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Education and Human Development Master's
Education and Human Development
Theses

Spring 2014

Use of Computer Assisted Language Learning

Nelson E. Morales
The College at Brockport, [email protected]

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 Use of Computer Assisted Language Learning

by

Nelson Enrique Morales Querales

May 2014

A project submitted to the

Department of Education and Human Development of the

State University of New York College at Brockport

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree

of

Master of Science in Education

 Use of Computer Assisted Language Learning

by

Nelson Enrique Morales Querales

APPROVED BY

Advisor Date

Director, Graduate Program Date

 Table of Contents

Abstract ...............................................1

Chapter One: ...........................................3

Introduction.......................................3

Problem Statement..................................4

Significance of the Problem........................7

Purpose...........................................11

Rationale.........................................12

Definition of terms...............................14

Summary...........................................15

Chapter Two: ..........................................17

Literature Review.................................17

Importance of technology to second language

learning..........................................17

Kinds of technology available to teach-learn a

second language...................................19

Importance of CALL................................21

Uses of CALL to teach/learn the four language skills

of L2.............................................22

Speaking..........................................23

Reading...........................................25

Listening.........................................26
 Writing...........................................28

Research on effective CALL teacher trainings......29

Chapter Three: Application.............................32

Introduction......................................32

Description of the project........................33

Summary...........................................35

Chapter Four: Conclusion and Recommendations...........37

Summary...........................................37

Limitations.......................................39

Recommendations...................................40

Conclusion........................................41

References.............................................43

Appendix A.............................................52

Appendix B.............................................55

Appendix C.............................................56
Abstract

The lack of consistent computer assisted language

learning (CALL) trainings for second language teachers

has a negative impact in the second language

teaching/learning classroom. The goal of this study is to

demonstrate the positive impact that technology has in

second language teaching/learning, and how the lack of

training for second language teachers deprives the

students of the potential benefits that technology can

bring to L2 classrooms. The data for this research were

collected from eight fulltime high school foreign

language teachers. The results of the study demonstrate

that teachers tend to use technology in second language

teaching/learning in an inconsistent way due to the lack

of appropriate training and their unfamiliarity with the

technology. Additionally, the lack of frequent CALL usage

as an important tool by teachers and students diminishes

the potential for students of become more independent

learners due to the technology ease of access beyond the

classroom and the absence of time-limitations to learn

and practice L2. CALL has the possibility to enhance the

second language learning experience when teachers are

1
well-trained to use it, and it is done consistently

throughout the school year.

2
Chapter One:

Introduction

It is important to look at how technology is

gradually taking over American classrooms at all levels

and the impact technology has on L2 learners in this

country. In the last thirty years, several research

studies have been done in order to establish the

advantages of the use of computers for reading,

listening, writing and lately speaking for students that

are learning a second language. School districts

generally assume that second language teachers and

students already know how to use the computer technology

and the programs that are needed to be efficient teachers

(web browser, Microsoft Office, etc.) but the reality is

that districts usually do not provide the necessary

training and suitable programs to complement the

curriculum of each level for optimal implementation of

the educational technology.

Frequently, students and teachers have positive

thoughts about the use of the technology in the classroom

and how it presents a more open format, flexibility and

creativity on language learning. Undoubtedly, its

accessibility in and out of the classroom is viewed as

3
beneficial by teachers and students because the learning

process keeps taking place without walls and time

limitations. Second language teachers are confronted with

the challenge of how to reach the computer generation.

Today’s American children and immigrants from other

countries in one way or another are being exposed to some

form of technology. Desk computers, laptops, smart phones

and tablets are technologies that are evolving rapidly

into the classrooms. These technologies are becoming

second nature to today’s second language learners but

leaving educators behind on technology’s updates and

specialized program training which are tailored to teach

a second language. Encouraged “by rapid developments in

information and communication technologies,diverse tools

are now being used in a rich variety of ways to support

teaching and learning” (Yun, Chee-Kit,& Wenli, 2012),

especially second language learning, therefore, teachers

have to move forward with the implementation of the use

of technologies in second language teaching and learning.

Problem Statement

Despite America producing the latest technology and

the most advanced software in the world, American schools

are facing a lack of appropriate computer programs and

4
proper teacher training to use such programs; as a

consequence the lack of CALL use in second language

learning is depriving second language learners of a

broader learning experience.

To find out the usage of CALL in a high school a

fifteen question survey was given to seven out of the

eight foreign language teachers. The participants were

one French teacher, one German teacher, one Latin teacher

and four Spanish teachers. All the teachers are fulltime

employees from the Webster Central School District in New

York State. All the teachers surveyed were from the

Schroeder High School and each teacher has a class load

of five courses with an average, more or less, of

eighteen students per class. The estimated number of

students studying a second language is six hundred fifty.

Findings from the survey highlighted the inconsistency on

the usage of CALL software provided by the school

district; four out of seven said they use a program

provided by the school as three said the district does

not provide a software to support language

learning/teaching. Of those surveyed, four out of seven

of the teachers said they use any program available to

them for learning/teaching L2. Only three out of seven

5
participants said the programs used by them are supplied

by a reputable and trusted educational company but one of

the participants expressed that she did not know.

