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ML 410.W1A246 1897
On conducting: (Ueber das dirigiren) :a
3 1924 022 322 113

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ON * ^- *
CONDUCTING
BY * * >K
RICHARD *
WAGNER *
STANDARD MUSIC AL WORKS.
How TO Play Chopin. The Works of Chopin and
their proper Interpretation. By Kleczynski. Third
Edition, Woodcut and Music Illustrations, cloth, 3/6.
How TO Make a Violin. With many Illustrations.
By J. Broadhonse, cloth, 3/6.
Richard Wagner's Beethoven. Translated by E.
Dannrenther, Second Edition, 6/-.
Musical Directory of Great Britain and Ireland,
400 pages, paper 2/- (cloth 3/6).
Franz Liszt's Life of Chopin, new and only full
translation, 6/-.
Great Violinists and Great Pianists. By J. T.
Ferris. Spohr, Paganini, De Beriot, Ole
(Viotti,
Bull, Clementi, Moscheles, Schumann (Robert and
Clara), Chopin, Thalberg, Gottschalk, Liszt), 3/6
(bevelled boards, gilt edges, 4/6).
Life of Cherubini. By E. Bellasis, 6/-.
Beethoven's Symphonies, Critically and Sympathetic-
ally Discusped. By A.T. Teetgen, 3/6.
Mozart, the Life and Works of. By Alfred Whitting-
ham, cloth, 1/6.
Handel, the Life and Works of. By Alfred Whitting-
ham, cloth, i/5.
Esthetics of Musical Art in Music. By Dr. F.
Hand,translatedby W. E. Lawson, Mus. B. Second
Series, 5/-.
Êsthetics OF Musical Art; or, the Beautiful in Music,
by Dr. F. Hand, translated by W. E. Lawson, Mus.
Bac, First Series, Second Edition, 5/-.
Music in England, and Music in America. By F. L.
Ritter, 2 Vols., 13/6 (or separate. Music in England,
6/-; Music in America, 7/6).
Music AND Musicians, Essays and Criticisms. By
Robert Schumann edited and translated by F. R.
;
Ritter, 2 Vols., ig/- (or First Series, Fourth Edition,

8/6, Second Series, 10/6).
Student's History of Music, from the Christian Era
to the Present Time. By Dr. F. L. Ritter, Third
Edition, 7/6,
Beethoven, Life By Dr. L. Nohl, translated
of, by
J. J. Lalor,
edges, 3/6.
gilt
Letters on Music to a Lady. By Louis Ehlert, 4/-.
Frederic Chopin, His Life, Letters, and Works. By
Moritz Karasowski, 2 Vols., 12/6
Highly spoken of in Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians.
Beethoven's Pianoforte Sonatas. Explained by
Elterlein, Third Edition; 3/6.
W. REEVES, Fleet Street, London, E.C.
185,
THK THE ORGANISTS'I
MUSICAL STANDARD, QUARTERLY JOURNAL.

|
We^lcly, id. Edited by Dr. Spark.

Yearly. 6s. 6d. (Abroad, 8s. gd.) I
Yearly, 10s. Sd. Single Numbers, 5s.
3^5^
ON CONDUCTING:
(Ueber das Dirigiren)
A TREATISE ON
STYLE IN THE EXECUTION OF CLASSICAL MUSIC
BY
RICHARD WAGNER
TRANSLATED BY
EDWABD DANNBEUTHEB.
Second Edition.
LONDON
WILLIAM REEVES, 185, Fleet Street, E.G.
Publisher of Musical Works.
1897.
P
A. VX'^'jfe.l
London
printed by the new temple press,
185, fleet street ex.
—
(1869).
MOTTO NACH GOETHE:
" Fliegenschnauz' und Miickennas'

Mit euren Anverwandten,
Frosch im Laub und Grill' im Gras,
"
Ihr seid mir Musikanten !
**********
" Flysnout and Midgenose,
With all your kindred, too,
Treefrog and Meadow-grig,
"
True musicians, you I
(After Goethe.
The lines travestied are taken from " Oberon und Titanias goldene Hoohzeit.'
Intermezzo, Walpurgisnacht. Faust I.
TRANSLATOR'S NOTE.
Wagner's Ueber das Dirigiren was published

"
simultaneously in the " Neue Zeitschrift fur Musik
and the " New-Yorker Musik-zeitung,", 1869. It
was immediately issued in bodk form, Leipzig, 1869,
and is now incorporated in the author's collected
writings, Vol. VIII. pp. 325—410. ("Gesammelte
Schriften und Dichtungen vonEichard Wagner," ten
—
volumes, Leipzig, 1871 1883.) For various reasons,
chiefly personal, the book met with much opposition
in Germany, but it was extensively read, and has done
a great deal of good. It is unique in the literature
of music : a Treatise on Style in the Execution of
Classical Music, written by a great practical master
of the grand style. Certain asperities which pervade
it from beginning end could not well be omitted
to
in the translation care has, however, been taken
;
not to exaggerate them. To elucidate some points

in the text sundry extracts from other writings of
Wagner have been appended. The footnotes,

throughout, are the translator's.
The following pages are intended to form a record
of my experience in a department of music which
has hitherto been left to professional routine and
amateur criticism. I shall appeal to professional
executants, both instrumentalists and vocalists,
rather than to conductors ; since the executants
only can tell whether, or not, they have been led
by a competent conductor. I do not mean to set up
a system, but simply to state certain facts, and
record a number of practical observations.
Composers cannot afford to be indifferent to the
manner which their works are presented to the
in
public and the public, naturally, cannot be expected
;
to decide whether the performance of a piece of

music is correct or faulty, since there are no data
beyond the actual' effect of the performance to
judge by.
I shall endeavour to throw some light upon
the characteristics of musical pesformances in Ger-
• many —^with rfegard to the concert-roorfl, as well as
to the theatre. Those who have experience in such

matters are aware that, in mosrt cases, the' defec-
tive constitution of German orchestras and the faults
of their performances are due to the shortcom-
(1) B •
2 WAGNBB
ings of the conductors (" Capellmeister," " Musik-

directoren," etc.) The demands upon the orchestras
have increased greatly of late, their task has become
more difficult and more complicated ;

yet the
directors of our art-institutions, display increasing
negligence in their choice of conductors. In the
days when Mozart's scores afforded the highest
tasks that could be set before an orchestra, the
typical Grerman Capellmeister was a formidable per-
sonage, who knew, how to make himself respected
at his post — sure of bis business, strict, despotic,
and by no means polite. Friederich Schneider, of
Dessau, was the last representative I have met
with of thisnow extinct species. Guhr, of Frank-
fort, also may be reckoned as belonging to it. The
attitude of these men towards modern music was
certainly " old-fashioned " but, in their own way,
;
they produced good solid work : -as I found not

more than eight years ago Carlsruhe, when
* at
old Capellmeister Strauss conducted " Lohengrin."
This venerable and worthy man evidently looked at
my score with some little shyness ; but, he took
good care of the orchestra, which he led. with a
degree of precision and firmness impossible to excel.
He was, clearly, a man not to be trifled vsdth,, and
his fqrces obeyed him to perfection. Singularly
enough,, this old gentleman was the only German
conductor of. repute I had met vyith, up to .that
Circa, 1861.
ON conducting; -3
time, who possessed true fire ; his tempi wereînore

often a trifle too quick than too slow ; but they
were, invariably firm and well marked. ,
Subse-
quently, H. Esser's conducting, at Vienna, im-
pressed me in like manner,
The older conductors of this stamp if they
happened to be less gifted than those nientioned,
found it difficult to cope with the complications of
—
modeifn orchestral music mainly because of their
fixed notions concerning the proper constitution of
an orchestra. I am not aware that the number of
members of an orchestra, has,
p'erinanent in any
German town, been rectified according to the
requirements of modern instrumentation. Now-a-
days, as of old,, the principal parts in each group
of instruments, are alloted to the players according
to the rules of seniority* —thus men take first
positions when their powers are on the wane, whilst

younger and stronger men are relegated to the
subordinate parts —a practice, the evil effects of
which are particularly noticeable with regard to
the wind instrumeats. Latterly t by discriminating
exertions, and particularly, by. -the good sense of
the instrumentalists concerned, these evils have
diminished ; another traditional, habit, however,
regarding the choice of players of stringed instru-
* Appointtoents at German Court

