Exercise 2.

8 (Solutions)Page 101
MathCity.org Calculus and Analytic Geometry, MATHEMATICS 12
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Taylor Series Expansion of Function

h2 h3
f ( x + h) = f ( x) + hf ′( x) + f ′′( x) + f ′′′( x) + ....
2! 3!

Maclaurin Series
x2 x3
f ( x) = f (0) + xf ′(0) + f ′′(0) + f ′′′(0) + ....
2! 3!
Question # 1
Apply the Maclaurin series expansion to prove that:
x 2 x3 x 4
(i) ln(1 + x) = x − + − + ......
2 3 4
2 4
x x x6
(ii) cos x = 1 − + − + ......
2! 4! 6!
x x2 x3
(iii) 1 + x = 1 + − + + .....
2 8 16
x x 2 x3
(iv) e = 1 + x + + + .....
2! 3!
2x 4 x 2 8 x3
(v) e = 1 + 2 x + + + .....
2! 3!
Solution
(i) Let f ( x) = ln(1 + x)
⇒ f (0) = ln(1 + 0) = 0
d 1
f ′( x) = ln(1 + x) =
dx 1+ x
1
⇒ f ′(0) = = 1
1+ 0
d −1 −2
f ′′( x) = (1 + x ) = − (1 + x )
dx
−2
⇒ f ′′(0) = − (1 + 0 ) = − 1
d
f ′′′( x) =  −(1 + x) −2  = + 2(1 + x) −3
dx
⇒ f ′′′(0) = 2(1 + 0) −3 = 2
d −3 −4
f ( iv ) ( x) = 2 (1 + x ) = − 6 (1 + x )
dx
−4
⇒ f (0) = − 6 (1 + 0 )
( iv )
= −6
By Maclaurin series

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FSc-II / Ex- 2.8 - 2

x2 x3
f ( x) = f (0) + xf ′(0) + f ′′(0) + f ′′′(0) + ......
2! 3!
x2 x3 x4
⇒ ln(1 + x) = 0 + x(1) + (−1) + (2) + (−6) + ......
2! 3! 4!
2 3 4
x x x
= x− + (2) − (6) + ......
2 ⋅1 3 ⋅ 2 ⋅1 4 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 2 ⋅1
x 2 x3 x 4
= x − + − + ......
2 3 4

(ii) Let f ( x) = cos x ⇒ f (0) = cos(0) = 1

d
f ′( x) = cos x = − sin x ⇒ f ′(0) = − sin(0) = 0
dx
d
f ′′( x) = ( − sin x ) = − cos x ⇒ f ′′(0) = − cos(0) = − 1
dx
d
f ′′′( x) = ( − cos x ) = + sin x ⇒ f ′′′(0) = sin(0) = 0
dx
d
f ( iv ) ( x) = sin x = cos x ⇒ f ( iv ) ( x) = cos(0) = 1
dx
d
f ( v ) ( x) = cos x = − sin x ⇒ f ( v ) ( x) = − sin(0) = 0
dx
d
f ( vi ) (0) = ( − sin x ) = − cos x ⇒ f ( vi ) ( 0 ) = − cos(0) = − 1
dx
Now by Maclaurin series
x2 x3
f ( x) = f (0) + xf ′(0) + f ′′(0) + f ′′′(0) + ......
2! 3!
x2 x3 x4 x5 x6
⇒ cos x = 1 + x(0) + (−1) + (0) + (1) + (0) + (−1) + ......
2! 3! 4! 5! 6!
2 4 6
x x x
= 1 + 0 − + 0 + + 0 − + ......
2! 4! 6!
2 4 6
x x x
= 1 − + − + ......
2! 4! 6!

(iii) Let f ( x) = 1+ x
1 1
= (1 + x ) 2 ⇒ f (0) = (1 + 0) 2 = 1
d 1
f ′( x) = (1 + x ) 2
dx
1 −1 1 −1
= (1 + x ) 2 (1) = (1 + x ) 2
2 2
 FSc-II / Ex- 2.8 - 3

1 −1 1
⇒ f ′( 0) = (1 + 0 ) 2 =
2 2
d 1 −1  1
2 = − (1 + x ) 2
−3
f ′′ ( x ) = (1 + x )
dx  2  4
1 −3 1
⇒ f ′′(0) = − (1 + 0 ) 2 = −
4 4
1 d 
1+ x) 2 
− 3
f ′′′( x) = − (
4 dx  
1 3 −5  3 −5
= −  − (1 + x ) 2  = (1 + x ) 2
4 2  8
3 −5 3
⇒ f ′′′ ( 0 ) = (1 + 0 ) 2 =
8 8
Now by Maclaurin series
x2 x3
f ( x) = f (0) + xf ′(0) + f ′′(0) + f ′′′(0) + ......
2! 3!
1 x 2  1  x3 3
⇒ 1 + x = 1 + x ⋅ + ⋅  −  + ⋅ + .....
2 2!  4  3! 8
1 x 2  1  x3 3
= 1 + x ⋅ + ⋅  −  + ⋅ + .....
2 2  4 6 8
x x2 x3
= 1 + − + + .....
2 8 16

