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GIUSEPPE COCCO AND BRUNO CAVA

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In 1955, after a journey throughout Brazil,

Lévi-Strauss published Tristes Tropiquesi, an assortment of philosophical
and anthropological reflections written as if a memoir. In his travel log, the
author points out the difference between anthropophagy and anthropoemy:

“If we studied societies from the outside, it would be tempting to

distinguish two contrasting types: those which practice cannibalism – that
is, which regard the absorption of certain individuals possessing dangerous
powers as the only means of neutralizing those powers and even of turning
them to advantage – and those which, like our own society, adopt what
might be called the practice of anthropoemy (from the Greek émein, to
vomit); faced with the same problem, the latter type of society has chosen
the opposite solution, which consists in ejecting dangerous individuals from
the social body and keeping them temporarily or permanently in isolation,
away from all contact with their fellows, in establishments specially intended
for this purpose. Most of the societies which we call primitive would regard
this custom with profound horror; it would make us, in their eyes, guilty of
that same barbarity of which we are inclined to accuse them because of their
symmetrically opposite behavior.”

The typology of the Americanist anthropologist distinguishes societies

depending on whether they operate according to inclusion or exclusion
practices. Exclusion marks the civilized societies, which rely on the
everlasting reaffirmation of their own interiority – their values, rationalities,
and belief systems –, as opposed to an outside. Anthropoemy then occurs
through the multiplication of dialectical pairs regarding the self and the
other, so that the self is always construed as a non-other. According to this
logic, primitive is defined as non-civilized, animal or vegetal as non-human,
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backward or underdeveloped as non-modern, and so on. Encountering the

other is then occasion for an inquiry into whether this other is similar to the

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self and thus endowed with humanity, culture, religion, God. Put simply, if
this other has a soul. Inclusion, in turn, relates to the anthropophagic or
primitive societies, for whom the vomit logic would seem scandalous, for
they do not define themselves by asserting an identity, but through a constant
and open relation with all exteriority. Hence otherness is no pretext for
probing the nature of the other to determine if it equals the self. It is rather
an opportunity to investigate the interference this other may cause in the very
self. That is to say, otherness acts as a destabilization and reconfiguration
power. Exteriority is thus more important than interiority, in the sense that
the society is continuously (de)defined and (un)founded as it devours the
relations it establishes with the outside, becoming other in the process.
According to Lévi-Strauss, instead of excluding the other from the social
body in order to assert their identity and reaffirm a preexistent sameness,
anthropophagic societies work by mobilizing the outside in a way that
paradoxically constitutes the very social body as a dynamic and driving
principle of immanent exteriority.
In August 2012, the graduate program in Arts from the State
University of Rio de Janeiro and MAR, the Museum of Art of Rio de Janeiro,
organized a seminar called “Vomit and Negation: Anthropoemic Practices
in Art and Culture.”ii In retrospect, we could say that the event was
embedded in the wave of political and cultural upheaval following the
protests against the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development
(Rio+20). The whole turmoil had just taken place in the city, stirring an
effervescent flow that would culminate with the June 2013 uprising of the
Brazilian multitude, which was particularly intense throughout the
metropolitan area of Rio de Janeiro. Embracing the Lévi-Straussian ideas
on anthropoemy and anthropophagy as theme, the organizers’ main concern
– as they themselves announced – was whether or not postmodern
capitalism has become anthropophagic. The point in question was to know
if the anthropophagic strategy had simply turned into a mechanism for
strengthening the current regime of flexile accumulation. The initial
provocation even speaks of an “anthropophagic capitalism” when raising the
following question: “In the context of an economic (and social, cultural,
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political, etc.) system that devours anything and adapts to everything, we ask
if this wouldn’t be the moment to reconsider anthropoemy as a necessary

