Exercise 3.

3 (Solutions)Page 137
MathCity.org Calculus and Analytic Geometry, MATHEMATICS 12
Merging man and maths Available online @ http://www.mathcity.org, Version: 3.0

Evaluate the following integrals:

Question # 1 dx dx
=∫ =∫
−2 x ( x + 2)
2 2
( x + 2 ) + ( 3)
2
∫ 4 − x 2 dx +9
Put t = x + 2 ⇒ dt = dx
Solution dt
−2 x So I = ∫ 2 2
Let I = ∫ dx t +3
4 − x2 1 t
= Tan −1 + c
Put t = 4 − x 2 ⇒ dt = −2 x dx 3 3
dt 1 1 x+2
So I = ∫ = ∫ ( t ) 2 dt
−
= Tan −1 +c
t 3 3
1
− +1
1 Question # 3
(t ) 2 (t )2 + c x2
=
1
− +1
+c =
1 ∫ 4 + x 2 dx
2 2 Solution
1
= 2 t +c = 2 4 − x2 + c x2
[]

Important Integrals
∫ 4 + x 2 dx 4 + x2 x2

 x  4  x2 + 4
Since
d
Tan −1   = 2
a = ∫ 1 − 2 
dx − −
dx a a +x
2  4+ x  −4
By Integrating, we have dx
= ∫ dx − 4 ∫
x a 4 + x2
Tan −1   = ∫ 2 dx dx
a a + x2 = x − 4∫ 2
1 (2) + x 2
= a⋅∫ 2 dx
a + x2 1  x
= x − 4 ⋅ Tan −1   + c
1 1 x
2 2
⇒ ∫ 2 dx = Tan −1  
a +x 2
a a x
= x − 2 Tan −1   + c
Similarly 2
dx −1 x Question # 4
∫ a 2 − x 2 = Sin a 1
∫ x ln x dx
dx 1 x
∫x x2 − a 2
=
a
Sec −1
a
Solution
1
Suppose I = ∫ dx
Question # 2 x ln x
dx 1 1
=∫
∫ x 2 + 4 x + 13 ⋅ dx
ln x x
Solution 1
Put t = ln x ⇒ dt = dx
dx x
Let I = ∫ 2 1
x + 4 x + 13 So I = ∫ dt = ln t + c
dx t
=∫ = ln ln x + c
x + 2( x) (2) + (2) 2 − (2) 2 + 13
2

dx
=∫ 2
( x + 2) − 4 + 13
FSc-II / Ex- 3.3 - 2

Question # 5 1
= 2 ( tan x ) 2 + c = 2 tan x + c
ex
∫ e x + 3 dx Important Integral
Solution sec θ ( sec θ + tan θ )
ex ∫ sec θ d θ = ∫ secθ + tan θ dθ
Suppose I = ∫ x dx
e +3 sec 2 θ + sec θ tan θ
=∫ dθ
Put t = e x + 3 ⇒ dt = e x dx sec θ + tan θ
dt sec θ tan θ + sec2 θ
So I = ∫ = ln t + c =∫ dθ
t sec θ + tan θ
= ln e x + 3 + c Take t = sec θ + tan θ

Question # 6
(
⇒ dt = sec2 θ + sec θ tan θ dθ )
1
∫
x+b
1
dx So ∫ sec θ dθ = ∫ dt
t
( x 2 + 2bx + c ) 2
= ln t + c
Solution = ln sec θ + tan θ + c
x+b
Let I = ∫ dx
1 ⇒ ∫ secθ dθ = ln sec θ + tan θ + c
(x 2
+ 2bx + c ) 2
Similarly
Put t = x 2 + 2bx + c
⇒ dt = ( 2 x + 2b ) dx ⇒ dt = 2 ( x + b ) dx
∫ cosec θ dθ = ln cosec θ − cot θ + c
See proof at page 133
1
⇒ dt = ( x + b ) dx Question # 8
2
1 dt (a) Show that
1 −1
So I = ∫ 2 1 = ∫ t 2 dt dx
= ln x + x 2 − a 2 + c
2 2 2
t2 x −a
1 1 (b) Show that
− +1
1 t 2 1 t 2
= ⋅ +c = ⋅ + c1 a2 x x 2
2  1  1 2 1 a 2 − x 2 dx = Sin −1 + a − x2 + c
 − 2 + 1 2 2 a 2
 
