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Simulation of Image Encryption using AES Algorithm

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 IJCA Special Issue on “Computational Science - New Dimensions & Perspectives”
NCCSE, 2011

Simulation of Image Encryption using AES Algorithm

P.Karthigaikumar Soumiya Rasheed
Asst.Professor (SG) M.Tech
Department of Electronics and Communication Department of Electronics and Communication
Karunya University,Coimbatore Karunya University,Coimbatore

ABSTRACT cryptosystems is more suitable to encrypt large amount of data

With the fast progression of data exchange in electronic way, with high speed.
information security is becoming more important in data storage To replace the old Data Encryption Standard ,in September 12
and transmission. Because of widely using images in industrial of 1997,the National Institute of Standard and Technology(NIST)
process, it is important to protect the confidential image data required proposals to what was called Advanced Encryption
from unauthorized access.This paper presents the design of a Standard (AES).Many algorithms were presented originally with
128 bit encoder using AES Rijndael Algorithm for image researches from 12 different nations. On October 2nd 2000,NIST
encryption. The AES algorithm defined by the National has announced the Rijndael Algorithm is the best in security,
Institute of Standard and Technology(NIST) of United States has performance, efficiency, implement ability & flexibility.The
been widely accepted. Optimized and Synthesizable VHDL code Rijndael algorithm was developed by Joan Daemen of Proton
is developed for the implementation of 128- bit data encryption World International and Vincent Rijmen of Katholieke University
and process. Xilinx ISE9.2i software is used for synthesis.Timing at Leuven.
simulation is performed to verify the functionality of the designed
AES encryption is an efficient scheme for both hardware and
circuit.
software implementation. As compare to software
implementation, hardware implementation provides greater
General Terms physical security and higher speed. Hardware implementation is
useful in wireless security like military communication and
Cryptography, Encryption and Decryption Algorithms ,Secret
mobile telephony where there is a greater emphasis on the speed
Key.
of communication.Most of the work has been presented on
hardware implementation of AES using FPGA.
Keywords
Advanced Encryption Standard, Rijndael, S-box.
2. CONVENTIONAL CRYPTOSYSTEM
1. INTRODUCTION
Transmission of sensitive data over the communication channel
have emphasized the need for fast and secure digital
communication networks to achieve the requirements for secrecy,
integrity and non reproduction of exchanged information.
Cryptography provides a method for securing and authenticating
the transmission of information over insecure channels.It enables
us to store sensitive information or transmit it across insecure
networks so that unauthorized persons cannot read it.
The urgency for secure exchange of digital data resulted in
large quantities of different encryption algorithms which are
evaluated on the basis of throughput ,speed of operation and area
requirements.There are mainly two types of cryptographic
algorithms: symmetric and asymmetric algorithms. Symmetric
systems such as Data Encryption Standard(DES),3DES, and
Advanced Encryption Standard(AES) uses an identical key for the
sender and receiver; both to encrypt the message text and decrypt
the cipher text. Asymmetric systems such as Rivest-Shamir-
Adelman(RSA) & Elliptic Curve Cryptosystem(ECC) uses
different keys for encryption and decryption. Symmetric
Figure:1 General block diagram

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NCCSE, 2011

A symmetric cryptosystem is shown in figure:1 and has five

ingredients:
i. Plain text: this is the original message or data that fed
into the algorithm as input.
ii. Encryption algorithm: the algorithm performs various
substitutions and transformations on the plaintext.
iii. Secret key: this is also an input to the algorithm and its
value is independent of the plaintext. The algorithm will
produce a different output depending on the specific
key.
iv. Cipher text: this is the scrambled message produced as
output. It depends on the plaintext and the secret key.
v. Decryption algorithm: this is essentially the encryption
algorithm run in reverse. It takes the ciphertext and the
secret key and produces the original plaintext.

2.1 The AES Algorithm Figure:2 Detailed Block diagram of encryption part
The AES Algorithm is a symmetric-key cipher, in which In the encryption of the AES algorithm(Figure:2), each round
both the sender and the receiver use a single key for encryption except the final round consists of four transformations:
and decryption. The data block length is fixed to be 128 bits,
i. SubBytes: Operates in each byte of the State
while the length can be 128,192,or 256 bits. In addition, the AES
independently. Each byte is substituted by
algorithm is an iterative algorithm. Each iteration can be called a
corresponding byte in the S-box.
round, and the total number of rounds is 10,12, or 14, when key
ii. ShiftRow: Cyclically shifts the rows of the
length is 128,192, or 256, respectively. The 128 bit data block is
State over different offsets.
divided into 16 bytes. These bytes are mapped to a 4x4
iii. MixColumn: In this operation the column of
array called the State, and all the internal operations of the
the State are considered as polynomials over
AES algorithm are performed on the State.
GF(2⁸) and are multiplied with a fixed
Table 1: AES parameters polynomial. The MixColumn component
doesnot operate in the last round of the
algorithm.
iv. AddRoundKey: Involves bit-wise XOR
operation.