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resistance practice in face of anthropophagic capitalism.”iii Such formulation

of the problem, asking for a sort of “anthropoemy redux”, echoes a
particular spirit of the times present in critical theory, shared by a plethora
of contemporary thinkers who distrust affirmative theories, filled with flows,
becomings, and multiplicities, which would be complicit with the positive
and fluid logic of neoliberalism. According to this end-time approach to
politics, one would have to recover the power of no, negativity, and negative
thinking in general. We could mention, for instance, Slavoj Žižek’s criticism
of Deleuze and Negri iv, or Benjamin Noys’ accusations against ontological
affirmationismv. Those formulations are subtly tied to a common theme of
the post-1990s Left, which diagnosis a ubiquitous neoliberalism and firmly
asserts itself as anti-globalization, anti-flexibilization of labor, and anti-
cultural postmodernism. Against the excesses, already assimilated by
capitalist accumulation in the post-Fordist era, it would be necessary to
interrupt the process and dialectically introduce a sound no, even if it means
resorting to regressive projects and rebuilding national states, hegemonic
parties, and regional geopolitical blocs.
The invitation text of the aforementioned seminar also refers to
Oswald de Andrade, whose anthropophagic manifesto from 1928vi, the chef
d’oeuvre of aberrant Brazilian modernism, called for an ethics of life,
meaning an intensive devouring stance in face of existence. In this seminal
text of a movement that crossed generations, the aphorism “I am only
interested in what is not mine”vii (the “law of the anthropophagus”) make
room for a set of practices of relational predations, self-variation, and
metamorphosis. The Oswaldian manifesto is not limited to prescribing some
plain opening to otherness or an ideal of tolerance with difference in a sort
of early multiculturalism of belles âmes. Such prescriptions would, indeed,
be easily accommodated in a post-colonial conception of culture which
reduces it to a social commodity and an elitist status marker, an exchange
commodity for the political, cultural, and economic upper classes within the
universities, art circuits or the creative jet set. As Lévi-Strauss pointed out in
Tristes Tropiques, Brazilian elites wear culture as if they wore a new dress.viii
Other than that, the Oswaldian program pierces the curtain over the shallow
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cultural cordiality and touches the primitive unconscious – a “pre-logical

mentality”, the “palpable existence of life” –, which will work as an

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“anthropophagic vaccine”ix in face of the disease of modern Western

civilization and the inferiority complexes in the South. The manifesto does
not operate by schematics or categories, but by a flood of evocations. The
chain of images connects Oswald’s poetic intuition to a philosophy of the
savage body, in a production – to speak in Deleuzian terms – of a powerful
image of thought. The desire that flows through the primitive unconscious is
historically repressed by the successive orthopedic operations performed
through the colonization of Brazil and the formation of the Brazilian People.
From Jesuitical catechesis to Black slavery to the successive waves of
industrial proletarianization and urbanization, there were numerous
biopolitical technologies to undermine the potencies of the savage body and
to mobilize it for work and compliance.
Oswald is clearly breaking with romantic writers such as José de
Alencar as well as with the Indianist nationalists, who, in the 1920s, mystified
the image of the Indians for their Wagnerian patriotic cosmogonies, which
was as a prelude to the formulations of the 1930s’ fascist Right that led
straight to the Varguist dictatorship from 1937 to 1945. The Oswaldian
Amerindian is neither the Rousseau’s good savage nor the “Indian dressed
up as senator of the Empire (…) featuring in Alencar’s operas full of good
Portuguese feelings.”x The nakedness of the naked anthropophagic man is
fully clothed in the sense that the body, unlike the Aristotelian tradition in
which it is a mere instrument of the soul, is a complex assortment of
transitions, a patchwork of affects, relations, and energy. Hence, the myth
of the anthropophagic utopia cannot be explained as a revival of a supposed
“pre-modern” instinctive reserve, as if the Indians were archetypes of the
revolution. Instead, it is a fully material actualization of anthropophagic
practices, such as horizontal miscegenation and lines of deterritorialization
or exodus. The anthropophagic madness has its own right, the cannibal right
to oppose the civilizing sickness and rebel against its institutions: the
missionary and the church, the master and his land, the merchant of culture
and widespread prostitution (capitalism).
We cannot reduce Oswald’s experimentation with the savage thinking
to a mere tradition of cultural critique – which would be aimed against the
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importers of European canned culture and the reactionary nativists,

champions of the Brazilian identity –, as if he was just a landmark within

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the Brazilian cultural history. As Oswald himself had already written in a