Respectively, only four out seven of the participants

acknowledge that the software is used by all the teachers

and one said not enough formally. When asked if the

software used by them was tailored to their curriculum

need only three answered yes and one said no. Four

teachers said the software meets the New York State

common core standards. When asked if they received

professional development on how to use CALL software only

two participants said yes (29%) versus three that said no

(43%). It is important to see that only three (43%) said

they need more professional development to master the

using of CALL programs, two answered no (29%).

Surprisingly, six (86%) of the participants agree that

teachers that know and use CALL programs have an

advantage over teachers who do not. In a scale from one

to ten, where one was none, five was somewhat and ten a

lot, five(71%) out of the seven survey’s participants

agreed that the lack of CALL program could be affecting

the practice and learning of speaking, reading, writing

and listening of L2, (five (71%)out of seven participants

6
answered five or higher). Survey data indicate that 100%

of the participants think that because of the increasing

use of technology by the students this platform should be

used more inside and outside of the classroom to assist

language learning. Also, 100% of the participants think

that making programs available outside the classroom

could have an impact in student preparation for

assessments. Lastly, 71% of the participants acknowledge

that CALL could have significant impact on language

learning.

Inconsistency on the use of the CALL resources and

lack of teachers training could put students and teachers

at a disadvantage with other schools using the latest

resources in second language teaching and learning as

this technology makes its way into the classroom and

students’ everyday life.

The discrepancy among teachers using educational

software and lack of training on how to use it to assist

second language teaching and learning could create a gap

among students at the same level that have different

instructors using different CALL programs.

Significance of the Problem

7
 This inconsistency is totally against the CCLS

approach set by New York State Department of Education.

The lack of a standard CALL program used by all the

teachers at all levels could deprive students and

teachers from the teaching-learning benefits highlighted

by studies like the one done by Green, Sha, Liu, and RTI

which was conducted on 3,500 students learning English as

L2 during the school year 2009-10. The study compared

five schools using CALL and five schools not using CALL.

Green, Sha, Liu, and RTI’s study shows that,

“Students in treatment schools with relatively low

levels of initial proficiency evidenced larger gains
in reading and listening than did similar students
in comparison schools. This finding was
statistically significant for both reading and
listening. Students in the treatment group reported
higher levels of motivation to learn English than
students in the comparison schools. At the end of
the year, 51 percent of students in the treatment
schools reported that their motivation to learn
English had improved compared with 40 percent of
students in the comparison schools. Teachers in
treatment schools also reported that students’
motivation improved.”(Green, Sha,Liu,& RTI,2011).

Another example is a study doneby Lin, Chan, & Hsiao

with 91 eighth graders using and not using CALL in

groups. The study’s results state that,

“the forgetting rate of vocabulary revealed that the

two collaborative groups were able to retain the
target vocabulary longer. Furthermore, of the two
collaborative groups, the computer group even forgot

8
 less than the group without computers in the delayed
posttest. This finding suggested that the
combination of technology and collaboration in
language learning had a long-term effect.” (Lin,
Chan, & Hsiao, 2011).

Given the data, different levels of computer

training among teachers creates disadvantages in how

second language teaching is delivered and how program’s

instructions used by students could be implemented

mistakenly or not implemented at all. Unfortunately, when

teachers are not well trained to use CALL applications

nor taught how to use computer programs, the lack of

training could translate into poor teaching techniques

and poor student performance. It is very important that

second language teachers be able to use all the support

and materials available in their area to engage students,

enhance teaching and improve learning outcomes. “Teachers

who are less confident with technology feel threatened by

CALL, in spite of some recognizing it as an effective

means of instruction” (Kessler, 2010). Gaps in computer

assisted second language learning in the high school

observed do not give the second language learning

students all the tools available to reach their full

potential. It does not allow the students to use

technology that is familiar to them as a positive

9
learning tool and experience. As the use of computer,

laptop, tablet and smart phone are becoming a daily

routine in society, “everyday language use is so tied to

technology that learning language through technology has

become a fact of life with important implications for all

applied linguists, particularly for those concerned with

facets of SLA.” (Chapelle, 2001). Overwhelmingly 100% of

teachers surveyed said that more training to learn how to

use second language educational software is needed. A

study conducted by Jarvis and Achilleos acknowledges the

importance of CALL as a tool in L2 learning by students

using computers,Jarvis and Achilleospointed out that

“data suggest that they are the preferred tools for

conscious learning activities.”(Jarvis and Achilleos,

2013). Additionally, a research study by Genc (2012)

indicated that,

“necessary pedagogical and technical skills required

by the CALL applications should be provided to
teachers for the successful integration of the
technological materials into the classroom. School
administrators and program designers can arrange an
in-service training which includes skills necessary
for teachers to function appropriately in the CALL
classroom before the academic term begins. Thus,
familiarization with the CALL application helps
teachers to integrate the program into the
instruction properly and fruitfully.” (51).

