGD -1.29 0.16 12 -1.23 0.16 11 -1.32 0.16 11 -1.17 0.15 9 -1.02 0.15 9 -0.93 0.16 8 -0.71 0.20 6 -0.49 0.25 4
BARBADOS BRB 1.20 0.25 3 1.21 0.30 3 1.16 0.31 3 1.22 0.32 2 1.32 0.39 1 1.39 0.39 1 1.44 0.37 1 .. .. ..
BELARUS BLR -0.84 0.15 9 -0.96 0.15 7 -1.09 0.16 7 -0.95 0.15 7 -0.89 0.18 6 -0.58 0.19 5 -0.72 0.20 5 -0.99 0.57 1
BELGIUM BEL 1.40 0.16 10 1.46 0.15 9 1.51 0.15 9 1.57 0.16 9 1.60 0.16 9 1.54 0.17 8 1.35 0.18 8 1.39 0.20 7
BELIZE BLZ -0.30 0.23 5 -0.24 0.26 4 -0.30 0.27 4 -0.07 0.26 3 -0.22 0.32 2 -0.14 0.31 2 -0.09 0.31 2 .. .. ..
BENIN BEN -0.81 0.18 10 -1.05 0.21 7 -0.66 0.24 5 -0.58 0.25 4 -0.74 0.30 3 -0.58 0.29 3 -0.69 0.29 3 .. .. ..
BERMUDA BMU 1.27 0.39 1 1.25 0.34 1 1.26 0.38 1 1.30 0.37 1 1.32 0.39 1 1.39 0.39 1 1.44 0.37 1 .. .. ..
BHUTAN BTN 0.89 0.25 6 0.87 0.25 6 0.81 0.26 6 0.89 0.23 4 0.55 0.23 3 0.56 0.24 3 0.66 0.31 2 .. .. ..
BOLIVIA BOL -0.64 0.16 13 -0.80 0.15 12 -0.79 0.15 12 -0.81 0.16 9 -0.85 0.16 9 -0.55 0.16 8 -0.55 0.18 8 -0.94 0.25 4
BOTSWANA BWA 0.81 0.17 11 1.10 0.17 10 0.91 0.17 10 1.12 0.17 9 0.70 0.18 9 0.77 0.21 6 0.75 0.22 6 0.38 0.28 3
BRAZIL BRA -0.33 0.15 14 -0.29 0.14 13 -0.04 0.14 14 0.05 0.15 12 -0.09 0.15 11 0.09 0.15 10 0.00 0.17 10 -0.18 0.20 7
BRUNEI BRN 0.24 0.33 2 0.25 0.30 2 0.39 0.33 2 0.29 0.33 2 0.33 0.34 2 0.35 0.36 2 0.44 0.36 2 0.37 0.69 1
BULGARIA BGR -0.05 0.12 14 -0.01 0.13 11 0.07 0.13 11 -0.05 0.13 10 -0.14 0.14 10 -0.24 0.14 9 -0.32 0.16 8 -0.76 0.25 4
BURKINA FASO BFA -0.44 0.17 11 -0.04 0.23 7 -0.03 0.23 7 0.06 0.24 5 0.12 0.27 4 -0.01 0.28 4 -0.05 0.28 4 -0.33 0.69 1
BURUNDI BDI -1.08 0.18 9 -0.89 0.25 5 -0.93 0.24 5 -0.94 0.25 4 -0.95 0.30 3 -1.13 0.29 3 -1.25 0.29 3 .. .. ..
CAMBODIA KHM -1.19 0.17 10 -1.12 0.16 10 -0.99 0.19 8 -0.90 0.17 7 -0.96 0.17 6 -0.91 0.19 5 -1.05 0.22 4 -1.11 0.29 2
CAMEROON CMR -0.94 0.17 11 -1.13 0.17 10 -0.88 0.17 9 -0.79 0.17 8 -1.06 0.19 7 -1.09 0.21 6 -1.24 0.22 6 -1.15 0.28 3
CANADA CAN 1.90 0.15 11 1.92 0.15 10 1.92 0.15 10 2.06 0.16 9 2.06 0.16 9 2.02 0.17 8 2.08 0.18 8 2.21 0.20 7
CAPE VERDE CPV 0.66 0.22 6 0.38 0.25 5 0.31 0.25 5 0.29 0.27 4 0.41 0.29 4 0.20 0.40 2 -0.32 0.42 2 .. .. ..
CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC CAF -1.06 0.26 4 -1.21 0.25 5 -1.31 0.24 5 -1.15 0.25 4 -1.11 0.30 3 -1.35 0.29 3 -1.21 0.29 3 .. .. ..
CHAD TCD -1.18 0.19 8 -1.35 0.22 6 -1.14 0.22 6 -1.11 0.23 5 -0.92 0.28 4 -0.87 0.29 3 -0.96 0.29 3 .. .. ..
CHILE CHL 1.31 0.15 13 1.35 0.14 13 1.41 0.14 12 1.21 0.15 11 1.47 0.15 11 1.39 0.15 10 1.35 0.17 10 1.29 0.20 7
CHINA CHN -0.53 0.14 13 -0.68 0.13 13 -0.57 0.13 13 -0.49 0.13 11 -0.40 0.14 11 -0.36 0.15 10 -0.22 0.15 10 -0.09 0.20 7
COLOMBIA COL -0.22 0.14 15 -0.22 0.14 14 -0.24 0.14 13 -0.44 0.15 11 -0.54 0.15 11 -0.61 0.15 10 -0.73 0.17 10 -0.52 0.20 7
COMOROS COM -0.59 0.27 4 -0.84 0.26 4 -0.84 0.26 4 -0.84 0.27 3 -0.85 0.30 3 -1.06 0.29 3 -1.19 0.29 3 .. .. ..