previous manifestoxi: “Poetry exists in the facts. The shacks of saffron and
ochre in the green of the Favela, under cabralin blue, are aesthetic facts.”
The primitive unconscious “without complexes”xii is totally inhabited by
rebellious practices and peoples, by the insurgencies from the colonial period,
from quilombos and villages. In this sense, it is crossed by thresholds of
subversion and powerful psychosocial energies. When Oswald mobilizes the
myth against the repression of the unconscious, he does not simply return to
the savage, who would lead, in Freudian style, to the de-sublimation of great
passions. More than a return, this is about an active oblivion, a pragmatics
of de-Oedipalization, a sustained liberation of productive desire. The
Dionysian theme present in the anthropophagic manifesto, in its delirious
style as well as within the images of idleness, feasting, and free love, does not
refer to Freud and the return of the repressed, but to Nietzsche and the
transubstantiation of values. We can thus relate the anthropophagic program
to the one unfolded by Deleuze and Guattari in Anti-Oedipus. That is to
say, it comprises the production of the corps sauvage as the limit of
neocolonial society, the absolute limit in which becomings and intensities
that constitute the Southern unconscious begin to flow freely. It is nothing
less than a schizophrenic-anthropophagic revolution which does not go
back the beginning, to a mystified origin, but lies in the future, on the
extreme edge of biopower workings. The anthropophagic practices manifest,
above all, in neo-primitivism, techno-shamanism, hyper-consumerism,
alter-anthropology, as well as in the becoming-Brazil, the Technicized
Barbarianxiii, and in all those images pertaining to a theory of subjectivity
within underdevelopment, which are pre-logical and post-logical at the
same time. That is if we think like Oswald and go against the eloquent
rhetoric o Father Vieira, who believed that “we have never admitted the birth
of logic among us.”xiv As Oswald himself used to say, instead of an ontology,
an odontology. In this sense, his torrential modernist manifesto outlines
something like Spinoza’s Ethics for the tropics. A kind of “Joyeux Tropiques”
in which anthropophagy, as Amerindian perspectivism, acts directly on the
desiring body and its affections. Transubstantiated into body, the
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anthropophagic action cannot be framed as a mere culture war, as if it were

just a confrontation between belief systems; it can only be approached as a

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genuine revolutionary force acting through and within bodies. It is not so

much a struggle among cultures, but a “culture” of metamorphosis where
the body is the protagonist. The “Carahiba revolution” thus implies the mad,
nonconformist, minor effort against the racist biopower built in the South –
and from which Brazil and its national projects arose. We are far from the
litanies on acculturation, “ideas out of place,” or hegemonic ideology, since
anthropophagy implies molecular rebellion, an affective and molecular
productive turn, recovering the underdeveloped body in other terms. That is
to say, a theory of subjectivity within underdevelopment, an exit from
biopower by the means of biopolitics. The anthropophagic delirium, in this
sense, is totally historical-political; furthermore, it traces a strategy of
institutional creativity beyond any culturalist reduction.

***

But how to deal with postmodern capitalism when its missionaries –

such as George Gilder (mentioned by J. J. Goux) – seem to transpose this
torrential and baroque plethora into the very language of capital? What
about KorpoBraz, the savage and desiring body, which is already invested
with the process of capital through money, as Klossowski demonstrates in
this theory of the Living Currency? Would we be experiencing an
anthropophagic capitalism, as the 2012 seminar held in Rio de Janeiro
implies?
Suely Rolnik converges with Klossowski’s reflections when describing
the turn to the post-Fordist flexible regime of accumulation as the era of
“globalized pimping”xv According to the Brazilian schizoanalyst, adherent
to Felix Guattari’s analysis of integrated world capitalism (IWC)xvi, the
emergence of neoliberalism corresponds to the moment capitalism ceases to
operate conforming to clear limits between form and matter to fully assume
moving and blurred contours of subjectivity. In other words, when the
production of subjectivity proper to capitalism no longer works by imposing
a mold, but through successive modulations, resonances, and energetic
variations. Rolnik describes the epochal transition of capitalism as follows:
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the “rise of the imagination to power is a micropolitical operation that

consists in making its potential into the major fuel of an insatiable

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hypermachine for the production and accumulation of capital – to the point