' theatres are usually
lor life...
t 1869.
4 IvagneS
fiieiits, has led to deleterious consequences. With-

6Xii the slightest compunction, the second violin
f»arts,andf;especiaily.Tthe,- Viola parts,, have been
sacrificed. The viola is commonly (with rare excep-
tions indeed) played by infirm violinists, or by
decrepit players of wind instruments who happen
to have been acquainted with a stringed instrument
once upon a time ; at -best a competent viola player
occupies a first desk, so that he may play the
occasional soli for that instrument; but, I have
even seen this function performed by the leader of
the first violins. It was pointed out to me that in a
which contained eight violas, there
large orchestra,
was only one player who could deal with the rather
difficult passages in one of my later scores !
Such a state of things may be excusable from a

humane point of view; it arose from the older
methods of instrumentatio6, where the role of the
viola consisted for the most part in filhng up the
accompaniments ; and it has since found some sort
of justification meagre method of instru-
in the
mentation adopted by the composers of Italian
operas, whose works' constitute an important element
in the repertoire of the German opera theatres.
At the various court theatres, Italian operas have
always found favour with the Directors.^ Prom this it
follows as a matter of course, that works which are
not in the good grace of those gentlemen stand a
poor chance, unless it should so happen that the
conductor is a man of weight and influence who
ON CONDUCTING. 5
knows the real requirements of a modern orcdiestra.

But our older Capellmeisters rarely knew as much-rfr
they did not choose to recognize .the ngedpf a
large increase in the number of stringed instruments
to balance the augmented number of wind instru-
ments and the complicated uses the latter are
now put to.
In this respect the attempts at reform were

always insufficient ; and our celebrated German
orchestras remained far behind those of France in
the .power and capacity of the violins, and par-
ticularly of: the violoncellos.
Now, had the conductors of a later generation
been men of authority like their predecessors, they
might, easily- have mended matters ; but the DireC'
tors of court theatres took good care to engage none
but demure and subservient persons.
It is well worth while to note how the con?-
ductors, who are now at the head of German music,
arrived at the honourable positions they hold.
We owe our. permanent' orchestras to the various
theatres, particularly the court theatres, small and
great. The managers of these theatres are there-
fore in a, position to select the mep who are tQ
represent the spirit and dignity of German, music.
Perhaps those who have been thus adyanqed tp
posts of honour, are themselves cognizant ot^?hQ\y
they got there —to an unpractised observer- ^,it is
rather difficult to discern their particular merits..

The so-called " good berths " are reached step by
6 WAGNEE
step : men move on and pusli upwards. I believe

the Court orchestra at Berlin has got the majority:
of its conductors in this way. Now and then,
however, things come to pass in a more erratic
manner ;
grand personages, hitherto unknown, sud-
denly begin to flourish under the protection of the
lady-in-waiting to some princess, etc., etc. It is
. impossible to estimate the harm done to our leading

orchestras and opera theatres by such nonentities.
Devoid of real merit têy keep their posts by abject
cringing to the chief court official, and by polite
submission to the indolence of their musical sub-
ordinates. Eelinquishing the pretence of artistic
discipline,which they are unable to enforce, they
are always ready to give way, or tO' obey any absurd-
orders from head quarters and such conductors,
;
under favourable circumstances, have even been

known to become popular favourites !
At rehearsals all difficulties are got over by

means of mutual congratulations and a pious allu-
sion to the "old established fame of our Orchestra."
Who can. venture to say that the performances of
that famous institution deteriorate year by year?
Where is the true authority ? Certainly not amongst
the critics, who only bark when their mouths are
not stopped; and the art of stopping mouths is
cultivated to perfection.
Ee^ntly, the post of chief conductor Has here^ .
-and there been filled by a man of practical experi-

ence, especially engaged with a view to stimulating
ON CONDUCTING. 7
the stambering energy of his colleagues. Such

"chiefs" are famed for their in "bringing
skill
out " a new opera in a fortmight for their clever

;
" cuts " ; for the effective " closes " they write to
please singers, and for their interpolations in other
men's scores. Practical accomplishments of this
sort have, for instance, supplied theDresden Opera
with one of most energetic Capellmeisters.
its
Now and again the managers look out for "a

-conductor of reputation." Generally none such are
to be had at the theatres; but, according to the
feuilletoDS of the political newspapers, the singing
societies and concert establishments furnish a steady
supply of the article. These are the "music-
brokers," as it were, of the present day, who came
forth from the school of Mendelssohn, and flourished
under his protection and recommendation. They
differ widely from the helpless epigonae of our old
conductors : they are not musicians brought up
in the orchestra or at the theatre, but respectable
pupijs of the neW-f angled conservatories ; composers
of Psalms and Oratorios, and devout listeners
at rehearsals for the subscription concerts. They

have received lessons .in conducting too, and are
possessed of an elegant " culture " hitherto un-
known in the realms of music. Far from shewing
any lack of politeness, they managed to transform
the timid modesty of our poor native Capellmeister
into a sort of cosmopolitan bon ton ; which stood

them in good stead with the old-fashioned Philistine
>
8 WAGNBE
society, of our towns. I believe the influence of

these peopleupon German orchestras has been good
in many respects, and has brought about beneficial
results certainly much that was raw and awkward
;
has disappeared ; and, from a musical point of vie\^,

many details of refined phrasing and expression are
now more carefully attended to. They feel more at
home in the modern orchestra which is indebted
;
to their master—Mendelssohn—for a particularly

delicate and refined development in the direction
opened up by Weber's original genius.
One wanting to these gentle*
thing, however, is
men, without which they cannot be expected to

achieve the needful reconstruction of the orchestras,
nor to enforce the needful reforms in the institu*
tions connected with them, viz., energy, self-con«
fidence,. and personal power. In their case, unfor-
tunately, reputajtion, talent, culture, even faith, love
and hope, are artificial. Each of them was, and is,
so busy with his personal affairs, and the difficulty
of maintaining his artificial position, that he cannot
occupy himself with measures of general import —
measures which might bring about a connected and
consistent new order of things. As a matter of
fact,such an order of things cannot, and does not
concern the fraternity at all. They came to occupy
the position of those old-fashioned German masters,,
because the power of the latter had deteriorated
and because they had shewn themselves incapable
t0 meet the wants of a new style;- and it would
ON CONDUCTING. 9
appear that they in their turn, regard their position

of to-day as merely temporary — filling a gap in
a period of transition, ,In the face of the new
ideals .of .Grerman art, towards which all that is
noble in the nation begins to turn, they are evidently

at a loss, since these ideals are alien to their nature.
In the presence of certain technical difficulties
inseparable from modern music they have recourse
to singular expedients. Meyerbeer, for instance,
was very circumspect in Paris he engaged a new
;
flutist and paid him out of his own pocket to play a
particular bit nicely. Fully aware of the value of

finished and independent, Meyer»
execution, rich
beer might have been of great service to the BerUn
orchestra when the King of Prussia appointed him
" General Musikdirector. '
Mendelssohn was called
'
upon to undertake a similar mission about the

same time^ and, assuredly, Mendelssohn was the
possessor of the most extraordinary gifts and attain-
ments. Both men, doubtless, encountered all the
difficulties which had hitherto blocked the way
towards improvements but they were called upon
;
to overcome these very difficulties, and their in-

dependent position and great attainments rendered
them exceptionally competent to do so. Why then
did their powers desert them. It would seem as .if
they had no real power. They left matters to take
'
care of themselves and, now, we are confronted by

the " celebrated " Berlin orchestra in which the last
trace of the traditions of Spontini's strict discipline
10 WAGNER
have faded away. Thits fared Meyerbe6t. and

Mendelssohn whilst at Berlin what are -we to
:
expect" elsewhere from their neat little shadows ?