1
Solution
( 2
= x + 2bx + c ) 2
+ c1
dx
2
(a) Let I=
= x + 2bx + c + c1 x2 − a 2
Question # 7 Put x = a sec θ ⇒ dx = a sec θ tan θ dθ
a sec θ tan θ dθ
sec 2 x So I = ∫
∫ tan x dx 2
( a sec θ ) − a 2
Solution a sec θ tan θ dθ
=∫
sec2 x
Let I = ∫
tan x
dx (
a 2 sec 2 θ − 1 )
a sec θ tan θ dθ
Put t = tan x ⇒ dt = sec 2 x dx =∫
1 a 2 tan 2 θ
dt −
So I =∫ = ∫t 2 dt ∵ 1 + tan 2 θ = sec 2 θ
t
a sec θ tan θ dθ
1
− +1
2
1
2 =∫ = ∫ sec θ dθ
t t a tan θ
= + c = + c
1 1 = ln sec θ + tan θ + c1
− +1 2
2
= ln sec θ + sec2 θ − 1 + c1

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 FSc-II / Ex- 3.3 - 3

x x2 a2 x x 2
= ln + 2 − 1 + c1 x = a secθ = Sin −1 + a − x2 + c
a a 2 a 2
x
= sec θ Evaluate the following integrals:
a
x x2 − a2 Question # 9
= ln + + c1
a x2 dx
∫ 3
x
= ln +
x2 − a2
+ c1 (
1 + x2 ) 2

a a Solution
dx
x + x2 − a2 Let I =∫ 3
= ln + c1
a (1 + x )2 2

= ln x + x 2 − a 2 − ln a + c1 Put x = tan θ ⇒ dx = sec 2 θ dθ

sec2 θ dθ
= ln x + x − a 2 2
+c I =∫ 3
(1 + tan 2 θ ) 2
where c = − ln a + c1
sec2 θ dθ
=∫ 3
∵ 1 + tan 2 θ = sec 2 θ
(b) Let I = a 2 − x 2 dx (sec 2 θ ) 2

Put x = a sin θ ⇒ dx = a cos θ dθ sec2 θ dθ

=∫
So I = ∫ a 2 − a 2 sin 2 θ ⋅ a cos θ dθ sec3 θ
dθ
=∫ = ∫ cos θ dθ = sin θ + c
= ∫ a 2 1 − sin 2 θ ⋅ a cos θ dθ
( ) sec θ
sin θ 1
= ∫ a 2 cos 2 θ ⋅ a cos θ dθ
2
∵1−sin θ =cos θ
2 = ⋅ cos θ + c = tan θ ⋅ +c
cos θ sec θ
= ∫ a cos θ ⋅ a cos θ dθ = tan θ ⋅
1
+c
1 + cos 2θ 1 + tan 2 θ
= a 2 ∫ cos 2 θ dθ 2
∵ cos θ =
x
2 = +c ∵ x = tan θ
1 + cos 2θ a2 1 + x2
= a2 ∫ dθ = ∫ (1 + cos 2θ ) dθ
2 2 Question # 10
2
=  θ +
a sin 2θ  1
2 2 
+c
∫ (1 + x 2 ) Tan−1 x dx
a2  2sin θ cos θ +c Solution
θ+
2  
=
2  1
Let I = ∫ dx
a2 (1 + x ) Tan −1 x
2
=
2 (
θ + sin θ 1 − sin 2 θ + c) x = a sinθ
=∫
1
⋅
1
dx
x
a 2  −1 x x x2  Tan x (1 + x 2 )
−1
= sin θ
=  Sin + 1− 2  + c a
2  a a a  1
 x Put t = Tan −1 x ⇒ dt = dx
sin−1 =θ 1 + x2
a 2  −1 x x a 2 − x 2  a
1
=  Sin + +c So I = ∫ dt = ln t + c
2  a a a 2  t
 