where one can speak of a new working class, which some authors call the
‘cognitariat’.” As in Veronica Gago’s most recent researchxvii, Rolnik
analyses the formation of neoliberalism in terms of a mutation in the regime
of sensible textures, which constitutes the very subjects and their affective-
relational power – wherein both researches connect to The Birth of
Biopolitics, Foucault’s seminal course from 1978-79. According to
Rolnikxviii, the introduction of the flexible regime of postmodern capitalism
was especially fulminating and uncomplicated in Brazil, since the
“anthropophagical savoir-faire of the Brazilians gives them a special facility
for adapting to the new times.”xix
In fact, Rolnik’s reference to the Southern plasticity of subjectivity –
or, we could just say, the body – echoes the insights of Jesuit priests,
especially Father Vieira, as they notice that the Indians behave like myrtles
when facing the colonial invasion. It is as if the whole discussion about the
biopolitical, post-Fordist, or postmodern turn was overdue regarding the
colonization logic, which had to engender a biopower in order to control the
flexible production of subjectivity. What is most important pointing out is
that the biopolitical resistances, its deterritorialization lines and subjective
exodus, are first in relation to a power that had to infiltrate and parasitize
those resistances in order to control from inside. It had to do so because
ideological indoctrination, spiritual conversion, or the logic of applying more
evolved forms to a supposedly inert and shapeless matter never really worked
with the savage body. The fact is that the matter is alive and its lack of shape,
monstrously productive, is living currency. Rolnik then considers a
“Tupinambá capitalism”xx, in the sense that the “arrival” – the arrival of
those who never went – of neoliberalism in the South activated “the worst
of this tradition, the basest [low] anthropophagy.”xxi The expression low
anthropophagy appears in the anthropophagic manifesto of 1928 when
Oswald refers to catechism, complexes and the “plague of the so-called
cultured and Christianized peoples.”xxii
However, as we understand it, the transition from Fordism to post-
Fordism in the North, as well as the “arrival” of neoliberalism, cannot be
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explained by a transition from an anthropoemic and hilemorphic logic

(form/content, molds, rigid conception) to an anthropophagic and cannibal

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one (plasticity, modulations, energetic conception). Anthropophagy cannot

be limited to the logic of acculturation, assimilation, class consciousness,
belief context, or any culturalist reduction – in short, to a problem of the
soul –, so one may then assign an anthropophagic quality to the cultural
turns and “new spirits of capitalism.”xxiii). The very Jesuit catechists, in a
second moment, realized that they could not prioritize the soul, as they did
in the Old World. Unlike Rolnik, we understand that anthropophagy is both
in the beginning and in the end, as inferior and superior limit of the workings
of capital, since its constitution. It thus does not imply a “Tupinambá
capitalism,” but the fact that capitalism has always had to constantly
internalize the power of the poor, the body of the poor, KorpoBraz. This is
also its greatest weakness. In fact, postmodern capitalism is not culturalist,
since the exploited bodies are still the body of the poor – and there is
nothing more material, productive, and affective than that. What changed
was the body of the poor. When the becoming-Brazil interferes with the
theoretical formulations stemming from Brazil and, more generally, the
South, it fosters a displacement from the logic of cultural imperialisms and
nationalisms to the logic of biopower and miscegenation. If the pinnacle of
anthropophagy construed as a schizoanalysis of Brazil is the savage body –
the desert of underdevelopment –, then its occupation involves the
population by means of miscegenation, flows of migration, and exodus, as
well as the refusal of labor, inseparable from biopolitical resistances (the
double yes). Hence the relevance, for a biopolitical factory of strategies, of
shifting all developmentalist, national formation or
proletarianization/awareness topics. This is the only way of rising to the
anthropophagic utopia and, at the same time, allowing for a strategical
(squizo)analysis of neoliberalism – which is biopower plus sign-money.
Despite the disagreement above, there is another passage regarding
Rolnik’s convergence between neoliberalism and anthropophagy which we
believe is very prolific. When describing the logic of postmodern capitalism,
she outlines the simultaneous functioning of two regimes: “This kind of
pimping of the creative force is what has been transforming the planet into
a gigantic marketplace, expanding at an exponential rate, either by including
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its inhabitants as hyperactive zombies or by excluding them as human

trash.”xxiv This does not entail a typology, but a topology, that is, two poles

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of different natures that are constantly interacting within the overall

