{Chapter One}

1
 William Shakespeare 1.1
The English dramatist , actor and poet William Shakespeare is regarded one of the
most important writers of all time . He takes a position unparalleled in world
literature .Other poets like Homer and Dante, and novelists like Leo Tolstoy and
Charles Dickens have exceeded national hurdles as well. Until now no writer 's
reputation can be similar to that of Shakespeare . His plays ,written in the late 16th
and early 17th centuries for a small stage , are presently displayed and read more often
and in many countries more than before . The prophecy of his contemporaneous ,the
poet and dramatist Ben Jonson , that Shakespeare ''was not of an age ,but for all time
'' has been achieved.1

Despite his prominent celebrity in all the cultures , Shakespeare keeps

ambiguous .He does not inform about the plays that he wrote alone, or which plays he
cooperated with other playwrights ,or the texts of his plays to read . Moreover , with
those little records obtainable about his life , he does not inform a lot about
Shakespeare the human obliged critics to seek the historical information to reveal the
truth of the dramatist's life.2

Although scholars are uncertain of the accurate time of Shakespeare's birth ,

registers show that ,Mary and John , his parents immersed him on April 26,1564, in the
modest rural town of Stratford-upon-Avon, so called because it located on the banks of
the river Avon. The popular custom was to immerse babies after few days of their born
that's why scholars generally realize that April 23, 1564 is Shakespeare's birthday .
Accidentally , April 23 is the day of St. George, the intercessor of England. In addition
it is the day upon which Shakespeare would die after 52years. . William was the third
of eight children born to John and Mary Shakespeare3 , and the first to survive .
Actually, the first His younger sister, eight –year- old Anne , has lost to the disease .
Probably his older sister Margaret , a one – year - , died of the plague as well. Of
course the survival of William , after the deaths of his sisters , gave him a particular
place in the Shakespeare family .The house which scholars think that Shakespeare was
born in , stands on Henley street.4

2
1.1.1 Shakespeare's parents :
William Shakespeare , one of the most important writers of all the time ,was born
to parents who could not read or write . His mother Mary Arden, was a farmer's
daughter , but she was associated to a family of high social rank in the area . Although
she could not read or write ,that was prevalent at that time. Small number of women of
her time were educated. If a woman could read or write ,it was due to her father or
brother taught her at home. John Shakespeare , William 's father , had grown up on a
farm and also did not learn . He worked many years in the town council and it seemed
that he was successful in some business ,since he had bought two extra homes . After
several years , he was one of his town's leaders . But even if he finally became mayor
of his town ,Stratford, he signed his name with a mark because he did not know how to
write his name.5

: His Education 1.1.2

There are no written registers of William attending school . Nicholas Rows , who is
one of the first people who wrote about Shakespeare 's life ,said that William did attend
a school . May be it was the King's New school which was close to his home in
Stratford. In Shakespeare 's time all schools ,and The King's New school was one of
them ,was for boys only .6 After that Shakespeare has began the petty school _the
synonymous to new preschool _ when he was at age four or five . He learned how to
read the alphabet and the Lord's prayer . He spend two years in petty school after that
he moved to grammar school . In this school , he possibly learned firstly Latin
,recounting and reading the writings of classical Roman writers like Ovid , Seneca
,Plautus and Horace. The effect of those writers can be felt in his dramatic versions
.During the final years in this school , Shakespeare gained few basic proficiencies in
Greek also. So the comment said by Ben Jonson , Shakespeare's friend and modern
playwright , that Shakespeare knew ''small Latin and less Greek ''is correct . 7

: Shakespeare 's Marriage 1.1.3

At age 18 Shakespeare married . The Episcopal record at Worcester saved a bond
dated Nov.28,1582 and carried out by two yeomen of Stratford as a surly to the bishop
for the issue of a permit for the marriage of William Shakespeare and ''Anne
Hathaway of Stratford'' . Other date is discovered in the registries of the church which
was about a daughter , named Susanna , born to William Shakespeare , was baptized
on May 26 ,1583.8 In February 1585, Shakespeare immersed his twins Hamnet and
Judith .His son Hamnet would die at the age 11 when Shakespeare was living in
London far from his family . For seven years , after the baptizing of the twins , the
registers stay wordless on Shakespeare . To some extent , he moved to London and
engaged with the theatre . Nevertheless some have pointed out that he perhaps has
worked as a helper to a teacher at a rural school ,it appears probable that he traveled to
London and became an actor , progressively transforming a playwright and earning
attention.9
3
: Shakespeare ' s style 1.1.4
The heroes and heroines in the plays of Shakespeare all have one feature . They
are all good utter speakers and they collect the vigorous imagery of Shakespeare .
When they say their speeches , they do not only talk but also they are telling speeches
of dramatic poetry that are written in a sound pattern called iambic pentameter .
Sometimes these lines are called blank verse when they do not rhyme and are not
grouped in stanza . The Tempest , for example , is firstly flowing blank verse but the
early plays such as Romeo and Juliet are characterized much more rhymed iambic
pentameter.10

Shakespeare 's plays show that he was a strong spectator of the world around him
and the different conditions . He saw how people acted and treated each other that 's
why the characters that he created seem very authentic that because he founded them
on what he observed in his life . He transmitted everyday life and the tales of kings
and queens into his plays . Moreover many critics thought that his plays was founded
on events that happened in his own life , for example , when he was writing from his
own of his son that makes the audience feel robustly for Hamlet after the loss of his
father.11

1.1.5 Shakespeare's works :

Shakespeare is considered a powerful genius who made works of high splendor
whatever sonnets , lyric or plays . He got recognition from the poets and dramatists of
his age . His plays were very prosperous on the stage , so much so that he bought a
stake in the firm and also bought land and house in his village . He became one of the
richest men of his village . This display how much his age acknowledged his genius
within the few years that cover his output , he produced many of poems , plays and
sonnets . Various elements such as the characters , the theme , the plot etc.. mix in
each of his plays to agree with many coloured.12

He registers an amazing range and variety in the area of drama itself . He has
written plays of all types comedies , histories , tragedies which cannot be made by any
other writer of his time. Marlowe , for example , wrote only tragedies and Ben Jonson
was felicitous only in his satirical comedies . All the four types of tragedy can be
noticed in Shakespeare 's works . The conqueror tragedy is offered in Macbeth
(1606) , the revenge tragedy is in Hamlet (1600) , the villain tragedy is in Othello
(1603_04) , and the Domestic is in Romeo and Juliet (1597) . The same thing with
comedies , there are Romantic comedies Twelfth Night (1601) , pastoral comedies As
You Like It (1599) , Romances like The Tempest (1611) , and problem comedies
Measure For Measure (1623) . It is important to mention that Shakespeare 's dramatic
works began and ended with comedies . Comedy that signifies the victory of good
over evil.13

4
: HIS OTHER WORK 1.1.6
Shakespeare 's genius was not restricted to the plays he wrote and created . He also
wrote poetry . The long narrative poem ''Venus And Adonis '' was published in 1593.
This poem was followed by other narrative poem ''The Rape Of Lucrece '' first
published in 1594 . Shakespeare was composing sonnets , while writing his plays .
Though he began setting up sonnet early in his writing work ,Shakespeare kept
consulting his sonnets during the 1590 and through the early 1600. He is finally
publishing the full sequence in 1609 . The sonnet was followed by ''A Lover 's
Complaint '' which was composed in (1602_5).14

: Shakespeare ' s Death 1.1.7

In Stratford , in a bid house named New place which Shakespeare had bought in
1597 . He was a rich man when he died at age 52 . He was inhumed in April 25 ,
1616 in the Holy Trinity Church in Stratford . It was written on the stone of his grave
that :