= ln Tan −1 x + c
a 2  −1 x x a 2 − x 2 
=  Sin + +c
2  a a a  Question # 11
 
a 2  −1 x x 1+ x
=
2   Sin + 2 a 2 − x 2  + c ∫ 1 − x dx
a a 

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FSc-II / Ex- 3.3 - 4

Solution a dt
2∫
=
1+ x a2 − t 2
Let I = ∫ dx
1− x a t dx x
= Sin −1   + c ∫
−1
Put x = sin θ ⇒ dx = cos θ dθ ∵ = sin
2 a 2
a −x
2 a
1 + sin θ
So I = ∫ ⋅ cos θ dθ a  x2 
1 − sin θ = Sin −1   + c
2  a 
1 + sin θ 1 + sin θ
=∫ ⋅ ⋅ cos θ dθ Question # 14
1 − sin θ 1 + sin θ
dx
∫
2

=∫
(1 + sin θ )
2
⋅ cos θ dθ 7 − 6 x − x2
1 − sin θ
Solution
2

=∫
(1 + sin θ ) ⋅ cos θ dθ Let I =∫
dx
2
cos θ 7 − 6 x − x2
1 + sin θ dx
=∫ ⋅ cos θ dθ = ∫ (1 + sin θ ) dθ =∫
cos θ
= θ − cos θ + c (
− x2 + 6 x − 7 )
∵ x = sin θ dx
= θ − 1 − sin 2 θ + c =∫
−1 2
∴ sin −1 x = θ (
− x 2 + 2(3) ( x) + (3)2 − (3) 2 − 7 )
= Sin x − 1 − x + c
dx
Question # 12 =∫
sin θ
∫ 1 + cos2 θ dθ
(
− ( x + 3) 2 − 16 )
dx
Solution =∫
sin θ 16 − ( x + 3) 2
Let I = ∫ dθ
1 + cos 2 θ Put t = x + 3 ⇒ dx = dt
Put t = cos θ dt dx
So I = =∫
⇒ dt = − sin θ dθ ⇒ − dt = sin θ dθ 16 − t 2 (4)2 − (t ) 2
− dt dt
So I = ∫ = −∫ t
1+ t 2
1+ t2 = Sin −1   + c
4
= − tan −1 t + c
 x+3
= − tan −1 ( cos θ ) + c = Sin −1  +c
 4 
Question # 13 Question # 15
ax cos x
∫ a2 − x4
dx
∫ sin x ⋅ ln sin x dx
Solution Solution
ax cos x
Let I = ∫ dx Let I = ∫ dx
sin x ⋅ ln sin x
a − x4
2
1 cos x
x =∫ ⋅ dx
= a∫ dx ln sin x sin x
a2 − x4 1
Put t = ln sin x ⇒ dt = ⋅ cos x dx
Put t = x 2 then t 2 = x 4 sin x
1 1
dt = 2 x dx ⇒ dt = x ⋅ dx So I = ∫ dt = ln t + c
2 t
1 = ln ln sin x + c
dt
So I = a ∫ 2
a2 − t 2

