Math 3220-1 HW 1

NAME
Due: DATE

Exercises for Section 1.1: Norm and Inner Product

1. Define the `1 -norm on Rn by
n
X
kxk1 = |xi |,
i=1
n
and define the sup-norm on R by
kxk∞ = sup |xi | .


Show that these satisfy Theorem 1.

Proof.
n
X
2. Prove that kxk ≤ |xi |. In other words, the usual norm is no greater than the `1 -norm.
i=1

Proof.

3. Prove that kx − yk ≤ kxk + kyk. (Compare this with part (2) of Theorem 1.) When does equality
hold?
 
 
4. Prove that  kxk − kyk  ≤ kx − yk.

5. The quantity ky − xk is called the distance between x and y. Prove and interpret the “triangle
inequality”:
kz − xk ≤ kz − yk + ky − xk.

6. Let f and g be integrable on [a, b].

(a) Prove the integral version of the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality:
Z  !1/2 !1/2
 b  Z b Z b
2 2
f g ≤ f g .
 

 a  a a

Rb Rb
Hint: Consider separately the cases 0 = a
(f − tg)2 for some t ∈ R, and 0 < a
(f − tg)2 for all
t ∈ R.
(b) If equality holds, must f = tg for some t ∈ R? What if f and g are continuous?
(c) Show that the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality is a special case of (a).
7. A linear transformation T : Rn −→ Rn is norm preserving if

kT (x)k = kxk,

for all x ∈ Rn , and inner product preserving if

hT x, T yi = hx, yi ,

for all x, y ∈ Rn .
(a) Prove that T is norm preserving if and only if it is inner product preserving.
 (b) Prove that such a linear transformation is 1-1, and T −1 is norm preserving (and inner product
preserving).

8. If T : Rm −→ Rn is a linear transformation, show that there is a number M such that kT (h)k ≤ M khk
for all h ∈ Rm . Hint: Estimate kT (h)k in terms of khk and the entries in the matrix for T .
p
9. If x, y ∈ Rn , and z, w ∈ Rm , show that h(x, z), (y, w)i = hx, yi + hz, wi, and k(x, z)k = kxk2 + kzk2 .
Note that (x, z) and (y, w) denote points in Rn+m .

10. If x, y ∈ Rn , then x and y are called perpendicular (or orthogonal), and we write x ⊥ y, if hx, yi = 0.
If x ⊥ y, prove that kx + yk2 = kxk2 + kyk2 .

Exercises for Section 1.2: More Topology: Open and Closed Sets in Rn
1. Prove that the union of any (even infinite) number of open sets is open. Prove that the intersection
of two (and hence of finitely many) open sets is open. Give a counterexample for the intersection of
infinitely many open sets.

2. If A ⊂ B ⊂ Rn , prove that
clA ⊂ clB, and intA ⊂ intB.

3. Prove that if B is an open subset of A, then B ⊂ int(A). Note that this says that int(A) is the largest
open subset of A.

4. Prove that the n-dimensional ball centered at a of radius r,

B n (a; r) = {x ∈ Rn : kx − ak < r}

is open.

5. Find the interior, exterior, and boundary of the sets:

B n = {x ∈ Rn : kxk ≤ 1} ,

S n−1 = {x ∈ Rn : kxk = 1} ,
Qn = x ∈ Rn : each xi is rational .


Solution.

6. If A ⊂ [0, 1] is the union of open intervals (ai , bi ) such that each rational number in (0, 1) is contained
in some (ai , bi ), show that ∂A = [0, 1] − A.

7. If A is a closed set that contains every rational number r ∈ [0, 1], show that [0, 1] ⊂ A.

8. Graph generic open balls in R2 with respect to each of the “non-Euclidean” norms, k · k1 and k · k∞ .
What shapes are they?

Solution.

Fı̈¿ 21 rmulas para Diplomado

a) Valor Futuro:
VF = P + P × R = P(1 + R)

b) Valor Presente:
VF
VP =
1+R
c) Ejemplo interı̈¿ 12 s simple:

VF = 5.000
| {z } + 5.000 × 10% + 5.000 × 10% = $6.000
| {z } | {z }
Valor Inicial Primer Periodo Segundo Periodo

c) Interı̈¿ 12 s Simple:
V F = P (1 + n × R)

d) Ejemplo Interı̈¿ 12 s Compuesto:

VF = | {z } × (1
$5.000 + 10%) × (1 + 10%)
| {z } | {z }
= $6.050
Valor Inicial Primer Periodo Segundo Periodo

e) Interı̈¿ 12 s Compuesto:
V F = P (1 + R)n

f) Ejemplo VF a VP
$6.050
V F t1 = = $5.500
1 + 10%
$5.500
V P = V F t0 = = $5.000
1 + 10%

g) Fı̈¿ 21 rmula VF a VP:

VP
VF = n
(1 + R)

h) Perpetuidad:
F
VP =
R
i) Anualidad:  
F 1
VP = 1−
R (1 + R)n

j) VPN:
V P N = −I + V P

j) INFLACION:
Y 25495
= ≈ 1.98%
25000
j) Fı̈¿ 21 RMULA EQUIVALENCIA TASA REAL TASA NOMINAL:
Y
(1 + i) = (1 + R0) × (1 + )
Esperada

X 1 X tF Ct
Dmac = t × ωt =
t
B t (1 + y)t
Dmac
DMOD =
(1 + y)
∆B ∆y
Variacion Porcentual en B = ≈ −Dmac × = −DM OD × ∆Y
B (1 + y)