Exercise 3.

7 (Solutions)
MathCity.org Calculus and Analytic Geometry, MATHEMATICS 12
Page#167

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Example 4
Find the area bounded by the curve Solution
f ( x) = x3 − 2 x 2 + 1 y = x2 + 1
; x = 1 to x = 2
and the x-axis in the first quadrant. ∴ y ≥ 0 whenever x ∈ [1, 2]
Solution
2
Put f ( x) = 0
∫ (x
2
∴ Area = + 1)dx
⇒ x − 2x +1 = 0
3
1
2 2
By synthetic division
∫ x dx + ∫ dx
2
1 1 −2 0 1 =
1 1
↓ 1 −1 −1 3 2
1 −1 −1 0 x 2
= + x 1
3
⇒ ( x − 1) ( x 2 − x − 1) = 0 1

⇒ x −1 = 0 x2 − x −1 = 0  (2)3 (1)3 
or = 
3
−
3  + ( 2 − 1)
1 ± (−1) 2 − 4(1)(−1)  
⇒ x = 1 or x = 8 1
2(1) =  −  +1
3 3
1± 1+ 4 1± 5
= = 7 10
2 2 = +1 = sq. unit.
3 3
1± 5
Thus the curve cuts the x-axis at x = 1 , Question # 2
2
Since we are taking area in the first quad. only Find the area above the x-asis and under the
1+ 5 1− 5 curve y = 5 − x 2 from x = −1 to x = 2 .
∴ x = 1, ignoring as it is Solution
2 2
− ive.
 1+ 5  y = 5 − x2 ; x = −1 to x = 2
Intervals in 1st quad. are [ 0,1] & 1,
 2  ∴ y > 0 whenever x ∈ ( −1, 2 )
2
Since f ( x) ≥ 0 whenever x ∈ [ 0,1]
∫ (5 − x
2
∴ Area = )dx
 1+ 5  −1
and f ( x) ≤ 0 whenever x ∈ 1,
2 
2
 x3
= 5x −
1 3
∫(x )
3 −1
∴ Area in 1st quad. = − 2 x 2 + 1 dx
 (2)3   (−1)3 
=  5(2) − − − −
3   3 
0 5( 1)
x4 x3
1 
= −2 + x  8  1
4 3 = 10 −  −  −5 + 
0
 3   3
1 2  22  14 
=  − + 1 − 0 22 14
2 3  = −−  = +
3  3 3 3
7
= sq. unit
=
36
= 12 sq. unit
12
3
Question # 1 Question # 3
Find the area between the x-asis and the curve
Find the area below the curve y = 3 x
y = x 2 + 1 from x = 1 to x = 2 .
and above the x-axis between x = 1 to x = 4 .
FSc-II / Ex- 3.7 - 2

Now y > 0 when x ∈ ( 0, 4 )

Solution 4
y = 3 x ; x = 1 to x = 4 ∫ ( 4x − x ) dx
2
∴ Area =
Since y ≥ 0 when x ∈ [1, 4] 0
4 4
4 4 x 2 x3 2 x3
= − = 2x −
∴ Area = ∫3 x dx 2 3
0
3
0
1
4 1 4 1  (4)   3
(0)3 
=  2(4)2 − − 2
−
3   3 
2(0)
= ∫ 3x 2 dx = 3 ∫ x2 dx

1 1
 64 
1
4
3 4 =  32 −  − ( 0 − 0 )
+1
x2 x2  3 
= 3 = 3 32
1 3 = sq. unit.
+1 2 2
2 1 1

3 4
 32 3 Question # 6
2
= 3× x2 = 2  (4) − (1) 2  Determine the area bounded by the parabola
3  
1 y = x 2 + 2 x − 3 and the x-axis.
Solution
3 3
4
4
 2 32  y = x2 + 2 x − 3
=  (4) − (1) 3
 = 2  (2 ) − 1
4     Putting y = 0 , we have
= 2 ( 8 − 1) = 14 sq. unit x2 + 2 x − 3 = 0
Question # 4 ⇒ x 2 + 3x − x − 2 = 0
Find the area bounded by cos function from ⇒ x ( x + 3 ) − 1( x + 3 ) = 0
π π ⇒ ( x + 3)( x − 1) = 0
x=− to x =
2 2
Solution ⇒ x = − 3 or x = 1
π π Now y ≤ 0 whenever x ∈ [ −3,1]
y = cos x ; x=− to x =
2 2 1