3.2 Design steps

3. DESIGN OF 128BIT ENCODER
3.1 Methodology 3.2.1 State array
The encryption process is iterative in nature.Each iterations are The input to the encryption algorithm is a single 128-bit block
known as rounds.For each round 128 bit input data and 128 .This block is copied into the State array,which is a square matrix
bit key is required.That is,need 4 words of key in one round.So of bytes. State array is modified at each stage of
the input key must be expanded to the required number encryption.Similarly,the 128 bit key is depicted as a square matrix
of words,which depends upon the number of rounds.The output of bytes.The ordering of bytes within a matrix is by column.
of each round serves as input of next stage.In AES
system,same secret key is used for both encryption and
decryption.So it provides simplicity in design.
3.2.2 Key expansion
Key expansion is an important for both encryption and
decryption.

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NCCSE, 2011

1. RotWord performs a one-byte circular left shift on a

word.This means that an input word [b0,b1,b2,b3] is
transformed into [b1,b2,b3,b0].
2. SubWord performs a byte substitution on each byte of
its input word,using the S-box.
3. The result of step 1 and step2 is XORed with a round
constant Rcon[j].

The round constant is a word in which the three

rightmost bytes are always 0.Thus the effect of XOR of
a word with Rcon is to only perform an XOR on the left
byte of the word.The round constant is for each round
and is defined as Rcon[j] = ( RC[j],0,0,0), with
RC[1]=1; RC[j]=2*RC[j-1] and with multiplication over
the field
GF(2^8).
The values of RC[j] in hexadecimal are :
Table 3: Round constant values
j RC[j]
Figure:3 KeyExpansion algorithm
1 01
The AES key expansion algorithm takes as input a 4-word (16
bytes) key and produces a linear array of 44 words 2 02
(176 bytes).This is sufficient to provide a 4-word round key 3 04
for the initial Add Round Key stage and each of the 10
rounds of the cipher. 4 08
The following pseudocode describes the expansion: 5 10
Table 2: Pseudocode for KeyExpansion 6 20
7 40
KeyExpansion(byte key[16],word[44])
8 80
{
9 1B
word temp
10 36
for (i=0; i<4; i++)
w[i]=(key[4*i],key[4*i+1],key[4*i+2],key[4*i+3]);for
11 6C
(i=4; i<44; i++) 12 d8
{ 13 A6
temp =w[i-1];
14 4d
if(i mod 4 = 0)
temp=SubWord(RotWord(temp)) xor Rcon[i/4];
w[i] = w[i-4] xor temp
}
3.2.3 AddRound Key
}
The 128 bits of State array are bitwise XORed with the 128
bits of the round key(4 words of the expanded key).The operation
is viewed as a columnwise operation between the 4 bytes of the
State array column and one word of the round key (Figure 4).
The key is copied into the first 4 words of the expanded
key.The reminder of the expanded key is filled in 4 words at a
time.Each added word w[i] depends on the immediately
preceding word, w[i-1] and the word four positions back, w[i-4].
In three out of four cases, a simple XOR is used. For a
word whose position in the w array is a multiple of 4, a more
complex function g is used.

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NCCSE, 2011

Figure 4: XOR operation between State and key word

Figure 6: Shifting operation

3.2.4 Substitute Bytes 3.2.6 Mix Column

AES defines a 16 x 16 matrix of byte values, called an S-box,
It operates on each column individually.Each byte of a column is
that contains a permutation of all possible 256 8-bit values. Each
mapped into a new value that is a function of all four bytes in the
byte of State array is mapped into a new byte in the
column.The transformation can be defined by following matrix
following way: The leftmost 4 bits of the byte are used as a row
multiplication on State array.
value and the leftmost 4 bits are used as a column value.
These row and column values serve as indexes into the S-box to
select a unique [02 03 01 01 [ S(0,0) S(0,1) S(0,2) S(0,3)
8-bit output value (Figure 5).
01 02 03 01 S(1,0) S(1,1) S(1,2) S(1,3)
01 01 02 03 S(2,0) S(2,1) S(2,2) S(2,3)
03 01 01 02 ] S(3,0) S(3,1) S(3,2) S(3,3)]

[S’(0,0) S’(0,1) S’(0,2) S’(0,3)

S’(1,0) S’(1,1) S’(1,2) S’(1,3)
S’(2,0) S’(2,1) S’(2,2) S’(2,3)
S’(3,0) S’(3,1) S’(3,2) S’(3,3)] -- (1)

