APPENDIX I

ANSWERS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS

CHAPTER 1
1.1 (a) 10 mA; (b) 10 kΩ; (c) 100 V; (d) 0.1 A 1.3 17 1.6 2.94 V, 2.22 kΩ;
2.75 V to 3.14 V, 2.11 kΩ to 2.33 kΩ 1.9 250 Ω 1.10 Shunt RL with a 1.1-kΩ resistor;
current divider 1.12 0.77 V and 6.15 kΩ; 0.1 mA 1.16 (a) (1 − j1.59) kΩ; (c) (71.72 −
j45.04) kΩ 1.17 (b) 0.1 V, 10 μA, 10 kΩ 1.22 (a) 165 V; (b) 24 V 1.25 4 kHz;
4 Hz 1.27 0, 101, 1000, 11001, 111001 1.29 (c) 11; 4.9 mV; 2.4 mV 1.30 7.056 ×
105 bits per second 1.32 11 V/V or 20.8 dB; 22 A/A or 26.8 dB; 242 W/W or 23.8 dB;
120 mW; 95.8 mW; 20.2% 1.33 9 mV; 57.5 mV; 0.573 V 1.34 (a) 8.26 V/V or
18.3 dB; (b) 2.5 V/V or 8 dB; (c) 0.083 V/V or −21.6 dB 1.40 (a) 300 V/V;
(b) 90 kΩ, 3 × 104 A/A, 9 × 106 W/W; (c) 667 Ω; (d) 555.7 V/V; (e) 100 kΩ, 100 Ω,
363 V/V 1.50 s/(s + 1/CR) 1.53 0.64 μF 1.55 0.51/CR 1.56 13.3 pF;
0.26 pF 1.59 20 dB; 37 dB; 40 dB; 37 dB; 20 dB; 0 dB; −20 dB; 9900 Hz 1.60 1/(sC1R1
+ 1); 15.9 Hz; −Gms(R2//R3)/(s + 1/(C2(R2 + R3))); 53 Hz; 16 Hz 1.64 5.33 × 10–18; 3.05 × 10–
14
; 1.72 x 10–13; 2.87 × 10–11; 9.45 × 10–11 1.65 1.5 × 1017 P atoms/cm3 1.66 Hole
concentration 2.25 × 10 /cm ; 2.23 × 10 /cm 1.68 4.63 × 1017/cm3 1.69 0.432 A/cm2
4 3 9 3

1.71 0.633 V; 0.951 μm; 0.8642 μm; 0.8642 μm; 5.53 × 10–14 C 1.78 3.6 × 10–15 A;
0.6645 V 1.80 259 pS; 1 pF

CHAPTER 2
2.1 1001 V/V 2.4 A = GmRm = 100000 V/V 2.6 (a) −10 V/V, 10 kΩ; (b) −10 V/V,
10 kΩ; (c) −10 V/V, 10 kΩ; (d) −10 V/V, 10 kΩ 2.9 (a) −1 V/V; (b) −10 V/V;
(c) −0.1 V/V; (d) −100 V/V; (e) −10 V/V 2.11 Rin = 500 kΩ 2.15 0 V, 5 V; −4.9 V to
−5.1 V 2.17 (b) 90.8 V/V 2.18 ±10 mV 2.22 (b) 909 V/V 2.25 100 Ω; 100 Ω;
100 kΩ 2.27 (a) R, R, R, R; (b) I, 2I, 4I, 8I; (c) −IR, −2IR, −4IR, −8IR
2.29 (a) 0.53 kΩ; (b) −0.4 to +0.4 m; (c) 0 Ω, 20 mA; 2.31 vo = v1 − v2/2; −1.5 V
2.37 12.8 kΩ 2.40 R = 100 kΩ; No 2.43 v0 = 4 sin(2π × 1000t)
2.46 (a) 0.099 V; 0.099 mA; 0.099 mA; (b) 10 V; 10 mA; 0 mA 2.47 vo ⁄ v1 =
1 ⁄ (1 + 1 ⁄Α); 0.999, −0.1%; 0.990, −1.0%; 0.909, −9.1% 2.48 8.33 V/V; Shunt R1 with Rsh =
36 kΩ; 9.09 V/V; 11.1 V/V 2.51 −10.714 to +10.714 V; 1.07 V 2.54 vo = v2 − v1;
R; 2R; 2R; R 2.57 68 dB 2.58 (a) 1, 0; (b) −5 V to +5 V; (c) 1, 0, −30 to +30 V
2.62 (a) −0.14 to +0.14 V; −14 to +14 V 2.64 R1 = 0.5 kΩ fixed; R2 = 50 kΩ
2.65 (a) 3 V/V, −3.0 V/V; (b) 6 V/V; (c) 56 V (peak-to-peak), 19.8 V (rms)
2.69 100 kHz; 1.59 μs 2.72 100 pulses 2.74 1.59 kHz; 10 V (peak-to-peak)
2.82 1.4 mV 2.85 4.54 mV 2.91 86 dB; 500 Hz; 10 MHz 2.94 47.6 kHz; 19.9 V/V;
19.9 V/V 2.97 100 kHZ; 1.59 μS 2.99 (a) ( 2 – 1)1/2 f1; (b) 10 kHz; (c) 64.4 kHz,
about six times greater 2.102 For each, f3dB = ft ⁄ 3