,Good frend for Jesus sake forbeare

:To digg the dust encloased heare

Blest be the man that spares thes stones

And curst be he that moves my bones.15

: Shakespeare 's The Bard 1.1.8

''Bard'' is a very old Gaelic idiom which means poet . At the beginning it was
referred to a minstrel who moves from village to another delivering myths of sheikhs
and their victories . Shakespeare was given this nickname because he is known not
only in Britain but all over the world . '' though Scots might disagree , Robert Burns is
known as The Bard in Caledonia ''16. It 's supposed that David Garrick was calling
him The Bard and that happened during the celebratory Shakespeare Jubilee held in
Stratford in 1769 in his title ''An ode upon dedicating a building , and erecting a
statue to Shakespeare , at Stratford upon Avon '' which read:

, Sweetest bard that ever sung

, Nature 's glory , Fancy 's child

, Never sure did witching tongue

5
Warble forth such wood _notes wild !.17

6
1.2 Shakespeare 's Age :
Shakespeare lived in an era of alteration . In religion , politics , commerce ,
literature , the custom of living and the world 's ideas10, his time is considered as a
bridge between two eras in British history , the Tudor and the Stuart . During
Shakespeare 's life , the monarchs who governed the English world were Elizabeth I ,
who dominated till 1603 , and James I (1603-25) .When Elizabeth I had seized the
throne in 1558 , no one would have expected that the kingdom would stood on the
beginning of special period again . However , Elizabeth I , at age 25, was prepared in
a good way rather than most women to have empire over men .18 Elizabeth I , who
was not Roman Catholic , has been able to achieve some peace in religion aspects by
making a tenet of adiaphorism , which was the belief in religion that there is a wide
area of '' things indifferent ''19that were decided by the government on the foundation
of serviceableness.20

The period of Elizabeth 's rule is regarded England 's golden age of steadiness and
accomplishment , for her did not always look so rosy . Her father killed her mother
and she was disinherited but after that she was able to access the throne . She changed
the religion in her country and returned it to Protestantism .Before that England had
been Catholic up until 1533. Henry VIII broke with Rome because he wanted to
marry Anne Boleyn, Elizabeth 's mother . England followed church until 1553 when
Mary I returned Catholicism . After the death of Mary , Elizabeth reinstated the
country to Protestantism in 1558. Religion was essential to the general people 's life
so this was a very confounding time.21 Protestant England was surrounded from all the
sides by Catholic countries – France , Ireland , Scotland and the Spanish – and this
was unconvenient position . The protestant reconditioning and the elevation of
strong nation –states led to Europe turning a hotbed of struggle . this tensions resulted
the Thirty years of war (1618-48) , which caused a destroyer and great conflict that
would see all the considerable European powers against one another , fighting over
religion and clout .22

7
 By the time Elizabeth 's and Shakespeare 's trajectories crossed , she was very
clever , eloquent in both French and Italian . She translated the classics and composed
her own sonnets. During her reign there was a noteworthy growth of English literature
especially in drama – Shakespeare and other literary giants like Marlowe , Spenser
and Kyd found their ways.23 Shakespeare lived during a period of considerable
advance and development . There were many evolution in art and science . Europeans
had penetrated the limits of the known world through exploration of the land , the sea
and the heavens as well .24Though Shakespeare is considered as an Elizabethan
writer , in fact the queen was in her late fifties when the Lord Chamberlain's Men
were performing , and it's true that he spent several years of his career under
Elizabeth's rule , but he was greater during the reign of her successor James I.25

In the very first year of king James I 's reign , he made peace with Spain . This
guaranteed the end of war conflicts and groups of colonists started crossing the seas
with a view to colonize the newly-acquired lands like Virginia , new England …etc.
The concern in new lands with the foreign creatures in them was a common event .
This is considered a social movement in Shakespeare 's life which is of special
importance as far as The Tempest is concerned is the colonizing movement .26

8
: Theatre In Shakespeare 's Time 1.3
In Shakespeare 's time ,theatre was quite different from the theatre today . How
theatres were constructed , who witnessed ,who created the plays and what took place
during the showing were all completely different . Theatre were fundamentally outside
the city and far from the authorities in London .27 The life of the theatre had it 's dangers
. In London the playwrights ,actors and the theatrical contractors chose a perilous and
somewhat vague line of work .28 Religious powers convicted plays and they exhorted
that plays , which were introduced on the stages , were acts of bluffing and thence sinful
. The city authorities also considered that theatres promoted immorality.29 They also
closed many theatres in times of wars and the spread of diseases such as plague .
30
Despite all these hindrances , theatres did exist inside and surround London . They
were located in district known as Liberties . These areas were once upon a time had
religious jobs and therefore were under the power of the crown .31

The first occupational theatre was structured by James Burbage in 1576 in

England . The playhouse was merely called The Theatre and was located in the
northern limits of London , where it could evade control by authorities . After a short
time another professional theatre ''The Curtain'' was constructed.32 Fortunately for the
audience , the rulers Elizabeth and James were more permissive of the entertainment
presented on the stage than the authorities in London .33Luckily the London choirs had
some strong organs of the royalty . Those members acted as supporters so they were
preserving the choirs from their opponents . Elizabeth , the queen , herself liked plays
and particular performances were orderly given for her at court .34In addition in these
days a lot of professional troupes consisted only men because women did not allow to
act that's why their roles were presented by young men.35

In 1594 , two theatrical companies had shined as the most widespread . The Lord
Admiral 's Men and The Lord Chamberlain 's Men appeared at the Rose and the
Theatre . 36Shakespeare became an associate in the company of The Lord
Chamberlain ' s Men . This company quickly became the most common acting group
in London and worked at the court of the queen Elizabeth . 37Shakespeare 's reputation
shot to fame and he became both the promoter member and the basic playwright in
the company . After that The Lord Chamberlain 's Men engaged in a bitter conflict
with their manager .38

9
 In 1598 , Richard , the son of Burbage , with the help of some members of The
Lord Chamberlain 's Men had built a new theatre named The Globe .
William Shakespeare was one of the contributors in this new project . In one of his
plays , Shakespeare is portrayed The Globe as a ''Wooden O'' . The theatre was almost
rotating with eight sides . In the middle , it was open and the stage was in the heart of
this open space . Partially the stage was enveloped by a roof propped by two columns
. For the appearance and disappearance of the actors , there were trapdoors in the
stage . The actors also could change their clothes in Backstage center which was a
space called '' tiring house '' . Above the tiring house there was an area which was
used to display a hilltop , balcony or a castle tower . The third area was used for
technicians and musicians.39

The plays were displayed in the daytime and there was a few or no an unreal
lighting because the theatre was open to the air . The features and the characteristics
of modern sense were not exist and very few qualities were used that's why the
audience should use their imaginations to inspire with the scenes . The writers also
can help the audience imagine by making their characters describe the scenes through
their speeches .40 Glob 's stage served as the main stage of Shakespeare and many of
his important plays were firstly introduced there such as Hamlet , Macbeth , Twelfth
Night , and King Lear . ''In winter Shakespeare 's company performed at London 's
Blackfriars ,the indoor theatre that housed the first performance of The Tempest ''.41In
1603 after the death of queen Elizabeth , the troupe of Shakespeare added a new
victory to it biography. After changing it ' s name to The King 's Men , it became the
formal theatrical corporation of James I , the new ruler of England.42

