World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology

International Journal of Geological and Environmental Engineering

Vol:9, No:2, 2015

A New Correlation between SPT and CPT for

Various Soils
Fauzi Jarushi, S. AlKaabim, Paul Cosentino

 test equipment, procedures, and design guidelines associated

Abstract—The Standard Penetration Test (SPT) is the most with each test sparks the approach of correlation. Many in situ
common in situ test for soil investigations. On the other hand, the tests’ parameters have been correlated to many of soil
Cone Penetration Test (CPT) is considered one of the best engineering properties by means of indirect measurements.
investigation tools. Due to the fast and accurate results that can be
Furthermore, these in situ tests have also been correlated to
obtained it complaints the SPT in many applications like field
International Science Index, Geological and Environmental Engineering Vol:9, No:2, 2015 waset.org/Publication/10000578

explorations, design parameters, and quality control assessments. other tests in order to use them for primary evaluation or
Many soil index and engineering properties have been correlated to initial design purposes.
both of SPT and CPT. Various foundation design methods were Numerous geotechnical researchers have presented
developed based on the outcome of these tests. Therefore it is vital to relationships between the two most common used in situ soil
correlate these tests to each other so that either one of the tests can be investigation tests, the SPT and the CPT. These relationships
used in the absence of the other, especially for preliminary evaluation
help engineers in adopting empirical methods to evaluate and
and design purposes.
The primary purpose of this study was to investigate the analyze soil performance by converting the available database
relationships between the SPT and CPT for different type of sandy of either one of the two tests into the other test’s parameter(s).
soils in Florida. Data for this research were collected from number of A significant amount of published literature suggests linear
projects sponsored by the Florida Department of Transportation statistical correlations between the two tests variables: N blow
(FDOT), six sites served as the subject of SPT-CPT correlations. The count of the SPT, and cone tip resistance (qc) of the CPT.
correlations were established between the cone resistance (qc), sleeve
friction (fs) and the uncorrected SPT blow counts (N) for various
soils. II. DATA SELECTION
A positive linear relationship was found between qc, fs and N for The chosen data was obtained from soil investigations for
various sandy soils. In general, qc versus N showed higher FDOT major roadwork projects. The closest available testing
correlation coefficients than fs versus N. qc/N ratios were developed locations were chosen to establish the SPT – CPT correlations
for different soil types and compared to literature values, the results
of this research revealed higher ratios than literature values. for each site. Locations of these sites are superimposed on
Florida map as shown in Fig. 1.
Keywords—In situ tests, Correlation, SPT, CPT. Three variables are representative of the data used in this
research: SPT N (blows/0.3m), CPT tip resistance qc (MPa)
I. INTRODUCTION and sleeve resistance fs (kPa). The data also included SPT
boring log. Each boring log contained a soil profile with soil
S OIL is naturally heterogeneous and discontinuous material
that is composed of various degraded minerals and organic
matter. Soil is deposited by several natural actions such as
type classifications according to the Unified Soil
Classification System (USCS); these classifications were
based on laboratory tests (i.e., sieve analysis, Atterberg limits).
mechanical and chemical weathering on different kinds of
rocks. These actions produce various sedimentation patterns
III. HISTORY OF SPT – CPT CORRELATIONS
and formations. Soil is composed of different solid minerals of
finite gradations, gases and water that give different behaviors Many researchers have pointed out the importance of SPT -
when subjected to vertical or horizontal forces. CPT correlations, [13] show that there is a need for reliable
The soil in central Florida, for instance, is varying in types CPT/SPT correlations so that CPT data can be used in existing
and stratigraphy. Therefore, it is a difficult task for engineers SPT-based design approaches. Kulhawy and Mayne [8]
to generalize a soil profile that can be developed and used in emphasize on the advantages of having a procedure to
foundation design. In situ soil investigations give readily, interrelate N and qc. These tests represent the most common in
relatively economic, and reliable results that can aid situ soil testing used worldwide and both of them representing
engineer’s decisions and judgments on the subsurface features soil resistance to penetration (although the SPT is dynamic
and their choice of foundation type. The variability of in situ and the CPT is quasi-static).
Back in the late 1950s and early 1960s, several researchers
like [11], [12] suggested constant values of qc/N for different
Fauzi Jarushi is with the Civil Engineering Department, Tripoli University,
Tripoli, Libya (phone: +218917630068; e-mail: [email protected]).
soil types. A number of researchers proposed that the qc/N
S. AlKaabim is with Amerapex Corporation, Iraq (e-mail: ratio is a function of the mean grain size (D50) of the soil.
[email protected]). They concluded that the smaller the qc/N ratio, the finer
Paul Cosentino is with the Civil Engineering Department, Florida Institute
grained the soil. The proposed classification chart by [14] was
of Technology, Florida, USA (phone: +1321674-7555, fax: 321-6747565, e-
mail: [email protected]). recommended to estimate the mean particle size. Clearly, the