∫ (x )
2
 π π ∴ Area = − + 2 x − 3 dx
∵ y > 0 whenever x ∈  − ,  −3
 2 2
π 1
2 x3 2 x 2
= − + − 3x
∴ Area = ∫ cos x dx 3 2
−3
−π 2
1
=
π
x3
= − + x 2 − 3x
2
sin x −π 2
3
−3
π   π
= sin   − sin  − 
2  2
 (1)3 
= 1 + 1 = 2 sq. unit = − + (1)2 − 3(1) 
 3 
Question # 5  (−3)3 
Find the area between the x-asis and the curve + + (−3) 2 − 3(−3) 
y = 4 x − x2  3 
Solution 1   −27 
= −  +1− 3 +  + 9 + 9
y = 4 x − x2 3   3 
Putting y = 0 , we have  5
= −  −  + ( −9 + 18 )
4x − x2 = 0  3
5 32
⇒ x (4 − x) = 0 = +9 = sq. unit
3 3
⇒ x = 0 or x = 4

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 FSc-II / Ex- 3.7 - 3

Question # 7 2 ± (−2)2 − 4(1)(2)

Find the area bounded by the curve y = x3 + 1 , ⇒ x = −2 or x =
2
the x-axis and line x = 2. 2± 4 −8
Solution =
2
2 ± −4
y = x3 + 1 =
2
Putting y = 0 , we have This is imaginary.
x3 + 1 = 0 Now y ≥ 0 when x ∈ [ −2,1]
⇒ ( x + 1) ( x 2 − x + 1) = 0 1

∫ ( x − 2 x + 4 ) dx
3
∴ Area =
⇒ x +1 = 0 2
or x − x + 1 = 0 −2
1 1 1
1 ± (−1)2 − 4(1)(1)
∫ x dx − 2 ∫ x dx + 4 ∫ dx
3
⇒ x = −1 or x= =
2(1) −2 −2 −2

1± 1− 4 4 1 2 1
= =
x
−2
x
+4 x
1
2 4 2 −2
−2 −2
1 ± −3
⇒ x=
2
Which is not possible.  (1)4 (−2)4   (1)2 (−2)2 
= − −2 −
Now y ≥ 0 when x ∈ [ −1, 2]  4 4   2 2 
2 + 4 (1 − (−2) )
∫ (x )
3
∴ Area = + 1 dx  1 16   1 4 
−1 =  −  − 2  −  + 4 (1 + 2 )
2
4 4  2 2
x4 1  1 
=
4
+x =  − 4  − 2  − 2  + 4 ( 3)
−1  4   2 
 ( 2)   ( −1)4 
4  15   3 
=  −  − 2  −  + 12
=  + 2 −  − 1  4   2
 4   4 
    15 45
 16  1 
= − + 3 + 12 = sq. unit
=  + 2  −  − 1 4 4
 4  4  Question # 9
3 27 Find the area between the curve
= 6− = sq. unit
4 4 Solution
Question # 8
Find the area bounded by the curve y = x3 − 4 x
y = x3 − 2 x + 4 and the x-axis. Putting y = 0 , we have
Solution x3 − 4 x = 0
(
⇒ x x2 − 4 = 0 )
y = x3 − 2 x + 4 ; x =1
⇒ x ( x + 2 )( x − 2 ) = 0
Putting y = 0 , we have
⇒ x = 0 or x = −2 or x = 2
x3 − 2 x + 4 = 0
Now y ≥ 0 whenever x ∈ [ −2, 0]
By synthetic division
−2 1 0 −2 4 And y ≤ 0 whenever x ∈ [ 0, 2]
↓ −2 4 −4 0 2

1 −2 2 0 ∴ Area = ∫ y dx − ∫ y dx
−2
( x + 2 ) ( x2 − 2 x + 2)
0
⇒ = 0
⇒ x + 2 = 0 or x 2 − 2 x + 2 = 0