I-1
 Answers to Selected Problems I-2

CHAPTER 3
3.1 (a) 0 A; 1.5 V; (b) 1.5 A; 0 V 3.6 50 kΩ 3.7 (a) 0 V; 0.5 mA; (b) 1.67 V; 0 A
3.8 (a) 4.5 V; 0.225 mA; (b) 2 V; 0 A 3.13 red lights; neither light; green lights
3.15 3.46 × 10−15 A; 0.746 mA; 273.2 mA; 3.35 mA; 91.65 μA; 57.6 mV 3.18 3.81 mA;
−22.8 mV 3.21 57.1 Ω 3.24 60°C; 8.7 W; 6.9°C/W 3.28 0.6638 V; 0.3362 mA
3.30 R = 947 Ω 3.32 0.86 mA; 0 V; 0 A; 3.6 V 3.43 157 μA; −84.3° to −5.7°
3.50 −30 mV/mA; −120 mV/mA 3.53 8.83 V; 19.13 mA; 300 Ω; 9.14 V; ±0.01 V;
+0.12 V; 578 Ω; 8.83 V; 90 mV/V; −27.3 mA/mA 3.57 16.27 V; 48.7%; 0.13; 5.06 V;
5.06 mA 3.58 15.57 V; 94.8%; 9.44 V; 9.44 mA 3.61 (a) 166.7 μF; 15.4 V; 7.1%;
233 mA; 449 mA; (b) 1667 μF; 16.19 V; 2.25%; 735 mA; 1455 mA

CHAPTER 4
4.1 active; saturation; active; saturation; inversed active; active; cutoff; cutoff
4.6 0.907 mA; 0.587 V 4.7 53.3; 0.982 4.8 3 to 15 mA; 3.05 to 15.05 mA; 135 mW
4.14 −2 V; 0.82 mA; −0.57 V 4.16 0.91 mA; 9.09 mA; 0.803 V; 9.99 mA
4.19 (a) 1 mA; (b) −2 V; (c) 1 mA; 1 V; (d) 0.965 mA; 0.35 V 4.30 3.35 μA
4.33 1.72 mA; 6 V; 34 V; 20 kΩ 4.37 (a) 1.3 V, 3.7 V; (b) 0.3 V, 4.7 V; (c) 0 V,
+5 V 4.39 −0.7 V; +4.7 V; −0.5 V (−1 V; +5 V); +2.6 V (1.9 V, 2.6 V) 4.40 0.3 V;
15 μA; 0.8 mA; 0.785 mA; −1.075 V; 52.3; 0.98 4.45 (a) −0.7 V, 1.8 V; (b) 1.872 V,
1.955 mA; (c) −0.7 V, 0 V, 1.872 V; (d) 1.9 V, −0.209 V; (e) 1.224 V, 1.924 V,
−0.246 V 4.53 −360 V/V; 0.7 V, 2 mV 4.57 −100 V/V 4.60 3 mA; −120 V/V;
−0.66 V; −0.6 V; 0.54 V; 0.6 V 4.74 1.25 V; 20 mA/V; 150 V/V 4.81 135; 41.8 Ω;
23 mA/V; 1.09 kΩ; −0.76 V/V 4.83 9.3 kΩ; 28.6 kΩ; 143 V/V
4.84 1 mA; 0.996 V/V; 0.63 V/V 4.122 (a) 1.73 mA, 68.5 mA/V, 14.5 Ω, 1.46 kΩ;
(b) 148.2 kΩ, 0.93 V/V; (c) 18.21 kΩ, 0.64 V/V