It is clear from this account of the survivals of
the earlier and of the latest species of Capellmeisters
and Musikdirectors, that neither of them are likely
to do much towards the reorganization of our
orchestras. On the other hand the initiative has
been taken by the orchestral performers themselves ;
and the signs of progress are evidently owing to

the increasing development of their technical attain-
ments. Virtuosi upon the different orchestral in-
struments have done excellent service, and they
might have done much more in the circumstances
had the conductors been competent.
Exceptionally gifted and accomplished players,
easily got the upper hand of the decrepit Capell^
meisters of the old sort, and of their successors, the
parvenus without authority-^-pianoforte pedagogues,
patronised by ladies in waiting, etc., etc. Virtuosi
soon came to play a role in the orchestra akin to
that of the prima donna on the stage. The elegant
conductors of the day chose to associate and ally
themselves with the virtuosi, and this arrangement
might have acted very satisfactorily if the con-
ductors had really understood the true; spirit of
German music.
It is important to point out in this connection
that conductors are indebted to the theatres" for.
their posts, and 'even for the .existence of 'their

—
ON CONDUCTING. 11
orchestra. The greater pftrt of their professional

work consists in rehearsing and conducting operas.
They ought therefore, to have made it their busi-
ness to understand the theatre —the opera —and to
make themselves masters of the proper application
of music to dramatic art, in something like the
manner in which an astronomer applies mathematics
to astronomy. Had they understood dramatic sing-
ing and dramatic expression they might have
applied such knowlege to the- execution of modern
instrumental music.
A long time ago I derived much instruction as to
the tempo and the proper execution of Beethoven's
music from the clearly accentuated and expressive
singing of that great artist, Frau Schroder-Devrient.
I have since found it impossible, for example, to
permit the touching cadence of the Oboe in the first
movement of the C minor Symphony

Adagio,
i
W '/
rlr r-
to be played in the customary timid and embarassed

way ; indeed, starting from the insight I had gained
into the proper execution of this cadence, I also
found and felt the true significance and expression
due to the sustained, f ermata of the first violins'
—I in the corresponding place, and from. the

* Ante, bar 21.
12 WAGNEB
touching emotional impressions I got by. means of

these two seemingly so insignificant details! gained
a new point of view, from which the entire, move-
ment ap'|)eared in a clearer and warmet light.
Leaving this .for the present, I am content to

point out that a conductor might exercise great
influence upon the higher musical culture with
regard to execution, if he properly understood his
position in relation to dramatic art, to which, in
fact, he is indebted for his post and his dignity.
But our conductors are accustomed to look upon
the opera as an irksome daily task (for which, on
the other hand, the deplorable condition of that
genre of art at German theatres furnishes reason
enough) ; they consider that the sole source of
honour lies in the concert rooms from
which they
startedand from which they were called for, as I ;
have said above, wherever the managers of a theatre

happen to covet a musician of reputation for Capell-
meister, they think themselves obliged to get him
from some place other than a theatre.
Now to estimate the value of a quondam con-
ductor of concerts and of choral societies at a
theatre, it is advisable to pay him a visit at home,
i.e., in the concert-room, from which he derives his
reputation as a " solid " German musician. Let; us
observe him as a conductor of orchestral concerts.
Looking back upon my earliest youth I remember
to have had unpleasant impressions from per-
formances of classical orchestral music. At the
piano or whilst reading a score, certain things
appeared animated and expressive, whereas, at a
performance, they could hardly be recognised, and
failed to attract attention. I was puzzled by the
apparent flabbiness of Mozartian Melody (Cantilena)
which I had been taught to regard as so delicately
expressive. Later in life I discovered the reasons
and I have discussed them in my report
for this,
on a "German music school to be established at
Munich," * to which I beg to refer readers who
may be interested in the subject. Assuredly, the
reasons lie in the want of a proper Conservatorium
of German music —a Conservatory, in the strictest
sense of the word, in which the traditions of the
classical masters' own style of execution are pre-
served in practice —which, of course, would irdply
that the masters should, once at least, have had a
" Bericht ueber eine ia Miinohen zu erricbtende

deutBcbe Mnsiksobule"( 1865). S6e Appendix :A.
(13)
14 WAGNEB
chance personally to supervise performances of their

works in such a place. Unfortunately German
culture has missed all such opportunities and if we ;
now wish become acquainted with the spirit of a

to
classical composer's music, we must rely on this or
that conductor, and upon his notion of what may,

or may not, be the proper tempo and style of
execution.
In the days of my youth, orchestral pieces at the
celebrated Leipzig Gewandhaus Concerts were not
conducted at all; they were simply played, through
under the' leadership of Conzertmeister * Mathai,
like overtures and ent'racts at a theatre. At least
there was no " disturbing individuality," in the
shape of a conductor ! The principal classical pieces
which presented no particular technical difficulties
were regularly given every winter the execution ;
was smooth and precise and the members of the

;
orchestra evidently enjoyed the annual recurrence

of their familiar favourites.
With Beethoven's Ninth Symphony alone they
could not get on, though was considered a point
it
of honour to give that work every year. I had

copied the score for .myself, and made a pianoforte
arrangement for two hands but I was so much ;
astonished at the utterly confused and bewildering

effect of the Gewandhaus performance that I had
lost courage, and gave up the study of Beethoven
* i.c., the Ijâder of the first yiolins.

ON CONDUCTING. 15
for soine time. Later, I fotind it instructive to note

how I came to take...true delight in performances of
Mozart's instrumental works; it was when I had a.
chance to conduct them myself, and when I .could

indulge .my feelings ..as to the expressive rendering
of Mozart's cantilena.
I received a good lesson at Paris in 1839, when I
heard the orchestra. ,C!l_the .ConaerEatoire rehearse .
the eni~gmatical Ninth Symphony. The scales fell

from my eyes; I came to unde;rstand the value. of
correct execution and the secret of a goqd per-
forman-ce. The orchestra had leai?nt to look for
Beethoven's melody in every bar —that melody which
the worthy Leipzig musicians had failed to dis-
cover; and. the orchestra sarig thskt melody. .This
w as the secr&L . ... :
Habeneck, who.sovled the difficulty, and to whom

the great credit for this performance is due, was
not a conductor of special genius. "Whilst rehears-
ing the symphony, during an entire winter season,
he had felt it to be incomprehensible and ineffec-
tive (would German conductors have confessed as
much?), but he persisted throughout a second and
a third season until Beethoven's new melos * was
!
understood, and correctly rendered by each member

of the orchestra."- H'abenek was a .conductor of.
the old stamp; he was the master

i
—and everyone
obeyed him. I cannot attempt to describe îthe
beauty of this performance. However,. to give ah

• Melbdy in all its aspects
16 WAGNEB
idea 6f it, I will select a passage by the aid of

which I shall endeavour to shew the reason why
Beethoven is so-difficnlt to render as well as the
reason for the indifferent success of German orches-
tras when confronted by such difficulties. Even
with first-class orchestras I have never been able to
get the passage in the first movement
gempre pp
performed with such equable perfection as I then

(thirty years ago) heard it played by the musicians
of the Paris " Orchestre du Conservatoire,"* Often

iu later life have I recalled this passage, and tried
by its aid to enumerate the desiderata in the execu-
tion of orchestral music ; it comprises movement and
sustained tone, with a definite degree of power Ji
•Wagaer, however, subsequently admitted that the passage
was rendered to his satisfaction at the memorable per-
tormance of the Ninth Symphony, given May 22nd, 1873, to
celebrate the laying of the foandation stone of the theatre at
Bayreuth.
f (" An dieser Stelle ist es mir, bei oft in meiflem spatereii
Leben erneueter Erinnerung, recht. klar geworden, worauf
;
ON OONDtrOTING. 17
The masterly execution of this passage by the

Paris orchestra consisted in the fact that they
played it exactly as Neither at
it is written.
Dresden, nor in London * when, in after years, I
had occasion to prepare a performance of the sym»
phony, did I succeed in getting rid of the annoying
irregularity which arises from the change of bow and
change of strings. Still less could I suppress an
involuntary accentuation as the passage ascends
musicians, as a rule, are tempted to play an ascending
passage with an increase of tone, and a descending
one yith a decrease. With the fourth bar of the
above passage we invariably got into a crescendo so
that the sustained G flat was given
of the fifth bar
with an involuntary yet vehement accent, enough to
spoil the peculiar tonal significance of that note.
The composer's intention is clearly indicated ; but
it remains difficult to prove to a person whose
musical feelings are not of a refined sort, that there
is a great gap between a commonplace reading, and

the reading meant by the composer : no doubt both
readings convey a sense of dissatisfaction, unrest,
longing —but the quality of these, the true sense of
the passage, cannot be conveyed unless it is played

as the master imagined it, and as I have not hitherto
heard it given except by the Parisian musicians in
es beitn Orchestervortrag aDkommt, weil sie die Bewegv/ng

und den gehaltenen Ton, zudleich mit dem Gesetz det
Dynamih in sich schliesst.")
* Concert of the Philharmonic Society, 26th March. 1855,

