RUSSIAN

Teacher’s Instructional Manual

Grade 12
(To be implemented from 2009)

Faculty of Languages Humanities and Social Science

National Institute of Education
Maharagama
 Foreword
Curriculum developers of the NIE were able to introduce Competency Based Learning and
Teaching curricula for grades 6 and 10 in 2007 and were also able to extend it to grades 7, 8 and
11 progressively every year and to G.C.E. (A/L) classes in 2009. In the same manner as for
Grades 6–11, syllabi and Teacher’s Instructional Manuals for Grades 12 and 13 for different
subjects with competencies and competency levels that should be developed in students are
presented descriptively. Information given on each subject will immensely help the teachers to
prepare for the Learning–Teaching situations.

I would like to mention that curriculum developers have followed a different approach when
preparing Teacher’s Instructional Manuals for Advanced Level subjects when compared to the
approaches they followed in preparing Junior Secondary and Senior Secondary curricula.
(Grades 6 - 11)

In Grades 6,7,8, 9, 10 and 11, teachers were oriented to a given format as to how they should
handle the subject matter in the Learning – Teaching process, but in designing A/L syllabi and
Teacher’s Instructional Manuals, freedom is given to the teachers to work as they wish.

At this level we expect teachers to use a suitable learning method from the suggested learning
methods given in the Teacher’s Instructional Manuals to develop competencies and competency
levels relevant to each lesson or lesson unit.

Whatever the learning approach the teacher uses, it should be done effectively and satisfactorily
to realize the expected competencies and competency levels.

I would like to note that the decision to give this freedom is taken, considering the importance of
GCE (A/L) examinations and due to the sensitivity of other stakeholders who are in the
education system to the Advanced Level examination. I hope that this Teacher’s Instructional
Manual would be of great help to teachers.

I hope the information, methods and instructions given in this Teacher’s Instructional Manual
will provide proper guidance to teachers to awaken the minds of our students.

Professor Lal Perera

Director General
National Institute of Education
Maharagama

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 Preface
This Teacher’s Instructional Manual will be useful for teachers who organize the learning
teaching process for Grade 12 from 2009.

The Teacher’s Instructional Manual is different to the Teacher’s Guides we had earlier. Teachers
who try to understand the change will notice that this is based on the competency based syllabus.
Therefore, it is not expected to reach a given competency within the same grade. It might take
longer period of time but the learning out-comes given under competency levels under each
competency should be acquired within the same grade. Thus, learning out-comes and
competency levels would be immensely useful for you to plan your lessons relevant to the grade.
Moreover, we would like to draw your attention that the learning out-comes can be used as a
criteria in preparing objectives for the learning–teaching process and preparing evaluation tools
to assess the work done. This Teacher’s Instructional Manual will be useful to teachers to make
the students aware about the reference materials such as extra books and useful web addresses.

Consider that the suggested activities in this book are presented in such away expecting you to
act as a creative teacher. A change towards the student-centred education from teacher- centred
education is specially expected. Therefore, the teacher should always create learning situations to
explore referring different books and internet. When teaching, instead of dictating notes as in the
past , new knowledge and principles should be presented in a fascinating manner. For this to
happen, communication methods using technology should be used creatively.

Introduce the syllabus to your students who start to learn this subject in grade 12. Students can be
motivated by giving the work plan you intend to use for the whole year. This will attract the
students to come to school to learn the whole syllabus.

I request you to enliven your creative abilities leading to significant change in your learning-
teaching process in the class room which would be a felt experience to the whole country.

I take this opportunity to thank all the resource persons, teachers and the officials of the NIE for
their contribution in preparing this Teacher’s Instructional Manual. Moreover, my special thanks
go to the Director General of NIE Prof Lal Perera and the Commissioner General of Education
Publication and his staff for undertaking to print and distribute the materials to schools. I would
be grateful if constructive suggestions are provided.

Wimal Siyambalagoda
Assistant Director General
Languages, Humanities and Social Sciences
National Institute of Education,

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 Syllabus Review Committee

Advisors - Prof. Lal Perera

Director General
National Institute of Education

- Mr.Wimal Siyambalagoda
Assistant Director General
Languages, Humanities and Social Sciences
National Institute of Education

Direction - Mr.Sunil Atugoda

Director,Department of English
National Institute of Education

Coordination - Ms.Madhubashini Deldeniya

Assitant Project Officer
National Institute of Education

Consultancy - Dr. Hemantha Sirisena

Head of the Department,Russian Studies,
Department of Modern Languages,
University of Kelaniya

Writers - Ven. Dr. Meemure Gunananda Thero

Senior Lecturer, Russian Studies
Department of Modern Languages,
University of Kelaniya

Dr. Hemantha Sirisena

Senior Lecturer, Russian Studies,
Department of Modern Languages,
University of Kelaniya

Project Assistance- Mr.Dilip N. Vithanage

Assistance - Ms.Dakshini Perera

Mr.Vajira Perera
Ms Dilini Weerarathna
Mrs.Thilaka Ruhunuarachchi
Mr.V.V. Buddadasa

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 CONTENT

Page

Forward ii
Preface iii
Syllabus Review Committee iv
Content v

Unit 01- Introductory phonetic course 01

Unit 02- Grammatical Structure of the Russian Language 07
Unit 03- Russian Verbs 26
Unit 04- Comprehension 34
Unit 05- Communication 41
Unit 06- Comprehension 42
Unit 07- Translation 43
Unit 08- Literary Comments 44
Unit 09- Culture and society 45
Unit 10- Culture and society 46
School Based Assessment 47

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 Unit 01

Introductory phonetic course

Competency: Identifies Russian Letters and speech sounds

Competency Level: 1. 1 Writes vowel Letters

1.2 Writes consonant Letters
1.3 Get familiar with Russian alphabet
1.4 Pronounces the Russian sounds

Number of Periods: 20

Learning Outcomes: The student will be able to,

• write vowel letters and consonant letters

• pronounce the Russian vowel sounds and consonant sounds.

Introduction: In the first twenty periods students should get a thorough knowledge about
Russian letters and sounds, stressed vowels and the reduction of vowel sounds and to write and
recognize Russian letters.

Guideline for Explaining the Target Subject Input:

Russian letters and sounds

There are 33 letters in the Russian alphabet, but there are many more sounds in the
language. Russian sounds are articulated some what differently from their English counterparts.
Some Russian sounds have no English counterparts. Russian vowel sounds are presented by
following letters: и, е, а, о, у, ы

After a soft consonant the letters е, ё, ю and я indicate one sound: [э], [о], [у], and [а],
respectively; нет [н ет], люди [л уд и].

The letters е, ё, ю and я indicate one sound combinations [йэ], [йо], [йу] and [йа],
respectively:

1. at the beginning of a word: юг [йу] , я [йа];

2. after a vowel: мое [йо], моя [йа];
3. After ь and ъ: друзья [йа], съесть [йэ].

1
Russian alphabet

2
Stressed vowels and the reduction of vowels

Russian vowels have one stressed syllable. The stress may fall on the first, second,
third, etc. Syllable of a word: комната, квартира, потолок.
The stressed syllable is longer than and is articulated more tensely than the unstressed
ones. In unstressed syllables the vowels undergo reduction and are shorter (quantitative
reduction), while the vowels [a], [o], and [э] change their timbre (qualitative reduction).
The vowels [и], [у] and [ы] undergo only quantitative reduction, i.e. they shorter in an
unstressed syllable than in a stressed one: иди – кино, тут – туда, сыр – сырок.
There are two degrees of reduction in Russian: the 1st degree (in the first pretonic
syllable and in the absolute beginning in the word) and the second degree (in the other pretonic
and in the post-tonic syllables).

Hard and soft consonants

Russian consonants may be hard or soft. Fifteen hard consonants have soft counterparts.
The consonants ж, ш, й are invariably soft.

Correlative Hard: м, б, и, в, ф, д, т, з, с, н, л, р, г, к,х Always hard: ж, ш, ц

pairs
Soft: м, б, и, в, ф, д, т, з, с, н, л, р, г, к, х Always soft: ч, ш, й

Pay attention to the pronunciation of the hard and soft consonants д – д; т – т; н – н; л – л; р

– р;

Read the syllables:

The softness of a consonant is indicated in writing by the soft mark ь which follows it
or by the letters и, е, ё, ю, я.
Я, ю, ы are not written after the consonants г, к, х, ж, ш, ч, щ.