CONGO COG -1.06 0.17 10 -1.04 0.17 9 -0.95 0.20 7 -0.97 0.20 6 -1.00 0.22 6 -1.02 0.22 5 -1.22 0.23 5 -0.87 0.45 2
CONGO, DEM. REP. ZAR -1.43 0.17 10 -1.41 0.17 9 -1.38 0.16 9 -1.44 0.19 7 -1.48 0.20 7 -1.60 0.20 6 -1.69 0.21 6 -2.08 0.37 3
COOK ISLANDS COK 0.66 0.76 1 0.63 0.70 1 0.08 0.74 1 -0.19 0.43 1 -0.19 0.32 1 -0.10 0.37 1 .. .. .. .. .. ..
COSTA RICA CRI 0.37 0.16 11 0.39 0.15 11 0.44 0.15 11 0.80 0.16 9 0.80 0.16 9 0.85 0.16 8 0.74 0.18 8 0.73 0.24 5
COTE D'IVOIRE CIV -1.16 0.20 7 -1.24 0.19 7 -1.14 0.18 8 -1.00 0.18 7 -0.86 0.19 7 -0.52 0.21 6 -0.38 0.22 6 0.38 0.28 3
CROATIA HRV -0.02 0.12 13 0.10 0.13 12 0.06 0.13 12 0.05 0.13 10 0.19 0.14 10 -0.01 0.15 8 -0.30 0.17 7 -0.59 0.27 3
CUBA CUB -0.26 0.20 6 -0.24 0.18 7 -0.29 0.18 7 -0.30 0.18 6 -0.16 0.19 6 -0.23 0.21 5 -0.04 0.21 5 0.02 0.25 4
CYPRUS CYP 0.83 0.19 7 0.70 0.17 6 0.75 0.18 6 0.94 0.19 5 0.89 0.19 5 0.79 0.21 5 0.82 0.21 5 1.62 0.25 4
DENMARK DNK 2.39 0.15 11 2.24 0.15 10 2.42 0.15 10 2.31 0.16 9 2.27 0.17 8 2.18 0.17 8 2.23 0.18 8 2.29 0.20 7
DJIBOUTI DJI -0.67 0.27 4 -0.68 0.26 4 -0.50 0.26 4 -0.84 0.27 3 -0.68 0.30 3 -0.89 0.29 3 -0.75 0.29 3 .. .. ..
DOMINICA DMA 0.66 0.31 2 0.66 0.28 3 0.61 0.29 3 0.46 0.29 2 0.54 0.32 2 0.44 0.31 2 0.58 0.31 2 .. .. ..
ECUADOR ECU -0.75 0.16 12 -0.80 0.15 12 -0.76 0.15 13 -0.79 0.16 10 -1.02 0.16 10 -0.92 0.16 9 -0.83 0.18 9 -0.83 0.25 5
EGYPT EGY -0.41 0.16 13 -0.44 0.15 12 -0.44 0.15 12 -0.44 0.16 10 -0.34 0.16 10 -0.37 0.17 9 -0.22 0.17 9 0.06 0.23 6
EL SALVADOR SLV -0.18 0.19 9 -0.35 0.18 8 -0.28 0.19 8 -0.34 0.19 7 -0.55 0.18 7 -0.41 0.20 6 -0.57 0.21 6 -0.84 0.28 3
ERITREA ERI -0.17 0.22 7 -0.28 0.24 6 -0.23 0.24 6 0.00 0.25 4 0.25 0.30 3 0.66 0.29 3 0.73 0.29 3 .. .. ..
ESTONIA EST 0.87 0.13 11 0.88 0.12 11 0.93 0.12 12 0.80 0.12 11 0.69 0.14 11 0.62 0.13 10 0.41 0.17 7 -0.02 0.27 3
ETHIOPIA ETH -0.55 0.18 11 -0.77 0.17 10 -0.67 0.18 9 -0.68 0.19 7 -0.50 0.21 6 -0.48 0.24 5 -0.59 0.24 5 -1.13 0.31 2
FIJI FJI -0.35 0.29 3 -0.60 0.29 2 -0.09 0.31 2 -0.29 0.29 2 0.09 0.32 2 0.15 0.31 2 0.24 0.31 2 .. .. ..
FINLAND FIN 2.57 0.15 11 2.41 0.15 10 2.54 0.15 10 2.42 0.16 9 2.46 0.16 9 2.34 0.17 8 2.28 0.18 8 2.29 0.20 7
FRANCE FRA 1.44 0.15 11 1.40 0.15 10 1.39 0.15 10 1.47 0.16 9 1.37 0.16 9 1.50 0.17 8 1.50 0.18 8 1.45 0.20 7
GABON GAB -0.84 0.17 10 -0.66 0.17 9 -0.69 0.16 9 -0.49 0.17 8 -0.53 0.17 8 -0.60 0.19 7 -0.75 0.21 6 -1.27 0.28 3
GAMBIA GMB -0.64 0.19 7 -0.71 0.21 6 -0.60 0.22 6 -0.37 0.23 5 -0.51 0.27 4 -0.40 0.28 4 -0.53 0.28 4 0.37 0.69 1
91
TABLE C6: Control of Corruption (cont.)
2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996
GEORGIA GEO -0.36 0.13 13 -0.52 0.14 11 -0.75 0.14 11 -0.92 0.14 8 -1.07 0.17 7 -0.90 0.16 6 -0.84 0.18 5 -1.12 0.41 2
GERMANY DEU 1.78 0.15 11 1.92 0.15 11 1.90 0.15 11 2.01 0.16 10 1.99 0.16 9 2.00 0.17 8 2.08 0.18 8 2.08 0.20 7
GHANA GHA -0.12 0.17 12 -0.41 0.15 13 -0.34 0.15 13 -0.27 0.16 11 -0.37 0.17 9 -0.25 0.19 7 -0.34 0.19 7 -0.50 0.25 4