B
—
18 WAGNEE
1839. In connection with this I am conscious that

the impression of dynamical monotony * (if I may
risk such an apparently senseless expression for a
difficultphenomenon) together with the unusually
varied and ever irregular movement of intervals in
the ascending figure entering on the prolonged G
flat to be sung with such infinite delicacy, to which
the G natural answers with equal delicacy, initiated
me by magic to the incomparable mystery of the
as
spirit. Keeping my further practical experience in
view, I would ask how did the musicians of Paris
arrive at so perfect a solution of the difficult problem?
By the most conscientious diligence. They were
not content with mutual admiration and congratula-
tion (sich gegenseitig Gomplimente zu machen) nor
did they assume that difficulties must disappear
before them as a matter of course. French musicians
in the main belong to the Italian school its influence ;
upon them has been beneficial in as much as they

have thus been taught to approach music mainly
through the medium of the human voice. The
French idea of playing an instrument well is to be
able to sing well upon it. And (as already said) that
superb orchestra sam,g the symphony. The possibility
sung implies that the true tempo
of its being well
had been found and this is the second point which
:
impressed me at the time. Old Habeneck was not

the medium of any abstract-aesthetical inspiration
* i.e. , a power of tone the degree of which remains unchanged.

ON CONDUCTING. 19
he was devoid of " genius "

but he found the right
:
tempo whilst persistently fixing the attention of his

orchestra upon the Mblos * of the symphony.
The right comprehension of the Mblos is the sole
guide to the right tempo; these two things are

inseparable : the one implies and qualifies the other.
As a proof of my assertion that the majority of
performances of instrumental music with us are
faulty it is sufiicient to point out that our conductors
so frequently fail to find the true tempo because they
are ignorant of singing. I have not yet met with a
German Capellmeister or Musik-director, who, be it
with good or bad voice, can really sing a melody.

These people look upon music as a singularly ab-
stract sort of thing, an amalgam of grammar,
arithmetic, and digital gymnastics to be an adept ;
—
in which may fit a man for a mastership at a
conservatory or musical gymnasium but ; it does not
follow from this that he will be able to put life and
soul into a musical performance.
* Melody in all its aspects.

The whole duty of a conductor is comprised in his
abihty always to indicate the right tempo. His
choice of tempi will show whether he understands
the piece or not. With good players, again, the true
tempo induces correct phrasing and expression and
conversely, with a conductor, the idea of appropriate
phrasing and expression will induce the conception
of the true tempo.
This, however, is by no means so simple a matter
as it appears. Older composers probably felt so,
for they are content with the simplest general

indications. Haydn and Mozart made use of the
term "Andante" as the mean between "Allegro"
and "Adagio," and thought it sufficient to indicate a
few gradations and modifications of these terms.
Sebastian Bach, as a rule, does not indicate tempo
at which in a truly musical sense is perhaps
all,
best. He may have said to himself whoever does ;
not understand my themes and figures, and does not

feel their character and expression, will not be much
the wiser for an Italian indication of tempo.

Let me be permitted to mention a few facts
which concern me personally. In my earlier operas
I gave detailed directions as to the tempi, and in-
(20)
ON CONDUCTING. 21
dicated them (as I thought) accurately, by means of

the Metronome. Subsequently, whenever I had
occasion to protest against a particularly absurd
tempo, in Tannhauser for instance, I was assured
that the Metronome had been consulted and care-
fully followed. In my
works I omitted the
later
metronome and merely described the main tempi in
general terms, paying, however, particular attention
to the various modifications of tempo. It would
appear that general directions also tend to vex and
confuse Capellmeisters, especially when they are
expressed in plain German words. Accustomed to
the conventional Italian terms these gentlemen are
apt to lose their wits when, for instance, I write
"moderate." Not long ago a Capelhneister com-
plained of that term (massig) which I employed in
the score of " Das Eheingold " the music (it was
;
reported) lasted exactly two hours and a half at

rehearsals under a conductor whom I had personally
instructed whereas, at the performances and under
:
the beat of the official Capellraeister, it lasted fully

three hours ! (according to the report of the
Allgemeine Zeitung). Wherefore, indeed, did I
write " Massig " ? To match this I have been in-
formed that the overture to Tannhauser, which,
when I conducted it at Dresden, used to last twelve
minutes, now lasts twenty. No doubt |I am herfe
alluding to thoroughly incompetent [persons who

are particularly shy of Alia breve time, and who
stick to their correct and normal crotchet beats, four
—
22 WAGNER
in a bar, merely to show they are present and con-

scious of doing something. Heaven knows how
such " quadrupeds " find their way from the village
church to our opera theatres. But " dragging " is
not a characteristic of the elegant conductors of
these latter days on the contrary they have a fatal
;
tendency to hurry and to run away with the tempi.

This tendency to Jmrry is so characteristic a mark
of our entire musical life latterly, that I propose to
enter intosome details with regard to it.
Bobert Schumann once complained to me at
Dresden that he could not enjoy the Ninth Sym-
phony at the Leipzig Gewandhaus concerts because
of the quick tempi Mendelssohn chose to take, par-
ticularly in the first movement. I have, myself,
only once been present at a rehearsal of one of
Beethoven's Symphonies, when Mendelssohn con-
ducted : the rehearsal took place at Berlin, and the
Symphony was No. 8 (in F major). I noticed that
—
he chose a detail here and there almost at random
and worked at it with a certain obstinacy, until it
stood forth clearly. This was so manifestly to the

advantage of the detail that I could not but wonder
why he did not take similar pains with other nuances.
For the rest, this incomparably bright symphony
was rendered in a remarkably smooth and genial
manner. Mendelssohn himself once remarked to
me, with regard to conducting, that he thought
mpst harm was done by taking a tempo too slow;
and that on the contrary, he always recommended
ON CONDirOTING. 23
quick tempi as being less detrimental. Eeally

good execution, he thought, was at all times'a rare
thing, but short-comings might be disguised if care
was taken that they should not appear very
prominent and the best way to do this was " to get
;
over the ground quickly." This can hardly have

been a casual view, accidentally mentioned in
conversation. The master's pupils must have
received further and more detailed instruction for, ;
subsequently, I have, on various occasions, noticed

the consequences of that maxim, "take quick
tempi," and have I !think, discovered the reasons
which may have led to its adoption.
I remembered it well, when I came to lead the
orchestra of the Philharmonic Society in London,
1855. Mendelssohn had conducted the concerts
during several seasons, and the tradition of his
readings was carefully preserved. It appears likely
that the habits and peculiarities of the Philharmonic
Society suggested to Mendelssohn his favourite style
of performance (Vortragsweise) —certainly it Was
admirably adapted to meet their wants. An unusual
amount of instrumental music is consumed at these
concerts ; but as a rule, each piece is rehearsed once
only. Thus in many instances, I could not avoid
letting the orchestra follow its traditions, and so, I
became acquainted with a style of performance

which called up a lively recollection of Mendelssohn's
remarks.
The music gushed forth like water from a fountain!;
24 WAGNEB
there was no arrestingand every Allegro ended

it,
as an undeniable Presto. It was troublesome and

difficult to interfere; for when correct tempi and
proper modifications of these were taken the defects

of stylewhich the flood had carried along or con-
cealed became painfully apparent. The orchestra
generally played mezzoforte no real forte, no real
;
piano was attained. Of course in important cases I

took care to enforce the reading I thought the true
one, and to insist upon the right tempo. The excel-
lent musicians did not object to this on the contrary
;
they showed themselves sincerely glad of it ; the

public also approved, but the critics were annoyed,
and continued so to browbeat the directors of the
society that the latter actually requested me to
permit the second movement of Mozart's Symphony
in E flat and colourless
to be played in|the flabby
way (ruschlich herunter spielen) they had been
—
accustomed to and which, they said, even Men-
delssohn himself had sanctioned.
The fatal maxims came to the front quite clearly
when I was about to rehearse a symphony by a very
amiable elderly contrapuntist, Mr. Potter,* if I
mistake not. The composer approached me in a
pleasant way, and asked me Andante
to take the
rather quickly as he feared might prove tedious.
it
I assured him that his Andante, no matter how

short its duration might be, would inevitably prove
* Cipriani Potter, 1792-1871, pianist and composer, author