CHAPTER 5
5.8 Wp/Wn = 2.5 5.9 238 Ω; 238 mV; 50 5.10 (a) 4.15 mA; (b) 0.8 mA; 0.92 mA;
9.9 mA 5.13 3 V; 2 V; 5 V; 4 V 5.16  0.7 V 5.17 100 Ω to 10 kΩ; (a) 200 Ω to
20 kΩ; (b) 50 Ω to 5 kΩ; (c) 100 Ω to 10 kΩ 5.22 82.13 μA; 2.7%; use L = 6 μm
5.25 −3 V; +3 V; −4 V; +4 V; −1 V; −50 V; −0.02 V−1; 1.39 mA/V2 5.28 (b) −0.3%/°C
5.32 4.8 μm; 30.4 kΩ 5.33 8 μm; 2 μm; 12.5 kΩ 5.38 (a) 2.51 V; −2.79 V;
(b) 7.56 V; 5 V; 2.44 V 5.40 (a) 7.5 μA; 1.5 V; (b) 4.8 μA; 1.4 V; (c) 1.5 V; 7.5 μA
5.44 0.8 V; 25 5.48 (a) 2 mA; 2.8 V; (b) 2 mA; (c) −7.2 V/V; (d) 50 kΩ; −6.7 V/V
5.52 2.20 μm; 1.7 V 5.54 −8.3 V/V; 2.5 V; −10.8 V/V 5.55 NMOS: 0.42 mA/V,
160 kΩ, 0.08 mA/V; PMOS: 245 mA/V, 240 kΩ, 0.5 mA/V, 0.8 V 5.70 3.4 V; 110 μA to
838 μA; 8.2 kΩ; 40 μA to 0.15 mA 5.71 1 mA; 13% 5.72 1.59 V; 2.37 V; 2.37 mA
5.75 (a) −3 V; +5 V; 8 V; (b) −3.3 V; +5 V; +8.3 V 5.77 36 kΩ; 0.21 mA; 2 V

CHAPTER 6
6.13 (a) 0.5 mA; (b) 100 kΩ, 100 kΩ, 50 kΩ; (c) 2.5 kΩ, 20 mA/V; (d) 2.5 kΩ, 50 kΩ,
−1000 V/V 6.34 20 kΩ; 0.2 V; 200 kΩ; 5 μA 6.37 80 μA; 0.3 V; 0.58 V; 3.2 μA
6.39 4: 25, 50, 200, 400 μA; 3: 16.7, 40, 133 μA; 1.53 V 6.41 (a) 10 μA to 10 mA;
0.576 to 0.740 V 6.45 (a) 2 mΑ, −0.7 V, 5 V, 0.7 V, −0.7 V, −5.7 V; (b) 0.2 mA,
−0.7 V, 5 V, 0.7 V, 0.7 V, −0.7 V 6.47 1.56 µA 6.48 80 μA; 8 MΩ; 0.9 V 6.52 0.5 kΩ
6.53 2 μA; 0.2% 6.58 (a) 5.76 kΩ; (b) 33 MΩ, 0.15 μA 6.60 11 MΩ
6.61 (a) 58.5 kΩ (b) 200 MΩ 6.62 14.42 MΩ 6.66 1000 V/V, 0.985 V/V,
I-3 Appendix I Answers to Selected Problems

6.67 46.15 V/V; 7.01 M 6.69 0.5 mA; 4 mA/V 6.73 15 V/V; 164.2 MHz; 2.5 GHz,
0.155 mA; quadrupled to 0.62 mA; 7.5 V/V; 656.8 MHz 6.76 5.3 MHz; 391 MHz