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Vol:9, No:2, 2015

qc/N ratio increases with increasing grain size (D50); TABLE I

HISTORY OF SPT-CPT CORRELATIONS
conversely, the ratio decreases with increasing fine material.
SPT
Scatter in data tends to increase with the increase in sand Researcher(s) N Cone type Relationship
Hammer type
grains size (D50 Ӣ 1.0 mm). This may related to the significant Robertson [15] Donut & N55 Electric qc/N = function
effect of large particles on the penetration. Other investigators Safety N55 Electric (D50)
Mostly Safety
reported that the correlation could be more relevant by relating Kasim [6]& N/A N/A N/A qc/N = function
the fine contents (FC) to the qc/N ratio [2]. Similarly, their Chin [2] Safety N55 Electric (FC)
study results indicate that the qc/N ratio is smaller with sands Donut N55 Electric
Robertson [15] N/A N60 Electric Soil
of high fines content than for clean sands. Kulhawy and Lunne [10] classification
Mayne [8] have compiled a number of studies in one graph to N/A N/A N/A chart with
verify a general trend between the qc/N ratio and the fines suggested qc/N
ratio for each
content. The N-values used in this research were the soil behavior
uncorrected due to some limitation of the data. type
Meyerhof [12] N/A N/A N/A
International Science Index, Geological and Environmental Engineering Vol:9, No:2, 2015 waset.org/Publication/10000578

Suggested
Meigh [11] N/A N55 N/A
constant values
Schmertmann N/A Uncorrected Mechanical qc/N or
[16] N55 Electric (qc+fs)/N in
Chin [2] Donut N60 N/A different soil
N/A types for
Danziger [4]& Automatic N60 Mechanical
Akca [1]

IV. METHODOLOGY
A. CPT and SPT Tests
The first type of cone penetration test was made by P.
Barentsen in 1932 in the Netherlands [10]. Although many
different styles and configurations have been used, the current
standard grew out from the Netherlands model, so it is
sometimes called the Dutch Cone [21]. Two types of CPT
were developed, mechanical cone and electrical cone. In 1953,
Begemann improved the Dutch cone by adding the “friction
jacket” behind the cone, to measure the local skin friction, fs,
in addition to the tip resistance, qc. The CPT involves pushing
10 cm2, 60° cone through the ground at a rate of 1-2 cm/s. The
total force acting on the cone divided by the projected area of
the cone (10 cm2) is the point resistance (qc). This force or
resistance is measured by load cells located just behind the
Fig. 1 Current Study Sites Locations [22] tapered cone. Theoretically, the tip resistance is related to the
A. Factors Affecting SPT-CPT Correlations undrained shear strength of a saturated cohesive material,
while the sleeve friction is theoretically related to the friction
Many studies have pointed out several factors that could
of the horizon being penetrated [15].
affect the SPT/CPT relationship. Schmertmann [17] and
The SPT is considered the oldest in situ soil test technique.
Kovacs [7] showed that the amount of energy delivered to the
Its early version dates back to the beginning of the 19th
drill rods is an important factor affecting the N-value. Douglas
century. The basic SPT implementation procedure is to force a
[20] has reported that the qc/N ratio is significantly affected
thick, hollow tube to penetrate into the soil by applying an
by SPT hammer type and rather with soil density. Study
external driving force while calculating the soil resistance in
conducted by [6] has shown that the qc/N depends on the fines
terms of blow count. During the late 1920s and early 1930s,
content of sandy soil. They concluded that permeability and
the first trial that aimed to standardize this test procedure was
modification of compressibility of the sand are the major
developed by Harry Mohr. He recommended using a larger
factors that may affect qc/N ratio. Sanglerat [23] reviewed and
diameter split spoon sampler 5 cm in diameter and counting
presented a number of studies implemented in several
the number of blows per 300 mm of penetration, using a 64-kg
countries. Many of these studies have assigned a constant ratio
hammer with a drop distance of 76 cm.
of qc/N for each soil type; for instance, sandy soils have
As the SPT test progresses, soil samples and groundwater
mostly qc/N ratios larger than 4, while clays have ratios less
information are also collected. A record is made of the number
than 4. Furthermore, these studies have drawn important
of blows required to drive each 150 mm segment into the soil.
conclusions that soil compactness and relative density increase
This is done until 450 mm depth is achieved or otherwise
would decrease qc/N ratio. Table I summarizes the previous
penetration refusal. The first record of advance (seating) is
studies.