10
 Note to Chapter One
1
Kathlan kuiper ,The life and time of William Shakespeare ( New York :
Britannica Educational publishing,2013), p.1 .
2
Sidney Lamb, Cliffs complete Shakespeare's Hamlet
(New York: Hungry Minds, 2000), p.1 .
3
Ibid,p.2 .
4
Pamela Hill, William Shakespeare playwright and poet (Minneapolis:
Compass point Books, 2005),p.23-4 .
5
I bid, p21-22 .
6
I bid , p29 .
7
Lamb, p.2 .
8
Kuiper, p.6-7 .
9
Lamb, p.3 .
10
Kathleen Ermitage, Simply Shakespeare , Original Shakespearean Text with a
Modern line – for– line translation, The Tempest (New York: Barron's Educational
series, 2002),p 10-11 .
11
Hill , p12-13 .
12
Ratri Ray , William Shakespeare' s the tempet, (New Delhi: Atlantic ,
2007),p.1 .
13
I bid , p.2 .
14
Sheri Metzger , CliffsNotes Shakespeare's The Tempest (United states of
America : IDG Books worlavoid , 2001),p. 6.
15
MC/ paradigm publishing , Othello the Moor Of Venice (United states of
America : EMC Corporation, 2005),p. vi .
16
Quoted in E.Foley & B. Coates, Shakespeare Basic for Grown – UPS (New
York: An imprint of penguin Random House LLC ,2014), p.13.
17
I bid .
18
Kuiper, p.19 .
19
Quoted in Kuiper, p.19 .
20
I bid .
11
21
Foley & Coates, p.14.
22
I bid , p.15 .
23
I bid , p.17 .
24
Hill , p 18-19 .
25
Foley & coates , p.17 .
26
Ray ,p.8 .
27
Ermitage , p. 8
28
I bid , p.7 .
29
I bid , p.8 .
30
I bid , p.7 .
31
I bid , p.8 .
32
EMC/ paradigm ,P. xiv .
33
Ermitage, p.8 .
34
I bid , p.7 .
35
EMC / paradigm , p. Xiii .
36
Ermitage, p.7 .
37
EMC / paradigm , p, V .
38
Ermitage, p.7 .
39
EMC / paradigm , P.Xiv- XV .
40
I bid , p. XV .
41
Quoted in Ermitage , p.7 .
42
I bid .

12
{Chapter Two}

13
: Colonialism And Culture 2.1
Colonialism is the explicit and total control of one country by another one on the
foundation of country force being under the control of an outlandish power . The first
goal of colonialism is political ascendancy. It's second goal is to make possible the
utilization of the colonized country . For instance , colonialism in Africa means the
event that happened between (1800- 1960) . It is an incident which is part of another
phenomenon called imperialism . So it is predominantly said that 1 ''all colonialism is
imperialism , but not all imperialism is colonialism''2
Stuart Hall distinguishes three considerable moments when West (Europe) faced
black people (African) . The first started with the 16th century connect between
European traders and the West African by giving a source of black slaves for three
centuries . The second was the European colonization of Africa. The third was the
post –world war II immigration from the ''third world'' to Europe and North America.
Hall discuses that Western thoughts about ''race'' and the idea of racial discrimination
were formed by those three facings .3

Initial English Encounter With Africans :

When the Atlantic nations of Europe started expanding overseas in the 16th
century , Portugal drove the way to Africa and to East , whereas Spain established an
eminent empire in America . With the reign of Queen Elizabeth , Englishmen realized
that overseas exploration could bring to them power , glory , wealth and stunning
information . At the beginning of 17th century Englishmen had developed a taste for
empire adventure and discovery . As a rule Englishmen came to Africa for
commodity trading with natives .4
English involvement in the slave trade did not develop until well into the 17 th
century . At first English connect with Africans did not take place in a context which
prejudged the black as a thrall , at least not as Englishmen s' slave . Actually
Englishmen met Africans as another kind of men . They found the people there were
very different from themselves . ''Negroes'' appeared different to Englishmen which
means that their religion was not Christianity , even their manner of living was
different . The black people seemed to be a lustful kind of people .5
For Englishmen , the most noticeable feature of the newly discovered African was his
colour . Travelers , when describing Africans , frequently, began with their skin and
then moved to their dress and manners .6 Black 's skin had powerful impact upon their
conceptions . In Shakespeare 's time , the Moors ,like in Othello, were described
as pathetically black .7 IAGO says ''
Even now, now, very now, an old black ram
Is topping your white ewe. Arise, arise;
Awake the snorting citizens with the bell,
Or else the devil will make a grandsire of you:
Arise, I say! .8

14
 Native West Africans first appeared in London in 1554. 'Black' were that brought
back again ''to be a helpe the Englishmen'' who were bounded in trade with Africans
on the seacoast . English experience was noteworthy different from that of Spanish
and Portuguese , the effect of the ''Black'' colour was more powerful upon
Englishmen because England 's principle contact with Africans came in West Africa
and Congo, that meant one of the lightest –skinned suddenly came face to face with
the darkest one . Englishmen found in the idea of darkness a mean of expressing
some of their inherent values . White and black indicate purity and uncleanliness ,
beauty and ugliness , good and evil .9
The most important effect of colonialism in Africa is that it brought about the
under- development of Africa regions in many various ways. This pretext will seem
to be correct on the exterior level or apparently , but if it is submitted to critical
dissection , it will appear the deepness or folly of colonial education which is partly
in charge of the current African rudimentary . The colonial education was not stead
fast in African culture and therefore could not enhance any significant expansion
within the African circumference because it had no essential correlation. Moreover ,
colonial education was basically moral , it had no technological rule and therefore
contradictory to reality or manufacturing development .10
: Colonialism In Literature 2.2
Literature was used in the imperial aim of build up methods of attitude and
hierarchy of importance established on European procedures of unacceptable.
Literature was conscripted to prove and transmit the savage order of European
religion , shapes of government language over their country equivalents . Authors like
Rudyard Kipling , Eliza cook, Verne , James Montgomery , John Buchan ,and Mary
Kingsley develop the reason of empire . They blustered the imperial significances of
task and victimize in the track.11
In their keen to ''write back'' many post – colonial authors and critics have
expanded their conviction of colonialism and colonial writing to contain
Shakespeare .E.M.Forster , Charlotte Bronte and Joseph Conrad . With the facilitate
that comes from popularization and what happened for extremist views , a lot of post
colonial critics have categorized these writers imperialist and colonialist.12
Once the verdict to obtain colonies had made , the poets , authors and intellectuals
are encouraging to supply the ethical and philosophical good reason for colonialism .
In addition they have increased the challenge . The known expression ''The White
Man's Burden '' used by Rudyard Kipling in his evenly famous poem that is called
''The White Man's Burden''(1899). Clearly possesses the meaning of sacred duty that
was to describe Europe 's powerful entry into Africa.13 Kipling asks the West :
Take up the White Man’s Burden
Send forth the best ye breed
Go bind your sons to exile
To serve your captives’ need;
To wait in heavy harness,
On fluttered folk and wild
Your new-caught, sullen peoples,
Half-devil and half-child.14
15
 A significant model of '' The White Man's Burden'' is included in a harangue
transported in the U.S. senate by Senator Henry Cabot Loge , the representative of
U.S .widening in the Caribbean and pacific . In consultations in the U.S senate on the
Philippines after the overthrow of Spain , Senator Loge stated : 15
The next argument of the opponents of the Republican policy is that we are denying
self-government to the Filipinos. Our reply to that is that to give independent self-
government at once, as we understand it, to a people who have no just conception of
it and no fitness for it, is to dower them with a curse instead of a blessing. To do this
would be entirely to arrest their progress instead of advancing them on the road to the
liberty and free government which we wish them to achieve and enjoy. This
contention rests of course on the proposition that the Filipinos are not today in the
least fitted for self-government, as we understand it.16
He considers Filipinos as being not ready yet to govern themselves and if they
become independence this will be just ''as curse'' and they will not take any benefit
from self-government . In fact his speech shows that this is just a justification to
control Filipinos and all the resources of their country as any colonizers do .