CHAPTER 7
7.8 1.19 V; 106 mA/V; 0.27 V; 800 μA 7.10 −1.5 V; +0.5 V; equal in both cases;
0.05 V; −0.05 V; 0.536 V 7.26 −2.683 V; +3.515 V 7.28 −1.53 V to 0.92 V
7.32 (a) VCC − (I/2)RC; (b) −(I/2)RC, +(I/2)RC; (c) 4 V; (d) 0.4 mA, 10 kΩ
7.35 (a) 20IRC V/V; (b) VCC − 0.0275Av 7.36 IC1 = 2 mA, IC2 = 2.4 mA; 10.1 mV
7.38 6 mA/V; 75 kΩ 7.41 (a) 0.4 mA, 10 mV; (b) 1.40 mA, 0.60 mA; (c) −2.0 V,
+2.0 V; (d) 40 V/V 7.49 40 V/V; 50 kΩ 7.50 30 V/V; ⯝ 25 kΩ 7.52 26.7 V/V;
17.8 kΩ; 0.333 V/V; 15 kΩ 7.53 (a) 100 V/V; (b) 200 V/V; (c) 40.2 kΩ; (d) 0.1 V/V;
(e) 0 7.56 1.8 mA; 360 V/V; 1.8 sin ωt V 7.57 2% 7.58 0.008 V/V 7.66 1.7 mVM
7.68 (a) 0.25; (b) 0.225 7.96 R5 = 7.34 kΩ; 4104 V/V; R4 = 1.11 kΩ 7.97 (a) 173.1 ×
103 V/V (b) 5583 V/V 7.98 (a) 1 mA; (b) 2.37 kΩ, 128 Ω; (c) 2.81 × 104 V/V

CHAPTER 8
8.1 −10 V/V, 18.6 μF 8.14 5.1 GHz 8.16 2.7 GHz; 5.4 GHz 8.20 1.25 GHz,
5.8 GHz, 2.47 ps, 0.95 pF 8.21 0.54 pF; 20 mA/V; 7.5 kΩ; 33.3 MHz
8.29 (a) −15.24 V/V; (b) 33.1 kHz 8.40 (a) 2.07; (b) 7.02 8.41 (a) 105 rad/s;
(b) 1.01 × 105 rad/s; 107 rad/s 8.42 5.67 × 106 rad/s 8.49 40.6 V/V; 243.8 ns; 3100 ns;
30 ns; 47.2 kHz 8.52 (a) −1000 V/V, Ci = 1.001 nF, Co = 1.001 pF; (b) −10 V/V, Ci =
110 pF, Co = 11 pF; (c) −1 V/V, Ci = 20 pF, Co = 20 pF; (d) 1 V/V, Ci = 0 pF,
Co = 0 pF; (e) 10 V/V, Ci = −90 pF, Co = 9 pF 8.56 7.96 GHz; 611.5 kHz; 45.06 MHz;
611 kHz; 602.9 kHz; 45.7 MHz 8.60 −80.7 V/V; 6.37 GHz; 1.87 MHz; 86.8 MHz;
1.87 MHz 8.62 −100 V/V; 7.23 MHz; 723 MHz 8.66 80 fF 8.69 17.1 V/V; 557 MHz;
3.79 MHz; 3 8.80 0.964 V/V; 593.8 MHz 8.94 (a) 2.5 MΩ, −3943.6 V/V;
(b) 107.8 kHz, (CL + Cμ2) dominates, Cμ2 or CT is the second most significant