Voiced and voiceless consonants

Russian consonants may be voiced or voiceless.

Voiced:б,в,г,д,ж,з Always voiced:й,л,м,н,р

Correlative pairs Voiceless:п,ф,к,ш,с Always voiceless:х,ч,щ,ц

At the end of a word and before a voiceless consonant a voiced consonant is pronounced as its
voiceless counterpart: сад [сат], зуб [зуп], глаз [глас], нож [нош], луг [лук], but сады,
зубы, глаза, ножи, луга, ложка [лошкъ], завтра [зафтръ].
Before a voiced consonant a voiceless consonant is pronounced as its voiced
counterpart: сделать [здэльт], вокзал [вагзал], футбол [фудбол].
A preposition and the word which follows it are pronounced as one word. The final
voiced consonant of a preposition preceding the initial voiceless consonant of the word that
follows it becomes voiceless: в сад [фсат],в клуб [фклуп], из клуба [исклубъ], and the final
voiceless consonant of a preposition preceding the initial voiced consonant of the word that
follows it becomes voiced: с доклада [зд^ кладъ],от брата [^дбратъ], с братом
[збратъм].

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Intonational construction IC- 1

IC- 1 - -

Это мама.
Она дома.

The intonational construction IC – 1 conveys a complete thought in the form of a statement

(declarative sentence). The centre of IC – 1 is the stressed syllable of the word containing the
nucleus of the information conveyed by the statement.
A distinctive feature of IC – 1 is a sharp drop of the tone on centre of the IC, which
continues on the part. The postcentral part is pronounced with a tone lower than the mid tone
characteristic of the precentral part.

Intonational construction IC- 2

IC- 2 -

Кто это? Кто вы?

Что это?

IC- 2 is used in questions (interrogative sentences) with an interrogative word. The centre of
IC- 2 is usually the interrogative word. The stress becomes stronger on the centre of IC- 2. The
tone drops in the postcentral part.

Intonational construction IC- 3

IC- 3 -- -- --

Это школа?
Это институт?

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IC- 3 is used to convey the question in an interrogative sentence without an interrogative word.
The structure of sentences of this type coincides with that of statements (declarative sentences):
Это студент. Это студент?
The centre of IC- 3 is the stressed syllable of the word which contains the question.
The precentral part is pronounced with the mid tone. The tone rises sharply on the centre of IC-
3. In the postcentral part the tone drops lower than the mid tone. The tone begins to fall within
the centre of the IC- 3 and continues falling in the postcentral part.

Intonational construction IC- 4

IC- 4 --
--
-- -- --
--
Аня дома? А Нина?
Я студент. А вы?

Incomplete questions (interrogative sentences) with the conjunction a are pronounced with
IC- 4. the tone falls on the centre of IC- 4 and rises at the postcentral part: А Нина? If there is
no postcentral part, the tone begins to rise within the centre of IC- 4: А вы?

References:
Старт 1
reishka NdId m%fõYh( wdpd¾h tÉ' isßfiak 2007

Learning- Teaching process

Activity 1. Group activity- Make the alphabet using regifoam or

hardboard.
Activity 2. Pair activity- Pronounces the alphabet

Activity 3. Copy writing

School based assessment:

Classify vowel and consonant letters.

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 Unit 02

Grammatical structure of the Russian Language

Competency : Uses basic grammatical rules correctly

Competency Level: 2. 1 Identifies various types of nouns

2. 2 Identifies peculiarities of the nouns
2. 3 Identifies grammatical categories

Number of Periods: 76

Learning Outcomes: The student will be able to,

• identify various types of nouns, peculiarities of nouns and
grammatical categories.

Introduction: In the seventy six periods students should get a thorough knowledge about the
use of Russian Nouns, Adjectives, Adverbs, The Possessive Nouns, Gender, Number and Case,
The Construction У меня есть... У тебя есть...

Guideline for Explaining the Target Subject Input –

Nouns: The Cases of Russian Nouns

In Russian language the nouns change their forms and get different endings. These forms (and
their endings) are called cases. The case of a noun shows what role a noun plays in the
sentence.

Look at an example of how the word поезд changes depending on the case:

много поездов (a lot of trains) - the genitive

ехать поездом (to go by train) - the instrumental

There are six cases in Russian: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, and
prepositional.

1. The nominative answers the questions "who?" or "what?". It is an initial form. All
dictionaries give nouns in the nominative.

Студент читает The student is reading.

2. The genitive is used to show that something (somebody) belongs or refers to something
(somebody). It can be translated by "of" in English.

берег реки the bank of the river

3. The dative designates that something is given or addressed to the person (object).

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Я иду к врачу I go to the doctor
Я даю это другу I give it to the friend

4. The accusative designates the object of an action.

Я читаю газету I read the newspaper

Я встретил друга I met the friend

5. The instrumental is used to denote an instrument that helps to make something.

Я пишу карандашом I write with a pencil

6. The prepositional is used to designate a place, or a person (object) that is an object of speech
and thought. This case is always used with a preposition.

Она мечтает о лете She dreams about the summer

Цветы стоят на столе The flowers are on the table

Very often the case of a noun is connected with a preposition which stands before it. The
nouns, adjectives, pronouns and numerals may have different case forms in the sentence. Thus,
to understand Russian speech and speak Russian correctly, it is necessary to learn how to use
cases in Russian. You will learn more about cases in further lessons. Adjectives agree with
nouns in Number, Gender and Case.

Adjectives: Adjectives are words that describe nouns or pronouns. All Russian adjectives
must agree with nouns in number, gender and case. For example, if you have a book (книга)
and want to say that it is interesting (интересный), you must know that the noun книга is in
the nominative-feminine-singular form. Then you should give the correct form to the adjective
you are using. You will be on the right track if you say интересная книга (intresting book)

Note that in dictionaries all adjectives are given in the nominative masculine singular, like
интересный, хороший, весёлый.

To form the proper form of an adjective, you should know how their endings change
depending on number, gender and case. We listed the most common endings for adjectives in
the nominative singular and plural forms, so that you be able to compose simple phrases.

The majority of Russian adjectives have a stem ending in a hard consonant. In other words,
their last letter before the ending is a hard consonant (новый, белый). In the nominative case,
such adjectives have the ending -ый if they are masculine singular, the ending -ое if they are
neuter singular, and the ending -ая if they are feminine singular. The plural form of such
adjectives is the same for all genders and always ends in -ые.

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 Endings for adjectives in the nominative singular and plural

Singular Plural
Masculine neuter feminine (any gender)
(-ый, -ой) (-ое) (-ая) (-ые)
новый, красный новое, красное новая, красная новые, красные
молодой, лесной
*stressed vowels are underlined

The adjectives with a stem ending in the soft н sound acquire the endings -ий, -ее, -яя, -ие in
the nominative feminine singular, neuter singular, masculine singular, and plural respectively.
These adjectives are called soft adjectives and always have a stress on the stem, as in синий.

The adjectives with a stem ending in letters к, г, х, ж, ш, ч, щ have the mascular singular
ending -ий (маленький - small), the feminine singular ending in -ая (маленькая), and the
plural ending -ие (маленькие). In the neuter singular such adjectives end in -oe after г, к, х
(маленькое), and end in -ee after ж, ш, ч, щ if stress is on the stem (свежее молоко - fresh
milk) otherwise is has the ending -oe (большое окно - big window)There is a small group of
adjectives called stressed adjectives. They have the ending -ой instead of -ый or -ий in the
nominative masculine singular. This ending is always stressed on the letter o as in молодой
(young), большой (big), другой (another)

Endings for adjectives with a stem in к, г, х and ж, ш, ч, щ

*stressed vowels are underlined

Singular Plural
Stem ends in (any gender)
masculine neuter feminine (-ие)
(-ий, -ой) (-ое, -ое) (-ая)
маленький маленькое
к, г, х маленькая маленькие
морской, другой морское, другое
ж, ш, ч, щ свежий свежее свежая свежие

Declension of Adjectives

In Russian, adjectives agree with nouns in gender, number and case. The change of adjectives
depending on cases is called declension.