10
Purpose

This research has two main purposes: (1) understand

the benefits that CALL brings to second language

instruction in the classroom and create a list of

trustworthy resources to be used by second language

teachers, and (2) design a workshop to train L2 teachers

how to use effectively the sources listed and how to use

a basic program like PowerPoint to create electronic

flashcards for students to use as a learning tool once it

is posted on the classroom’s web page. The study will

help teachers to better understand how computer programs

are being used as engaging tools to teach and learn a

second language to the social media generation. Usually

teachers spend a lot of time looking for computer

programs that they can use as teaching/learning tools on

a regular basis. As a result of this research second

language teachers will have one main source of reference

to help them to find trusted sources to be used for

pedagogical purposes in their teaching practice and

student learning. Sources will be collected from studies

where it has been previously shown to be useful in second

language teaching/learning.

11
Rationale

Second language teachers are the driving force in

the classroom and continuous professional development is

a must to face the new challenges that teaching a second

language brings to today’s classrooms. Teaching a second

language to L2 student needs to change from the

traditional lecture in order to reach and engage a

technology-savvy student body. As school districts

promote student-centered learning, CALL becomes an

important tool to allow students to work for themselves.

It is undeniable that just the use of programs to teach

or learn a language could leave out the richness of the

human factor but denying that computer programs could be

a powerful tool to learn a second language is ludicrous.

Today there are programs that can just translate to

another language simultaneously at the speaker’s request.

Companies in the educational field have developed

engaging memory games and other formats that could catch

the second language learner’s attention and interest.

Nowadays, programs are very advanced and more dynamic

than twenty years ago. Technology’s capacity to reach a

broader audience is undeniable. The possibilities are

endless, from recording activities to watching foreign

12
language videos and movies, video chat, texting, etc. The

pedagogical use of computer programs to teach and learn a

second language relied on the second language teacher and

how the teachers implemented the use of these programs.

This technology is becoming more and more affordable to

the masses and it is already being used at several

educational levels. At the end of this project, teachers

will have a comprehensive guide with a list of second

language sources of programs commonly used to teach/learn

a second language. This guide will be provided to the

foreign language teachers to be used by them to teach L2

and to give to the students a source to practice L2. On

the other hand all the teachers will have common CALL

tools giving all the second language students the

opportunity to learn at the same level required by the

second language curriculum. Last but not least, the

common CALL teaching resources will be accompanied by a

workshop that will give clear instructions on how to use

two selected resources and what is available within each

one to help teachers navigate through each of the

resources presented to them.

13
Definition of terms

— CALL, Computer Assisted Language Learning. Computers or

electronic devices used to teach/learn a language.

Devices are used as tools to promote and enhance the

learning of a language.

— CCLS, Common Core Learning Standards. It is a set of

rules and procedures established by the New York State

Department of Education. It established a set of

learning expectations on what students should learn and

be able do at the end of a course.

— CMC, Computer-Mediated-Communication.

— L2, Second Language. It is a language learned after the

first language (L1) or mother tongue. It is the primary

language learned from parents.

— LOTE, Language Other Than English.

— Pedagogy, it is the “art, science, or profession of

teaching.” (Merriam-Webster.com, 2013).

— SLA, Second Language Acquisition. It refers to the

subconscious learning of a second language by a student

after his/her first language.

— Student-centered learning. Teaching concept where “the

learner has full responsibility for his/her own

14
 learning and where the teacher acts as facilitator and

a resources-person.” (Brandes& Ginnis, 2001).

Summary

This thesis project looks at the findings from a

survey given to seven foreign language teachers from a

high school in the Webster School District, in Upstate

New York State. Teachers expressed the lack of a standard

computer assisted language learning tool in their school

as well as a lack of training to use properly the

technology available to them. Independently, each teacher

uses any CALL tool available on line, which is not

provided by the district nor proven to be an appropriate

tool to complement the curriculum of each level. The

inconsistency of CALL tools among teachers creates an

instructional disparity between teachers at the same

level, which could affect the students’ learning of the

same instructional material. This project looks at an

extensive body of research to show how CALL and teachers’

training are a very important part of L2 teaching and

learning nowadays. The main concern of this project is to

look at the CALL applications available today to create a

standardized guide to be used by the second language

teachers in the district. At the same time, the

15
researcher will develop two workshops and will present

them to the Webster Schroeder High School foreign

language teachers in the LOTE department. The researcher

will present to the teachers the guide’s content and how

to use the tools listed in the CALL guide.

16
Chapter Two:

Literature Review

This investigation will look at research done within

the last five years. The research will look at work on

each one of the literacy components (speaking, reading,

listening and writing) of a language and how Computer

Assisted Language Learning (CALL) is used as a tool for

learning and its positive impact on students’

achievement. After the year 2000 CALL platforms evolved

very rapidly and the applications reached the four

components of language teaching/learning. It is a fact

that educational settings have changed by the widespread

use of computers (Park, & Son, 2009). With the help of

the Internet, software programs became more accessible

than ever before. In the last thirteen years school

districts across America have been encouraging the use of

technology in the different disciplines and language

learning has not been the exception.