GREECE GRC 0.39 0.15 11 0.40 0.15 10 0.55 0.15 10 0.58 0.16 9 0.56 0.16 9 0.72 0.17 8 0.68 0.18 8 0.38 0.20 7
GRENADA GRD 0.59 0.29 3 0.66 0.28 3 0.61 0.29 3 0.62 0.29 2 0.70 0.32 2 0.61 0.31 2 0.72 0.31 2 .. .. ..
GUAM GUM 0.80 0.39 1 0.78 0.34 1 0.36 0.38 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
GUATEMALA GTM -0.70 0.16 13 -0.81 0.16 12 -0.53 0.16 12 -0.66 0.17 10 -0.65 0.17 8 -0.58 0.17 7 -0.56 0.21 6 -1.02 0.25 4
GUINEA GIN -0.96 0.20 8 -0.86 0.23 6 -0.92 0.23 6 -0.83 0.24 5 -0.65 0.26 5 -0.78 0.28 4 -0.80 0.28 4 0.37 0.69 1
GUYANA GUY -0.61 0.19 8 -0.57 0.21 7 -0.49 0.25 5 -0.41 0.25 4 -0.44 0.29 3 -0.38 0.29 3 -0.40 0.30 3 -0.33 0.69 1
HAITI HTI -1.47 0.22 6 -1.47 0.24 6 -1.36 0.25 6 -1.73 0.22 6 -1.70 0.25 4 -1.43 0.29 3 -1.37 0.30 3 -1.03 0.69 1
HONDURAS HND -0.78 0.16 12 -0.68 0.16 10 -0.69 0.17 10 -0.71 0.17 8 -0.80 0.17 8 -0.77 0.17 7 -0.65 0.21 6 -1.03 0.25 4
HONG KONG HKG 1.71 0.14 11 1.69 0.13 10 1.59 0.13 10 1.50 0.14 9 1.45 0.15 9 1.31 0.16 8 1.30 0.16 8 1.53 0.20 6
HUNGARY HUN 0.51 0.12 13 0.60 0.12 12 0.67 0.12 12 0.63 0.12 12 0.58 0.13 12 0.69 0.13 11 0.71 0.15 10 0.63 0.20 7
ICELAND ISL 2.46 0.16 8 2.50 0.17 7 2.36 0.17 7 2.38 0.19 6 2.22 0.20 5 2.21 0.21 5 2.01 0.21 5 1.81 0.26 4
INDIA IND -0.21 0.13 15 -0.33 0.12 14 -0.37 0.13 14 -0.38 0.13 12 -0.41 0.14 11 -0.33 0.15 10 -0.27 0.15 10 -0.36 0.20 7
INDONESIA IDN -0.77 0.13 17 -0.87 0.12 16 -0.93 0.13 16 -0.97 0.13 14 -1.17 0.13 12 -1.01 0.14 11 -1.11 0.15 10 -0.55 0.20 7
IRAN IRN -0.59 0.18 11 -0.50 0.17 10 -0.48 0.17 10 -0.34 0.17 8 -0.30 0.17 8 -0.51 0.20 6 -0.46 0.21 6 -0.90 0.25 5
IRAQ IRQ -1.40 0.20 6 -1.30 0.18 6 -1.47 0.18 6 -1.13 0.18 6 -1.46 0.19 6 -1.45 0.21 5 -1.51 0.21 5 -1.39 0.25 4
IRELAND IRL 1.60 0.16 10 1.69 0.15 10 1.48 0.15 10 1.67 0.16 9 1.61 0.17 8 1.59 0.17 8 1.64 0.18 8 1.85 0.20 7
ISRAEL ISR 0.83 0.15 11 0.77 0.15 9 0.80 0.15 9 0.97 0.16 8 1.04 0.16 8 0.98 0.18 7 1.11 0.18 7 1.47 0.20 7
ITALY ITA 0.31 0.15 11 0.41 0.15 11 0.56 0.15 11 0.75 0.16 10 0.77 0.16 9 0.98 0.17 8 0.72 0.18 8 0.48 0.20 7
JAMAICA JAM -0.36 0.17 9 -0.47 0.16 8 -0.52 0.17 8 -0.54 0.17 7 -0.50 0.18 7 -0.25 0.19 6 -0.25 0.21 5 -0.37 0.28 3
JAPAN JPN 1.31 0.14 12 1.25 0.13 12 1.16 0.13 12 1.07 0.14 11 1.13 0.14 10 1.24 0.16 9 1.10 0.16 9 1.21 0.20 7
JORDAN JOR 0.38 0.15 12 0.33 0.15 11 0.46 0.15 11 0.29 0.15 10 0.01 0.17 8 0.04 0.18 7 0.13 0.18 7 -0.15 0.24 5
KAZAKHSTAN KAZ -0.92 0.13 14 -0.94 0.13 13 -1.17 0.13 12 -1.10 0.13 11 -1.08 0.15 10 -0.97 0.15 9 -0.89 0.17 8 -0.92 0.26 4
KENYA KEN -0.97 0.15 15 -1.00 0.15 14 -0.80 0.15 14 -0.86 0.16 12 -1.02 0.17 9 -0.97 0.19 7 -1.13 0.19 7 -1.11 0.25 4
KIRIBATI KIR 0.08 0.30 3 0.22 0.27 3 0.36 0.30 3 0.12 0.31 2 -0.04 0.27 2 -0.22 0.30 2 -0.61 0.51 1 .. .. ..
KOREA, NORTH PRK -1.69 0.26 4 -1.36 0.23 4 -1.58 0.24 4 -1.97 0.33 2 -1.13 0.34 2 -1.93 0.36 2 -1.86 0.36 2 -0.33 0.69 1