of " Eecollections of Beethoven," etc.
ON CONDTJCTING. 2
tedious if it was played in a vapid and inexpressive

manner ; whereas if the orchestra could be got to
play the very pretty and ingenious theme, as I felt
confident he meant it and as I now sang it to him,

itwould certainly please. Mr. Potter was touched;
he agreed, and excused himself, saying that latterly
he had not been in the habit of reckoning upon this
sort of orchestral playing. In the evening, after the
Andante he joyfully pressed my hand.
I have often been astonished at the singularly
slight sense for tempo and execution evinced by
leading musicians. I found it impossible, for in-
stance, to communicate to Mendelssohn what I felt
to be a perverse piece of negligence vnth regard to
the tempo of the third movement in Beethoven's
Symphony in F major, No. 8. This is one of the
instances I have chosen out of throw lightmany to
upon amongst us.
certain dubious aspects of music
We know that Hadyn in his principal later sym-
phonies used the form of the Menuet as a pleasant
link between the Adagio and the final Allegro, and
that he thus was induced to increase the speed of
the movement considerably, contrary to the character
of the true Menuet. It is clear that he incorporated
the " Landler,"* particularly in the " Trio " so —
that, with regard to the tempo, the designation
" Menuetto " is hardly appropriate, and was retained
for conventional reasons only. Nevertheless, I
* A South German country dance in J time, from which the

modern waltz is derived.
;
26 WAGNEE
believe Haydn's Menuets are generally taken too
quick ; undoubtedly the Menuets of Mozart's Sym-
phonies are ; this will be felt very distinctly if, for
instance, the Menuetto in Mozart's Symphony in G

minor, and still more that of his Symphony in C
major, be played a Httle slower than at the customary
pace. It will be found that the latter Menuet, which
is usually hurried, and treated almost as a Presto,
will now shew an amiable, firm and festive character
in contrast with which, the trio, with its deHcately
sustained reduced, as
$ P'
is
usually given, to an empty hurry-skurry (eine nichts-
sagende Nuschelei) . Now Beethoven, as is not un-

common with him, meant to write a true Menuet in
his P major Symphony; he places it between the
two main Allegro movements as a sort of comple-
mentary antithesis (ein gewissermassen erganzender
Gegensatz) to an Allegretto scherzando which pre-
cedes it, and to remove any doubt as to his inten-
tions regarding the Tempo he designates it not as a
Menuetto but as a Tempo di Menuetto. This novel
:
and unconventional characterization of the two

middle movements of a symphony was almost
entirely overlooked : the A llegretto scherzando was
taken to represent the usual Andante, the Tempo di
Menuetto, the familiar " Scherzo " and, as the two
movements thus interpreted seemed rather paltry,
ON CONDUCTING. 27
and none of the usual effects could be got with.

them, our musicians came to regard the entire sym-
phony as a sort of accidental hors d'ceuvre of
Beethoven's muse —who, after the exertions with
the A major symphony had chosen " to take
things rather easily." Accordingly after the
Allegretto Scherzando, the time of which is
invariably "dragged" somewhat, the Tempo di

Menuetto is universally served up as a refreshing
"Landler," which passes the ear without leaving
any distinct impression. Generally, however, one is
glad when the tortures of the Trio are over. This
loveliest of idylls is turned into a veritable monstrosity
by the passage in triplets for the violoncello ; which
if taken at the usual quick pace, is the despair of
violoncellists, who are worried with the hasty staccato
across the strings and back again, and find it im-
possible to produce anything but a painful series of
scratches. Naturally, this difficulty disappears as
soon as the delicate melody of the horns and clarinets
is taken at the proper tempo ; these instruments are
thus relieved from the special difficulties pertaining
to them, and which, particularly with the clarinet, at

times render it likely to produce a " quack " * even in
the hands of skilful players. I remember an occasion
when all the musicians began to breathe at ease on
my taking this piece at the true moderate pace : then
the humorous sforzato of the basses and bassoons
* Anglice, " a goose."

28 WAGNEE
leg 1 ^^ at once produced an intelligible

I
J^ J
effect ; the short crescendi became clear, the delicate

pianissimo close was effective, and the gentle gravity
of the returning principal movement was properly
felt. Now, the late Capellmeister Eeissiger, of
Dresden, once conducted this sjrmphony there, and
I happened to be present at the performance together
with Mendelssohn we talked about the dilemma
;
just described,and its proper solution concerning ;
which I told Mendelssohn that I believed I had

convinced Eeissiger, who had promised that he would
take the tempo slower than usual. Mendelssohn
perfectly agreed with me. We listened. The third
movement began and I was terrified on hearing
tempo but before I could
precisely the old Landler ;
give vent to my annoyance Mendelssohn smiled, and

pleasantly nodded his head, as if to say "now it's
all right Bravo "
! So my terror changed to
!
astonishment. Eeissiger, for reasons which I shall

discuss presently, may not have been so very much
to blame for persisting inbut the old tempo ;
Mendelssohn's indifference, with regard to this queer

artistic contretemps, raised doubts in my mind
whether he saw any distinction and difference in
the case at all. I fancied myself standing before an
abyss of superficiality, a veritable void.
Soon after this had happened with Eeissiger, the
very same thing took place with the same movement
of the Eighth Symphony at Leipzig. The con-
was a well-known successor
ductor, in the latter case,
of Mendelssohn at the Gewandhaus concerts.* He
also had agreed with my views as to the Tempo di
Menuetto, and had invited me to attend a concert at
which he promised to take it at the proper moderato
pace. He did not keep his word and offered a queer
excuse : he laughed, and confessed that he had been
disturbed with all manner of administrative busi-
ness, and had only remembered his promise after the
piece had begun ; naturally he could not then alter
the tempo, etc. The explanation was sufficiently
annoying. Still I could, at least, flatter myself that
I had found somebody to share my views as to the
difference between one tempo and another. I doubt,
however, whether the conductor could be fairly
reproached with a want of forethought and con-
sideration unconsciously, perhaps, he may have
;
had a very good reason for his " forgetfulness."

It would have been very indiscreet to risk a change
* Ferdinand Hiller.
(29)
30 WAGNEE
of tempo which had not been rehearsed. For the

orchestra, accustomed to play the piece in a quick
tempo, would have been disturbed by the sudden
imposition of a more moderate pace which, as ;
a matter of course, demands a totally different style

of playing.
We have now reached an important and decisive
point, an appreciation of which is indispensable if we
care to arrive at a satisfactory conclusion regarding
the execution of clarsical music. Injudicious tempi
might be defended with some show of reason inas-
much as a factitious style of delivery has arisen in
conformity with them, and to the uninitiated such
conformity of style and tempo might appear as
a proof that all was right. The evil, however, is
apparent enough if only the right tempo is taken, in

which case the false style becomes quite unbearable.
To illustrate this, in the simplest possible way,
let us take the opening of the C minor Symphony.
"
• W-J- J = Usually the fermata, of the
$
a) 5^
I,
second bar is left after a slight rest ; our conductors

hardly make use of this fermata for anything else
than to fix the attention of their men upon the attack
of the figure in the third bar. In most cases the
note E flat is not held any longer than a forte
produced with a careless stroke of the bow will last
upon the stringed instruments. Now, suppose the
;
ON CONDUCTING. 31
voice of Beethoven were heard from the grave

admonishing a conductor; "Hold my fermata
firmly, terribly ! I did not write fermatas in jest,
or because I was at a loss how to proceed ; I indulge

most sustained tone to express
in the fullest, the
emotions in my Adagio and I use this full and
;
firm tone when I want it in a passionate Allegro as

a rapturous or terrible spasm. Then the very life
blood of the tone shall be extracted to the last drop.