This lesson shows typical endings for singular and plural adjectives.

In the nominative singular, adjectives have the following endings:

• for masculine -ий, -ый, -ой (свежий хлеб, новый студент)

• for neuter -ee, -oe (синее море, новое дело)
• for feminine -ая, яя (синяя лента, новая школа)

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In the genitive singular:

• for masculine -его, -ого (свежего хлеба, нового дела)

• for feminine -ей, -ой (синей лентой, новой школой)

In the dative singular:

• for masculine and neuter -ему, -ому (свежему хлебу, новому делу)
• for feminine -ей, -ой (синей ленте, новой школе)

In the instrumental singular:

• for masculine and neuter -им, ым (синим морем, новым делом)

• for feminine -ей, ой (синей лентой, новой школой)

In the prepositional singular:

• for masculine and neuter -ем, -ом (о синем море, о новом деле)
• for feminine -ей, ой (о синей ленте, о новой школе)

In the plural, adjectives have the followng endings for all genders:

• nominative -ие, ые (синие ленты, новые школы)

• genitive -их, ых (синих лент, новых школ)
• dative -им, ым (синим лентам, новым морям)
• accusative inanimate -ие, -ые (синие ленты, новые моря)
• accusative animate -их, -ых (чужих детей, новые студентов)
• instrumental -ими, ыми (синими лентами, новыми школами)
• prepositional -их, -ых (о синих лентах, о новых школах)

Classes of Russian pronouns

1st person я, мы I, we
Personal 2nd person ты, вы you (sing), you (plural)
3rd person он, она, оно, они he, she, it, they
Reflexive себя myself, oneself
my, your (familiar), our,
Possessive мой, твой, наш, ваш, свой
your (polite/plural)
тот, та, то, те; этот, эта, это;
that; this; these; such; so
Demonstrative эти; такой, такая, такое,
much/many
такие; столько
Interrogative кто, что, какой, чей, who, what, what/which,

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 который, сколько, whose, which, how
насколько much/many, to what extent
некто, нечто, некоторый,
someone, something, some,
несколько;
some;
Indefinite кто-то, кто-нибудь; что-то,
somebody, something; some;
что-нибудь; какой-то; кое-
someone
кто
who, what, what/which,
кто, что, какой, который,
Relative which, whose, how
чей, сколько, насколько
much/many, to what extent
никто, ничто, некого, nobody, nothing, there's
Negative нечего, ничей, нисколько; nobody to, there's nothing to,
никакой nobody's, to no extent
oneself, all, everybody,
сам, весь, всякий, каждый,
Determinative each/every, other/some,
иной, другой, любой
another, any

The Declension of Singular Nouns

From previous lessons you learned about the six cases and two numbers of Russian nouns. The
inflexion of nouns by cases and numbers is called declension (склонение - pronounced as
sklann-nye-nee-ye).

Depending on case endings all singular nouns are divided into three types of declension.

First declension nouns are primarily feminine nouns but there are also several masculine
nouns with an initial (dictionary, nominative) form ending in -а, -я. For example:

feminine nouns - трава, земля, химия

masculine nouns - папа, дядя, юноша

First declension nouns end in -e in the dative and prepositional cases (травe, о травe).
Nouns which have initial form ending in -ия (армия, Наталия) get the ending -и in the dative
and prepositional cases (армии, об армии, Наталии, о Наталии) Here is a chart that sums up
the endings of first declension singular nouns.

Singular nouns
Cases Examples *
endings
Nominative -а, -я, -ия трава земля юноша химия Валерия
Genitive -ы, -и травы земли юноши химии Валерии
Dative -е, -и траве земле юноше химии Валерии
Accusative -у, -ю траву землю юношу химию Валерию
Instrumental -ой, -ей травой землёй юношей химией Валерией

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 (о) (о) (о) (о) (о)
Prepositional -е, -и
траве земле юноше химии Валерии

* Stressed vowels are underlined. Endings are in bold.

Second declension nouns include:

• masculine nouns with a zero ending in the initial form (стол, олень)
• neuter nouns ending in -o, e (небo, полe, поведениe)
• nouns ending in -ий, -ие (гербарий, поведение)

Second declension nouns in the prepositional case end in -e (об оленe, о небe, о полe).
Masculine nouns with an initial form ending in -ий and neuter nouns ending in -ие get the
ending -и in the prepositional case. The endings typical of second declension singular nouns
are summed up in this table.

Singular nouns
Case Examples *
endings
zero ending, -o, -e, -
Nominative олень гербарий небо поле Поведение
ий, -ие
Genitive -а, -я оленя гербария неба поля Поведения
Dative -у, -ю оленю гербарию небу полю Поведению
Accusative -я, -о, -е, -ий, -ие оленя гербарий небо поле Поведение
Instrumental -ем, -ом оленем гербарием небом полем Поведением
(об) (о) (о) (о) (о)
Prepositional -е, -и
олене гербарии небе поле поведении

* Stressed vowels are underlined. Endings are in bold.

Third declension nouns are feminine nouns with a zero ending in the initial form (дочь,
сирень, тишь). Third declension singular nouns in the genitive, dative and prepositional cases
end in -и (у сирени, к сирени, о сирени). This table sums up the endings of third declension
singular nouns.

Genitive -и дочери сирени

Dative -и дочери сирени
Accusative zero ending дочь сирень
Instrumental -ю дочерью сиренью
Prepositional -и (о) дочери (о) сирени

* Stressed vowels are underlined. Endings are in bold.

The Declension of Plural Nouns

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There is no strict distinction between declensions of plural nouns in Russian. The charts below
sum up the endings for plural nouns and give examples.

First declension

Cases Plural nouns endings Examples *

Nominative -ы, -и страны лилии
Genitive -й стран лилий
Dative -ам, -ям странам лилиям
Accusative -ы, -и страны лилии
Instrumental -ами, -ями странами лилиями
Prepositional -ах, -ях (о) странах (о) лилиях

* Stressed vowels are underlined. Endings are in bold.

Second declension

Cases Plural nouns endings Examples *

Nominative -а окна города
Genitive -ов окон городов
Dative -ам окнам городам
Accusative -а окна города
Instrumental -ами окнами городами
Prepositional -ах (об) окнах (о) городах

Third declension

Cases Plural nouns endings Examples *

Nominative -и ладони
Genitive -й ладоней
Dative -ям ладоням
Accusative -и ладони
Instrumental -ями ладонями
Prepositional -ях (о) ладонях

As you can see from the charts, the nouns of all three declensions have the same endings in the
dative, instrumental and prepositional cases.

In the nominative and accusative cases, the plural nouns may have the endings:

• -ы/-и -- typical of nouns of any declension

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 • -а/-я -- typical of second declension nouns only (берега, озёра, моря)

Learn the plural nouns which get the ending -ы in the nominative: волосы (hair), договоры
(contracts), выборы (elections), инженеры (engineers), конструкторы (constructors),
офицеры (officers), слесари (fitters), торты (cakes), тракторы (tractors), шофёры (drivers).

The Genitive case (Possession)

The English equivalent of the genitive case is the preposition "of". It is used to show possession
in Russian. The nouns in the genitive answer such questions as Кого? Чего? (Of whom? Of
what?). The genitive case is used in the sentences like "Каковы свойства ..." (What are the
properties of ...).

Свойства Свойства The properties of The properties of

-
чего? металла. what? metal.
Это берег Это берег This is the bank This is the bank of
-
чего? реки. of what? the river.
Это книга Это книга Whose this book This is Lena's
-
чья? Лены. is? book.

The main role of the genitive case is to show where the person or thing belongs to or what it
relates to. For example: крыша дома (the roof of the house), пачка чая (the pack of tea).

Remember:

Numerals 2, 3, 4 and their

compounds are always followed
by the genitive singular case.

Example: один дом, два дома,

три дома, четыре дома, пять
дмов,двадцать три дома

The genitive case is usually used with the following prepositions: без, для, до, из, из-за, из-
под, кроме, на, от, с, со, у, около, вокруг, недалеко от, позади, напротив, посреди,
мимо, вдоль. However you should know that the genitive is not the only case used with these
prepositions.