(iv) Let f ( x) = e x ⇒ f (0) = e0 = 1

d x
f ′( x ) =
dx
( )
e = e x ⇒ f ′ ( 0 ) = e0 = 1
d x
f ′′ ( x ) =
dx
( )
e = e x ⇒ f ′′ ( 0 ) = e0 = 1
d x
f ′′′ ( x ) =
dx
( )
e = e x ⇒ f ′′′ ( 0 ) = e0 = 1
By Maclaurin series
x2 x3
f ( x) = f (0) + xf ′(0) + f ′′(0) + f ′′′(0) + ......
2! 3!
x2 x3
⇒ e x = 1 + x(1) + (1) + (1) + .....
2! 3!
2 3
x x
= 1 + x + + + .....
2! 3!

(v) Let f ( x) = e2 x ⇒ f (0) = e2(0) = e0 = 1

d 2x
f ′( x) =
dx
( )
e = 2e 2 x
FSc-II / Ex- 2.8 - 4

⇒ f ′ ( 0 ) = 2e 2(0) = 2(1) = 2
d 2x
f ′′ ( x ) = 2 ( ) dx
e( )
= 2 2e2 x = 4e 2 x
⇒ f ′′ ( 0 ) = 4e 2(0) = 4(1) = 4
d 2x
f ′′′ ( x ) = 4 ( ) dx
e ( )
= 4 2e2 x = 8e 2 x
⇒ f ′′′ ( 0 ) = 8 e2(0) = 8
By Maclaurin series
x2 x3
f ( x) = f (0) + xf ′(0) + f ′′(0) + f ′′′(0) + ......
2! 3!
x2 x3
⇒ e2 x = 1 + x(2) + (4) + (8) + .....
2! 3!
2 3
4 x 8x
= 1 + 2x + + + .....
2! 3!
[

Question # 2
Show that
h2 h3
cos ( x + h ) = cos x − h sin x − cos x + sin x + ......
2 3
and evaluate cos61 .
Solution Let f ( x) = cos x
d
f ′( x ) = cos x = − sin x
dx
d
f ′′ ( x ) = − sin x = − cos x
dx
d
f ′′′ ( x ) = − cos x = − ( − sin x ) = sin x
dx
By Taylor series
h2 h3
f ( x + h) = f ( x) + hf ( x) + ′ ′′
f ( x) + f ′′′( x) + ....
2! 3!
h2 h3
⇒ cos ( x + h ) = cos x + h ( − sin x ) + ( − cos x ) + ( sin x ) + ......
2! 3!
2 3
h h
⇒ cos ( x + h ) = cos x − h sin x − cos x + sin x + ......
2 3
π
Put x = 60 and h = 1 = = 0.01745 rad
180
2 3

cos ( 60 + 1) = cos60 − ( 0.01745 ) sin 60 −

( 0.01745 ) cos60 +
( 0.01745) sin 60 + ......
2 3
 FSc-II / Ex- 2.8 - 5

⇒ cos61 = 0.5 − ( 0.01745 )( 0.866 ) −

( 0.000305 ) ( 0.00000531)
( 0.5 ) + ( 0.866 ) + ......
2 6

= 0.5 − 0.0151117 − 0.000076125 + 0.000000072 + ......

= 0.484812247 ≈ 0.4848
Question # 3
Show that
x 
2 3
2 h 3 h
2 = 2 1 + ( ln 2 ) h + ( ln 2 )
x+h
+ ( ln 2 ) + ......
 2! 3! 
x
Solution Let f ( x) = 2
d x d x
f ′( x ) = 2 ∵ a = a x ln a
dx dx
x
= 2 ln 2
d
(
f ′′ ( x ) = ln 2 ⋅ 2 x = ln 2 2 x ln 2 = ( ln 2 ) 2 x
dx
) 2

2 d 2 3
f ′′′ ( x ) = ( ln 2 ) 2 x = ( ln 2 ) 2 x ⋅ ln 2 = ( ln 2 ) 2 x
dx
Now by Taylor series
h2 h3
f ( x + h) = f ( x) + hf ′( x) + f ′′( x) + f ′′′( x) + ....
2! 3!
h2 2 x h3 3
⇒ 2 x+h
= 2 + h ⋅ 2 ⋅ ln 2 + ⋅ ( ln 2 ) 2 + ( ln 2 ) 2 x + ......
x x
2! 3!
x 
2 3
2 h 3 h
= 2 1 + ( ln 2 ) h + ( ln 2 ) + ( ln 2 ) + ......
 2! 3! 

Book: Exercise 2.8, page 101

Text Book of Algebra and Trigonometry Class XII
Punjab Textbook Board, Lahore.

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