2.3 ''Others'' and ''Stereotypes'' Used in ''The White Man's

Burden '' :
''Othering'' indicates the '' process by which imperial discourse creates it's
17
other '' . It is completely needful for a colonial control to produce the other , ''
whereas the 'other' corresponds to the focus of desire or power [……] construction
of the other is fundamental to the construction of the self''18. In another words the
'other' indicates the colonized subjects which shape a part of the other/self dual .
The colonizers think that they are the core and dealing with the colonized as the
marginalized groups .19
From the very beginning , the colonizers and colonized have a linkage of
''master and slave '' . By the time , colonizers ' supremacy has increased to the top and
the colonized have deemed themselves as subordinate and considered as inferior to a
situation of slaves . Colonizers consider themselves as being superior ,civilized and
educated people . They take it as their major task to civilize 'others'.20
The concept of the 'other' is necessary to the explanation of the self . It is known
that ''Black'' means nothing by itself but when it is considered with it 's opposite
''white'' it carries meaning . It is the difference between white and black that indicates
meaning . These bilateral mingling white/black , day/ night ,masculine/ feminine
have the major significance of capturing the distinction of the world . The marking of
divergence is the foundation of what it is called ''culture'' . Culture relies on providing
things meaning by appointing them to different situations.21
In every work which describes the connection between colonized and colonizer,
colonized or ''other'' have been submitted to 'stereotypes' produced by colonizers .
The most popular stereotypes predominantly used are22 '' blacks , uneducated,
uncivilized , savage etc…''23
Stereotyping can be realized as an image generally negative , of a man in
relationship with a group or society . Sedgwick and Edger define stereotype as '' An

16
oversimplified and usually value – laden view of the attitudes, behavior and
expectations of a group or individual . Such views, which may be deeply embedded
in sexist , racist or otherwise prejudiced cultures, are typically highly resistant to
change '' .24In the post-colonial theory ''stereotype'' means the extremely popularized
opinion of the colonizers about colonized . These opinions are usually negative ,
degrading , humiliating and based on discriminating or a racist view of the colonized
people .25
Richard Dyer in (1997) mentioned how in most western cultures white people are
not considered as a featured strain but rather depict the entire human race and human
normality . This superiority of race is simplified by a particular feature , which Dyer
characterizes as ''spirit , manifested as energy , will , ambition , intelligence ,
leadership , foresight , and perseverance ''26. These characteristics enable white people
to take control on the areas of exploration ,business , industry and notion building .
To be white means to be fully human , fully normal but to be non- white or black is to
be inferior and a lesser race 27
Richard Dyer , in his essay, Dyer (R. Dyer(ed) , Gays On Film , 1977) on
stereotyping , discusses that without the use of kinds , it would be difficult to make
sense of the world . stereotyping tends to happen where there are disproportion of
power . Power is always pointed against dependent group , one side of this power is
ethnocentrism.28
The idea of racial discrimination foregrounds the body as a center of historical ,
cultural , social distinctions .Dyer considers nineteenth century ethnic thought , in
both Europe and the United States as a '' profoundly felt need for an absolute racial
distinction between black and white.29

: 2.4THE WHITE MAN 'S BURDEN

One of the justifications for European colonialism was the concept that eminent
white people had the moral liability to elevate unlettered native people to a higher
level of civilization . The British poet Rudyard Kipling (1865-1936) captured this
concept in his poem ''The White Man's Burden'' .30In February 1899, Kipling wrote
this poem entitled ''The White Man 's Burden :The United states and Philippine Island
'' .31It appeared at a ticklish moment in the discussion about colonialism within the
United States .The Philippine – American war started on 4 February and after two
days , the U.S. senate approved The Treaty of Paris which formally finished the
Spanish –American war , gave up Rice ,Puerto, Guam, and Philippines to the United
States and Cuba under U.S rule.32
The main idea of this poem indicates that it is the task of white people to control
and civilize the ''savage''.33 The critic , Ellek Boehmer says that:
The faith that White men bring ,Kipling agreed, Was freedom , the righting of wrongs
…. Though. 'failing freedoms war,(The Song Of The White Men 1899). The English
conquered , he again point out , in order to Endure ; they might even manage to turn
natives into Judges and engineers(kitchener's school,1898).34

Though Kipling 's poem is a medley of an advice to empire with serious

admonition the responsibility involved , imperialist within the United States captured
onto the term ''The White Man 's Burden '' as a metaphor for imperialism that
17
appeared to excuse the policy as a noble project . The Anti – imperialists readily
answered with parodies of the poem . They concentrated on the new struggle in the
Philippines , insincerity of allegation moral sanction for a politics they debated
created from avidity for military power and trade markets , going on racial and
gender disparity , and the particular ''Burden'' of colonialism . The poem was not
hastily neglected . After two years of destructive combat in the Philippines , in 1901 ,
35
Mark Twain observed that : ''The White Man's Burden has been sung .Who will
sing the Brown Man 's ?'' . 36C.E.D Phelps ,in December of 1903, utilized a spoof of
the poem to fault the U.S conquest Panama Canal Zone . The ''white Man 's Burden ''
notion was also refreshed in the final debates of U.S obtrusion in the Americas and
through World War II .37
Kipling 's writings have met with a diverse reaction , on the one hand , he is
lauded because of his literary achievements , while on the other , he is convicted for
his political emphasis of imperialism . Some of modern critics resort to blot out his
recent declarations from remembrance and from critical debate . According to critics ,
the major concentrate lies not with his ratification of imperialism , but with his way
of writing and his literary specialization.38 Brantlinger , mentions that these critics
utilize a ''yes , but'' eloquence: “yes, Kipling was an ardent imperialist – witness his
poems “Recessional” and “The White Man’s Burden” (1899); but notice how a story
such as The Man Who Would Be King can be read as anti-imperialist”. 39 Yes ,
Kipling debated that the whites were preeminent to all other races , but he was purely
'' a man of his time ''.40
Paul Driver says that “Kipling the imperialist is dead and gone; it is Kipling the
verbal prophet who commands attention now”.41 Other critics debate that his imperial
opinions have to be confirmed and eulogize him for elucidating the meaning of
imperial fate which had controlled that duration of time . 42 In other words , the
concern transmits from his racist comments towards his historical worth : Kipling
declaims the crisis of43 '' contemporary Western civilization'' 44

18
 Note to Chapter Two
1
Stephen Ocheni & Basil C. Nwankwo ,"Analysis of Colonialism and it's
Impact in Africa", Cross – Cultural Communication , Vol.8, no.3(2012),p.46 .
2
Quoted in Ocheni & Nwankwo , p.46 .
3
Stuart Hall " the Spectacle of the "other" in Hall, S.(ed) Representation :
Cultural Representations and Signifying practice ( London: stage publications ,
1997),p.235 .
4
Winthrop D.Jordon , The White Man's Burden: Historical Origins of Racism
in the united state (New York: Oxford University press , 1974),p.3 .
5
Ibid ,p.4 .
6
Ibid .
7
Ibid , p.5 .
8
EMC / Paradigm publishing , Othello The Moor of Venice (United states of
America : EMC corporation, 2005),p.9, act I , scene I, lines 88 – 99.
9
Jordon , p.5 -6 .
10
Ocheni & Nwankwo , p.51 .
11
Melvin E. Page & Penny M.Sonnenburg , Colonialism: An International
social , cultural , political Encyclopedia (California: ABC – CLIO, Vol.one: A-M,
2003) P.346 .
12
I bid .
13
Vincent B.khapoya, The African Experience (n.p Peachpit press,2012) p.104 .
14
Rudyard Kipling, The Collected poems of Rudyard Kipling (Great Britain:
Wordsworth Editions limited, 1994), p.334 .
15
Khapoya, p.105 .
16
Edward G.McGrath, Is American Democracy Exportable ? (Beverly Hills ,
CA: The Glencoe press,1968), p.50.
17
Quoted in Bill Aschroft, Gareth Griffins and Helen Tiffins eds . Key Concepts
in Post Colonial Studies (London/New York, Routledge, 2004) p 171- 72 .
18
I bid .