workings of the system. That is to say, inclusion and exclusion are two
operations that, combined, stratify capitalism of post-Fordist regulation all
the way. There is nothing more distant from a flat horizon than the multiple
modulations and gradients of force that neoliberalism governs in the
continuum – which, as we have seen, Foucault called governmentality. As
the author herself explains, “[i]n fact, those two opposing poles are
interdependent fruits of the same logic; all our destinies unfold between
them” through “the opposite and complementary figures of luxury and trash
subjectivity.”
In order to reclaim the anthropoemy–anthropophagy pair, we could
reframe the issue in terms of low and high anthropoemy as well as low and
high anthropophagy, considering that capitalism must remain working
within the range between the upper and lower limit in each case. When
analyzing the production of subjectivity or bodies in neoliberalism, we thus
have two ever-present machinic processes (exclusion and inclusion) in a field
of constant interaction. The original typology of Lévi-Strauss then evolves
into a topology. This is no longer a matter of anthropoemy versus
anthropophagy, but each one as two sides of the same coin, the double
regime whereby biopower plus money, hence postmodern capitalism, works.
As the anthropophagic thought, postmodern capitalism is both at the
beginning and at the end. In this sense, the capitalist crisis is also a crisis
capitalism, that is, the ability to maintain the interval, to extend the limits of
accumulation and, at the same time, prevent anthropophagy from
completely imploding the building of exploitation and domination. Thinking
in terms of Klossowski’s concepts, resistance arises from two perversions,
one for each regime: anthropoemy as creative refusal – an escape that looks
for a weapon as well, an exodus which also populates the desert where the
people is absent – and anthropophagy as it crosses the biopower
modulations – intensification beyond the limit of crisis, its qualitative
variation. We could still add that, under those terms, anthropoemy and
anthropophagy do not represent a dialectics but from the point of view of
capital, for the double perversion/affirmation has the ability to put an end
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to the dialectics by eliminating the relationship. Immanent exteriority – the

savage body of the South, i.e., the Body of the Poor – is the absolute limit

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of such topology, the living source which can neither be suppressed nor fully
controlled at the risk of devitalizing the parasitic process. The Left is
constantly defeated by neoliberalist forces because it still has not abandoned
the aspirations of the first generation of Jesuits, that is, imposing a form
(state-form, development, redeeming industry) to the living matter of
underdevelopment. Those forces, in turn, caught up with the second wave
of less optimistic priests like Vieira and recognized its inner power. So instead
of trying to mold the living matter, they let the flows run and then govern
within the very flexibility. This is what neoliberalism does better, it is its
expertise and raison d’être. Defusing the collective consciousness from the
oedipal-narcissistic fixations of a form-lover Left is undoubtedly part of the
schizo-Amerindian effort of the Oswaldian program. However, overcoming
neoliberalism implies a second movement, a second affirmation, namely,
accelerating the process, devising a theory of subjectivity within
underdevelopment, connecting to the biopolitical factory of strategies,
following the lines of what we call the becoming-Brazil.
After we have traced a genealogy of the biopower mechanisms in
Latin America and outlined a positive program of minor politics, we engaged
then in the task of writing an Ethics of the anthropophagic unconscious
amidst the swirling flow of the 2013 uprising throughout Brazilian
metropolises. Deleuze and Guattari claimed that the whole theoretical
endeavor of Anti-Oedipus was an attempt to adapt the Ethics of Immanence
to the new flexible coordinates of capitalism, to the point of saying that the
Spinozian substance reappeared in the fluid and mad concept of Body
without Organs (BwO). And each of us have our own BwO, we all make
our own BwO. In this sense, we could say that the present book operates an
interaction between the displacement towards biopower with the political
and ethical formulations of the figure of the body of the poor. Always with
the struggles and for the struggles, our whole work of dismantling the great
theoretical-political buildings of developmentalism, of positivist rationalism,
of progressivism, of the promises of national formation, of the redemptive
proletarianization, and of the popular culture project of a statist and
statolatrous Left suffering from a guilty conscience thus culminates in the
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(de)definition and (un)foundation of Brazil. Brazilianization is useless from

the point of view of transformation, since we, like Oswald, are not interested

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in the Indian dressed up as senator of the Empire, the “torch-bearing