Importance of technology to second language learning

Teaching/learning technologies have increased in

popularity during last 20 to 30 years. It is one of the

most dynamic areas in the education system, especially

second language learning with a variety of tools

17
(Reinders, & Thomas, 2012). Today the number of teachers

and students using computers and the Internet to

teach/learn a second language has increased due to the

technology advances (Han, 2008). The use of technology in

teaching language can be effective as long as teachers

use the technology efficiently; an effective use of the

technology takes into consideration language pedagogy

practices to use any sort of technology to support and

increase language teaching and learning (Hoopingarner,

2009). Computers are tools used to let students

experience a second language and culture like they could

not experience firsthand before; computers allow students

to access a wide range of material in the target language

such as videos, podcasts, blogs, and they provide more

opportunities to interact with native speakers

(Dickinson, Brew, & Meurers, 2012). Technology used to

teach/learn has the power of improving students’ learning

and students’ motivation while offering students the

opportunity for individuality of technology access and

interaction in order to be able to communicate ideas

using the new L2 vocabulary/grammar learned

(Díaz,Jansson,& Martínez, 2011). When implementing a

hybrid of language teaching/learning, face-to-face and

18
technology usage, teachers must teach students learning

strategies to succeed when using the technology

independently (Salinas, Cabrera, & Ríos, 2012).

Technology has fostered learning settings where language

and cultural learning and teaching are becoming learner-

centered; content is becoming more customized by the

student’s use, as the student is learning not only a

second language, but also technological literacy

(Poureau, & Wright, 2013). When technology is used

properly it could be a powerful tool that could have

positive effects on the second language learning skills

(Gill, 2011).

Kinds of technology available to teach/learn a second

language

Teaching and learning is changing from a

conventional classic classroom environment to an

increasingly technology dominated one, where students are

not passive learners, but on the contrary, students are

engaging themselves with technology familiar to them

(Edwards-Groves, 2012). It is important to point out that

technology has changed a lot with the development of new

formats and the arrival of the era of the Internet, use

of multimedia, and mobile devices (smart-phone, tablets,

19
etc.), which have been changing the way we interact and

collaborate with each other. Furthermore, the computer

applications available to L2 teaching/learning are more

diverse and complex than twenty years ago (Levy, 2009).

In the past decade technology has increased its role in

L2 learning with the use of new formats to deliver L2

teaching, which provide more interaction, such as live

chat or discussion boards (Gill, 2011).Because the

technology available is varied and growing, teachers have

to choose hardware and software that meet the teachers’

and the students’ needs. The teachers’ selection depends

on several reasons, such as personal preferences which

are based on their familiarity with the technology and

their ability to implement the technology to use it to

teach/learn L2. Another important element that is taken

into consideration by teachers when selecting hardware

and software is pedagogical purposes, which are based on

learning goals. Technologies should make it possible to

reach those goals. Finally, institutional judgment is

another important factor in the selection of technology;

such judgments are based mostly on the school’s budget

(Stockwell, 2007). Teaching a second language has

dramatically changed due to new technology and its

20
availability in and out of the classroom with the use of

mobile devices by the L2 students (Abdollapour, & Maleki,

2012).

Importance of CALL

Without doubt digital media is impacting how second

languages are taught/learned today. “It can now be argued

that computer-assisted language learning has come of age,

and that we are now entering a fully integrated and

naturalized phase of CALL.”(Reinders, & Thomas, 2012).

CALL has made its way into the mainstream teaching of L2

and LOTE, nationally and internationally, and the future

of CALL is directly related to language teaching

(Hubbard, 2008). A number of research studies found that

students using CALL performed better than students not

using CALL (Grgurovic, Chapelle, & Shelley, 2013). The

use of technology has the possibility to enrich the L2

teaching/learning by keeping the quality of instruction

with a minimum amount of teacher-student contact and not

affecting negatively the learning objectives

(Hoopingarner, 2009). Bush’s (2008) research concluded

that computers facilitate L2 learning for the students

because computers can be used by the students when they

need them and when the time is right. New technologies in

21
education are prompting deep changes in teaching, which

are surpassing the traditional lecture and group work and

changing them into learning environments with games

andactivities; these new learning environments prompt the

students to use L2 in situations that re-create life

circumstancesas close as possible to the real ones and

such a environments allow L2 learners to assume control

of their own learning without depending on the teacher

(West, 2013). According to Warschauerto (2010), one

important benefit of using technology in L2 is the

fostering of self-technology-based learning due to its

daily accessibility, which gives participants the

opportunity to use L2 more often. Lin’s (2010) research

concluded that students favored a computer-supported

learning environment when they are learning L2.

Incorporating technology to learn a target language is

very important in today’s multicultural and multilingual

global society (Godwin-Jones, 2013).