19
 19
Hammad Mushtaq, "OTHERTNG,STEREOTYPING AND HYBRIDITY IN
FICYION : APOST COLONIAL ANALYSIS OF CONRAD'S WAITING FOR THE
BORBARIANS(1980 'Journal of Language and literature no.03(2010). P.25 .
20
Rabia Tariq, "Depiction of "other" and " Stereotypes" used in White Man's
Burden and Overland Mail by Rudyard Kipling. Unpublished M.PhI ."Thesis".
Qurtaba University Peshawar, Pakistan. , p 1-2 .
21
PETER KAREITHI (2001) White Man's Burden : How Global Media Empires
Continue to Construct Difference, Rhodes Journalism Review 20 , p.6 .
22
Tariq , p.2.
23
I bid .
24
Quoted in Mushtaq, p.25 .
25
I bid .
26
Mighty Sons of Hercules, Classical Masculinity and the Spectacular Body on
Film (UK: Daniel O' Brien,2014) p.143 .
27
I bid .
28
KAREITHI, P.7 .
29
Hercules, p.143 .
30
JACK SON J. SPIELVOGEL, Western Civilization: A Brief History(United State
: Cengage learning , 2017), p.593 .
31
Richard J.Gray II , Franco phone African Poetry and Drama (United state of
America : MC Farland & Company , Inc , Publishers, 2014) p.38 .
32
Jim Zwick ,'' The White man's Burden "and its Critics' in Jim Zwick (ed), Anti –
Imperialism in the United state , 1898 – 1935 .[Cited February 6,2017]
. Arailable From https://herb.ashp.cuny.edu/items/show/505 .
33
Sabir Abdus Samee, "white man's Burden in Rudyard Kipling's "The Limitation
of pambe Serange " , ''At the End of the passage" and "only a Subaltern"
(Bangladesh: Hogskolan Dalarna, 2005) , p.4 .
34
Elleke Boehmer, Colonial and Post Colonial Literature(Oxford : Oxford
University press, 1995), p.41 .
35
Zwick .
36
Quoted in Zwick .
20
 37
I bid .
38
Patick Brantlinger "the Complexity of Kipting : Imperialist polities " Rev. of.
The Man who would be Kipling: The Colonial Fiction and Frontiers of Exile , by
Andrew Hagiioannu . English Literatune in Transition 1880 – 1920 (2005), p.88.
39
I bid .
40
Laura Van der Most, Easterly the wind Belw: Changing Attitudes Toward :
Imperialism and It's idology During the Age of New Imperialism (Masterscriptie
Engeles Taal en Cultuur,Rijks Universiteit Groningean 2014), p.12.
41
Quoted in Benita Parry, :The Content and Discontents of Kipling's Imperialism
(New Formations 6 ,1988 ),p.50 .
42
I bid .
43
Van der Most .
44
I bid .

21
{Chapter Three}

22
 The Tempest
:THE PLOT 3.1
The Tempest is a play, which consists of five acts , written by William
Shakespeare . It was performed in front of James I on November 1 , 1611 , at court .
During the winter of 1612-13 , The Tempest was again performed to celebrate the
marriage of princess Elizabeth , King James 's daughter.1 '' In winter Shakespeare 's
company performed at London 's Blackfrias , the indoor theatre that housed the first
performance of The Tempest ''.2
The play opens in the midst of a storm ,as a ship carrying king Alonso of Naples,
Ferdinand , Sebastian , Antonio , Gonzalo , Stephano and Trinculo . They are on their
way to Italy , returning home from the wedding of Alonso's daughter Claribel , to the
prince of Tunis in Africa . As the Boatwain tries to keep the boat a float , the King
and two of his men , Antonio and Sebastian , come on deck to dark orders at the
crew . The Boatswain does not have time to pander to the arrogant king and his
courtiers . The men become enraged , assaulting navigator as he tries to regain control
of the guidance . Only Gonzalo , the king 's counselor , remains calm and composed
as the detrimental wind splits the ship in half
From a nearby island , Prospero , the former Duke of Milan , and his daughter
Miranda watch the ship . Miranda worries about the ship 's passengers , suspects that
her father has created the storm using his magical powers , and begs him to calm the
storm . Prospero then tells her the details of their past , showing how, 12years ago, his
brother Antonio overthrew and betrayed him . By the help of Alonso , Antonio
decided that Prospero and Miranda should be kidnapped and set a drift at sea . Now ,
circumstances allow him to take revenge on his enemies that 's why he has conjured
the storm .

After that Miranda falls asleep as Prospero charms her . Then he summons his
spirit – servant Ariel , who created the storm . Ariel says that he has made sure that
everyone made it to the island alive , but sprinkled separately . He mentions that
Prospero promised to free him from servitude . Prospero wrathfully reminds him that
he saved him from the prison in which the witch Sycorax (she was the previous ruler
of the island ) put him . Ariel then apologizes and follows Prospero 's order . He
makes himself invisible in order to spy on the shipwrecked courtiers .
Prospero summons his servant Caliban , the son of Sycorax , after he awakens
Miranda . Caliban execrate Prospero , and denies that he owes Prospero anything for
educating him . He narrates how Prospero takes off his rulership of the island .
Meantime , Ariel leads Ferdinand , Alonso's son , to Prospero . Immediately Miranda
and Ferdinand fall in love , but Prospero takes him into custody .
On the other side of the island , Alonso , Gonzalo (Alonso 's adviser ), Antonio
and Sebastian (Alonso 's brother) awaken and find themselves safely on shore .
Alonso laments and thinks that Ferdinand has drowned in the storm . Meanwhile ,
Ariel appears and plays ceremonial music that makes Gonzalo and Alonso fall
23
asleep . When they sleep , Antonio encourages Sebastian to murder Alonso in order
to become the king of Naples . Ariel wakes the men just in time to stop this scheme .
In another part of the island Caliban meets Alonso's butler Stephano and jester
Trinculo . He thinks that they are gods because they give him wine and get him drunk
. Ariel is listening to Caliban , he encourages Stephano and Trinculo help him to kill
Prospero in turn he will serve them as lords of the island . When Ferdinand does hard
work for Prospero , he meets Miranda . They express their passion for each other and
they agree to marry . Prospero is secretly looking on them .
After that , Antonio and Sebastian continue their scheme against Alonso, but again
Ariel damages it . He appears as a harpy , he delates them of subverting Prospero and
says that only truthful penitence can save them. Alonso repents at once . Antonio and
Sebastian promise to fight back , but Prospero enchants and traps them all .