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Vol:9, No:2, 2015

usually discarded (first 150 mm), while the second and third drainage characteristics, good shear strength, and very low
increments are recorded and summed as the number of blows compressibility when compacted and saturated [5], produced a
N per 300 mm. positive correlation between qc and N. A total of 58 data pairs
All of the selected sites were tested with safety hammers was used to determine the relationship between the two
during the SPT sampling. Unfortunately, no detailed variables as shown in Fig. 2. The SPT N has 1 and 57 as a
information regarding the borehole diameter and the rod lower and upper limit, respectively. The qc values ranged
length used to perform the SPT was available. These between 1 and 25 MPa.
parameters are used to correct the SPT results for field
procedures to yield more reliable and consistent findings.
On the other hand, the CPT data in cohesionless soils,
which are the dominant type of soils in the studied sites, does
not require corrections.
B. Data Matching
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The average qc and fs values were compared with the SPT N

values located at the same elevation.
Because the SPT results are generally taken at specified
intervals of depth, usually second 300 mm and the sequence
intervals are larger than those provided by the CPT; the SPT
N-values were selected as the reference for the corresponding
Fig. 2 Relationship between qc and N for Fine Sand (SP) soil
CPT values.
C. Proposed Correlations Fine Sand with Silt (SP-SM) is the classification for soils
The correlation process involved separating each type of that have 5% to 12% fines pass the No.200 (75 µm) sieve. The
soil from all boreholes and combining them into a single 118 data set shown in Fig. 3 were collected from various sites
analysis. at different layers. The N values had a range between 3 to 85,
Many suggested verbal labels to describe the strength of the whereas the qc was from 1 to 53 MPa. The correlation
relationship are available, yet no universally accepted single coefficients R2 were less than 0.1 as presented in Fig. 3.
scale was found. Obviously, the closer to 1 (+ or -) a
correlation coefficient is, then the stronger the relationship.
The nearer to 0 (means no relationship), then the weaker is the
correlation [3]. The following strength scale was used to
describe the correlation strength throughout this research: 1
(Perfect); 0.7 to 0.9 (Strong); 0.6 to 0.4 (Moderate); 0.1 to 0.3
(Weak) and 0 (No correlation).

V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

A. CPT qc versus SPT N
The majority of literature was based on qc and N
relationships. The qc value is considered to be more consistent Fig. 3 Relationship between qc and N for SP-SM Soil
than fs [9]. In the current research, sixteen different test
locations were evaluated to find probable qc versus N trends.
Five common soil types between the sixteen sites have been
identified as:
1) Fine Sand (SP)
2) Silty Fine Sand (SM)
3) Clayey Fine Sand (SC)
4) Silty Clayey Fine Sand SM/SC, and
5) Fine Sand with Silt (SP-SM).
Other soil types (i.e., Clay (CH and CL)) were regarded as
infrequent, and if present, they consisted of thin layers.
Therefore, this data would provide poor quality correlations.
The total depth of the SPT boring was correlated to the entire
CPT sounding depth. Fig. 4 Relationship between qc and N for SM Soil
The following sections present the results for each type of
soil: Silty Fine Sand (SM) has fair to poor drainage
Fine Sand (SP): This soil has a poor gradation, excellent characteristics, good shear strength, and low compressibility

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Vol:9, No:2, 2015

when compacted and saturated [5]. A total of 147 points were with both linear and nonlinear (power) correlation equations.
included in this analysis (see Fig. 4). The range of N values A number of authors have addressed the effect of fines on
was from 2 to 82 blows/0.3m, while the qc values ranged the qc/N ratio. For instance, a study by [19] shows that the
between 0.3 and 20 MPa. The relationship analysis shows that correlation between qc/N ratio and the mean grain size has
there is a weak correlation between the cone resistance and N- some limitations when the fines content in sands is more than
values in this type of soil. 10%. They also found that qc/N decreased linearly as the fines
Clayey Fine Sand (SC) with plastic fines that exceed 12%. content increased.
Low compressibility and good to fair shear strength are typical This research indicates that the higher correlation
of the performance of this soil when subjected to compaction, coefficient was obtained from clean sand to sand with low
with a poor to practically impervious drainage quality [5]. A fines content (less than 5% fines). This result may be credited
total of 175 data points was considered in this analysis; (0-60) to the uniformity and homogeneity of the respective soil layer.
was the range of N-values and (0.35-16.3) MPa was the range Lower R2 values mainly resulted from mixed soils with high
of cone resistance soundings. Fig. 5 shows the weak linear fines content (silty, clayey more than 10% fines) which
relationship between qc and N with R2 = 0.18. respond differently and sometimes unexpectedly to
International Science Index, Geological and Environmental Engineering Vol:9, No:2, 2015 waset.org/Publication/10000578

penetration (e.g., high blow counts or high tip resistances).