I arrest the waves of the sea, and the depths shall
be visible; or, I stem the clouds, disperse the mist,
and show the pure blue ether and the glorious eye
of the sun. For this I put fermatas, sudden long-
sustained notes in my Allegro. And now look at
my clear thematic intention with the sustained E
flat stormy notes, and understand
after the three
what I meant to say with other such sustained notes
in the sequel." * Suppose a conductor were to
* In the original this fine passage is " Nun setzen -wir den
:
Fall, die Stimme Beethoven's habe ans den Grabe einem

Diiigenten zugerufen HaJte du meine Formate lauge und
;
fnrchtbar Ich sohrieb keine Fermaten zum Spass oder ans

!
Verlegenheit, etwa um mich anf das Weitere zu besinnen

sondern, was in meinem Adagio der ganz nnd voU aufzusau-
gende Ton f iir den Ausdruok der schwelgenden Empffndung
ist, dasselbe werfe ioh, wenn ioh es brauche, in das heftig und
sohuell figurirte Allegro, als wonnig oder schrecklich anhal-

tenden Krampf. Daun soil das Leben des Tones bis auf
-seinen letzten Blutstropfen anfgesogeu werden dann halte;
ioh die Wellen meines Meeres an, und lasse in seinen Abgrund
blioken oder hemme ioh den Zug der Wolken, zertheile die
;
triiren Nebelstreifen, nnd lasse einmal in den reinen blauen

Aether, in das strahlende Auge der Sonne sohauen. Herfttr
:
32 WAGNBE
attempt to hold the fermata as here directed, what

would be t,he result ? A miserable failure. After
the power of the bow of the stringed instru-
initial
ments had been wasted, their tone would become

thin and thinner, ending in a weak and timid piano
for (and here is one of the results of indifferent
conducting) our orchestras now-a-days hardly know
what meant by equally sustained tone. Let any
is
conductor ask any orchestral instrument, no matter

which, for a full and prolonged forte, and he will
find the player puzzled, and will be astonished at
the trouble it takes to get what he asks for.
Yet tone sustained with equal power is the basis
of all expression,* with the voice as with the orches-
tra : the manifold modifications of the power of
tone, which constitute one of the principal elements
of musical expression, rest upon
Without such
it.
basis an orchestra will produce much noise but no

power. And this is one of the first symptoms of
the weakness of most of our orchestral performances.
The conductors of the day care little about a sus-
tained forte, but they are particularly fond of an
exaggerated piano. Now the strings produce the
setze ich Fermaten, d. h. plotzlich eiutreteude lang auszuhal-

tende Noten in meine Allegro's. Und nun beachte du
welcheganz bestimmte tbematische Absicht ich mit diesem
ausgehaltenen Es nach drei stiirmisch kurzen Noten hatte,
und was ich mit alien den im Fblgenden gleich auszuhaltenden
Noten gesagt haben will."
* Die Balis aller Dynamik.

ON OONDUOTING. 33
latter with ease, but the wind instruments, particu-

larly the wood winds do not. It is almost impossible
to get a delicately sustained piano from wind instru-
ments.
The players, flautists particularly, have transformed
their formerly delicate instruments into formidable
tubes (Gewaltsrohren) . French oboists, who have
preserved the pastoral character of their instrument,
and our clarinetists, when they make use of the
" Echo effect," are the exceptions.
This drawback, which exists in our best orchestras,
suggests the question : why, at least, do not conduc-
tors try to equalise matters by demanding a some,
what fuller piano from the strings ? but the conduc-
tors do not seem to notice any discrepancy.
To a considerable extent the fault lies not so much
with the wind instruments, as in the character of the
piano of the strings ; for we do not possess a true
piano, just as'' we do not possess a true forte; both
are —
wanting in fulness of tone -to attain which our
stringed instruments should watch the tone of the
winds. Of course it is easy enough to produce a
buzzing vibration by gently passing the bow over the
strings ; but it requires great artistic commiand of
the breath to produce a delicate and pure tone upon
a wind instrument. Players of stringed instruments
should copy the full-toned piano of the best winds,
and the latter, again, should endeavour to imitate
the best vocalists.
The sustained soft tone here spoken of, and the
!
34 WAGNEB
sustained powerful tone mentioned above, are the

two poles of orchestral expression.*
But what about orchestral execution if neither the
one nor the other is properly forthcoming ? Where
are the modifications of expression to come from if
the very means of expression are defective ? Thus
the Mendelssohnian rule of "getting over the
ground" {des flatten Bariiherhinweggehens) suggested
a happy expedient conductors gladly adopted the
;
maxim, and turned it into a veritable dogma so ;
that, nowadays, attempts to perform classical music

correctly are openly denounced as heretical
I am persistently returning to the question of
tempo because, as I said above, this is the point at
which it becomes evident whether a conductor under-
stands his business or not.
Obviously the proper pace of a piece of music is
determined by the particular character of the render-

ing it requires ; the question, therefore, comes to
this : does the sustained tone, the vocal element, the
cantilena predominate, or the rhythmical movement?
(Figuration). The conductor should lead accord-
ingly.
The Adagio stands to the Allegro as the sustained
tone stands to the rhythmical movement (figurirte
Bewegung) The sustained tone regulates the Temipo
.
Adagio: here the rhythm is as it were dissolved in

pure tone, the tone per se suffices for the musical
* DynamiJc dea Orchesters.

ON CONDUCTING. 35
expression. In a certain delicate sense it may be

said of the pure Adagio that it cannot be taken too
slow. A rapt confidence in the sufficiency of pure
musical speech should reign here ; the laîguor of
feeling grows to ecstasy that which in the Allegro
;
was expressed by changes of figuration, is now cour

veyed by means of variously inflected tone. Thus
the least change of harmony may call forth a sense
of surprise and again, the niost remote harmonic
;
progressions prove acceptable to our expectant

feelings.
None of our conductors are courageous enough to
take an Adagio in this manner ; they always begin
by looking for some bit of figuration, and arrange
their tempo to match. I am, perhaps, the only
conductor who has ventured to take the Adagio
section of the third movement of the Ninth Sym-
phony at the pace proper to its peculiar character.
This character is distinctly contrasted with that of
the Alternating Andante in triple time ; but our
conductors invariably contrive to obliterate the
difference, leaving only the rhythmical change
between square and triple time. This movement
(assuredly one of the most instructive in the present
respect), finally, (in the section in twelve-eight
time ) , offers a conspicuous example of the breaking
up pure Adagio by the more marked rhythms
of the
of an independent accompaniment, during which
the cantilena is steadily and broadly continued. In
this section we may recognise, as it were, a fixed
36 WAGNBE
and consolidated reflex* of the Adagio's tendency

towards infinite expansion ; there, limitless freedom
in the expression of sound, with fluctuating, yet
delicately regulated movement ; here, the firm
rhythm of the figurated accompaniments, imposing
the new regulation of a steady and distinct pace^
in the consequences of which, when fully developed,
we have got the law that regulates the movement of
the A llegro in general.

"We have seen that sustained tone with its modifi-
cation is the basis of all musical execution. Similarly
the Adagio developed, as Beethoven has developed
it in the third movement of his Ninth Symphony,
may be taken as the basis of all regulations as to
musical tinae. In a certain delicate sense, the
Allegro may be regarded as the final result of a
refraction (Brechung) of the pure Adagio-character
by the more restless moving figuration. On careful
examination of the principal motives of the Allegro
it will be found that the melody (Gesang) derived
from the Adagio, predominates. The most important
Allegro movements of Beethoven are ruled by a
* In the original " Hier erkennen wir das gleichsam fixirte

:
Bild des zuvor naoh unendlicher Ausdehnung verlangenden

Adagio's, und wie dort eine uneingesohrankte Freiheitfur die
Befriedigungdes tonisohen Ausdruckes das zwischen zartesten
Gesetzen schwankende Maass der Bewegung angab, 'wird
hier duroh die feste Rhythmik der figurativ geschmiiokten
Begleituug das neue Gesetz der Festhaltnng einer bestimmteu
Bewegung gegeben, welches in seinen ansgebildeteu Kouse-
qu^Tizen uns zum Gesetz fur das Zeitmaass des Allegro wird."
—
ON CONDUCTING. 37
predominant melody which exhibits some of the

characteristics of the Adagio; and in this wise
Beethoven's Allegros receive the emotional senti-
mental significance which distinguishes them from
the earlier naive species of Allegro. However,
Beethoven's *
-fi-
'J=3- Ê*i =P2-
^2:
we*. »/,
Ê -p=i-
J u
and Mozart'st
fe
f
:Km--
-tf*-
-F---
or;
izai
zesz
E
are not far asunder. And with Mozart, as with
Beethoven, the exclusive character of the Allegro is
only felt when the figuration gets the upper hand of

the melody (Gesang) that is, when the reaction of the
rhythmical movement against the sustained tone is
entirely carried out. This is particularly the case in
• Symphony ni. "Eroica."
t Symphony in C major, " Japiter.''