In the cave of Prospero , he gives his blessing to Miranda and Ferdinand's

marriage . He calls spirits to do an itemized masque (dramatic performance )for the
couple . All of a sudden , Prospero remembers Caliban's scheme to kill him . He
suddenly ends the masque of course with Ariel 's help , tricks and pursuits Stephano
Trinculo and Caliban would be murderers .
In the play 's final scene , Prospero , with Ariel 's advice , decides that he will
give up his magic and forgive his enemies rather than taking revenge. He introduces
himself to them in the robes he wears as Duke of Milan. The courtiers are surprised .
Antonio remains silent , while Alonso apologizers and relinquishes control of Milan .
He also gives his blessing to the marriage of Miranda and Ferdinand . Prospero calls
Stephano , Trinculo and Caliban and exposes them to general scorn . Caliban blames
himself for considering them as gods . Then Prospero charges Ariel to certain a safe
voyage back to Italy for all , and gives Ariel his freedom. The play ends with the
epilogue of Prospero in which he asks the audience to applaud and set him free .
3.2 Post colonialism and Shakespeare’s The Tempest :
The Tempest is a perfect study of the post-colonial literary theory. Most of
Postcolonial critics and theorists have concentrated their interest on this play. The
play enhances many post-colonial concepts like, language, power and knowledge ,
etc. 3Studying the play as a primary work of the colonial and cultural experience .
One could find an important boost from the text those days. Some Critics find that
this play is believed to be the oldest post-colonial work . It is significantly that
Shakespeare had meant to upbraid the European takeover of new sites to the West .
Moreover it is noticeable that the theme of colonialism is without any doubt
presented in The Tempest . In the era of Shakespeare , the majority of the stories
may be coming from far lands , with legends about Cannibals of the Caribbean , and
remote tropical Utopias . Shakespeare may be offering an in-depth discussion into the
ethics of colonialism.4
In Shakespeare 's play The Tempest , Prospero is presented as the master of the
colonial of the land , he takes advantages of his colonial conversation and the books
of magic which are represented as the symbol of knowledge .5 Prospero , a Milan 's
Duke , was an educated and assiduous man , who stayed amongst his books , leaving
the administration of his dukedom to Antonio , his brother , in whom actually he had
entire confidence . But that reliance was ill-remunerate because Antonio wished to
24
wear the duke's crown . With the help of Prospero's great foe , Alonso , Naples's
king , Antonio succeed to take over the dukedom with all it 's riches power and
glory . For they took Prospero to sea , when they were far from region , obliged him
into a small boat with no food and water .In their inhumanity , they put his daughter ,
Miranda who was three years old , into the skiff with him and navigated away ,
leaving them to their destiny.6

One of the worthy lords with Antonio , was sincere to his master , Prospero . This
faithful lord , whose name was Gonzalo , stealthily put in the boat some viands ,
water ,clothes ,and most important of all ,some of Prospero 's priceless books . The
skiff was landed on an island , Prospero and his daughter reached in safety. Now this
island was fascinated , many years ago , by the spell of a fell enchantress , Sycorax .7
The '' damned witch Sycorax ''.8Caliban 's mother was originally lived in Algiers but
she was exiled to the island after committing '' mischiefs manifold and sorceries
terrible'' (act I, scene II, p31) at least according to Prospero.9 She reached the island
and she was pregnant with the child she had may be conceived by sleeping with
demon .10
On this isle , she gave a birth to Caliban.11 She is dead before the play begins , so
she is already absent . Yet, the flooding memory of her prior existence encourages
characters to mention her tale frequently . Caliban 's narration of the story has already
emerged , when he reminds Prospero that he is successor to the isle . '' This island 's
.mine by Sycorax my mother Which thou tak'st from me ''(act I , scene II , p36)

She left her son as a part of the island , making her function as a single mother to
supply for her seed . To Caliban , Sycorax is ''my mother'' but for Prospero she is12
''the foul witch Sycorax'' and '' this damn'd witch Sycorax '' (act I, scene II ,p31).

Prospero presents only a bit of information that is known about Sycorax 's bodily
description , calling her a ''blew- ey'd hag'' (act I, scene II ,p31). The integration of
the pretty seduction with the ugly hag is caused by that once she tries to save her
child and at the same time tried to be a good mother . Such a person challenges
possibility , it appears , because her physical appearance must be entirely absent for
this description to be possible . The disappearance allows her to be anything the
characters want her to be – Caliban 's mother , prospero ' s witch , or Ariel 's original
jailer and mistress .13
The matter of servitude is clearly important in The Tempest , Shakespeare 's
play . Caliban is the character who is obviously enthralled in this play .14Caliban
marks the limit matter of humanity puts him directly within the sixteenth and
seventeenth century discussion about the nature of savages , the explorers and early
colonialists came into connect with in the New world . So it must be found out in
short whether there is a complete New world condition that can be applied to The
Tempest , but first it should know about the concurrent pre-history of Prospero and
Miranda 's meeting with Caliban.15 It is significant to recall that Caliban did not start
his relation with Prospero in slavery . It is true that Prospero , in his first indication to
Caliban , calls him ''my slave'' (act I ,scene II ,p31) and Miranda , his daughter ,
instantly replies ''Tis a villain, sir I do not love to look on ''(act I , scene II , p 33 )
25
however , when Prospero first met him ,who was lived on the island , he treated him
in a very good way , and Caliban , himself confesses that :16
When thou cam 'st first
Thou strok'st me and made much of me ; would'st give me
Water with berries in't , and teach me how
To name the bigger light and how the less
That burn by day and night . And then I loved thee (act I, scene II,p36)

Prospero and Miranda also profess to have attempted to give him the advantage of
their civilization . Miranda is taking a special responsibility for the education of
Caliban17
,I pitied thee [MIRANDA]
Took pains to make thee speak , taught thee each hour
, One thing or other . When thou didst not , savage
Know thine own meaning , but wouldst gabble like
A thing most brutish , I endowed thy purposes
With words that made them known. (act I , scene II , p37)
Caliban has previously admitted this point and makes differentiate between the loving
concern they took of him when they first came and the abjection of their actual
dealing :18 CALIBAN] . Here thou stay'st me, In this hard rock , while thou dost
.keep from me, The rest o 'th' island (act I , scene II , P36)

The first line which is said by Caliban '' when thou cam'st first ''(act I, scene II,p36)
arouses the truth that the meeting of Prospero and Caliban is similar to the initial
connect in history between colonized and colonizer , in which the ''naive'' native
resident is firmly convinced by the ''wiliness'' colonizer to guide him to island's
fortune . Caliban's account confirms the reality that their first meeting was very much
like that of the Europeans and the natives which was one of outbidding trade.19

After Prospero 's First indication to Caliban in the play, the first appearance of
conversation between the two happens . From its beginning , the speech reciprocates
between those characters is tough and rude , full of passivity and offend for one
another. Prospero 's first demand of Caliban's existence20 “What ho, slave! Caliban, /
Thou earth, thou: speak!” (act I, scene II,p33), going on with more underestimating
comment , like “Thou poisonous slave, got by the devil himself / Upon thy wicked
dam; come forth” (act I, scene II,p33).At first , the readers are unrealizable of the
reasons why Prospero treats Caliban with impudence and why he stops his kindly
dealings with Caliban. The readers come to understand the inducements for such
humiliate treatment of Caliban, from Prospero 's speech “…I have us'd thee (Filth as
thou art) with humane care and lodg'd thee in mine own cell, till thou didst seek to
violate The honour of my child ” (act I, scene II,p36), Prospero indicates Caliban 's
tried exaction of Miranda, which he considers justifies his slavery of Caliban. May be
Caliban was not realize of such notion at the time it was perpetrated ; he perhaps have
believed that by fertilizing Miranda, he could keep his inheritance and so endanger
Prospero's politician settlement . Or, he perhaps have been physically attracted to
Miranda, a mistake may depend on Prospero.21
26
 According to Renaissance basics concerning educational ways of males and
females ,Renaissance humanists considered that men and women must be educated
separately, a belief that apparently results from the amusements the other gender can
make for students in the class.. Prospero permitted the two to share living and
sleeping places, strengthening the bond between them. In addition , the power of this
relationship only widen because Prospero allowing Miranda to teach Caliban
language. From this viewpoint Caliban is not completely to reprimand for his
temptation to Miranda. This attraction was unavoidable, and without the appropriate
ways of dominating or calling his sexual willingness – which appeared palpable with
education– he was prepared to act on his incipient motive 22
So Prospero was interested to love and adopt Caliban despite that he is a
stranger , his ugly physical shape and his suspicious origin . In fact , Prospero was
also able to make Caliban lived beside him and his daughter in their modest
dwelling.23 The incident that Caliban over took in silence , the incident that shifted
Prospero and Miranda 's conduct towards him , is his endeavor rape of Miranda , in
retribution for which his movement is roughly limited and Prosper 's behavior
changed . Prospero pointed out to it , and thinks the punishment is suitable24
, But thy vile race
Though thou didst learn , had that in't which good natures
Could not abide to be with ; therefore wast thou
, Deservedly confined into this rock
Who hadst deserved more than a prison . (act I, scene II,p37)