Uses of CALL to teach/learn the four language skills of

L2

In general, teaching practice has been changed by

the integration of technology in the classroom,

22
technology will keep changing second language teaching as

new technologies are being introduced faster than ever

(Hoopingarner, 2009). CALL technology and its uses are

broad in the second language teaching; some technologies

can be used with more than one language skill(Stockwell,

2007). In a research study conducted by Lin, he concluded

that a video-based CALL had positive impact on learning

L2 verbs, nouns, and adjectives among students with

diverse levels of proficiency (Lin, 2010). Sites such as

Facebook and Wikipedia provide teachers with material to

expose the language learners with realistic use of a

second language; social media provides important

interaction with L2 (Istifci, Lomidazde, & Demiray,

2011). CALL based language teaching/learning offers quite

a few benefits to the learner, such as interactive

activities and multimedia applications, which are

engaging (Genc, 2012). Computer technology has unique

multifunctional and multiuse aspects, which brings to

CALL several levels of intricacy and applications in L2

learning (Levy, 2009).

Speaking

Among the language skills, speaking is the one that

has been having the most CALL technology usage with

23
several voice applications, which include not only audio

but also video, recorded or live. Users havethe

opportunity to interact with other participants and the

pedagogy that goes together with the process makes it a

good tool in L2 learning (Levy, 2009). Kirkgoz (2011)

used a Task-Based Speaking Course to enhance the speaking

skill of L2 learners by using technology to record

themselves speaking L2, which provided a meaningful way

of technology use allowing students to listen and make

correction to improve pronunciation where it was needed.

The Task-Based language learning focuses more on the

meaning than the structure of L2. When L2 students

produce L2 to accomplish the task assigned by the

teacher(Littlewood, 2004). Students’ pronunciation can be

improved due to the interaction with new computer

programs with voice recognition (Hoopingarner, 2009). I-

movies software gives the students the chance to video

record themselves role-playing so they can practice L2

pronunciation (McNulty, & Lazarevic, 2012). Kim’s (2012)

research concluded that CALL helped to improve L2

learners’ pronunciation. Participants in Kim’s study

improved their L2 pronunciation by using the Technology

Enhanced Accent Modification software, which gave them

24
visual feedback to improve second language pronunciation.

Lord’s (2008) study confirms that L2 students have the

potential to improve their L2 speaking pronunciation

using podcasting technology. Also important is that

students acquired awareness of the phonetic aspects of

the second language. According to Bahrani’s study (2012)

exposing L2 students to audiovisual technology in casual

settings can improve their L2 speaking skill. CALL usage

together with peer interaction helped to improve the L2

students’ speaking skills (AbuSeileek, 2007).

Reading

According to Levy’s research (2009), technology

provides the reader with assistance to better understand

L2 texts when reading, by providing more material on the

activity or exemplifying information to ensure the

reader’s learning. Plenty of reading material in the

target language can be found on the Internet and those

readings can be enhanced by the computer technology due

to the vocabulary building, text reading and

comprehension. While reading, students can use the

computer to look up concepts and other information which

could help to strengthen the learning activity

(Hoopingarner, 2009). Chun (2001) concluded that helping

25
tools available to L2 learners such as Internet glosses,

on-line bilingual dictionary, hyperlinked words and audio

narration were very helpful to the reading and

understanding, some were used more than others, but it

was very important to have several alternatives in order

to reach more than one learning style. Vocabulary

acquisition and reading comprehension are intertwined;

good vocabulary knowledge translates into better L2

reading and comprehension. Integrating technology to

vocabulary learning and reading comprehension makes it a

powerful tool with lots of possibilities (Constantinescu,

2007).

Listening

The latest technology has given CALL a broader

access to a wide range of not only audio, but video as

well. Audio files can be accessed at anytime and anywhere

by the teacher and the student. The accessibility to

these computer programs provides so much flexibility for

the student as s/he can replay, stop, and slow down the

audio/video as the student learns intonation and sounds

of L2(Levy, 2009). L2 learners expand their exposure to

native speakers of L2 by using CALL, particularly the

Internet (Hoopingarner, 2009). O’Brien (2013)pointed out

26
that CALL programs like podcasts allow the repetition of

listening activities that students can access outside the

school and work with activities individually to improve

listening and understanding. Second language listening

can be enhanced by new CALL technology as the framework

used can get intermediate L2 learners to the advanced

level (Mayor, 2009). Research conducted by Sato found

that listening to CALL audio software enabled faster

vocabulary recallby the second language students (Sato,

Matsunuma, & Suzuki, 2013). On the other hand Verdugo’s

and Belmonte’s study reported that by using target

language digital stories, students were able to improve

their L2 listening comprehension skills at the level

studied (Verdugo& Belmonte, 2007). New technologies allow

teachers to add captions to real live videos. When L2

students listened to a video twice, the first time using

L2 captions and the second time without captions, the

students’ anxiety was minimized. The use of captions

helped the students to have a better understanding,

reinforced previous knowledge, and improved the

listener’s attention (Winke, Gass & Sydorenko, 2010).