Another important factor that may have an influence on the
results is the distance between the SPT and CPT. Various
boreholes in close proximity from many sites in this study
have shown dissimilarity in strata arrangements and
thicknesses.
TABLE II
SUMMARY OF QC/N RELATIONSHIPS FOR ALL SOIL TYPES
Correlation
Soil Description Correlation Equation
Coefficient R2
(USCS)
Linear Power Linear Power
Silty Fine Sand
qc = 0.12N + 5.0 qc = 4.4N0.16 0.35 0.12
(SM)
0.42
Fine Sand (SP) qc = 0.291N+ 2.43 qc = 2.6N 0.60 0.28
Fig. 5 Relationship between qc and N for SC Soil
Fine Sand with 0.14
qc = 0.15N+ 7.2 qc = 5.6N 0.11 0.02
Silt (SP-SM)
Silty Clayey Fine Sand SM/SC as described by ASTM D Clayey Fine Sand 0.17
qc = 0.06N+ 5.7 qc = 4.1N 0.09 0.12
2487 – 06: “When the laboratory test results indicate that the (SC)
Silty Clayey Fine
soil is close to another soil classification group, the borderline qc = 0.22N + 2.6 qc = 0.95N0.64 0.37 0.50
Sand (SM/SC)
condition can be indicated with two symbols separated by a
slash. 42 data sets were selected to represent this type of soil B. CPT fs versus SPT N
with N ranging between 1 and 55, and qc from 0.2 to 30 MPa Although the CPT fs, has customarily been realized as less
as shown in Fig. 6. reliable than the cone tip resistance, it plays an important role
For ease and simplicity, engineers prefer to use linear in the quality of soil behavior type identification. The lack of
equations to interpret field tests and soil property correlations. accuracy in the fs measurement has been attributed to factors
As shown in the aforementioned results, the linear relationship including [9]. Pore pressure effects on both ends of the sleeve,
was used the form y = mx + b to exhibit the correlations; design tolerance between the cone and sleeve, sleeve surface
however, nonlinear relationships (i.e., second order equations) roughness and load cell design and calibration.
have nearly always shown a better correlation coefficient. Nevertheless, the relationship between fs and N was
investigated to quantify the effect of soil type. The following
results were obtained by using the same process as in the qc
and N analysis.
Fine Sand (SP) as shown in Fig. 7 reveals that the shaft
friction increases with the increase in the number of blows per
foot. The R2 value of 0.3 was resulted from this relationship.
The shaft friction values are given in kPa. A considerable of fs
data was less than 100 kPa.
As shown in Fig. 8, Fine Sand with Silt (SP-SM) shows
considerable scatter, thereby, a very poor trend was found.
This soil type have shown the least correlation coefficients
among other types of soil when correlating N to qc and fs.
Fig. 6 Relationship between qc and N for SM/SC Soils Silty Fine Sand (SM) also exhibits a considerable scatter in
data as shown in Fig. 9. A considerable number of N data was
Table II compares the results of each type of soil for data in the range between 1 and 40 (blow/foot), while the friction

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resistance values were below 150 kPa. all the data as presented in Fig. 10. The high percentage of
fines in this type of soil yielded high fs readings in the range
of 50 to 200 kPa. This soil shows a moderate correlation
coefficient of 0.41 while Silty Clayey Fine Sand SM/SC
shows a positive relationship between sleeve friction and the
number of blows, as do the other soil types (Fig. 11).
International Science Index, Geological and Environmental Engineering Vol:9, No:2, 2015 waset.org/Publication/10000578