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FSc-II / Ex- 3.7 - 4

0 2
 (0)4 (0) 2   (−1) 4 (−1) 2 
∫ (x )
− 4 x dx − ∫ x3 − 4 x dx ( ) =  − − −
3
=
 4 2   4 2 
−2 0
2 0 2  (1) 4 (1)2   (0)4 (0) 2 
− − + −
=
x4
−4
x
−
x4
−4
x2
 4 2   4 2 
4 2 4 2
−2 0
= ( 0 − 0 ) −  − 
0 2
1 1
4 4
=
x
− 2x2 −
x
− 2x2 4 2
−  −  + ( 0 − 0 )
4 4 1 1
−2 0
4 2
 (0)4   (−2)4   1  1
= 0−− −− + 0
=  − 2(0)2  −  − 2(−2)2   4  4
 4   4 
 (2) 4   4  1 1 1
(0) = + = sq. unit
− − 2(2)2  +  − 2(0)2  4 4 2
 4   4 
Question # 11
= ( 0 − 0 ) −  − 8 
16
Find the area between the x-asis and the curve
 4  1
 16 
−  − 8  + (0 − 0) y = cos x from x = −π to x = π
2
 4  Solution
= − ( 4 − 8 ) − ( 4 − 8 ) = − ( −4 ) − ( −4 ) 1
g ( x) = cos x ; x = −π to x = π
= 4 + 4 = 8 sq. unit. 2
∵ g ( x) ≥ 0 when x ∈ [ −π , π ]
Question # 9
π
Find the area between the curve 1
y = x ( x − 1)( x + 1) and the x-axis.
∴ Area = ∫ cos 2 x dx
−π
Solution π
x
y = x ( x − 1)( x + 1) sin
2 x
π
= = 2 sin
Putting y = 0 , we have 1 2 −π
2
x ( x − 1)( x + 1) = 0 −π

⇒ x = 0 or x = 1 or x = − 1  π   −π  
= 2  sin   − sin  
Now y ≥ 0 whenever x ∈ [ −1, 0]    2  2 
= 2 (1 − ( −1) ) = 2 (1 + 1)
And y ≤ 0 whenever x ∈ [ 0,1]
0 1
= 2(2) = 4 sq. unit.
∴ Area = ∫ y dx − ∫ y dx Question # 12
−1 0 Find the area between the x-asis and the curve
0
π
x ( x − 1)( x + 1) dx y = sin 2 x from x = 0 to x =
= ∫ 3
−1
1 Solution
− ∫ x ( x − 1)( x + 1) dx π
y = sin 2 x ; x = 0 to x =
0 3
 π
0 1

∫ (x )
− x dx − ∫ x3 − x dx ( ) ∵ y ≥ 0 when x ∈  0, 
3
=
−1 0
 3
π
4 2 0 4 2 1 3
x x x x
=
4
−
2
−
4
−
2
∴ Area = ∫ sin 2 x dx
−1 0 0
π
cos 2 x 3 1 2π 
= − = −  cos − cos(0) 
2 0 2 3 

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 FSc-II / Ex- 3.7 - 5

1 1  1 3 3 π
= −  − − 1 = −  −  = sq. unit. ⇒ − 1 = sin θ ⇒ θ =−
2 2  2 2 4 2
−π
2
Question # 13
So area = ∫ a 2 − a 2 sin 2 θ ( − a cos θ dθ )
Find the area between the x-asis and the curve
π
2
y = 2ax − x 2 when a > 0
−π
2
Solution
= −a ∫ ( )
a 2 1 − sin 2 θ cos θ dθ
y = 2ax − x 2 π
2
Putting y = 0 , we have −π
2
2
2ax − x = 0 = −a
π
∫ a 2 cos 2 θ cos θ dθ
On squaring 2

2ax − x 2 = 0 −π
2

⇒ x ( 2a − x ) = 0 = −a
π
∫ a cos θ ⋅ cos θ dθ
⇒ x=0 or 2a − x = 0 ⇒ x = 2a 2
−π
∵ y ≥ 0 when x ∈ [ 0, 2a ] 2

2a
= − a2
π
∫ cos 2 θ dθ
∴ Area = ∫ 2ax − x 2 dx
−π
2
0 2
 1 + cos θ 
2a = − a2 ∫   dθ
∫  2 
2 2 2
= a − a + 2ax − x dx π
2
0
2a −π
2
a2
= ∫ (
a 2 − a 2 − 2ax + x 2 ) dx = −
2 ∫ (1 + cos θ ) dθ
π
0
2
2a 2
−π
a2 − ( a − x ) a
2
= ∫ dx = −
2
θ + sin θ π
2
2
0
Put a − x = a sin θ
⇒ − dx = a cos θ dθ a2  π  π π  π 
= −  − + sin  −  − + sin   
⇒ dx = − a cos θ dθ 2  2  2 2  2 
When x = 0 a2
a − 0 = a sin θ ⇒ a sin θ = a = −
2
( −π + −1 + 1)
π a2 a 2π
⇒ sin θ = 1 ⇒ θ = = − ( −π ) = sq. unit
2 2 2
When x = 2a
a − 2a = a sin θ ⇒ − a = a sin θ

Book: Exercise 3.7 (Page 167)

Calculus and Analytic Geometry Mathematic 12
Punjab Textbook Board, Lahore.

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