KOREA, SOUTH KOR 0.31 0.14 13 0.47 0.13 12 0.22 0.13 12 0.40 0.13 11 0.33 0.14 11 0.14 0.15 10 0.07 0.15 10 0.52 0.20 7
KOSOVO LWI -0.63 0.21 3 -0.67 0.20 2 -0.97 0.22 1 -0.89 0.21 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
KUWAIT KWT 0.67 0.18 7 0.83 0.17 7 0.88 0.18 6 0.92 0.18 6 1.09 0.18 7 1.04 0.21 5 1.11 0.21 5 0.61 0.25 4
KYRGYZSTAN KGZ -1.09 0.13 14 -1.06 0.14 11 -0.98 0.14 10 -0.85 0.14 9 -0.85 0.15 8 -0.89 0.15 7 -0.70 0.18 5 -0.85 0.41 2
LAOS LAO -1.05 0.19 9 -1.08 0.19 8 -1.01 0.21 7 -0.97 0.19 5 -0.92 0.19 5 -0.90 0.20 4 -0.69 0.25 3 -1.00 0.53 1
LATVIA LVA 0.38 0.13 11 0.37 0.13 10 0.24 0.13 11 0.25 0.13 10 0.07 0.14 10 0.13 0.14 9 0.09 0.17 7 -0.65 0.27 3
LEBANON LBN -0.57 0.18 10 -0.38 0.17 8 -0.46 0.17 8 -0.46 0.17 7 -0.38 0.17 8 -0.31 0.19 6 -0.24 0.20 6 -0.23 0.25 4
LESOTHO LSO -0.05 0.18 9 -0.12 0.22 7 -0.21 0.21 7 -0.31 0.22 6 -0.29 0.25 5 -0.17 0.29 3 -0.16 0.29 3 .. .. ..
LIBERIA LBR -0.85 0.30 4 -1.12 0.28 3 -1.25 0.27 4 -1.21 0.31 3 -1.20 0.31 3 -1.65 0.28 4 -1.76 0.28 4 -1.73 0.69 1
LIBYA LBY -0.89 0.20 7 -0.87 0.18 7 -0.84 0.18 7 -0.81 0.18 6 -0.82 0.19 6 -0.83 0.21 5 -0.78 0.21 5 -0.97 0.25 4
LITHUANIA LTU 0.11 0.14 10 0.22 0.13 11 0.31 0.13 11 0.28 0.13 10 0.25 0.14 10 0.27 0.14 9 0.18 0.17 7 -0.18 0.27 3
LUXEMBOURG LUX 2.01 0.17 7 1.84 0.19 6 2.03 0.19 6 1.89 0.22 5 2.21 0.26 4 2.05 0.25 4 2.03 0.25 4 1.94 0.29 3
MACAO MAC 0.41 0.28 2 0.55 0.20 2 1.35 0.38 1 0.82 0.37 1 -0.06 0.39 1 0.45 0.39 1 0.48 0.37 1 .. .. ..
MACEDONIA MKD -0.37 0.14 11 -0.43 0.14 10 -0.52 0.14 10 -0.59 0.14 8 -0.76 0.17 6 -0.56 0.19 4 -0.44 0.20 4 -1.05 0.33 1
MADAGASCAR MDG -0.25 0.17 11 0.03 0.20 8 -0.11 0.21 7 0.11 0.22 6 0.09 0.27 4 -0.07 0.28 4 -0.44 0.28 4 0.37 0.69 1
MALAWI MWI -0.74 0.15 13 -0.84 0.16 11 -0.82 0.16 10 -0.82 0.17 9 -0.95 0.18 8 -0.45 0.20 6 -0.39 0.21 6 -0.50 0.28 3
MALAYSIA MYS 0.38 0.13 15 0.25 0.12 14 0.31 0.13 14 0.37 0.13 12 0.33 0.14 11 0.39 0.15 10 0.59 0.15 10 0.49 0.20 7
MALDIVES MDV -0.51 0.28 4 -0.32 0.27 4 -0.15 0.28 4 0.06 0.24 3 -0.13 0.23 3 -0.14 0.24 3 0.11 0.31 2 .. .. ..
MALI MLI -0.56 0.18 10 -0.36 0.20 8 -0.45 0.20 8 -0.44 0.22 7 -0.31 0.26 6 -0.63 0.28 4 -0.60 0.28 4 -0.33 0.69 1
MALTA MLT 1.19 0.21 5 1.04 0.24 4 1.20 0.25 4 1.23 0.26 4 0.82 0.34 2 0.83 0.36 2 0.55 0.36 2 0.37 0.69 1
MARTINIQUE MTQ 0.80 0.39 1 0.78 0.34 1 0.86 0.38 1 0.82 0.37 1 0.86 0.39 1 0.92 0.39 1 0.96 0.37 1 .. .. ..
MAURITANIA MRT -0.60 0.19 9 -0.21 0.24 6 -0.17 0.24 6 0.27 0.25 4 0.19 0.30 3 -0.19 0.29 3 -0.23 0.29 3 .. .. ..
MAURITIUS MUS 0.37 0.17 8 0.32 0.17 7 0.29 0.17 7 0.37 0.18 6 0.44 0.18 6 0.40 0.21 5 0.40 0.21 5 0.45 0.29 2
MEXICO MEX -0.35 0.14 15 -0.40 0.14 14 -0.32 0.14 14 -0.19 0.15 12 -0.31 0.15 11 -0.42 0.15 10 -0.47 0.17 10 -0.39 0.20 7
MICRONESIA FSM -0.27 0.43 2 -0.28 0.42 2 0.01 0.30 3 -0.36 0.31 2 -0.38 0.27 2 -0.32 0.30 2 -0.25 0.51 1 .. .. ..
MOLDOVA MDA -0.65 0.13 13 -0.73 0.13 12 -0.96 0.13 11 -0.87 0.13 9 -0.91 0.15 8 -0.73 0.15 8 -0.36 0.17 7 -0.26 0.27 3