CHAPTER 9
9.1 9.99 × 10−3; 90.99; −9% 9.11 AMf = AM ⁄(1 + AMβ); WLf = WL ⁄(1 + AMβ)
9.13 1 MHz; 1 Hz 9.29 (a) h11 = R1R2 /(R1 + R2) Ω, h12 = R2/(R1 + R2) V/V,
h21 = −R2 /(R1 + R2) A/A, h22 = 1/(R1 + R2) Ω; (b) h11 = 10 Ω, h12 = 0.01 V/V, h21 = −0.01 A/V,
h22 = 0.99 × 10−3 Ω 9.30 10 V/V; 9.9 MΩ 9.51 (a) shunt–series; (b) series–series;
(c) shunt–shunt 9.65 104 rad/s; β = 0.002; 500 V/V 9.67 K < 0.008 9.69 9.9 V/V;
1.01 MHz; 10 MHz; 101 9.70 (a) 5.5 × 105 Hz, β = 2.025 × 10−3; (b) 330.6 V/V;
(c) 166.3 V/V, 1⁄ 2; (d) 1.33 9.72 ω0 = 1/CR; Q = 1/(2.1 − K); 0.1; 0.686; K = 2.1
9.74 1 MHz; 90° 9.76 56.87°; 54.07°; 59.24°; 52.93° 9.78 159.2 μs; 39.3°; 20 dB
9.82 1/10CR; 1/CR; 1/(100 x Cf x R); 9.1/CR 9.84 58.8 pF; 37.95 MHz

CHAPTER 10
10.19 36.3 μA 10.20 0.625 V; for A, 7.3 mA/V, 134.3 Ω, 6.85 kΩ, 274 kΩ; for B,
21.9 mA/V, 44.7 Ω, 2.28 kΩ, 91.3 kΩ 10.24 616 mV; 535 mV; 4.02 kΩ 10.26 4.75 μA;
1.94 kΩ 10.28 56.5 kΩ; 9.353 μA 10.31 2.63 mV 10.33 6.37 kΩ; 270 μA
10.34 1.68 mA; 50.4 mW 10.36 Raise R′1, R′2 to 4.63 kΩ 10.39 0.96 mV
10.42 3.1 MΩ; 9.38 mA/V 10.44 4.2 V to −3.6 V 10.46 105.6 dB; |Vo| < 4 V; 21.0 mA
 Answers to Selected Problems I-4

10.48 108 dB; 61.9 Ω; 105.6 dB; |V0| < 4 V 10.50 11.4 MHz 10.52 637 kΩ

CHAPTER 11
11.4 0.5088 rad/s; 3 rad/s; 5.9 11.7 T(s) = 0.2225 (s2 + 4) ⁄ [(s + 1)(s2 + s + 0.89)]
11.9 T(s) = 0.5 ⁄ s3 + 2s2 + 2s + 1; poles at s = −1, −1/2 ± j 3 ⁄ 2, 3 zeros at s = 
11.17 40 dΒ 11.19 T(s) = –(S – ω0 ⁄ S + ω0); 2.68 kΩ, 5.77 kΩ, 10 kΩ, 17.3 kΩ,
37.3 kΩ 11.21 T(s) = 106 ⁄ (s2 + 103s + 106); 0.707 rad/s; 1.15 V/V; 1.21 dB
11.30 s2 ⁄ (s2 + s ⁄ RC + 1 ⁄ LC) 11.34 L1 ⁄ L2 = 0.2346; |T| = L2 ⁄ (L1 + L2); |T| = 1
11.37 R1 = R2 = R3 = R5 = 3.979 kΩ; R6 = 39.79 kΩ; C61 = 6.4 nF; C62 = 3.6 nF 11.38 C4 =
C6 = 1 nF; R1 = R2 = R3 = R5 = R6 = 159.16 kΩ 11.44 ±1% 11.49 4 ⁄ RC; 2; 8 V/V
11.51 High-pass; 1 V/V; R3 = 141.4 kΩ; R4 = 70.7 kΩ 11.55 0; 2Q2/A