без воды without water

для Вани for Vanya
до окна to the window
для чая for tea

13
Usage of the Genitive case

The genitive case is used after the verbs просить, хотеть, требовать, искать, ждать,
достигать, желать, бояться with nouns designating abstract and indefinite objects. For
example:

Учитель просит внимания. The teacher calls for attention.

Розы боятся холода. The roses are afraid of cold.

The genitive is also used after the words нет, не было, не будет. For example:

У него не было денег. He did not have money.

У меня нет брата. I do not have a brother.

Forming the genitive of Russian nouns is pretty easy. You will need to remove the last vowel
from the nominative singular of a noun and add one of the following endings: -а, -я, -и, -ы
(singular); -ов, -ев, -ей (plural). If the noun ends in a consonant, just add the appropriate
ending. This process is summed up in the tables below.

The Genitive case of singular nouns

Nominative Remove Add Genitive

брат -- а брата
masculine
чай й я чая
окно о а окна
neuter
море е я моря
печь ь и печи
feminine
вода а ы воды

Explanation of the table:

Add -а to masculine nouns ending in a hard consonant (брат) and neuter nouns ending in -o
(окно).

Add -я to masculine nouns ending in -й, -ь (чай, учитель) and neuter nouns ending in -е, -ие
(море, орудие).

Add -и to feminine nouns ending in -я, -ь (печь)

Add -ы to feminine nouns ending in -a (вода).

The Genitive case of plural nouns

14
 Nominative singular Remove Add Genitive plural
мост -- ов мостов
брат -- ьев братьев
masculine край й ёв краёв
трамвай й ев трамваев
учитель ь ей учителей

The Dative

The dative case is an oblique case. It is used in the sentences like "Я даю это... учителю,
отцу, матери" (I give this to... a teacher, father, mother). You should easily remember this
sentence, because the Russian name of the dative comes from the verb "давать", i.e. "to
give". The nouns in the dative answer such questions as Кому? Чему? (To whom? For
what?).

Я даю ручку Я даю ручку To whom do I I give the pen

-
кому? учителю. give the pen? to a teacher.
Катя радуется Катя радуется What is Katya Katya is happy
-
чему? солнцу. happy at? at the sun.

The dative can be used with prepositions or without them. The typical prepositions for the
dative are: к, по, подобно, согласно, благодаря, вопреки. For example:

к сестре to a sister
по воде by water
согласно расписанию according to time-table
благодаря брату thanks to a brother

The principal meaning of the dative is "to" or "for". The dative is used to designate an
addressee (recipient). For example: написать письмо другу (to write a letter to a friend),
дать совет сыну (to give a piece of advice to a son).

The dative is also used to show an object towards which an action is directed. For instance,
верить другу (to trust a friend), помогать сыну (to help to a son).

The dative is formed from the nominative singular nouns with the help of the following
endings: -у, -ю, -е, -и (singular); -ам, -ям (plural). In most cases, you should remove the last
letter from the nominative of the noun and add one of the mentioned endings (сестра less -а
plus -е = сестре). In some cases, the endings are to be added to the nominative singular noun
without taking the last letter off (брат plus -у = брату).

15
The tables below sum up how the dative of nouns is formed

The Dative of singular nouns

Nominative singular Remove Add Dative

брат -- у брату
masculine чай й ю чаю
папа а е папе
окно о у окну
neuter
море е ю морю
ночь ь и ночи
feminine
вода а е воде

Explanation of the table:

Add -у to masculine nouns ending in a hard consonant (брат) and neuter nouns ending in -o
(окно).

Add -ю to masculine nouns ending in -й, -ь (чай, учитель) and neuter nouns ending in -е, -ие
(море, орудие).

Add -и to feminine nouns ending in -я, -ь except some personal names (печь, армия).

Add -е to feminine and masculine nouns ending in -a (вода, папа).

The Dative of plural nouns

Nominative singular Remove Add Dative plural

мост -- ам мостам
брат -- ьям братьям
masculine
край й ям краям
учитель ь ям учителям
окно о ам окнам
neuter
море е ям морям
дочь* ь ям дочерям
feminine коса -- м косам
стая -- м стаям

• The noun "дочь" changes its stem.

Explanation of the table:

Add -ам to masculine nouns ending in a consonant, neuter nouns ending in -o and feminine
nouns ending in -a.

16
Add -ям to masculine nouns ending in -й, -ь, -я, neuter nouns ending in -e and feminine nouns
ending in -я, -ь.

The Accusative

The accusative case is an oblique case, which is used in the sentences like "Я ценю...
Пушкина, дом, общество, страну" (I appreciate ... Pushkin, home, society, country). The
nouns in the accusative answer such questions as Кого? Что? (Whom? What?).

Whom one
Не надо Не надо One should not
- should not
винить кого? винить сына. accuse a son.
accuse?
Катя читает Катя читает What is Katya Katya is reading
-
что? книгу. reading? a book.

Like the rest of cases (accept prepositional) the accusative can be used with prepositions or
without them. The typical prepositions for the accusative are: в, на, за, о/об, по, под, про, с,
через. For example:

упасть в воду to fall into water

знать про нас to know about us
встать на ноги to stand on feet

The principal meaning of the accusative is to designate a person or thing to whom or which and
action is being done. For example: Люся любит брата (Lucy loves her brother); Мы видим
море (We see the sea)

When used with the prepositions в and на, the accusative means motion towards or direction
correspondigly.

To put nouns into accusative correctly you should know that Russian nouns are divided into
animate and inanimate. Animate nouns are those which describe someone alive like человек,
кошка (a man, a cat).In general, the accusative is formed from the nominative singular nouns
with the help of the following endings: -у, -ю, -а, -я (singular); -ей, -ой, -ов, -ев (plural). In
most cases, you should remove the last letter from the nominative of the noun and add one of
the mentioned endings (луна less -а plus -у = луну). The good news is that in some cases the
accusative is similar to the nominative and genitive.

17
 Remember, that the accusative is similar to the nominative!!

• for all inanimate nouns

• for singular feminine nouns ending in -ь
• for plural feminine nouns the singular form of which ends
in -а, -я

Also remember, that the accusative is similar to the genitive!!

• for plural feminine and masculine nouns ending in -а, -я

The tables below sum up how the accusative of nouns is formed.

The Accusative of singular nouns

Nominative Accusative
Remove Add
singular singular
inan- стол стол
imate masculine чай чай
ветер ветер
Accusative окно окно
is equal to neuter
море море
singular
Nominative feminine ночь ночь
feminine
ending in -ь
Accusative
дочь дочь
is equal to
singular
animate Nominative
отец -- а отца
masculine
журавль ь я журавля
feminine and masculine бочка а у бочку
ending in -а, -я воля я ю волю
inan-
feminine ending in -а, -я вода а у воду
imate

18
 The Accusative of plural nouns

Nominative
Accusative
singular Remove Add
plural
(plural)
inan- стол (столы) столы
imate masculine чай (чаи) чаи
ветер (ветры) ветры
Accusative окно (окна) окна
is equal to neuter
море (моря) моря
plural
Nominative feminine ночь (ночи) Ночи
feminine
дочь ь ей Дочерей
ending in -ь
отец -- ов отцов
masculine
журавль ь ей журавлей
animate feminine and masculine ending in -
а, -я
бочка
Accusative бочки
(бочки)
is equal to стаи
стая (стаи)
plural
Genitive
feminine ending in -а, -я
Accusative
inan- вода (воды) воды
is equal to
imate книга (книги) книги
plural
Nominative

The Instrumental

The instrumental case is used in the sentences like "Я пользуюсь... машиной, домом,
водой" (I make use of ... a car, house, water). The nouns in the instrumental answer such
questions as Кем? Чем?.

(literally) I am carried
Я восхищаюсь Я восхищаюсь
- By what am I away by his
чем? его талантом.
carried away? talent.
(literally)
Катя работает Катя работает Katya works
- As who does
кем? врачом. as a doctor.
Katya work?

The instrumental case is called so because it is used to describe the instrument by which and
action is performed. For example: забивать гвоздь молотком (to drive in a nail with a
hammer), писать ручкой (to write with a pen), ехать автобусом (to go by bus).