Videos with captions have shown to be a helping tool for

L2 listening and understanding. Video captioning is also

27
an important strategy to reach L2 students with different

learning styles (Grgurovic & Hegelheimer, 2007).

Writing

Technology provides the students with automatic

detection of grammatical errors, such as spell check

among other auto corrections when writing in L2. Word

processing software prompts students to make corrections

when they are writing. The use of this technology

promotes collaborative writing when writing is done

through e-mails, logs or other formats where other

students can review each other’s writing and give

feedback to each other (Levy, 2009). Writing technology

supplies L2 teachers with engaging opportunities to allow

students to collaborate on L2 writing at a level never

used before (Hoopingarner, 2009). Zha’s study (2006)

concluded that peer interaction promoted L2 language

production and stimulated correction making by the L2

learners in order to use L2 properly when the second

language learners used computer-mediated-communication to

post writing using the target language. Using L2 to write

blogs presents the learners with an interactive format

that promotes the L2 learner’s motivation and the

blogging is complemented with peers’ feedback (Vurdien,

28
2013). New technologies such as Wikis or Blogs offer new

tools that can support second language teaching,

specially L2 writing (Warschauer, 2010).

Research on effective CALL teacher trainings

Hubbard (2008) stated that employers demand

technology-proficient language teachers, but usually

future language teachers do not have technology courses

in their course load. Usually, teachers think positively

about the use of computers, but their knowledge is

limited regarding the operations of computers, which

brings up the need for training for teachers to

buildtheir confidence and provide them with continuous

support (Fatemi Jahromi, & Salimi, 2013). Frequently,

teachers are not convinced of the usefulness of

technology and the benefits technology could provide to

the students when learning a second language (Lam, 2000).

Teacher training programs should be meaningful and have

significance for the teachers attending the CALL

trainingfocusing on the benefits CALL can bring to

pedagogical practices in L2 teaching(Kessler, 2010).

Second language teachers using CALL technology must be

acquainted with this technology and be aware of any new

choices available and how they can be applied to learning

29
objectives (Stockwell, 2007). Integrating technology in

language teaching must be supported by teachers’ training

about the benefits provided by such technology and how

technology could improve teaching and learning.

Technology training provides the teachers with support,

preparation, and guidance so teachers can integrate the

use of the technology into the curriculum (Pourhosein

Gilakjani, 2012). Computer-Mediated-Communication

practice to train teachers on CALL is important due to

the active cooperative communication that CMC fosters

among L2 teachers and their trainers. CMC is the use of

computers as a means of communication, to deliver

instruction on CALL to teachers. It can be in different

formats such as video chat or other long-distance

teaching/learning formats. When teachers use technology

to communicate with each other, they become familiar with

this technology before it is implemented by them in the

classroom (Son, 2002). Another CALL training method is

the online approach where teachers take online courses on

the subject matter. This approach is based on teaching

technology with hands-on technology use by L2 teachers.

The mentor-based training is another CALL training

method; it is based on experienced teachers training

30
colleagues on the use of technology to teach L2 (Hubbard,

2008). In order to feel comfortable using CALL, teachers

should feel at ease creating activities on the computer

just as they do when they create materials in the

traditional way (Kessler, 2006).

31
Chapter Three: Application

Introduction

The motivating force for this thesis project was the

inconsistency of CALL usage among the foreign language

teachers at Schroeder High School in the town of Webster,

New York State. Two factors were identified as generators

of the problem through the use of a survey (Appendix A)

given to each second language teacher individually and at

different times with one day for it to be returned to the

researcher. The survey had fifteen questions in a paper

format. The first factor identified was the lack of a

comprehensive training for teachers on the use of

technology designed to not only train them to use it, but

also have subsequent follow ups to ensure proper use and

application in the teaching/learning environment. Such

training should helpteachers learn how to give feedback

to each other to improve the use of the technology.The

second factor identified was the lack of information on

trusted available L2 resources in the Internet; a common

practice among the teachers in the study was the use of

any web-based programs. The web-based programs found by

each individual teacher were not used by all the

teachers. Because some teachers were using CALL programs

32
and others were not using them, there was an inconsistent

practice in the use of CALL. This practice translated

into different teaching/learning methods among the same

levels of L2.

Description of the project

As a result of this thesis project a manual of

resources was developed together with two workshops.

The manual consists of a list of L2

teaching/learning resources available on the Internet. It

provides the name for each website, URL or domain name,

and a brief description of each one. The manual includes

detailed instructions in an easy-to-follow format. This

manual provides a reference guide for future use by the

individual teachers and the LOTE department as a whole.