MONGOLIA MNG -0.54 0.19 8 -0.57 0.21 7 -0.43 0.24 6 -0.19 0.22 5 0.06 0.22 4 -0.31 0.24 4 -0.32 0.30 3 0.37 0.69 1
MONTENEGRO MNP -0.48 0.15 8 -0.51 0.21 1 -0.60 0.22 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
MOROCCO MAR -0.06 0.16 13 -0.11 0.16 11 -0.01 0.15 11 -0.10 0.16 10 -0.08 0.16 9 0.04 0.19 7 0.13 0.19 7 0.22 0.25 5
MOZAMBIQUE MOZ -0.57 0.15 14 -0.61 0.15 12 -0.69 0.15 12 -0.70 0.16 10 -0.71 0.18 8 -0.68 0.20 6 -0.71 0.21 6 -0.39 0.28 3
MYANMAR MMR -1.68 0.22 6 -1.54 0.21 6 -1.63 0.20 6 -1.36 0.21 5 -1.35 0.21 5 -1.37 0.25 4 -1.37 0.25 4 -1.21 0.28 3
NAMIBIA NAM 0.16 0.17 9 0.05 0.17 11 -0.04 0.17 11 0.06 0.17 10 0.05 0.18 9 0.58 0.24 5 0.69 0.24 5 0.69 0.31 2
NEPAL NPL -0.75 0.17 12 -0.73 0.17 9 -0.58 0.19 8 -0.23 0.19 6 -0.33 0.19 5 -0.43 0.20 4 -0.36 0.25 3 -0.31 0.53 1
NETHERLANDS NLD 2.05 0.15 11 1.99 0.15 10 2.04 0.15 10 2.08 0.16 9 2.17 0.16 9 2.18 0.17 8 2.22 0.18 8 2.22 0.20 7
NEW CALEDONIA NCL -1.33 0.57 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. -1.03 0.69 1
NEW ZEALAND NZL 2.38 0.16 9 2.25 0.15 8 2.39 0.15 8 2.33 0.16 8 2.28 0.17 7 2.16 0.18 7 2.21 0.18 7 2.28 0.20 6
NICARAGUA NIC -0.76 0.18 12 -0.62 0.18 11 -0.34 0.19 10 -0.45 0.19 9 -0.45 0.18 7 -0.94 0.20 6 -0.82 0.25 5 -0.21 0.28 3
92
TABLE C6: Control of Corruption (cont.)
2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996
NIGER NER -0.97 0.21 8 -0.83 0.23 6 -0.89 0.23 6 -1.01 0.24 5 -1.05 0.27 4 -0.96 0.28 4 -1.01 0.28 4 -0.33 0.69 1
NIGERIA NGA -1.29 0.15 15 -1.23 0.15 14 -1.32 0.15 14 -1.24 0.16 12 -1.37 0.16 10 -1.14 0.17 8 -1.12 0.19 7 -1.25 0.25 5
NORWAY NOR 2.13 0.15 11 2.05 0.15 10 2.10 0.15 10 2.13 0.16 9 2.18 0.17 8 2.14 0.17 8 2.21 0.18 8 2.30 0.20 7
OMAN OMN 0.71 0.20 6 0.69 0.18 6 0.80 0.18 6 0.62 0.18 6 0.95 0.18 7 0.83 0.21 5 0.85 0.21 5 0.06 0.25 4
PAKISTAN PAK -0.93 0.16 15 -1.03 0.15 13 -1.03 0.15 13 -0.74 0.15 11 -0.83 0.15 9 -0.76 0.17 8 -0.88 0.20 7 -1.04 0.25 5
PANAMA PAN -0.28 0.16 12 -0.27 0.15 12 -0.12 0.16 11 -0.22 0.16 10 -0.29 0.16 9 -0.31 0.16 8 -0.22 0.20 7 -0.52 0.25 4
PARAGUAY PRY -1.02 0.16 12 -1.23 0.16 11 -1.21 0.17 10 -1.24 0.17 8 -1.20 0.17 8 -1.19 0.17 7 -1.29 0.21 6 -0.51 0.28 3
PERU PER -0.35 0.16 14 -0.49 0.15 13 -0.39 0.15 13 -0.15 0.16 10 -0.28 0.16 10 -0.33 0.16 9 -0.32 0.18 9 -0.14 0.23 6
PHILIPPINES PHL -0.69 0.13 16 -0.59 0.12 15 -0.54 0.13 15 -0.41 0.13 12 -0.53 0.14 11 -0.50 0.15 10 -0.37 0.15 10 -0.47 0.20 7
POLAND POL 0.14 0.12 14 0.17 0.12 13 0.16 0.12 13 0.41 0.12 12 0.34 0.13 12 0.48 0.13 11 0.56 0.15 10 0.39 0.20 7
PORTUGAL PRT 1.11 0.15 11 1.15 0.15 11 1.17 0.15 11 1.30 0.16 10 1.32 0.17 8 1.24 0.17 8 1.36 0.18 8 1.57 0.20 7
PUERTO RICO PRI 0.68 0.29 4 1.11 0.27 3 0.96 0.26 3 1.01 0.26 3 1.22 0.31 2 1.18 0.31 2 0.84 0.31 2 1.22 0.57 1
QATAR QAT 0.83 0.20 7 0.82 0.19 7 0.70 0.21 6 0.69 0.21 6 0.88 0.20 5 0.84 0.25 4 0.83 0.25 4 -0.12 0.28 3
REUNION REU 0.80 0.39 1 0.78 0.34 1 0.95 0.38 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