27
: Power Relationship and Language 3.3
Language is considered one of the basic interests of postcolonial debates. In the
approach of colonization the colonizers constantly enjoined their language upon the
colonized. Sometimes they prevent natives to use their native language. The Tempest
has similar concept about language that marks the strong relations especially
between Prospero and Caliban .25
In the essay Decolonizing the Mind, NgugiwaThiong‘o mentions , ―''language
was the most important vehicle through which that power fascinated and held the soul
prisoner…….. Language was the means of the spiritual subjugation ''26 .Thus , Ngugi
states in his essay Decolonizing the Mind that, any language, has a double features :
it is both a ways of communication and a transporter of culture. Language also
displays a country's history .27The aim of colonialism is obvious that is to dominate
the people‘s fortune ; what they product , and how it is divided just to hold .28
Teaching language comes initially as a mean of cultural imbibition done by
Prospero , for assimilation he starts teaches Caliban the language .By means of
education , he can on the one hand transform him as a type of cultured savages , as if
Caliban is exited out of his decayed , bad roots inherited by his predecessors ; on the
other hand , he is skillfully turning him nothing but just a slave . So the language's
function is to enforce his sturdy master's orders .Prospero 's speech shows that he is in
need for Caliban's service when he says :29
But as 'tis , we cannot miss him , he does make our fire , fetch in our wood , and ''
serve in offices that profit us''(act I, scene II, p33 )
This speech supplies a reflection of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries
concerning European viewpoint of servitude . To regard a person indispensable for
the permanence of other person or society to do the handcrafts is crucial for a
thorough realization of the relationship between Prospero and Caliban . Caliban is
exemplary of such conscription, lies on the wide colonization and discovery of new
lands and the natives happening in the era in which The Tempest was
written.30Prospero and Miranda cannot continue on the island without Caliban 's
serving since the colonized and the colonizer are the complementary of one
another.31

Prospero educates Caliban how to talk especially the words include of '' I ,you , food,
master, slave'' . But the last two influence Caliban more and assists to illustrate his
stability. The internal struggle is expressed when Caliban addresses Prospero32: You
taught me language, and my profit on‘t. Is I know how to curse. The red plague rid
you. For learning me your language ! ( act I, Scene II, P37 )
For Caliban . it appears that learning the names of the moon and sun '' the bigger light
and how the less'' was a help (but not , it appears , knowing how to make ) water
sugared with berries . Prospero and Miranda imparted culture and Caliban in return
gave them the natural resources of the island.33
Caliban comprehends the method , demeanor as well as language and culture of
the colonizer Prospero, even Miranda assists a great deal to change Caliban. But
Caliban keeps unaltered and he does not lose his identity. He is conscious
28
sufficiently that his skin and everything is colonized .34 Caliban always protests that
he was usurped by Prospero:35 'This island's mine, by Sycorax my mother, I Which
thou tak'st from me' (act I, scene II , p36). Caliban, the original possessor of the isle
cannot approve the culture of his foe and rejects to follow the so called delusive
lifestyle. 36So the language that was a boon when Caliban had enjoyment to put into
words is now no longer a boon because all he has to put into words is his
unhappiness. 37
Caliban ends his words by execrating himself for participating in this trade and
: he is also cursing Prospero for usurping and enslaving him
Curs 's d be I that did so ! All the charms
! Of Sycorax , toads , beetles, bats , light on you
For , I am all the subject that you have
Which first was mine own king . (act I , scene II ,P36 )
The important of Caliban 's speech lies in it 's fineness to reveal the problem of the
stereotypes by putting the '' method '' of the figuration of Caliban as the other . It is ,
then , Prospero , who is '' savage'' and '' unfaithful'' since he is the one who deceives
Caliban and he has no hesitation about taking the isle from it 's former proprietor
Caliban.38
According to Prospero , Caliban cannot learn and this is his nature
A devil, a born devil , on whose nature [Prosper]
, Nurture can never stick ; on whom my pains
, Humanely taken ,all, all lost , quite lost
,And , as with age his body uglier grows
So his mind cankers .( act iv , scene I , p113)
He intimidates punishment for the imprecation of Caliban '' tonight thou shalt
have cramps '', '' side –stitches that shall pen thy breath up ' , thou shalt be pinched ,
I'll rack thee roar '' (act I ,scene II, p .36) Caliban has tortured these retributions for
execration before , and he takes Prospero 's intimidation industriously .When
Prospero is not heard him , Caliban imagines that cursing is watched therefore he
lives in a situation of lasting terror of additional punishment .
(throwing down his burden) [ Caliban]
All the infections that the sun sucks up
From bogs , fens , flats , on Prosper fall ,and make him
By inch- meal a disease! [A noise of thunder heard ] His
, Spirits hear me
, And yet I needs must curse , But they'll nor pinch
, Fright me with urchin –shows , pitch me I , th' mire
Nor lead me like a fire – brand in the dark
Out of my way , unless he bid' em . (act II, scene II , p65)
Caliban has internalized the method of punishment prepared to him and is so scare
that he takes natural phenomenon like the sound of thunder for the workings of the
retributive system that joins the linguistic system transported to the island by
Prospero .39
In The Tempest , Shakespeare not only shows the colonizer's attitude toward the
colonized but also illustrates the colonized 's reaction and actions against the
colonizer. Caliban , for example , stands in objection to Prospero's power and his
29
teachings. Even Prospero 's presence does not end Caliban's disobedient actions ,
though he realizes that Prospero's tortures are awaiting him , he says ''All the
inflection that the sun sucks up from Fogs, Fens ,Flats , on Prospero fall ; and make
him by inch –meal a Disease : His spirits hear me , and yet I needs must curse ''( act I,
scene II ,p35). Caliban 's rebellious actions arises from his dreams of freedom that's
why he plans to kill Prospero and burn his books . Prospero uses these magic books
to control Caliban so he wants to get rid of these books in order to take over the
island and ensure his freedom .He realizes that without the possession of these books,
Prospero will be just like him . For Caliban , books are the source of his punishment
and also the cause of the colonial rule , he says:
''Remember first to posses his books ; for , without them, He 's but a sot , as I am ,nor
hath not one spirit to command : They all do hate him, As rootedly as I : Burn but his
books : He has brave utensils , (for so he calls them) Which , when he has a house ,
he 'll deck withal.''(act III, scene II, p85)
With this, a lot of queries come to light as to if language is merely a mean of
communication, its uses limited just for those aims . Or, Shakespeare may have
intended for language to be typical of civility itself. If so, enormous ideas can be
learned from the comment Caliban points towards Miranda when she depicts the
pains she tolerated while trying to learn Caliban: “You taught me language, and my
profit on‟t / Is I know how to curse” (act I, scene II , p 37). This comment is essential
in explaining the possibility results capable of starting when civilization and nature
overlap. Although the first purposes of sixteenth and seventeenth century colonization
perhaps were to edify the baseness of mankind , it was done so without the agreement
of those being colonized. Instead, they were forced to learn and restricted through
bondage, certainly giving rise to hatred and animosity to create among those
represented by Caliban. 40
At the end of The Tempest , Prospero says of Caliban that '' This thing of darkness
I Acknowledge mine '' (act v , scene I ,p.134 ).This may be considered as a
confession that Caliban , his slave , is not just his ownership but has turned , or may
always be part of himself , so Prospero connects himself to Caliban . The connections
between the characters in the play have been depicted by some critics as the
relationships between colonized and colonizers as it is illustrated before .
Accordingly , Prospero seems to confess a relation of colonial domination with
Caliban , and it is a speech of Prospero is in fact the fulfillment of a dividing – up of
onus with Antonio '' Two of these fellows you must know and own . This thing of
darkness I Acknowledge mine '' (act v , scene I ,p. 134) . If this is a colonial
connection , it seems to contain the idea that the colonizer is in the charge of the
natives , which is named the precept of The White Man ' s Burden.41