19
The instrumental case is widely used to describe one's job - Я работаю учителем (I work as a
teacher), Отец был рабочим (The father was a worker).

It is also used in space and time phrases. For example: ехать полем (to go through the field),
проснуться утром (to wake up in the morning), вернуться летом (to come back in
summer).

The instrumental case is used after such prepositions as за (behind), между (between), над
(over), перед (in front of), под (under), c (with). For example:

за домом behind the house

над столом over the table
перед рекой in front of the river
под водой under water
с учителем with the teacher

The instrumental can also be used without prepositions.

The instrumental is formed from the nominative singular nouns with the help of the following
endings: -ом, -ем, -ой, -ей, -ью (singular); -ами, -ями (plural).

The tables below sum up how the instrumental of nouns is formed.

The instrumental of singular nouns

Nominative singular Remove Add Dative

брат -- ом братом
masculine чай й ем чаем
папа а ой папой
окно о ом окном
neuter
море е ем морем
ночь ь ью ночью
feminine
вода а ой водой

Explanation of the table:

Add -ами to masculine nouns ending in a consonant, neuter nouns ending in -o and -e and
feminine nouns ending in -a.

Add -ями to masculine nouns ending in a -ь, neuter nouns ending in -e and feminine nouns
ending in -я, -ь.

20
The Prepositional Case

Just like the name implies, the prepositional case is always used with prepositions in the
sentences like "Я говорю... о доме, о маме, об окне" (I talk ... about house, about mother,
about window) and "Он находится... в доме, в пути" (He is... in a house, in the way).

When to use

1. The prepositional case is used to designate the place. The nouns answering the question
"where" are often used with the prepositions в and на.

Где ты был? Я был в школе.

Where have you been? I have been at school.

2. The prepositional case is also used to designate the person or object being talked or
thought about. Thus, the prepositional case is used after the preposition o with the verbs like
говорить, думать.

Думать о семье. - To think about a family.

Говорить о погоде. - To talk about the weather.

3. The prepositional case is used with names of the months to designate time.

Это было в мае. - This was in May.

How to form

The prepositional is formed from the nominative singular nouns with the help of the following
endings: -e, -и, -у, -ю (singular); -ax, -яx (plural). You will generally need to remove the last
letter from the nominative singular noun and add one of these endings.

The tables below sum up how the prepositional of nouns is formed.

The prepositional of singular nouns

Nominative singular Remove Add Prepositional

брат -- е (о) брате
чай й е (о) чае
masculine папа а е (о) папе
санаторий й и (о) санатории
сад -- у (в) саду
окно о е (об) окне
neuter море е е (о) море
открытие е и (об) открытии
ночь ь и (о) ночи
feminine
вода а е (о) воде

21
Explanation of the table:

All feminine nouns ending in -ь, -ие, neuter nouns ending in -ие, as well as masculine nouns
ending in -ий get the new ending -и in the prepositional case. Some masculine nouns end in -у,
-ю in the prepositional when used after the prepositions в and на.

For example: в саду, на краю, на берегу.

After the preposition o (about) the same nouns get the ending -е in the prepositional.

For example: о саде, о крае, о береге.

The prepositional of plural nouns

Nominative singular Remove Add Prepositional plural

мост -- ах (о) мостах
гость ь ях (в) гостях
masculine
край й ях (о) краях
учитель ь ях (о) учителях
окно о ах (в) окнах
neuter
море е ях (о) морях
коса а ах (о) косах
feminine
стая я ях (о) стаях

References:
01. Russian in Exercises by S. Khavronina and A . Shirochenskaya Moscow 2000
02. Грмматика русского языка в иллюстрациях К.И.Пелиханова,М.Н.Лебедева.
Москва.1991 ISBN 5-200-00946-4
03. Ю.Г. Овсиенко, Русский язык для начинающих (для говорящих на
английском языке) Издательство «РУССКИЙ ЯЗЫК» Москва 2004, ISBN 5-
200-03247-4
04. Hemantha Sirisena, Introduction to Russian ISBN 978-955-
96948- 8-5
05. Hemantha Sirisena, РУССКИЙ ЯЗЫК INTRODUCTORY PHONETIC AND
LEXICAL COURSE IN RUSSIAN ISBN 978-955-96948-3-0

Learning- Teaching process

1. Classify given nouns according to their gender.

2. Show the declension patterns of nouns in Russian cases.
3. Insert adjectives in appropriate form.
4. Answer the questions using adverbs.
5. Classify given possessive pronouns according to their gender.
6. Make sentences using constructions У меня, У тебя есть...,
Demonstrative pronouns: этот, эта, это, эти,
The questions: Kаокой?, Какая?, Какое?, Какие?

Group activity:

Above activities are to be applied by pairs or groups according to the lesion plan,.

22
 Unit 03
Russian Verb
Competency: Uses basics grammatical components and patterns of simple sentences

Competency Level: 3. 1 Makes sentences using basic grammatical components

3. 2 Acquires peculiarities of the Russian verbs
3. 3 Counts numbers
3. 4 Counts months and days
3. 5 Tells the time

No of Periods: 40

Learning Outcomes: The student will be able to,

• make sentences using basic grammatical components
• acquires peculiarities of the Russian verbs
• counts numbers and counts months and days
Introduction: The Russian verb is difficult for foreign students to comprehend at first. This is
due to the peculiarities in its conjugation, to the phenomena as verbal aspects and verb of
motion.

Guideline for Explaining the Target Subject Input – Verbs

Usage of Russian Verbs

TENSE AND EXAMPLE

USAGE
ASPECT SENTENCES
Used to designate an action that began
PAST TENSE,
and ended at a particular time in the Вчера вечером он читал
IMPERFECTIVE
past; the result is not important for the книгу.
ASPECT
speaker
Used for an action that occurred over
period of time but was completed in the Он плавал в бассейне
past; the action, not duration, is весь день.
emphasized
Во время каникул мы
Used for an activity that took place
ходили в кино каждое
regularly in the past
утро.
Used for actions occurred over period
Когда я читал книгу, брат
of time simultaneously but were
смотрел телевизор.
completed in the past
В комнате холодно,
Used when the result of an action is
потому что я открывал
nullified, i.e. an opposite action
окно. (i.e. открыл и
occurred
закрыл)
Used for an action that occurred over Он строил дом целый
period of time but was completed in the месяц.

23
 past. The duration is emphasized
PAST TENSE, Used to emphasize the result of an
Вчера вечером я прочитал
PERFECTIVE action that began and ended at a
книгу от начала до конца.
ASPECT particular time in the past
Когда мы пришли в
класс, учитель уже ушёл
Used for a past action that had a result домой.
before another past action that also had
a result Мы успели сыграть
партию в шахматы до
того, как пришёл Андрей.
Он надел новую рубашку.
Used when the result of an action
(i.e. он надел и сейчас она
remains
надета)
Used to designate an action that began
and ended at a particular time in the Он построил дом за
past; the time during which the result месяц.
was achieved is emphasized
PRESENT TENSE,
IMPERFECTIVE Used for a present state of affairs Андрей живёт в Москве.
ASPECT
Волга впадает в
Каспийское море.
Used for a general fact
Солнце встаёт на востоке.
Каждое утро он читает
Used for habitual actions
газеты.
Поезд отходит в 12:00.
Used for future timetables and
arrangements
Решено. Мы идём в кино.
Used for a specific action that is На улице идёт сильный
occurring дождь.
Used for an activity that takes place Они играют в теннис уже
over period of time specified 2 часа.
Завтра утром я буду
Used for an action that will be ongoing
FUTURE TENSE, играть в теннис.
or repeating at a particular time in the
IMPERFECTIVE
future, but it is not known whether will
ASPECT Вечером она будет
be finished of not
готовить ужин.
Скоро он узнает хорошие
FUTURE TENSE, новости.
Used for an action that will be finished
PERFECTIVE
at a particular time in the future
ASPECT Вечером она приготовит
ужин.

24
Conjugation of Verbs

Changes, which Russian verbs undergo depending on person and number, are called
conjugation.

