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Kinetics Part 2

The document discusses the Arrhenius equation and how it relates temperature to reaction rate. It states that the Arrhenius equation quantifies how the rate constant (k) increases exponentially with temperature. It also discusses how catalysts lower the activation energy of reactions, increasing reaction rates, but do not change reaction equilibrium or Gibbs free energy. Collision theory is also summarized, noting that for reactions to occur molecules must collide with proper orientation and sufficient kinetic energy to exceed the threshold energy.

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Aditya Menon
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91 views3 pages

Kinetics Part 2

The document discusses the Arrhenius equation and how it relates temperature to reaction rate. It states that the Arrhenius equation quantifies how the rate constant (k) increases exponentially with temperature. It also discusses how catalysts lower the activation energy of reactions, increasing reaction rates, but do not change reaction equilibrium or Gibbs free energy. Collision theory is also summarized, noting that for reactions to occur molecules must collide with proper orientation and sufficient kinetic energy to exceed the threshold energy.

Uploaded by

Aditya Menon
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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KINETICS PART-2

Effect of temperature on rate of reaction

Arrhenius equation
The quantitative effect of temperature on the rate constant (k) was given by
Arrhenius, so the expression is called Arrhenius equation described as follows:

Where, A = Arrhenius constant or frequency factor or pre-exponential factor, a


constant specific to a particular reaction.
R = Universal gas constant
T = Temperature
Ea = Activation energy (measured inJ/mol )

· Activation energy (Ea) is the extra amount of energy absorbed by the reactant
molecules in order to acquire the threshold energy value. Threshold energy is
the minimum energy required for the effective collision between the reacting
molecules.

The exponential factor

called Boltzmann factor, is dimensionless. So, the unit of ‘A’


is same as that of ‘k’ (rate constant) in the Arrhenius equation.
In the Arrhenius equation,

the factor
corresponds to the fraction of molecules that have kinetic energy greater than
Ea.

Now, taking natural logarithm of both sides of equation,

As the equation
corresponds to a straight line equation y=mx +c, the plot gives a straight line.

Example 4. Find out the values of Ea and A for a reaction in which rate
constants at 500K and 700K are .o25 and.075 respectively.

Effect of catalyst on reaction rate :-


A catalyst alters the rate of a reaction as it provides an alternate pathway or
reaction mechanism by reducing the activation energy between reactants and
products and hence lowering the potential energy barrier .

charecteristics
A catalyst
(a) does not alter the Gibb‘s energy ΔG of a reaction
(b) catalyses only spontaneous reactions
(c) does not change the equilibrium constant of a
reaction
(d) is highly specific
Collision Theory of Chemical Reactions

According to collision theory not only activation energy but also the proper
orientation of molecules together determine the criteria for an effective collision
and hence the rate of reaction.
Let us take an example of formation of methanol from bromomethane which
explains how the orientation of molecules affect the formation of products.

From the above diagram, it is clear that the proper orientation of reactant
molecules lead to bond formation whereas improper orientation makes them
simply bounce back and no products are formed.
In collision theory, it is assumed that reactant molecules are like hard spheres
and reaction occurs as a result of the collision of these molecules with each
other.
There are two factors which affect the rate of chemical reaction, Ea (activation
energy) and Z (collision frequency). ‘Z’ is defined as the number of collisions
per second per unit volume of the reaction mixture.
For a bimolecular elementary reaction.

The above equation of rate of reaction predicts the value of ‘k’ what we obtain
from Arrhenius equation in case of atomic species or simple molecules. But, a
deviation is observed in case of complex molecules because all collisions do not
lead to the formation of products. The effective collisions in which molecules
collide with proper orientation and sufficient kinetic energy (i.e. threshold
energy) lead to formation of products.

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