The play finishes with Prospero determining to go back to Europe and to end his
occupation of the island and release his slaves. Prospero not only abandons the
island, but also gives up the magic books that represent the power through which he
imposes control over the island and it's inhabitants.42

30
 Note to chapter three
1
ROBIN GARDEN, Shakespeare Reloaded (Australia : Agency limited , 2014),
p.158
2
Kathleen Ermitage, Simply Shakespeare , Original Shakespearean Text with a
Modern line – for– line translation, The Tempest (New York: Barron's Educational
series, 2002), p.7 .
3
Nabila Islam , '' post colonialism in The Tempest & Oroonoko : Issues of Race
and power '' , ''thesis'' (BRAC University , 2015), p. 6
4
Moslem Zolfagharkhani & Zahra Heshmatifar , ''Pedagogical and colonial
Power Discourses in William Shakespeare 's The Tempest '' , Cross- Cultural
Communication , vol 8 , no 2 ,( 2012) , p. 8 .
5
Aylin Oymark , Colonial Discourse of Prospero Mold His Manner of
Treatment of All The Characters In The Tempest , His Expectation(s) from Them And
The Way He Satisfies His Expectation(s) (Istanbul University , 2016) , p.1 .
6
E. NESBIT , Shakespeare's Stories for Young Readers (Mineola , New York :
Dover Publication , 2006 ), p. 10 .
7
Ibid.
8
William Shakespeare , the plays of William Shakespeare with notes by Johnson
And Steevens (n.p , H. Maxwell and T.S. Manning , 1805 )p.31, act I , scene II. All
further quotations are given in the text with page number .

9
Black Hobby , Exploration and Colonization ( United states of America :
Bloom's literary Theme , 2010 ) , p. 180 .
10
Jonathan Bate and Eric Rasmussen , William Shakespeare : The Tempest
(China: The Royal Shakespeare company , 2008 ), p.6 .
11
Driden
12
Heidi Breuer , Crafting the Witch : Gendering Magic in Medieval and Early
Modern England (New York : Routledge , 2009) , p. 123 .

31
 13
Breuer , p. 123-24 .
14
Harold Bloom , Blake Hobby , Enslavement and Emancipation(United states of
America : Bloom's literary Themes , 2010) , p.209 .
15
Gabriel Egan , Shakespeare (Edinburgh : Edinburgh University press Ltd , 2007)
, p.208-9 .
16
Bloom & Hobby , p209-10
17
Egan , p 209 .
18
Ibid .
19
Natali Bogosyan , post feminist Discourse in Shakespeare 's The Tempest and
Warner 's Indigo : Ambivalence , liminality and Plurality (UK : Cambridge scholars
publishing , 2012 ) , p. 120 .
20
Ben Gilbertson , The Ramifications of language and the incompleteness of a
social self in William Shakespeare 's The Tempest ,( UW-L Journal of undergraduate
Research XIII,2010), p.3 .
21
Ibid , p. 4 .
22
Ibid .
23
Bloom &Hobby .
24
Egan , p.10 .
25
Islam ,p.16.

32
 26
Bill Ashcroft , Gareth Griffiths and Helen Tiffin , post –colonial Studies
Reader(London/ New York: Routledge , 1995 ), p . 285-87
27
Islam , p.19 .
28
Ibid , p.20 .
29
Oymak , p. 2-3 .
30
Gilbertson, p.2 .
31
Oymak , p.3 .
32
Islam .
33
Egan , p 209-10 .
34
Islam , p.17 .
35
Egan , p.216 .
36
Islam .
37
Egan , p. 210 .
38
Bogosyan , p. 121 .
39
Egan , p. 210-11 .
40
Gibertson , p.4 .
41
Egan , p. 203
42
----------- , Post colonialism and The Tempest (n.p , pictures stock photography ,
2007) [cited April , 2017] .

33
 Conclusion:
Shakespeare 's The tempest is considered one of the most important plays
because it offers the reader a variety of theme . The one theme that stands out the
most is that of colonialism . During the time of Shakespeare , many European
countries such as Spain , France and England were expanding their borders by taking
over less developed countries . The relationship between Prospero and Caliban is a
perfect demonstration of the dependence relationship between a colonizer and the
native . As a consequence , the characters of Prospero and Caliban are permanently
repeated themselves in the 19th century and 20th century showing the knack and the
magnificence of Shakespeare and his creative power in realizing the aspects and the
nature of human being as a whole. Consequently , the study concluded that the
fundamental relationship between the colonist and the natives and tried to attach
such relation with the colonial aspects occurred dominantly in the 19 and 20th
century. If Prospero symbolizes the colonizer from the cultured world, Caliban is
depicted as a savage beast consequently in need of being civilized. He is a prey of
colonial control and utilization . At the same time he also shows the force for striking
back on the colonizer. where Caliban and his mother Sycorax were dwelling,
Prospero came to the island and mightily took it from them. It is a typical colonial
practice. He represents the world of civilization. The civilizing task has it that the
colonizers were not there to control the natives, but to elevate them by civilizing. It
was an endeavor to justify colonization. According to colonizer the native residents
were always barbarians. This stereotype works in the case of Caliban too. He is
treated as a savage by Prospero and he learns how to use language. He is a colonized
whose existence is the 'other' so much needed to define the 'self of the colonizer.
Prospero feels it his mission to teach and civilize the savage. Caliban is pure nature,
not corrupted from the effect of civilization, After Caliban is taught to use language
he is being incarnated according to the image of the colonizer but the colonized can
never be the equal of the colonizer. He is the darkness that differs strikingly with
Prospero, who represents light of civilization.. After he learns how to use language he
says that the usefulness of it is that he knows how to curse the colonizer. He uses the
weapon given by Prospero to reprimand and curse him for what he has done to him
and his mother. His attempt to rape Miranda can also be understood along the same
line of interpretation. Thus Caliban represents the colonized who at the same time
counters the colonizer with what he has given to the colonized. Besides, the
Shakespeare's theory in The tempest Implies the relationship between Western
political theory and the idea of colonialism as it was as the turning point in the future
of European countries in general and British Empire in particular. Above all, The
Tempest indicates that Shakespeare's writing is the creative power, the responses to
us and the sympathetic emotion which has a just and lively image of human nature..

34
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