38 WAGNBE
movements which have grown out of the

those final
Bondeau, and of which the Finales to Mozart's
Symphony in E and to Beethoven's in A, are.
flat,
excellent examples. Here the purely rhythmical

movein^t, so to speak, celebrates its orgies and it
;
is consequently impossible to take these movements

too quick. But whatever lies between these two
extremes is subject to the laws of mutual relationship
and interdependance ; and such laws cannot he too
delicately and variously applied, for they are funda-
mentally identical with the iaws which ipodify all
'
conceivable nuances of the sustained tone.

I shall now turn to the question of the modification
of Tempo ; a question of which our conductors know
nothing, and for which they consequently profess
j"
contempt. Whoever has followed me so far with
'attention will, I trust, understand that this question
goes to the root-T)f the matter before us.
!
In the course of the argument so far, two species

of Allegro have been naentioned an emotional and
;
sentimental character has been assigned to the latter,
the true Beethovenian Allegro, whereas the older

Mozartian Allegro was distinguished as showing a
naive character. I have adopted the expressions
" sentimental " and " naive " from Schiller's well-
known essay upon " sentimental and naive poetry."
It is needless to discuss the aesthetic problems
Schiller touches upon. It is enough to state here
that I take Mozart's quick Alla-breve movements
as representative of the nawe Allegro. The Allegros
of the overtures to his operas, particularly to
" Figaro " and " Don Giovanni " are the most perfect
specimens. It is well known that Mozart vnshed
these pieces to be played as fast as possible. Having
driven his musicians into a sort of rage, so that to
their own surprise they successfully rendered the
unheard of Presto of his overture to " Figaro," he
commended them, saying :
" that was beautiful
Let us take it still quicker this evening." Quite
right. As I have said of the pure Adagio that, in an
(39)
40 WAGNEB
ideal sense, it cannot be taken too slowly, so this

piire unmixed Allegro cannot be given too quickly.
The slow emanations of pure tone on the one
hand and the most rapid figurated movement on the
other, are subject to ideal limits only, and in both
directions the law of beauty is the sole measure of
what is possible. The law of beauty establishes the
point of contact at which the opposite extremes tend
to meet and to unite. The order of the movements
in the Symphonies of our masters —
from the opening
AUegro, to the Adagio, and thence by means of a
stricter dance-form (the Menuet or Scherzo) to ,
—
the quickest Allegro (Finale) shows a perfect sense
of fitness. To my mind, however, there are signs
of a deterioration of the sense of fitness when com-
posers exhibit their platitudes in the Suite* and
attempt to bolster up that old form, with its less
thj3ughtfully arranged succession of typical dance

tunes for these have been fully developed elsewhere,
;
and have already been embodied in far richer, more

extensive, and complex forms.
Mozart's absolute Allegros belong to the nwive
species. As regards the various degrees of power
of tone {Nach der Seite der Dynamik hin) they con-
sist of simple changes of piano and forte and, as ;
regards structure they show certain fixed and stable

rhythmic melodic traits (Formen) which, without
much choice or sifting, are placed side by side and
made to chime vnth the changes of piano and forte ;
* Compare Franz Lachner's Suites for Orchestra.

ON CONDUCTING. 41
and which (in the bustling ever-recurring semi-

cadences) the master employs with more than sur-
prising ease. But such things —even the greatest
n^ligence (Achtlosigkeit) in the use of common-
place phrases and sections — are explicable and ex-
cusable from the nature of this sort of Allegro, which
is not meant to interest by means of Cantilena, but
in which the restless incessant movement is intended
to produce a certain excitement. It is a significant
trait in the Allegro of the overture to Don Giovanni
that this restless movement ends with an unmistak-
able turn towards the " sentimental." Here —where
the extremes meet, at the point of contact indicated
above —becomes necessary to modify the tempo in
it
the bars leading from the overture to the first tempo

of the opera (which is also an alla-breve but a slower
one) —and the pace must be slackened accordingly.
But our conductors, in their customary crude way,
generally miss this point in the overture. We need
not, however, now be lead into premature reflec-
tions. Let us merely consider it established that
the character of the older classical or, as I call it,
)iatve Allegro differs greatly from the new emotional

sentimental Allegro, peculiar to Beethoven. Mozart
became acquainted vdth the orchestral crescendo
and diminuendo at Mannheim (in 1777), when the
orchestra there had acquired it as a novelty up to :
that time the instrumentation of the old masters

shows that, as a rule, nothingwas inserted between
the forte and the piano sections of the allegro move-
:
42 WAGNEB
ments which can have been intended to be played
with emotional expression.
Now, how does the true Beethovian Allegro appear
with regard to this ? To take the boldest and most
inspired example of Beethoven's unheard-of innova-
tion in this direction, the first movement of his
Sinfonia ero'ica : how does this movement appear if
played in the tempo of one of the Allegros of
strict
Mozart's overtures? But do our conductors ever

dream of taking it otherwise ? Do they not always
proceed monotonously from the first bar to the last?
With the members of the " elegant " tribe of Capell-
meisters the " conception," of the tempo consists of
an application of the Mendelssohnian maxim " chi
va presto va sano."
Let the players who happen to have any regard
for proper execution make the best of it in passages
like :—
P.
±z±
=^^'=r^=r^=^
or the plaintive
P
illEEÊ -etc
the conductors do not trouble their minds about

ON CONDUCTING. 43
such details ; they are on " classic ground," and will

not stop for trifles : they prefer to progress rapidly
" grande vitesse," " time is money."
We have now reached the point in our discussion
from which we can judge the music of the day. It
will have been noticed that I have approached this
point with some circumspection. I was anxious to
expose the dilemma, and to make everyone see and
feel that since Beethoven there has been a very con-
siderable change in the treatment and the execution

of instrumental music. Things which formerly
existed in separate and opposite forms, each complete
in itself, are now placed in juxtaposition, and further
developed, one from the other, so as,to form a whole.
It is essential that the style of execution shall agree
with the matter set forth —that the tempo shall be .
imbued with life as delicate as the life of the thematic .
tissue. We may consider it established that in clas-

sical music written in the later style modification of
Tempo is a sine qua non. No doubt very great

difficulties will have to be overcome. Summing up
my experiences I do not hesitate to assert that, as
far as public performances go, Beethoven is still a
pure chimera, with us.*
I shall now attempt to describe what I conceive to
be the right way of performing Beethoven, and music
akin to his. In this respect also the subject seems
inexhaustible, and I shall again confine myself to a
few salient points.
* i.e., in 1869.
44 WAGNEK
One of the principal musical forms consists of a
series of Variations upon a therne. Haydn, and
eventually Beethoven, have improved this form, and
rendered it artistically significant, by the originality
of their devices, and particularly, by connecting the
single variations one with the other, and establishing
relations of mutual dependence between them. This
is accomplished with the happiest results in cases
where one variation is developed from another —that
is to say, when a degree of movement, suggested in
the one is carried further in the other, or when a
certain satisfactory sense of surprise is occasioned by
one variation supplying a complementary form of
movement, which was wanting in the one before it.
The real weakness of the Variation-form, however,
becomes apparent when strongly contrasting parts
are placed in juxtaposition, without any link to con-
nect them. Beethoven often contrives to convert
this same weakness into a source of strength and ;
he manages to do so in a manner which excludes all

sense of accident or of awkwardness : namely — at
the point which I have described above as marking
the limits of the laws of beauty with regard to the
sustained tone (in the Adagio) , and the unfettered
movement (in the Allegro) —he contrives to satisfy,
in a seemingly abrupt way, the extreme longing
after an antithesis which antithesis, by means of a
;
different and contrasting movement, is now made to

serve as a relief. This can be observed in the mas-
ter's greatest works. The last movement of the
ON CONDUCTING. 45
Sinfonia eroica, for instance, affords excellent instruc-

tion in this respect ; it should be understood as a
movement consisting of a greatly expanded series
of variations ; and accordingly it should be interpreted
with as much variety as possible. To do this
properly, here as in all similar cases, the above
mentioned weakness of the Variation-form, and the
disadvantage which is felt to result from it, must be
taken into account. Single and separate variations
are frequently seen to each have had an independent
origin,and to have merelj' been strung together in a
conventional manner. The unpleasant effects of
such fortuitous juxtaposition are particularly felt in
cases when a quiet, and sustained theme is followed

by an exceptionally lively variation.
The first on that most wonderful theme
variation
in Beethoven's grand Sonata in A major for piano
and violin (Kreutzer) is an example. Virtuosi always
treat this as " a first variation " of the common type
— i.e., a mere display of musical gymnastics, which
destroys all any further. It is curious
desire to listen
that, whenever have Imentioned the case of this
variation to anyone, my experience with the tempo
di viinueto of the eighth symphony has been repeated-
Everybody agreed with me "on the whole" but in ;
particular, people failed to see what I was aiming at.