Fig. 7 Relationship between fs and N for SP Soil

Fig. 11 Relationship between fs and N for SM/SC soil

C. Comparison Between qc/N ratios of this study and
Literature Values
A number of researchers have suggested specific n values
(i.e., n= qc/N). Some of these values were published using the
mechanical cone penetrometer and uncorrected SPT while
others used electronic cones and SPT corrected for hammer
efficiency. Therefore, broad variations exist.
Fig. 8 Relationship between fs and N for SP-SM Soils Table III presents published n values along with the
reference locations. The n values for the present research were
calculated by applying the arithmetic average of qc/N for each
soil type. Higher n values than the literature suggested n were
found for nearly all the types of soil except the SP soil. The SP
data reasonably match with the results of the published
literature. Silty sand has a higher average value than those
suggested in the literature, excluding the value for calcareous
sands by [1] which agrees with this research finding. There is
a tangible variation between the existing and current research
correlations, and this may be attributed to one or a
combination of the following:
1) Each of the suggested n values reported in the literature
were obtained by using specific in-field procedures to
Fig. 9 Relationship between fs and N for SM Soils conduct SPT N, and CPT qc and fs. For instance, part of
the literature used the corrected N for field procedures
while others used the uncorrected N. On the other hand,
the cone results were obtained by different cone types and
designs, which could have produced considerably
different numbers than other cone types.
2) The variation in cone types and designs was found to have
a considerable effect on the results. Mechanical cones in
sands, for instance, give less tip resistance than electrical
cones, and he reverse case is true for clays and silts [8].
3) The statistical and mathematical approaches used to
determine qc/N ratios in many research papers were
vague. In this research, the arithmetic averaging process
Fig. 10 Relationship between fs and N for SC Soil may affect the accuracy of measuring the true value of qc
at certain depths.
Clayey Fine Sand (SC) shows a good linear correlation for 4) The distance between SPT and CPT to establish the

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correlation may have a significant influence on the quality Overconslidation).

of the correlation. 6) The regional subsurface features and characteristics were
5) The engineering factor as given by Robertson [14] may assumed to have an influence on the variation of
have a potential effect on a high range of data (i.e., correlation values.

TABLE III
CURRENT RESEARCH N = QC/N VALUES COMPARED TO LITERATURE
Soil description Current Reference /Year/ Location
(USCS) study Chin [2] 1988, Taiwan Schmertmann [18] 1970, USA Robertson [15] 1986, Canada Akca [1] 2002, Danziger [4] 1998,
UAE Brazil
SM 0.8 0.4 - 0.5 0.30 - 0.40 0.3 - 0.4 0.70 0.5 - 0.64
SP 0.6 0.5 0.30 - 0.60 0.5 - 0.6 0.77 0.57
SC 0.8 - - 0.2 - 0.46 - 0.53
SM/SC 0.4 - 0.20 - - 0.10 - 0.35
SP-SM 0.7 - - 0.3 - -
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VI. CONCLUSION [3] Dancey, Christine P., and John Reidy. Statistics Without Maths for
Psychology, Fifth Edition. Edinburgh Gate, Harlow.England: Pearson
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correlations for some Brazilian residual soils." Geotechnical site
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versus N produced higher correlation coefficients than fs [5] Holtz, Robert D., and William D. Kovacs. An Inroduction to
geotechnical Engineering. Englewood, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc.,
versus N except for SM/SC and SC soils which show slightly 1981.
lower R2 value. [6] Kasim, A. G., Chu Ming-Yau, and J. N. Curtis. "Field Correlation of
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relationships. Sandy soils with high fines content showed high Engineering, 1986: 368- 372.
[7] Kovacs, William D., Lawrence A. Salomone, and Felix Y. Yokel.
sleeve friction values, which yield high y-intercept values. Energy measurement in the standard penetration test. U.S. Dept. of
This evidently proves that the higher the fines content, the Commerce, National Bureau of Standards (Washington, D.C.), 1981.
higher the fs values. [8] Kulhawy, F. H., and P. W. Mayne. Manual on Estimating Soil Properties
for Foundation Design. Palo Alto, California: Electric Power Research
Weak correlation coefficients existed when the analysis Institute, 1990.
was performed for all soil types (R2, 0.1 - 0.3). [9] Lunne, T., and K. H. Andersen. “Soft clay shear strength parameters for
SP soil depicts better correlation than other sandy soils with deepwater geotechnical design.” Proceedings 6th International
Conference, Society for Underwater Technology. London: Offshore Site
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between fs and N for various soils. [10] Lunne, T., P.K. Robertson, and J.J.M Powell. Cone Penetration Testing
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Publishers, 1997.
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friction values fs than poorly graded sand. and Foundation Engineering. Paris, 1961.
[12] Meyerhof, G.G. " Penetration tests and bearing capacity of cohesionless
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to the suggested ratios in the literature. Inversely, the silty 20, No. 4, 1983: 718-733.
[15] Robertson, P.K., and R.G. Campanella. Guidelines for Use and
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and CPT manifests a weak correlation in the Central Florida Testing and Materials, 1978: 341-355.
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Report No. FHWA-TS-78-209, 1978.
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[20] Douglas, B.J. and Olsen, R.S. (1981). “Soil classification using electric
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