There are two conjugations in Russian, called the 1st conjugation and the 2nd conjugation (or
E-conjugation and И-conjugation, respectively).

The 1st conjugation verbs are those, which have the letter "е" in their endings, for example:

читать (to read)

ты (you - singular) читаешь

он (he) читает
мы (we) читаем
вы (you - plural) читаете

The 2nd conjugation verbs have the letter "и" in their endings.

верить (to believe)

ты (you - singular) веришь

он (he) верит
мы (we) верим
вы (you - plural) верите
You will need to determine the conjugation of the verb in order to write correct personal
endings. Usually, there is no problem with this for verbs which have stressed endings. For such
verbs the same letter is used in writing as in speaking. For example, in words спишь, гребёшь
the same letter is written as is heard.

Remember:

Conjugation is typical only for present and future

tense verbs used in indicative mood. Past tense
verbs change only by gender and number.

However if the stress is on the base rather than ending, choosing correct ending will be a bit
challenging. You will need to determine the conjugation of the verb by looking at its infinitive
and applying the following rule.

25
The 2nd conjugation verbs (with unstressed ending) are:

1. Those, which end in -ить, like заправить, клеить, беспокоить. Exceptions are:
брить, стелить, побрить, постелить, выстелить, etc.

2. Seven verbs ending in -еть: смотреть, видеть, ненавидеть, зависеть, терпеть,

вертеть, обидеть + all verbs derived from them, like посмотреть, увидеть, вытерпеть,
завертеть, перетерпеть, etc.

3. Four verbs ending in -aть: гнать, дышать, держать, слышать + all verbs derived from
them, like прогнать, задышать, удержать, расслышать, etc.

4. The remaining verbs (not mentioned in points 1. to 3.) are 1st conjugation verbs.

There are some verbs, which can have the endings of both the 1st conjugation and the 2nd
conjugation. These are the verbs хотеть, бежать and those derived from them (захотеть,
добежать, etc.).

хотеть (to want)

Singular Plural
1st person хочу хотим
2nd person хочешь хотите
3rd person хочет хотят

бежать (to run)

Singular Plural
1st person бегу бежим
2nd person бежишь бежим
3rd person бежит бегут

Person and Number of the Verb

All forms of the Russian verb, except the infinitive, change in number. There are singular and
plural verb forms. To illustrate this, let's look at past, present and future tense forms of the
indicative verb "ходить" (to go).

26
 Change of the verb in person
and number

Singular Plural
Past tense ходил ходили
Present tense хожу ходим
Future simple tense пройду пройдём
Future compound tense буду ходить будем ходить

The concept of the indicative mood was mentioned above. The indicative mood
(изъявительное наклонение) is used to talk about actions which occured in past, occur
presently, and will occur in future. For example,

Школьник учит уроки.

The schoolboy is learning his lessons.

Школьник учил уроки.

The schoolboy was learning his lessons.

Школьник будет учить уроки.

The schoolboy will be learning his lessons.

Russian verbs also change in person. The grammatical term "person" refers to those who take
part in speech eiher directly or indirectly.

The first person verbs designate that the action is being perfomed by a speaker, as in

В свободное время я читаю книги, общаюсь с друзьями, слушаю музыку, или

просто лежу на диване.

Here the verbs читаю ([I] read), общаюсь ([I] converse), слушаю ([I] listen), and лежу ([I]
lie) mean that the person who is speaking performs the actions.

The second person verbs designate that the action is being performed by a collocutor.

Ты, волна моя, волна!

Ты пуглива и вольна;
Плещешь ты, куда захочешь,
Ты морские камни точишь,
Топишь берег ты земли,
Подымаешь корабли --
Не губи ты нашу душу:
Выплесни ты нас на сушу!

In this excerpt from a poem by Pushkin, the verbs плещешь ([you] slpash), точишь, топишь
(sink), подымаешь (raise), губи (ruin), and выплесни (splash out) are used to show that the
actions are performed by the wave.

27
The third person designates that the action is being performed by someone or something that is
being talked about, i.e. by an indirect participant of speech. For example,

Черёмуха душистая, развесившись, стоит,

А зелень золотистая на солнышке горит.

Here стоит ([it] stands) and горит (burn) refer to the object which is spoken about, namely
черёмуха (the cherry).

In Russian, verb endings indicate person and number of the verb.

Remember:

Second person singular verbs are to be written

with ь, for example: читаешь ([you] read),
гордишься ([you] are proud), целишься ([you]
aim).

Sentence Structure in Russian

In the Russian language, the word order is rather flexible. Though the Russian sentence is
generally arranged SUBJECT-VERB-OBJECT

The grammar rules allow to use virtually any combination of subject, verb and object within
the sentence.

For example, the sentence "A cat caught a mouse" can be translated into Russian in the
following ways:

1) Кошка поймала мышь.

2) Мышь поймала кошка.
3) Поймала кошка мышь.
4) Кошка мышь поймала.
5) Мышь кошка поймала.
6) Поймала мышь кошка.

Does the meaning change?

The word order does not change the meaning IF the sentence is taken out of context, as you
could see in the example above.

BUT if the sentence is a part of particular setting, the rearrangement of words changes the
meaning.

28
It is known that every complete sentence has a theme and a rheme. The theme is one or more
words which express already known or understood information, i.e. information that is being
taken for granted. The rheme is new information that a speaker wants to communicate, for
example:

theme rheme
В прошлом году мой друг построил дом.
(Last year my friend built a house.)

The rheme is always logically stressed in Russian. So, the change of word order within the
sentence causes this logical stress and, finally, the meaning to alter.

Look at the following example illustrating how the meaning of the sentence is changed
depending on the word order. The rheme (new information) is in bold.

В прошлом году мой друг построил дом возле озера.

(the stress is on the fact that he built a house near a lake)

Дом возле озера мой друг построил в прошлом году.

(the stress is on the fact he built a house last year, not this year)

В прошлом году мой друг построил дом возле озера.

(the stress is on the fact he built a house near a lake, not near a road)

В прошлом году построил дом возле озера мой друг.

(the stress is on the fact my friend, not an enemy built a house near a lake)

Does the style change?

Yes. The word order has an impact on the style of what is being said. Usually, the sentence
starts from the VERB if a speaker wants to communicate past events, as in a narrative.

Было это в январе. Шёл я по улице. Вдруг вижу - ты идёшь навстречу...

(It was in January. I was walking down a street. Suddenly I saw you going towards me...)

The VERB put in the end of the sentence is characteristic for some questions like

Как тебя зовут?

(What is your name?)
Где ты был?
(Where have you been?)

as well as for emphasizing an action:

Они всё ещё гуляют.

(They are still walking.)
Где живёшь я так и не знаю.
(I still don't know where you live.)

29
The VERB put in the middle of the sentence is the most common case in Russian.

References:

• Russian in Exercises by S. Khavronina and A . Shirochenskaya Moscow 2000

• Грмматика русского языка в иллюстрациях К.И.Пелиханова,М.Н.Лебедева.
Москва.1991 ISBN 5-200-00946-4
• reishka jHdlrKh- l%shdmo idOkh wdpd¾h fyauka; isßfiak 2009
Learning- Teaching process

1. Conjugate given verbs in the present, past and future.

2. Classify given verbs according their aspect.
3. Construct simple sentences using verbs.
4. Classify given verbs according their conjugation(group).

30
 Unit 04

Comprehension

Competency: Listens, understands and responds

Competency Level: 4. 1 Understands basic pronunciation

4. 2 Understands daily conversations
4. 3 Extracts and Understands information & instructions properly
No of Periods: 28

Learning Outcomes: The student will be able to,

• understand basic pronunciation
• understand daily conversations and Extract and understand information &
instructions properly.

Introduction: Students are expected to be competent in basic skills of Reading, writing,

listening and speaking in Russian, to understand factual information, to interpret , evaluate
and use information for a specific purpose in real life situation to acquire communication
strategies, to express, discuss, clarify and respond to emotions, ideas, opinions and values.