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 FSc-II / Ex- 3.3 - 5

Question # 16 1 dt
 ln sin x 
=
2 ∫ (t + 1)2 + (2)2
∫ cos x  sin x  dx 1 1  t +1 
Solution = ⋅ Tan −1  +c
2 2  2 
1  x2 + 1 
 ln sin x  = Tan −1  +c
Let I = ∫ cos x   dx 4  2 
 sin x 
cos x Question # 19
= ∫ ln sin x ⋅ dx
sin x   x   1 
1 ∫ cos  x − 2   ×  x − 1 dx
Put t = ln sin x ⇒ dt = ⋅ cos x dx
sin x Solution
No do yourself
  x   1 
Let I = ∫ cos  x −   ×  − 1 dx
Question # 17   2   x 
x dx x
∫ 4 + 2 x + x2 Put t = x −
2
Solution 1 − 11
1 1 
x dx ⇒ dt =  x 2 −  dx ⇒ dt =  − 1  dx
Let I =∫ 2 2 2 x 
4 + 2 x + x2
 1 
1 2 x dx ⇒ 2 dt =  − 1 dx
= ∫ 2  x 
2 x + 2x + 4
+ing and −ing 2 in numerator. So I = ∫ cos t ⋅ 2 dt
1 (2 x + 2) − 2
⇒ I= ∫ 2 dx = 2 ∫ cos t dt
2 x + 2x + 4
= 2 sin t + c
1  2x + 2 2 
= ∫ 2
2  x + 2 x + 4 x + 2 x + 4 
− 2 dx Question # 20
x+2
1
= ∫ 2
2x + 2 1
dx − ∫ 2
2
dx ∫ x + 3 dx
2 x + 2x + 4 2 x + 2x + 4
d 2 Solution
(
1 dx x + 2 x + 4 ) 2 dx Let I = ∫
x+2
= ∫ 2
dx − ∫ 2 dx
2 x + 2x + 4 2 x + 2x + 1 + 3 x+3
1 dx Put t = x + 3 then t − 3 = x
= ln x 2 + 2 x + 4 − ∫ 2 ⇒ dt = dx
2
( )
( x + 1) 2 + 3
t −3+ 2
1 1 x +1 So I = ∫ dx
= ln x 2 + 2 x + 4 − Tan −1 +c t
2 3 3  
t −1
= ∫ 1 dx = ∫  1 − 1  dx
t 1
Question # 18
 
x (t ) 2  (t )
2 (t ) 2 
∫ x 4 + 2 x 2 + 5 dx
 1 − 
1
Solution = ∫  (t ) 2 − (t ) 2  dx
x  
Let I = ∫ 4 dx 1 1 3 1
x + 2x2 + 5 2
+1 − +1
2 2 2
(t ) (t ) (t ) (t )
Put t = x 2 then t 2 = x 4 = − +c = − +c
1 1 3 1
1 +1 − +1 2 2
dt = 2 x dx ⇒ dt = x dx 2 2
2 3
1
1 2( x + 3) 2
dt = − 2( x + 3) 2 + c
1 dt 3
So I = ∫ 2 2 = ∫ 2
t + 2t + 5 2 t + 2t + 1 + 4

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FSc-II / Ex- 3.3 - 6

3 Question # 22
2( x + 3) 2 dx
= −2 x+3 +c
3 ∫1 3
Question # 21 sin x + cos x
2 2
2 Solution
∫ sin x + cos x dx dx
Let I = ∫
Solution 1 3
sin x + cos x
2 2 2
Let I = ∫ dx
sin x + cos x π 1 π 3
∵ cos = & sin =
1 3 2 3 2
=∫ dx
1 dx
( sin x + cos x ) ∴ I =∫
2 π π
cos sin x + sin cos x
1 3 3
=∫ dx
1 1 dx  π
sin x + cos x =∫ = ∫ cosec  x +  dx
sin  x +  
2 2 π 3
π 1 π  3
Put cos = = sin
4 2 4  π  π
= ln cosec  x +  − cot  x +  + c
So I = ∫
1
dx  3   3
π π Found Error – tell us at
sin ⋅ sin x + cos ⋅ cos x
4 4 http://www.mathcity.org/error
1  π
=∫ dx = ∫ sec  x −  dx
cos  x −  
π 4 Error Analysts
 4  1- Usman Khilji – Fazmic Sargodha 2004-06

 π  π 2- Tahir Waqas – UoS Sargodha. 2003-05

= ln sec  x −  + tan  x −  + c
 4  4

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Book: Exercise 3.3 (Page 137)

Text Book of Algebra and Trigonometry Class XII
Punjab Textbook Board, Lahore.

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