Each element in the product matrix is the sum of products of

elements of one row and one column.In this case,individual
additions and multiplications are performed in GF(2^8).The Mix
Column transformation on a single column j(0 <= j <= 3) of State
array can be expressed as
Figure 5: Sub-byte Operation
S’(0,j) = (2.s(0,j)) xor (3.s(1,j)) xor (s(2,j)) xor (s(3,j))
S’(1,j) = ( s(0,j)) xor (2.s(1,j)) xor (3.s(2,j)) xor (s(3,j))
3.2.5 Shift Rows S’(2,j) = (s(0,j)) xor (s(1,j)) xor (2.s(2,j)) xor (3.s(3,j))
The first row of State array is not altered. For the second row S’(3,j) = (3.s(0,j)) xor (s(1,j)) xor (s(2,j)) xor (2.s(3,j)) -- (2)
, a 1-byte circular left shift is performed. For the third row,a
2- byte circular left shift is performed. For the third row, a 3-
byte circular left shift is performed.
3.3 Experiment Analysis
Each round has 4 operations and it is iterative in nature.So the
output of first round is fed to the second round as input data and
perform the same operatons with another set of keys.This process
continued until the last round reach.In the last round,there is no
mixcolumn operation.The State array obtained after the last round
is the required cipher text for transmission (Figure 7).

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Input data(128bit): Input key(128 bit):

[111111100001111000011111000011111110101010101010000 [110000101010000101111000000011111111111000000000001
0000000111100011101010001100110101110001100011100111 1111111111101010101010101010101000000000011111111110
1100000011001100011000101] 0000000111100111001100000]
Output(128bit):
[011010100000010100100011011011100111011111011110001
1110011110010000001110011111001100000110000100010010
1011010010110100110110111]

Figure 7: Encrypted data

The 128 bit input data is encoded into another set of 128 bit Expand the 128 bit key into 256 bits. Initially,map the input key
data using 128 bit secret key.Schematic diagram for both encoder into 4x4 matrix as that of the input data.Then performs the
and key expansion unit is obtained. key expansion algorithm in columnwise.

Figure 8: Schematic Diagram for Encoder Figure 9: Schematic Diagram for key expansion unit

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4. IMAGE ENCRYPTION encoder then convert this byte into corresponding encoded byte.
An image can be encrypted by combining MATLAB with the The encoded bit values are then converted into decimal values for
encoder. Each pixel in an image is represented by 8 bits,ie pixels. Repeat this operation for each pixels (Figure 10).
1 byte.Using MATLAB convert the pixel values into
bytes.These byte values are then used as input to the encoder. The
128 bit

Figure 10:Image encryption

(a) Original image, (b) Desired part of the image
(c) Binary image of (b),(d) Encrypted binary image of (b)
(e) Encrypted image

5. REFERENCES

[1]. Bruce schneier“Applied Cryptography” 2nd Edition [6]. Alireza Hodjat, Student Member, IEEE, and Ingrid
published by John Wiley&SonsInc. Verbauwhede, Senior Member, IEEE “Area-
[2]. William stallings “Cryptography and Network Throughput Trade-Offs for Fully Pipelined30 to 70
Gbits/s AES Processors” IEEE Transactions on
Security” 3rd Edition published by Pearson Education
Computers, Vol.55, no.4, April2006
Inc and Dorling Kindersley Publishing Inc.
[3]. M. Zeghid, M. Machhout, L. Khriji, A. Baganne, and [7]. Pawel Chodowiec and Kris Gaj “Very compact FPGA
R. Tourki “A Modified AES Based Algorithm for implementation of the AES Algorithm”,in Proc. Of
ImageEncryption” World Academy of Science, Cryptographic hardware and embedded system
Engineering and Technology 27, 2007 workshop,pp.319-333,2003
[8]. F.Rodriguez-Henriquez,N.A Saquib and A. Diaz-
[4]. Abdelfatah A. Yahya and Ayman M. Abdalla“A Perez“4.2 Gbits/sec Single Chip FPGA
Shuffle Image-Encryption Algorithm”Department of implementation of the AES Algorithm”,
Computer Science, Al-Zaytoonah University of ElectronicsLetters, Vol.39, No.15, pp.1115-1116,2003
Jordan, Journal of Computer Science 4 (12): 999- [9]. N. Sklavos and O. Koufopavlou, Member, IEEE
1002, 2008 “Architectures and VLSI Implementations of the AES-
Proposal Rijndael” IEEE Transactions on Computers,
[5]. Xinmiao Zhang, Student Member,IEEE, and Keshab Vol. 51, No. 12, December2002.
K. Parthi, Fellow, IEEE “High-Speed VLSI
Architecture for AES Algorithm” IEEE Transactions
on VLSI, Vol.12, No.19, September 2004
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[10].J.Bhasker “ A VHDL Primer”.3rd Edition published by [13].H. Kuo and I. Verbauwhede, “Architectural
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the AES block cipher candidate algorithm finalist. [14].M. McLoone and J. V. McCanny, “Rijndael FPGA
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