Guideline for Explaining the Target Subject Input –

Знакомства и приветствия – 1

Как поживаешь.
Нормально.
Всё хорошо.
Нечего.
Здравствуй. Здравствуйте.
Добрый день.
Добрый вечер.
Как вас (тебя) зовут?
Как дела. Как жизнь.
Привет. Доброе утро.
Рад(а) познакомиться…
Я тоже очень рад(а)…
Давайте познакомиться…

- привет, Саша!
- Здравствуй, Илья!
- Саша, ты незнаешь, что за девушка наряжает ёлку сКриллом?
- Знаю, это Маша, она учится в нашем классе.
- Познакомишь?
- Конечно.

31
- доброе утро, Маша. Как твои дела?
- Нормально, спасибо.
А ты как?
- Отлично!

- привет!
Я буду учиться в вашем классе.
- А как тебя зовут?
- Антон.

- ты из какого класса?
- Из седьмого.
- И я тоже.
- Давай познакомимся.
- Сергей.

- Здравствуйте, ребята. Я ваша новая преподавательница математики.

А как ваше имя отчество?
- Анна Петровна.

Который час? – 2

Который час?
Сколько времени?
Сколько сейчас?
Сколько на твоих (часах)?
Часы отстают, спешат, идут правильно.

- Который час?
- Без пятнадцати(четверти) семь.

- Сколько времени прошло?

- Два часа.

- Сколько сейчас?
- Пять минут двенадцатого.

- Сколько (времени) на ваших часах?

- Тридцать пять (минут) седьмого.

- А на моих (часах) без двадцати.

- Твои (часы) спешат!
- Нет, это твои (часы) отстают!

- Сейчас тридцать минут седьмого.

- Мои часы точные.

32
- Твои спешат, а твои отстают!

За столом – 3

- Положите мне….
- Передайте мне…
- Что вы будете?
- Можно мне…
- Попробуйте…
- Что вам налить?
- Очень вкусно
- Что вам положить?
- Спасибо, хватит.
- Очень вкусный салат, вкусная рыба, вкусные порожки…

- Прошу к столу!
- Что вам налить?
- Красное вино пожалуйста.

- Давайте я положу вам этот салат с крабами.

- Спасибо.
Как вкусно!

- Наташа, передай мне пожалуйста, хлеб.

- Пожалуйста!
Кому ещё хлеб?

- Берите рыбу!
Рыба очень вкусная!
- Вы сами готовили?
- Да, я всегда готовлю рыбу сама, а ловил её мой друг.

- Кому налить минеральную воду?

- Налейте мне, пожалуйста, сок!

Семья – 4

Папа
Мама
Сын
Дочь
Муж
Жена
Дети

Бабушка
Дедушка

33
Племянница
Племянник

Ребёнок

Дядя
Тётя

Внук
Внучка

Брат
Братья
Сестра
Сёстры

- У тебя большая семья?

- Нас четверо: папа, мама, я и моя сестра.

- Как её зовут?
- Марина.
- Сколько ей лет?
- Девятнадцать.

- А у тебя есть бабушка и дедушка?

- Да, недавно мы отмечали их золотую свадьбу.

- Вы живёте вместе?
- Нет, но мы часто приезжаем к ним в гости.

- Кто твои родители?

- мой папа – врач, хирург.
- А где работает мама?
- В библиотеке.
Она библиотекарь.

Приём гостей – 5

Проходи, проходите
Заходи, заходите
Познакомься (познакомьтесь), это…
Давай своё пальто
Давайте ваше пальто
Куда можно поставить (положить) сумку, чемодан, зонт…
Что ты будешь, чай, кофе?

- Проходи!
- Это тебе!

34
- Спасибо!

- Давай куртку!
- Спасибо.
Я сама повешу.

- куда можно поставить сумку?

- Сюда, пожалуйста.

- Познакомься, мама это мой друг Олег.

- Наталья Петровна.
- Олег.

- Очень приятно.
- Рада познакомиться.

- что ты будешь, чай, кофе?

- Чай, пожалуйста.
Дом, квартира, комната – 6

Прихожая
Коридор
Балкон
спальня
Туалет (санузел)
Ванная
Гостиная
Детская
Гостиная
Столовая
кухня
кабинет

- приходи ко мне завтра.

- А где ты живёшь?
- В доме, где аптека.

- А на каком этаже (ты живёшь)?

- На пятом.

- А (какой) номер квартиры?

- Сто пятнадцатая.

- У нас внизу домофон, набери 115 (сто пятнадцать), я тебе открою.

- хорошо.

- Какая красивая прихожая!

- Спасибо.

35
- А это гостиная.
- Как у вас уютно!

В аэропорту - 7

Чемодан
Ручная кладь
Багаж
Негаборитный багаж
Паспортный контроль
таможная
Таможенная декларация

- Ваш билет и паспорт, пожалуйста.

- Вам место у окна?

- Да, если можно.

- Ручная кладь есть?

- Есть, сумка.

- Поставьте ваши вещи на конвейер.

Ключи и фотоаппарат тоже.
Проходите, пожалуйста.

- Вам помочь упаковать багаж?

- Сколько это стоит?
- Эта услуга бесплатная.

- Ваш посадочный талон, пожалуйста.

Ваше место в середине салона, слева.
- Спасибо.

References:
• Russian in Exercises by S. Khavronina and A .Shirochenskaya, Moscow
• reishka NdId m%fõYh( wdpd¾h tÉ' isßfiak 2007
• Introduction to Spoken Russian2007,Author Publication,ISBN 955-96948-1-2

Learning- Teaching process

1. Compose dialogues.
2. Complete missing places of dialogues
3. Role play.
4. Play a short drama.
5. Write answers for the questions after seeing a drama or film.

36
 Unit 5
Communication

Competency: Engages in communication clearly & effectively

Competency Level:
5.1 Asks simple questions
5.2 Answers questions
5.3 Engage in the conversations
5.4 Pronounces sounds correctly

Number of periods: 10

Learning outcomes: The Student will be able to,

• ask simple questions & answer questions
• engage in the conversation
• pronounces sounds correctly.
Introduction: After completion of following Target Subject Input student will be able to master
the structure of simple sentence and use them in daily conversation and to learn to ask and
answer various questions.

Guideline for Explaining the Target Subject Input

In the shop
In the post office
At the theatre
At the bus station
At the cafe
At a restaurant
At the market
Telephone conversation
(And any other situational dialogues)

References:
• Introduction to Spoken Russian2007,Author Publication,ISBN 955-96948-1-2
• Russian Films and Dramas

Learning- Teaching process

1. Make a dialogue on a given topic/situation.

2. Individual presentation
3. Role play

37
 Unit 6

Comprehension

Competency: Reads and Comprehends meaning

Competency Level:
6.1 Reads simple texts
6.2 Comprehends given texts
6.3 Understands the meaning of the texts
6.4 Retells the texts in own words

Number of periods: 66

Learning outcomes: The student will be able to,

• read simple texts

• comprehend given texts
• understands the meaning of the texts and retells in own words.

Introduction: For this purpose it is suggested to use adopted/simplified Russian text. And texts
from Prescribed text Books.

Guideline for Explaining the Target Subject Input

Russian Literature (A Text Book for General Certificate Examination [Advanced Level] in
Russian) 2009, Author Publication, ISBN 978-955-51636-1-3

References:

Above recommended text book

Learning- Teaching process

1. Presentations(group or individual)
2. Paraphrasing

38
 Unit 7

Translation

Competency : Translates

Competency Level:
7.1 Reads & comprehends meanings
7.2 Translates
7.3 Becomes aware of the similarities and dissimilarities
in the source and the target language

Number of periods: 40

Learning outcomes: Student will be able to,

• read and comprehend, translate and become aware the similarities and
dissimilarities in the source and the target language

Introduction: Translation of adopted and simplified Russian texts will provide an opportunity
to convince grammatical structure of target language and to have a more lexical basis for
further studies.

