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Trapezoidal Rule Notes1

1) The Trapezoidal Rule approximates the area under a curve between two points (a, b) as the average area of two trapezoids. 2) It assumes the curve is linear between the points, allowing the integral to be computed as the average of the function values at the endpoints times the distance between them. 3) In the example, the Trapezoidal Rule was used to estimate the vertical distance covered by a rocket between 8 and 30 seconds. The true error was found to be -807 m and the absolute relative true error was 7.2959%.

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Junaid Ahmed
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41 views10 pages

Trapezoidal Rule Notes1

1) The Trapezoidal Rule approximates the area under a curve between two points (a, b) as the average area of two trapezoids. 2) It assumes the curve is linear between the points, allowing the integral to be computed as the average of the function values at the endpoints times the distance between them. 3) In the example, the Trapezoidal Rule was used to estimate the vertical distance covered by a rocket between 8 and 30 seconds. The true error was found to be -807 m and the absolute relative true error was 7.2959%.

Uploaded by

Junaid Ahmed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Trapezoidal Rule of Integration

Prepared By Shaista Rais


What is Integration
b

 f ( x )dx
Integration: a
y
f(x)
The process of measuring
the area under a function
plotted on a graph.

b
I   f ( x )dx
a

Where:
f(x) is the integrand
a= lower limit of integration
a b x
b= upper limit of integration
2
Basis of Trapezoidal Rule
Trapezoidal Rule is based on the Newton-Cotes Formula
that states if one can approximate the integrand as an nth
order polynomial…

b
I   f ( x )dx where f ( x )  fn( x )
a

and f n ( x )  a0  a1 x  ...  an1 x n1  an x n

3
Basis of Trapezoidal Rule
Then the integral of that function is approximated by
the integral of that nth order polynomial.

b b

 f ( x )   fn( x )
a a

Trapezoidal Rule assumes n=1, that is, the area


under the linear polynomial,
b
   f ( a )  f ( b )
 f ( x )dx ( b a ) 2 
a

4
Derivation of the Trapezoidal Rule

5
Method Derived From Geometry
b

 f ( x )dx
1

The area under the y


a

f(x)
curve is a trapezoid.
The integral
b

 f ( x)dx  Area of
a
trapezoid
f1(x)
1
 ( Sum of parallel sides )( height )
2
1
  f ( b )  f ( a )( b  a )
2
 f ( a )  f ( b )
 ( b  a )  a b x
 2
Figure 2: Geometric Representation
6
Example 1
The vertical distance covered by a rocket from t=8 to t=30
seconds is given by:

30
  140000  
x    2000 ln    9.8t dt
8 140000  2100 t  

a) Use single segment Trapezoidal rule to find the distance covered.


b) Find the true error, E t for part (a).
c) Find the absolute relative true error, a for part (a).

7
Solution

 f ( a )  f ( b )
a) I  ( b  a ) 
 2
a 8 b  30
 140000 
f ( t )  2000 ln    9.8t
140000  2100 t 

 140000 
f ( 8 )  2000 ln    9.8( 8 )  177.27 m / s
140000  2100( 8 )

 140000 
f ( 30 )  2000 ln    9.8( 30 )  901.67 m / s
140000  2100( 30 )

8
Solution (cont)

177 .27  901 .67 


a) I  ( 30  8 ) 
 2

 11868 m

b) The exact value of the above integral is

30
  140000  
x    2000 ln    9.8t dt  11061 m
8 140000  2100 t  

9
Solution (cont)

b) Et  True Value  Approximate Value


 11061  11868
 807 m

c) The absolute relative true error, t , would be

11061  11868
t   100  7.2959 %
11061

10

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