CHAPTER 12
12.1 (a) ω = ω0, AK = 1; (b) −2Q ⁄ ω0; (c) Δω0 ⁄ ω0 = −Δφ ⁄ 2Q 12.4 20 dB;
±180° 12.8 1 ⁄ RC;¾;¾ 12.9 1.15 ⁄ RC 12.13 20.3 V 12.15 1; 29R; 0.065/RC
12.22 (a) VTL = VR (1 − R1 ⁄ R2) − L+R1 ⁄ R2, VTH = VR(1 + R2 ⁄R1) − L−R1 ⁄ R2 L−;
(b) R2 = 200 kΩ, VR = 47.62 mV 12.25 (a) +12 V or −12 V 12.26 VZ = 6.8 V; R1 = R2 =
37.5 kΩ; R = 4.1 kΩ 12.29 VZ = 6.8 V; R1 = R2 = R3 = R4 = R5 = R6 = 200 kΩ; R7 = 5.1 kΩ;
triangle with period of 100 μs and ±7.5 V peaks 12.31 96 μs 12.34 (a) 9.1 kΩ;
(b) 13.3 V 12.35 RA = 21.2 kΩ; RB = 10.7 kΩ 12.37 2.5 V 12.49 10 mV, 20 mV,
100 mV; 50 pulses, 100 pulses, 200 pulses

CHAPTER 13
13.2 152 Ω; 0.998 V/V; 0.996 V/V; 0.978 V/V; 2% 13.4 VCCI 13.7 4 V; 12.8%; 11.1
kΩ 13.9 5.0 V peak; 3.18 V peak; 3.425 Ω; 4.83 Ω; 3.65 W; 0.647 W 13.16 20.7 mA;
788 mW; 7.9°C; 37.6 mA 13.17 1.34 kΩ; 1.04 kΩ 13.26 100 W; 0.4°C/W
13.35 13 Ω; 433 mV; 0.33 μA 13.37 R1 = 60 kΩ; R2 = 5 kΩ; 0.01 μA 13.38 IE1 = IE2 ⬇
17 μA; IE3 = IE4 ⬇ 358 μA; IE5 ⬇ IE6 = 341 μA; 10.5 V 13.39 14 V; 1.9 W; 11 V
13.41 40 kΩ; 50 kΩ 13.43 L = μn(vGS − Vt) ⁄ Usat; 3 μm; 3 A; 1 A/V

CHAPTER 14
14.5 1.5 V; 1.5 V; 1.5 V; 0 V; 3 V; 1.5 V; 1.5 V; ∞ 14.15 (a) tPLH = 1.6 ns, tPHL =
0.8 ns; (b) C = 1.43 pF; (c) Co = 0.86 pF, Ci = 0.57 pF 14.21 9.09 mV; 50 mV
14.38 pA = p : pB = pC = pD = 2p; and nA = nB = 2n : nC = nD = 2(2n) = 4n 14.40 tPHL is 4
times larger; tPLH is the same

CHAPTER 15
15.1 1.152; 1.76 V; 3.25 V; 2.70 V; +5.0 V; 0.58 V; 1.75 V; 1.18; 0.97 V; 1.69 V;
15.3 r ⬇ 2; NMLmax 1.28 V 15.5 1.33; 0.92 V 15.21 9.38 ns 15.26 3 ms; 333 Hz
15.29 2.27 GHz 15.31 33.3 MHz; high 13 ns; low 17 ns 15.34 0.33 V/V; 8.95 V/V;
0.37 V/V 15.35 (a) −1.375 V, −1.265 V; (b) −1.493 V, −1.147 V 15.38 7 cm
15.41 2.32 V; 3.88 mA 15.42 For R1: 50%; 36.5 kΩ; 20%; 91.1 kΩ; for R2: 50%; 6.70 kΩ;
20%; 16.7 kΩ; 50%; R1 ⁄ R2 = 5.45; 20%; R1 ⁄ R2 = 5.45 15.45 (W/L)NA = (W/L)NB =
2(W/L)N; (W/L)PA = (W/L)PB = (W/L)P
I-5 Appendix I Answers to Selected Problems

CHAPTER 16

16.9 16 bits 16.21 41 mV 16.23 0.4 pA 16.24 1.589 mA/V; 11.36 μm; 34.1 μm;
1.56 ns 16.25 680 μA/V; 0.482 V; 0.206 V; 50%; 7.5 ns 16.29 9; 512; 18; 4608 NMOS
and 512 PMOS transistors 16.30 9; 1024; 4608; 512; 5641; 521 16.34 0100, 0000,
1000, 1001, 0101, 0001, 0110, and 0010 16.36 2.42 ns; 23 ns, 3.16 V; 1.90 ns