Guideline for Explaining the Target Subject Input

Russian Literature (A Text Book for General Certificate Examination [Advanced Level] in
Russian) 2009, Author Publication, ISBN 978-955-51636-1-3

References:

Selected simplified short stories provided by the class teacher

Learning- Teaching process

1. Translation assignment
2. Translate in to target language and to mother language.

39
 Unit 8

Literary Comments

Competency : Evaluates and criticizes literary works

Competecy Level:
8.1 Reads and comprehends simple literary work
8.2 Answers simple questions based on literary work
8.3 Makes simple comments

Number of periods: 10

Learning outcomes: The student will be able to,

• read and comprehends simple literary work,

• answer simple questions based on literary work and make simple comments

Guideline for Explaining the Target Subject Input

Biographies of famous writers

References:

Russian Literature (A Text Book for General Certificate Examination [Advanced Level] in
Russian) 2009, Author Publication, ISBN 978-955-51636-1-3

Learning- Teaching process

1. Presentation and assignments.

2. Essay writing
3. Reading and appreciation

40
 Unit 9

Culture and Society

Competency: Incorporates ethics and morals found in language and literature.

.
Competency Level:
9.1 Acquires knowledge about Russian culture and society
9.2 Compares and contrasts Russian & Sri Lankan cultures
and society

Number of periods: 05

Learning outcomes: The student will be able to,

• acquire knowledge about Russian culture and society.

Guideline for Explaining the Target Subject Input

Materials provided by the class teacher

References:
News papers, Periodicals, Magazines.

Learning- Teaching process

1. Assignments and presentations

2. Films about the History of Russia, Geography and ethnography.

41
 Unit 10

Culture and Society

Competency: familiarizes with culture, society and traditions through language

Competency Level:
10.1 Acquires knowledge about traditional culture & society
10.2 Acquires knowledge about modern culture and society
10.3 Compares and contrasts

Number of periods: 05

Learning outcomes: The student will be able to,

• acquire knowledge about culture & society

Guideline for Explaining the Target Subject Input

Extracts of the prescribed literature compilation.

References:

Russian Literature (A Text Book for General Certificate Examination [Advanced Level] in
Russian) 2009, Author Publication, ISBN 978-955-51636-1-3

Learning- Teaching process

1. Assignments
2. Presentations
3. Paraphrasing
4. Organization of Russian film festival and Russian Day

42
School Based Assessment

43
 School Based Assessment - Introduction
Learning Teaching and Evaluation are the three major components of the process of Education.
It is a fact that teachers should know that evaluation is used to assess the progress of the
learning –teaching process. Moreover, teachers should know that these components influence
mutually and develop each other. According to Formative Assessment (Continuous
Assessment) fundamentals, assessment should take place during the process of teaching.
Formative Assessment can be done at the beginning, in the middle, at the end and at any
instance of the learning teaching process.

Teachers who expect to assess the progress of learning of the students should use an organized
plan. School Based Assessment (SBA) process is not a mere examination method or a testing
method. This programme is known as an intervention to develop learning of students and
teaching of teachers. Furthermore, this process can be used to maximize the students’
capacities by identifying their strengths and weaknesses closely.

When implementing SBA programmes, students are directed to exploratory processes through
Learning Teaching activities and it is expected that teachers should be with the students
facilitating, directing and observing the task they are engaged in.

At this juncture, students should be assessed continuously and the teacher should confirm
whether the skills of the students get developed up to expected levels by assessing
continuously. The learning-teaching process should not only provide proper experiences to the
students but also check whether the students have acquired them properly. For this to happen,
proper guidance should be given.

Teachers who are engaged in evaluation (assessment) would be able to supply guidance in two
ways. They are commonly known as feedback and feed-forward. Teacher’s role should be
providing feedback to avoid learning difficulties when the students’ weaknesses and inabilities
are revealed and provide feed-forward when the abilities and the strengths are identified, to
develop such strong skills of the students.
For the success in the teaching process, students need to identify which objectives of the course
of study could be achieved and to what extent. Teachers are expected to judge the competency
levels students have reached through evaluation and they should communicate information
about student progress to parents and other relevant parties. The best method that can be used
to assess is the SBA that provides the opportunity to assess students continuously.

44
Teachers who have got the above objectives in mind will use effective learning, teaching, and
evaluation methods to make the teaching process and learning process effective. Following are
the types of evaluation tools students and teachers can use. These types were introduced to
teachers by the Department of Examination and National Institute of Education with the new
reforms. Therefore, we expect that the teachers in the system would be well aware of them.

Types of assessment tools:

1. Assignments 2. Projects
3. Survey 4. Exploration
5. Observation 6. Exhibitions
7. Field trips 8. Short written reports
9. Structured essays 10. Open book test
11. Creative activities 12. Listening Tests
13. Practical work 14. Speech
15. Self-creation 16 Group work
17. Concept maps 18. Double entry journal
19. Wall papers 20. Quizzes
21. Question and answer book 22. Debates
23. Panel discussions 24. Seminars
25. Impromptus speeches 26. Role-plays

Teachers are not expected to use the above-mentioned activities for all the units and for all
the subjects. Teachers should be able to pick and choose the suitable type for the relevant
units and for the relevant subjects to assess the progress of the students appropriately.
The types of assessment tools are mentioned in the Teacher’s Instructional Manual. If the
teachers try to avoid administering the relevant assessment tools in their classes, there will
be lapses in exhibiting the growth of academic capacities, affective factors and psycho-
motor skills in the students

45
Term : 1.

Competency : 1.0

Competency Level : 1.4

Type of assessment : presentation/exhibition

Activity 1. Listening attentively and Recognition of articulatory peculiarities and writing

correctly.

Students' name Listening Recognition of Use of letters in Clarity and

attentively sound and word appropriate cleanliness
correctly place

Mark range

Reached the competency level 4

Satisfactory 3
Not reached the competency level 2

46
Term : 1.

Competency : 2.0

Competency Level : 2.1

Type of assessment : Written assignment

Activity 2. Compilation of Nouns according to their gender.

Students' name Peculiarities of Peculiarities of Peculiarities Clarity and

feminine gender masculine gender of plural cleanliness
according to their according to their nouns
endings endings

Mark range

Reached the competency level 4

Satisfactory 3
Not reached the competency level 2

47
Term : 1.

Competency : 1.0

Competency Level : 2.1

Type of assessment : Written assignment

Activity 3. Write the declension patterns of nouns in three gender in singular and plural.

Students' Correct formation Question on each Omission of Clarity and

name of noun according case(Кого? Чего? endings cleanliness
to each case Кто? Что? и.т.д,)

Mark range

Reached the competency level 4

Satisfactory 3
Not reached the competency level 2

48
Term : 2.

Competency : 3.0

Competency Level : 3.1

Type of assessment : Written assignment

Activity 1. Conjugate an imperfect verb in past, present and future tenses.

Students' gender person number tense Clarity and

name cleanliness

Mark range

Reached the competency level 4

Satisfactory 3
Not reached the competency level 2

49
Term : 2.

Competency : 5.0

Competency Level : 5.3

Type of assessment : presentation

Activity 2. Greetings

Students' situational Self Introduce Clarity and Correct

name greeting introduction other cleanliness responses
persons

Mark range

Reached the competency level 4

Satisfactory 3
Not reach the competency level 2

50
Term : 2.

Competency : 6.0

Competency Level : 6.2

Type of assessment : Assignment

Activity 3. Read the text and answer the questions

Students' comprehension construction Application of Clarity and cleanliness

name of sentences grammatical rules

Mark range

Reached the competency level 4

Satisfactory 3
Not reached the competency level 2

51
Term : 3.

Competency : 7.0

Competency Level : 7.2

Type of assessment : Written assignment

Activity 1. Translate an extract from prescribed text.

Students' word tense aspect of content Clarity and

name order pattern verbs cleanliness

Mark range

Reached the competency level 4

Satisfactory 3
Not reached the competency level 2

52
 Term : 3.

Competency : 8.0

Competency Level : 8.1

Type of assessment : written assignment

Activity 2. Translate a biography of eminent Russian writer in to mother

Students' word tense aspect of content Clarity and language style

name order pattern verbs cleanliness

Mark range

Reached the competency level 4

Satisfactory 3
Not reached the competency level 2

53
Term : 3.

Competency : 10.0

Competency Level : 10.3

Type of assessment : Written assignment

Activity 3. Make a report on specific characteristics of biographies of prescribed Russian

writers.

Students' specific themes main personalization of Clarity and

name characteristics of characters of specific cleanliness
writers their literary characteristics of
works Russian writers

Mark range

Reached the competency level 4

Satisfactory 3
Not reached the competency level 2

54