ROMANIA ROM -0.18 0.12 15 -0.24 0.12 14 -0.26 0.12 13 -0.30 0.12 11 -0.35 0.14 10 -0.34 0.14 9 -0.35 0.17 7 -0.23 0.25 4
RUSSIA RUS -0.76 0.12 16 -0.78 0.12 15 -0.77 0.12 15 -0.78 0.12 13 -0.92 0.13 12 -0.94 0.13 11 -0.92 0.15 10 -0.84 0.20 7
RWANDA RWA -0.12 0.23 7 -0.67 0.26 5 -0.57 0.26 5 -0.70 0.27 3 -0.57 0.30 3 -0.71 0.29 3 -0.84 0.29 3 .. .. ..
SAMOA SAM 0.22 0.30 3 0.17 0.27 3 0.11 0.30 3 0.11 0.24 3 0.03 0.23 3 -0.02 0.24 3 -0.09 0.31 2 .. .. ..
SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE STP -0.53 0.23 5 -0.81 0.26 4 -0.76 0.26 4 -0.58 0.27 3 -0.29 0.30 3 -0.04 0.29 3 -0.46 0.29 3 .. .. ..
SAUDI ARABIA SAU 0.18 0.20 7 0.24 0.18 7 0.20 0.18 7 0.32 0.18 7 0.51 0.17 8 0.50 0.20 6 0.45 0.21 6 -0.42 0.25 5
SENEGAL SEN -0.42 0.17 13 -0.25 0.16 10 -0.27 0.17 9 -0.35 0.17 9 -0.14 0.18 8 -0.28 0.20 6 -0.32 0.21 6 -0.42 0.28 3
SERBIA YUG -0.35 0.14 12 -0.47 0.13 10 -0.51 0.14 9 -0.52 0.14 9 -0.76 0.16 8 -1.08 0.20 4 -1.08 0.21 4 -0.99 0.31 2
SEYCHELLES SYC 0.14 0.23 5 0.12 0.21 6 0.20 0.21 6 0.25 0.25 4 0.38 0.30 3 0.55 0.29 3 0.43 0.29 3 .. .. ..
SIERRA LEONE SLE -1.22 0.22 9 -1.08 0.24 6 -0.88 0.24 6 -0.88 0.26 5 -0.78 0.27 4 -0.98 0.28 4 -0.91 0.28 4 -1.73 0.69 1
SINGAPORE SGP 2.30 0.14 12 2.25 0.13 11 2.44 0.13 11 2.36 0.14 10 2.33 0.14 10 2.25 0.16 9 2.29 0.16 9 2.25 0.20 7
SLOVAKIA SVK 0.35 0.12 12 0.43 0.12 11 0.43 0.12 11 0.34 0.12 11 0.11 0.14 11 0.16 0.14 9 -0.01 0.17 7 0.40 0.24 5
SLOVENIA SVN 0.92 0.13 11 0.84 0.12 10 0.97 0.13 10 0.84 0.12 11 0.79 0.14 11 0.73 0.13 10 0.72 0.17 7 1.05 0.27 3
SOLOMON ISLANDS SLB -0.29 0.30 3 0.02 0.27 3 -0.53 0.30 3 -1.27 0.31 2 -1.35 0.27 2 -0.98 0.30 2 -0.61 0.51 1 .. .. ..
SOMALIA SOM -1.77 0.30 3 -1.60 0.27 4 -1.73 0.27 4 -1.74 0.31 3 -1.13 0.34 2 -1.75 0.29 3 -1.71 0.30 3 -1.73 0.69 1
SOUTH AFRICA ZAF 0.56 0.14 16 0.56 0.14 15 0.40 0.13 15 0.34 0.15 13 0.34 0.15 12 0.57 0.16 10 0.58 0.17 10 0.62 0.20 7
SPAIN ESP 1.18 0.15 11 1.34 0.15 10 1.39 0.15 10 1.46 0.16 9 1.42 0.16 9 1.43 0.17 8 1.40 0.18 8 1.08 0.20 7
SRI LANKA LKA -0.29 0.16 12 -0.30 0.16 11 -0.18 0.16 11 -0.21 0.15 10 -0.21 0.15 9 -0.18 0.16 8 -0.17 0.20 6 -0.27 0.25 4
ST. KITTS AND NEVIS KNA 0.96 0.31 2 0.98 0.28 3 0.23 0.29 3 0.26 0.42 1 0.30 0.49 1 0.09 0.45 1 0.12 0.51 1 .. .. ..
ST. LUCIA LCA 1.13 0.31 2 1.11 0.28 3 0.28 0.29 3 0.26 0.42 1 0.30 0.49 1 0.47 0.45 1 0.12 0.51 1 .. .. ..
ST. VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES VCT 0.96 0.31 2 0.98 0.28 3 0.28 0.29 3 0.26 0.42 1 0.30 0.49 1 0.09 0.45 1 0.12 0.51 1 .. .. ..
SUDAN SDN -1.12 0.20 9 -1.39 0.19 8 -1.31 0.18 8 -1.26 0.18 7 -1.00 0.19 7 -0.89 0.21 6 -1.00 0.24 5 -1.13 0.31 2
SURINAME SUR -0.21 0.22 5 0.06 0.27 4 0.33 0.28 4 0.36 0.30 3 0.19 0.34 2 0.42 0.36 2 0.00 0.36 2 -0.33 0.69 1
SWAZILAND SWZ -0.47 0.21 8 -0.61 0.23 7 -0.64 0.21 7 -0.50 0.22 5 -0.29 0.26 4 -0.13 0.29 3 0.01 0.29 3 .. .. ..