Indian”, meaning the Brazilianization forged by nationalisms, including the
people of national-popular consciousness. We than arrive to our BwO, to
the desert, but an intensely populated desert, crossed by miscegenation
gradients, the mobile thresholds of migrations, by biopolitics. “Against all
catechesis,” the assertion of the Body of the Poor.

i. Claude Lévi-Strauss, Tristes Tropiques (Penguin UK, 2011). Original emphasis.

ii. See “Em parceria com Museu de Arte do Rio (MAR), UERJ realiza seminário sobre
antropoemia na arte,” Portal Fator Brasil, August 21, 2012, accessed January 31, 2017,
http://www.revistafatorbrasil.com.br/ver_noticia.php?not=214068.
iii
Ibid.
iv. Slavoj Žižek, Organs Without Bodies (New York: Routledge, 2016). From the same
author, see also Living in the End times (London: Verso, 2011).
v. Benjamin Noys, The persistence of the Negative: A Critique of Contemporary Continental
Theory (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2010).
vi. Oswald de Andrade, “Manifesto Antropófago,” Revista de Antropofagia 1, no. 1 (May
1928). For an English version of the text, see “Anthropophagic Manifesto,” trans. Maria do
Carmo Zanini, Sibila, March 24, 2009, accessed January 31, 2017,
http://sibila.com.br/english/anthropophagic-manifesto/2686.
vii. Ibid.
viii. Lévi-Strauss, Tristes Tropiques.
ix. Andrade, “Manifesto Antropofágico.”
x. Ibid.
xi. Oswald de Andrade, “Manifesto Pau-Brasil,” Correio da Manhã, March 1924. For an
English version of the text, see “Manifesto of Pau-Brasil Poetry,” trans. Stella M. de Sá
Rego, Latin American Literary Review 14, no. 27 (Jan.-Jun. 1986): 184-7, accessed
January 31, 2017, http://www.jstor.org/stable/20119419.
xii. Andrade, “Manifesto Antropofágico.”
xiii. Ibid.
xiv. Ibid.
xv. Suely Rolnik, “The Geopolitics of Pimping,” trans. Brian Holmes, European Institute for
Progressive Cultural Policies, October 2006, accessed January 15, 2017,
http://eipcp.net/transversal/1106/rolnik/en.
xvi. Feliz Guattari and Suely Rolnik, Cartografias do desejo (Petrópolis: Vozes, 1986).
xvii. Veronica Gago, La rázon neoliberal: Economias barrocas y pragmatica popular
(Madrid: Traficantes de Sueños, 2015). For a more thorough discussion on neoliberalism,
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see Chapters 1 and 2. Bil

xviii. Suely Rolnik, “Anthropophagic Subjectivity,” in 24a Bienal de São Paulo: Arte
Contemporânea Brasileira: Um e/entre outro/s, ed. Paulo Herkenhoff and Adriano Pedrosa

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(São Paulo: Fundação Bienal, 1998), 128-47. Bilingual Portuguese/English edition.

Republished in Portuguese as “Subjetividade Antropofágica,” in Daniel Lins, comp., Razão
Nômade (Rio de Janeiro, 2005: Forense Universitária).
xix. Rolnik, “The Geopolitics of Pimping.”
xx. Speaking at a lecture. See also “Zombie Anthropophagy,” in Ivet Curlin and Natasa Ilic
eds., Collective Creativity (Kassel: Kunsthalle Fridericianum, 2005). Bilingual
German/English edition. Published in a shorter version in French as “Anthropophagie
Zombie,” in Mouvement: L’indiscipline des Arts Visuels, no. 36-37, (Paris, Sept.-Dec.
2005): 56-8.
xxi. Rolnik, “The Geopolitics of Pimping.”
xxii. Andrade, “Manifesto Antropofágico.”
xxiii. See Jean-Luc Boltansky and Éve Chiappello, Le nouvel esprit du capitalisme (Paris:
Gallimard 1997). By the way, it would be more appropriate to speak of “animal spirits” of
capitalism. See Matteo Pasquinelli, Animal Spirits: The Bestiary of the Commons
(Rotterdam: NAi Publishers/Institute of Network Cultures, 2008).
xxiv. Rolnik, “The Geopolitics of Pimping.”

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