The first workshop consists of training teachers on

how to navigate through two different websites. Each

teacher will receive a handout with the name of each

website, the site’s link, and detailed directions. In

addition, pictures will show how to navigate through each

website. During the workshop the trainer will model on a

Smartboard, including how to open, navigate, and use the

activities available. Then, teachers will have the chance

to practice on each one’s computer and ask questions. At

33
the end of the workshop each teacher should be able to

use these websites to enhance the students’ learning

experience of L2 by using these resources. The final goal

of this workshop is to make sure L2 teachers become

familiar with each website’s functions, and what can be

done with each one of those utilities to benefit the

teaching practice and the learning of L2 to improve the

students’ four language skill outcomes.

The second workshop consists of training the

teachers on how to use a simple non-web-based program

such as Microsoft PowerPoint to create electronic

flashcards for the students. The trainer will provide a

step-by-step printed guide to each workshop participant

on how to create electronic flashcards using the

PowerPoint Program. The trainer will model on the

Smartboard, including how to open, create, and save the

file with the set of electronic flashcards and how to

post them to the teacher’s webpage so students can access

them. Later, time will be provided so each teacher will

have time to practice creating flashcards and ask

questions. These electronic flashcards will provide a

new tool for the L2 learners to learn and practice

vocabulary anywhere at any time from the teacher’s web

34
page using a desktop computer, laptop, tablet, or

smartphone. Another benefit is the availability of

downloading the file to be used without an Internet

connection.

The detailed information for both workshops is

provided in Appendix B (times, days, and activities).

Both workshop sessions will be facilitated in a computer

lab with Internet access at the Schroeder High School

location. Each workshop is divided into two parts. The

first part presents the theory, demonstrations, and

questions/answers by the participants and the presenter.

The second part allows the participants to practice what

they just learned to create activities with the programs

by language level groups that would satisfy the

objectives of a specific unit or units.

Summary

Levy (2009) pointed out the multiuse of technology

in L2 learning and its unique features. CALL usage has

been increasing during the last twenty years due to new

developments in technology and the increasing

affordability and portability of such technology. It is a

fact that students use at least a form of technology

every single day and to not take advantage of thatto

35
teach/learn a second language would be a waste of a great

opportunity. It is important to note that L2 teachers do

not have the chance to become familiar with the new CALL

formats in language teaching/learning due to the lack of

training. Consequently, they just keep using the

traditional language teaching/learning formats. Usually,

if the teachers receive CALL training, it is not a well-

planned workshop, but rather a quick and short training

session. Generally, such gatherings do not include

follow-ups to make sure the teachers have understood and

can put into practice the material learned. Another

important factor in the teachers’ mistrust is the lack of

well-done and thorough research on the positive impact of

the use of CALL on each one of the language skills.

36
Chapter Four: Conclusions and Recommendations

Summary

The goal of this thesis project was to find out the

benefits of CALL usage in L2 teaching/learning and how

well prepared L2 teachers are trained to use technology

in L2 teaching/learning.

Literature review on the topic of CALL suggests that

usage of technology in second language teaching/learning

as a tool has lots of potential and benefits.

Nevertheless, CALL should be tailored to the

teaching/learning goals and the students’ needs and

teachers should have complete knowledge and understanding

of the technology implementation and use. Usually, one

program could be used in more than one of the language

skills and the teacher should know this to use technology

up to its maximum potential.

Although technology has evolved very fast the last

two decades, it has impacted some language skills more

than others. Two of the L2 skills, which benefitted the

mosthave been writing and listening. The World Wide Web

brought a significant revolution on accessibility to

readings, videos, and real-time chat in the target

language. Lately, speech recognition can be setup for the

37
target language. Recording using L2 for practice is

easier than ever. Some programs can even give feedback on

how to pronounce words or point out misspellings.

CALL has given students greater independence and

flexibility in the learning process by removing the

classroom’s walls and the time limitation of student

exposure to L2. The ability to play and pause a video or

recording at anytime and anywhere gives the students more

opportunities to practice and slow down or speed up the

learning of L2.

Finally, Language teachers are assuming more and

more the role of coaches, moving away from the

traditional lecturer role. Based on the research,

language learning is becoming more dynamic and student

centered. CALL provides a variety of formats and tools to

help the independent learner and all the other learning

styles. Teachers still provide that needed face to face

interaction and guidance. In second language learning the

role of the L2 teacher as an educator is going beyond the

classroom. L2 teachers become coordinators and

facilitators for CALL technology usage. L2 Teachers are

becoming more aware of the potential of CALL technology

to enhance L2 teaching/learning. To assume this challenge

38
L2 teachers must be well trained in the use of CALL

technology to be able to use all its potential in and out

of the second language classroom.

Most of the literature review points out the

benefits of CALL in L2 learning. However, most of the

researchers agree that it is only a tool and teachers

need to use it, taking into consideration the class

objectives and goals. Also, teachers need to be well

trained before implementing CALL in their course. It is

the teachers’ responsibility to keep up with the new CALL

technology and work as a team with all the L2 teachers to

establish a culture of support and to make sure all the

students will reach the same level of education in the

target language no matter who the teacher is.