SWEDEN SWE 2.24 0.15 11 2.10 0.15 9 2.17 0.15 9 2.21 0.16 9 2.25 0.17 8 2.23 0.17 8 2.23 0.18 8 2.26 0.20 7
SWITZERLAND CHE 2.19 0.15 11 2.13 0.15 10 2.12 0.15 10 2.17 0.16 9 2.17 0.17 8 2.13 0.17 8 2.24 0.18 8 2.20 0.20 7
SYRIA SYR -0.66 0.18 9 -0.58 0.18 8 -0.59 0.18 8 -0.50 0.18 6 -0.30 0.19 6 -0.61 0.21 5 -0.58 0.21 5 -0.79 0.25 4
TAIWAN TWN 0.53 0.14 12 0.64 0.13 11 0.67 0.13 11 0.66 0.14 10 0.71 0.14 10 0.79 0.16 9 0.83 0.16 9 0.74 0.20 7
TAJIKISTAN TJK -0.91 0.14 13 -1.07 0.15 10 -1.16 0.16 9 -1.02 0.15 7 -1.03 0.16 7 -1.20 0.17 5 -1.33 0.21 4 -1.74 0.57 1
TANZANIA TZA -0.37 0.15 14 -0.73 0.15 11 -0.65 0.15 11 -0.88 0.16 10 -1.00 0.17 9 -1.07 0.19 7 -1.07 0.19 7 -1.09 0.25 4
THAILAND THA -0.26 0.13 15 -0.22 0.12 14 -0.25 0.13 13 -0.35 0.13 11 -0.34 0.14 11 -0.13 0.15 10 -0.20 0.15 10 -0.39 0.20 7
TIMOR-LESTE TMP -0.89 0.23 5 -0.79 0.27 4 -0.52 0.33 4 -0.51 0.29 3 -0.53 0.39 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
TOGO TGO -1.00 0.19 9 -0.76 0.22 7 -0.82 0.23 6 -0.83 0.24 5 -0.65 0.27 4 -0.63 0.28 4 -0.60 0.28 4 -1.03 0.69 1
TONGA TON -1.29 0.30 3 -1.29 0.27 3 -0.51 0.30 3 -0.62 0.31 2 -0.72 0.27 2 -0.58 0.30 2 -0.25 0.51 1 .. .. ..
TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO TTO -0.15 0.17 9 0.02 0.16 9 0.03 0.17 8 0.06 0.17 7 -0.06 0.18 6 0.14 0.19 6 0.29 0.21 5 0.87 0.28 3
TUNISIA TUN 0.20 0.16 11 0.03 0.16 11 0.38 0.15 11 0.42 0.16 9 0.45 0.16 9 0.12 0.19 7 0.15 0.19 7 -0.10 0.25 4
TURKEY TUR 0.06 0.14 15 -0.05 0.14 15 -0.20 0.14 15 -0.24 0.15 12 -0.43 0.15 11 -0.19 0.16 9 -0.24 0.17 9 0.01 0.20 7
TUVALU TUV -0.07 0.37 2 -0.09 0.32 2 0.56 0.35 2 -0.72 0.43 1 0.13 0.32 1 0.11 0.37 1 .. .. .. .. .. ..
UGANDA UGA -0.71 0.15 14 -0.87 0.15 12 -0.80 0.15 12 -0.77 0.16 11 -0.98 0.17 9 -0.96 0.19 7 -0.86 0.19 7 -0.54 0.25 4
UKRAINE UKR -0.67 0.13 14 -0.62 0.12 14 -0.92 0.13 14 -0.90 0.13 13 -0.98 0.14 11 -1.00 0.14 10 -1.08 0.15 9 -0.82 0.24 5
URUGUAY URY 0.80 0.17 10 0.82 0.15 11 0.64 0.15 11 0.73 0.16 9 0.77 0.16 9 0.76 0.16 8 0.79 0.20 7 0.43 0.25 4
UZBEKISTAN UZB -1.02 0.14 11 -1.17 0.13 10 -1.14 0.14 10 -1.07 0.13 10 -1.02 0.14 9 -0.96 0.16 6 -1.02 0.19 5 -1.05 0.27 3
VANUATU VUT 0.20 0.30 3 0.26 0.27 3 -0.62 0.30 3 -0.64 0.31 2 -0.79 0.27 2 -0.85 0.30 2 -0.25 0.51 1 .. .. ..
VENEZUELA VEN -1.05 0.14 15 -1.01 0.14 15 -0.99 0.14 15 -1.08 0.15 13 -0.97 0.15 11 -0.59 0.15 10 -0.84 0.17 10 -0.83 0.20 7
VIETNAM VNM -0.66 0.15 15 -0.76 0.13 13 -0.79 0.14 13 -0.63 0.13 12 -0.69 0.13 11 -0.72 0.15 10 -0.65 0.16 9 -0.67 0.23 6
YEMEN YEM -0.60 0.18 11 -0.64 0.18 8 -0.82 0.18 8 -0.67 0.18 7 -0.69 0.19 6 -0.66 0.21 5 -0.59 0.21 5 -0.29 0.28 3
ZAMBIA ZMB -0.78 0.15 13 -0.81 0.16 11 -0.88 0.15 12 -0.85 0.16 10 -0.95 0.17 9 -0.90 0.19 7 -0.86 0.19 7 -1.04 0.25 4
ZIMBABWE ZWE -1.36 0.15 14 -1.28 0.15 13 -1.29 0.15 12 -1.19 0.16 11 -1.21 0.16 9 -0.93 0.17 8 -0.42 0.18 8 -0.17 0.24 5
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Governance Matters VI:

Aggregate and Individual Governance Indicators

The World Bank

As in the past, we complement our estimates of governance for each country

Despite these margins of error, our aggregate indicators are sufficiently

2. Methodology and Data Sources for 2006

1. Voice and Accountability (VA) – measuring the extent to which a country's

In brief our methodology consists of identifying many individual sources of data

2.1 Underlying Data Sources

We rely on a large number of individual data sources that provide us with

These individual indicators can be used to make comparisons of countries over

2.2 Revisions to Underlying Data Sources

2.3 Aggregation Methodology

We can combine this information with the information on country coverage of

We conclude this discussion of weighting by noting that while the weighting

3. Estimates of Governance 1996-2006

In Appendix C we report the aggregate governance indicators, for all countries,

Table 4 summarizes some of the key features of our governance indicators. In

An important consequence of this expanding data availability is that the standard

We use Figure 1 to emphasize the importance of taking these margins of error

A useful role of the aggregate indicators is that they allow us to summarize in a

We also emphasize that we do not find these differences in sets of underlying

3.2 Changes over Time in Governance Using the WGI

We now turn to the changes over time in our estimates of governance in

Nevertheless, a substantial number of countries do show substantial changes in

3.3 Trends in Global Governance

We conclude by reviewing the limited available evidence on trends in global

In Table 8 we summarize trends in world averages in a number of our individual

In this paper we have reported on the latest update of the Worldwide

We nevertheless emphasize to all users the limitations of these measures of

Kaufmann, Daniel, Aart Kraay and Pablo Zoido-Lobatón (1999a). “Aggregating

Kaufmann, Daniel, Aart Kraay and Massimo Mastruzzi (2006a). “Measuring

Political Stability and Absence of Violence

Voice and Accountability

Shares of Total for Each Indicator

Weighted Shares of Total for Each Indicator

Commercial Business Information Providers

Voice and Political Government Regulatory Control of

Median Number of Sources Per Country

Proportion of Countries with Only One Data Source

Average Standard Error

Average Fraction of Comparisons Based Number of Common Sources

Overall Average 4.36 0.49 0.52 0.91 4.82 0.94

Voice and Accountability 199 2.0 0.8 0.9 0.70

Average 194 2.1 0.9 1.1 0.67

SIGNIFICANT CHANGES (90%)

Average 15 4.5 0.5 0.5 0.90

Appendix A: Sources for Governance Indicators

Appendix B: Components of Aggregate Governance Indicators

Appendix C: Governance Indicators over Time

Data Provider African Development Bank.

2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996

Policies to improve efficiency of public sector

Data Provider OECD Development Center

2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996

2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996

Based on your experiences, how easy or difficult is it to obtain an X X X X X .. .. ..

Data Provider Asian Development Bank

2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2000 1998 1996

Political Stability and Lack of Violence