Limitations

Even though the literature review shows the

advantages of implementing CALL to enhance the

teaching/learningof L2, most of the research was done

with small samples and many within small lapses of time,

which makes it difficult to make a general statement

based on the research data. Another important factor is

the inconsistency of the groups studied by the

researcher.Most of the studies were done in small

39
settings and based on only one particular language skill.

Also, all the students were treated as equal learners

without mentioning if there were students with special

needs or any classification. In essence, the studies done

on CALL benefits are limited by the technology used at

the time of the research, while technology is evolving

faster than the research being done.

Recommendations

In order to use CALL to its full potential, teachers

must become familiar with the technology available and

understand how it could improve the teaching/learning of

L2.Proper teacher training must be provided to ensure the

correct use of CALL in and out of the classroom setting.

Teachers should select appropriate technology and

programs according to proven data on use and results for

each one of the language skills.The objectives are to

increase the use of CALL in the L2 classroom, and to

train L2 teachers in the use of technology. With the

proper training teachers can use CALL and make

adaptations that will complement the daily activities in

and out of the classroom. Other suggestions for future

research would include investigating the points of view

between new L2 teachers and veteran teachers regarding

40
new technology usage-implementation in the classroom.

Exploring what kind of training is suitable for each

teacher generation. In addition, the latest mobile

technology is making its way into the classroom. Research

on the latest mobile technology needs to be done in order

to find out its potential in L2 teaching/learning.

Conclusion

Based on these findings, the use of technology as a

tool to meet the needs of L2 leaners has a great

potential in the development of the second language

skills. The latest advancesin computer technology have

been providing L2 learners with innovative opportunities

to developeach one of the four language skills beyond the

classroom’s walls. This new technology provides students

with autonomy to learn on their own time and anywhere.

Overall, CALL provides students with original L2 audio,

video, readings, and the possibility of face-to-face

interaction with L2 native speakers. Researchers agree

that CALL provides unique experiences to the L2 learners

since new technology has added new features like on-line

dictionaries and e-readers to facilitate L2 learning.

Finally, CALL technology would not reach all its full

potential if L2 teachers were not receiving proper

41
training on the use and implementation of CALL

technology. L2 teachers must be ready to adapt CALL to

the curriculum and the students’ needs. Second language

teachers will benefit from the study’s findings by

gaining a better understanding of the importance of CALL

trainings, and the benefits of technology use as a tool

to learn a second language.

42
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51
 Appendix A

Survey

Questions:

COMPUTER ASSISTED LANGUAGE LEARNING (CALL) PROGRAMS:

1. The WCSD provides all the foreign language teachers

with CALL software to support second language
learning/teaching.

yes no

2. I use any program-s available to me to support my

students’ second language learning/teaching.

yes no

3. If you answered “no” to Question 1 and 2, skip to

Question 11.

4. If you answered “yes” to Question 2, Is the program-s

used supplied by a reputable and trusted educational
company?

yes no do not know

5. If you answered “yes” to Question 2, is the program-s

used by all the teachers?

yes no

52
6. If you answered “yes” to Question 2, are the teachers
trained to use the program-s?

yes no

7. If you answered “yes” to Questions 2, is the program-s

tailored to your curriculum needs?

yes no

If your answer above is “yes” describe how:

8. Does the program-s meet the common core standards for

LOTE?
yes no do not know

CALL PROGRAM TRAINING:

9. Have you received professional development on how to
use CALL program-s?

yes no

10. Do you still need professional development to master

the use CALL programs?

yes no

11. Do you believe that teachers who know and use CALL
programs have an advantage over teachers that do not?

yes no

if you answered “no” explain why:

53
12. To what degree does the lack of CALL program-s
affect the practice and learning of speaking, reading,
writing and listening of a second language?

none somewhat a lot

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

13. Do you think that with the increasing use of

technology by the students, this platform should be
used more inside and outside of the classroom to assist
language learning?

none somewhat a lot

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

14. Do you think that making program-s available such as

virtual learning outside the class could have an impact
in student preparation for assessments?

none somewhat a lot

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

15. Based on research done, How much do you know about

CALL and its impact on language learning?

none somewhat a lot

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

54
 Appendix B

Agenda Workshop 1

Title: Web-based CALL

Objectives:

- Teachers will learn how to use two different

websites to enhance L2 teaching/learning.

- Teachers will be able to explain to the students how

to access and use the website features.

Dates: TBA Time: TBA

05 minutes Welcome and introduction

05 minutes First website introduction

10 minutes Demonstration by trainer

Questions & answers

10 minutes Teachers’ guided practice

05 minutes Second website introduction

10 minutes Demonstration by trainer

Questions & answers

10 minutes Teachers’ guided practice

05 minutes Closing

55
 Appendix C

Agenda Workshop 2

Title: E-Flash Cards

Objective:

- Teachers will be able to create L2 vocabulary

electronic flashcards using Microsoft PowerPoint.

Dates: TBA Time: TBA

05 minutes Welcome and introduction

05 minutes Introduction

15 minutes Demonstration by the trainer

Questions & answers

25 minutes Teachers’ guided practice

10 minutes Questions & answers, closing

56