Certainly (to go on with the example) this first
variation of that lovely sustained theme is of a con-
spicuously lively character ; when the composer
invented it he could hardly have thought of it as
46 WAGNBE
immediately following the theme, or as being iri
direct contact with it. The component parts of the

Variation-form are each complete in themselves, and
perhaps the composer was unconsciously influenced
by this fact. But when the entire piece is played,
.the parts appear in uninterrupted succession. We
know from movements
other of the master's (for
instance the second movement of the C minor sym-
phony, the Adagio of the great quartet in and E flat,
above all from the wonderful second movement of
the great sonata in C minor. Op. Ill) , which are all
written in the form of Variations, but in which the

parts are conceived as standing in immediate con-
nection, how and delicately the links between
deftly
the different variations can be contrived. A player
who, in a case like that of the so-called " Kreutzer
Sonata," claims the honour of representing the
master in full, might, at least, attempt to establish
some sort of relation and connection between the
sentiment of the theme and that of the first variation ^
he might begin the latter at a more moderate pace,

and gradually lead up to the lively movement.
Pianoforte and violin players are firmly persuaded
that the character of this variation differs consider-
ably from that of the theme. Let them then
interpret it with artistic discrimination and treat
the first part of the variation as a gradual approach
to the new tempo ; thus adding a charm to the
interest the part already possesses per se.
A stronger case, of similar import, will be found in

ON CONDUCTING. 47
the beginning of the first Allegro 6-8 after the long

introductory Adagio of the string quartet in C
Sharp minor. * This is marked " molto vivace,"
and the character of the entire movement is thus
appropriately indicated.
In quite an exceptional
way, however, Beethoven has, in this quartet, so
arranged the several movements that they are heard
in immediate succession, without the customary
interval ; indeed they appear to be developed one
from the other according to certain delicate laws.
Thus the Allegro immediately follows an Adagio
full of a dreamy sadness, not to be matched else-
where in the master's works. If it were permitted
to interpret the Allegro asshowing a state of feeling

such as could in some sort be reproduced in pictorial
language (deutbares Stimmimgshild) one might say
that it shows a most lovely phenomenon, which
arises, as it were,from the depths of memory, and
which, as soon as it has been apprehended, is warmly
taken up, and cherished. Evidently the question,
with regard to execution, here is : how can this
phenomenon (the new Allegro theme) be made to
arise, naturally, from the sad and sombre close of
the Adagio, so that its abrupt appearance shall
prove attractive rather than repellant ? Very ap-
propriately, the new theme first appears like a
dehcate, hardly distinguishable dream in unbroken
pp., and is then lost in a melting ritardando there-
after, by means of a crescendo, it enters its true
* Op. 131.
— ;
48 WAGNEE
sphere, and proceeds to unfold its real nature. It is

obviously the delicate duty of the executants to
indicate the character of the new movement with an
appropriate modification of tempo i.e., to take the
notes which immediately succeed the Adagio
•
iHr-' for a link, and so unobtrusively
$ -îzl
to connect them with the following
PP ^ __ ^
m that a
movement is hardly perceptible, and moreover so to

change in the
manage the ritardando,,t'ha.t the crescendo, which

comes after it, will introduce the master's quick
tempo, in such wise that the molto vivace now
appears as the rhythmical consequence of the in-
crease of tone during the crescendo. But the
modifications here indicated are usually overlooked
and the sense of artistic propriety is outraged
by a sudden and vulgar vivace, as though the whole
piece were meant for a jest, and the gaiety had
at last begun People seem to think this " classical."*
!
I may have been too circumstantial, but the

matter is of incalculable importance. Let us now
proceed to look still more closely into the wants
and requirements of a proper performance of
classical music.
* For further comments upon this Quartet see Appendix B.

In the foregoing investigations I hoped to have
elucidated the problem of the modification of tempo,
and to have shewn how a discerning mind will
recognise and solve the difficulties inherent in modern
classical music. Beethoven has furnished the im-
mortal type of what I may call emotional, sentimental
music — it unites all the separate and peculiar con-
stituents of the earlier essentially naive types ; sus-
tained and interrupted tone, cantilena and figurations,
are no longer kept formally asunder —the manifold
changes of a series of variations are not merely strung
together, but are now brought into immediate contact,
and made to merge one into the other. Assuredly,
the novel and infinitely various combinations of a
symphonic movement must be set in motion in an
adequate and appropriate manner if the whole is not
to appear as a monstrosity. I remember in my
young days have heard older musicians make very
to
dubious remarks about the Erdica.* Dionys Weber,
at Prague, simply treated it as a nonentity. The
Beethoven's Symphony, No. III.
(49) D
50 WAGNBE
man was right in his way ; he chose to recognise

nothing but the Mozartian Allegro; and in the strict
tempo he taught his pupils

peculiar to that Allegro,
at the Conservatorium to play the Erdica ! the result
was such that one could not help agreeing with him.
Yet everywhere else the work was thus played, and
it is still so played to this day ! True, the symphony
isnow received with universal acclamations but, if ;
we are not to laugh at the whole thing, the real

reasons for its success must be sought in the fact
that Beethoven's music is studied apart from the
concert-rooms — particularly at the piano —and its
irresistible power is thus fully felt, though in rather
a round-about way. If fate had not furnished such

a path of safety, and if our noblest music depended
solely upon the conductors, it would have perished
long ago.
To support so astounding an assertion I will take
a popular example :
—Has not every German heard
the overture to Der and over again?
Freyschiitz over
I have been told of sundry persons who were surprised
to find how frequently they had listened to this
wonderful musical poem, without having been shocked
when it was rendered in the most trivial manner;
these persons were among the audience of a concert
given at Vienna in 1864, when I was invited to con-
duct the overture. At the rehearsal it came to pass
that the orchestra of the imperial opera (certainly one
of the finest orchestras in existence), were surprised
at my demands regarding the execution of this piece.
—I
ON CONDUCTING. 51
It appeared at once that the Adagio of the intro-

duction had habitually been taken as a pleasant
Andante in the tempo of the " Alphorn," * or some
such comfortable composition. That this was not
" Viennese tradition " only, but had come to be the
universal practice, Ihad already learnt at Dresden
where Weber himself had conducted his work.
When I had a chance to conduct Der Freyschtitz at
—
Dresden eighteen years after Weber's death —
ventured to set aside the slovenly manner of execu-
tion which had prevailed under Keissiger, my senior
colleague. I simply took the tempo of the intro-
duction to the overture as I felt it whereupon ;
a veteran member of the orchestra, the old Violon-

celhst Dotzauer, turned towards me and said
seriously :
" Yes, this is the way Weber himself
took it ; I now hear it again correctly for the first
time." Weber's widow, who still resided at Dresden,

became touchingly solicitous for my welfare in the
position of Capellmeister. She trusted that my
sympathy with her deceased husband's music would
bring about correct performances of his works, for
which she had no longer dared to hope. The recol-
lection of this flattering testimony has frequently
cheered and encouraged me. At Vienna I was bold
enough to insist upon a proper performance. The
orchestra actually studied the too-well-known over-
ture anew. Discreetly led by E. Lewi, the Cornists
entirely changed the tone of the soft woodnotes in
* A sentimental song by Froch.
52 :WAGNEE
the introduction, which they had been accustomed

to play as a pompojis show piece. The magic pey-
fume of the melody for the horns was now shed
over the Pianissimo indicated in the score for the
strings. Once only the power pf
(also as indicated)
their tone rose to a mezzoforte and was then gradu-

ally lost again without the customary sforzando, in
the delicately inflected ^ * . "l J — \
The Violoncellos similarly reduced the usual heavy
accent 1 & .
i P F '
-» —H , which was now
heard above the tremolo of the violins like the

delicate sigh it is intended to be, and which finally
gave to the fortissimo that follows the crescendo
that air of desperation which properly belongs to it.
Having restored the mysterious dignity of the

introductory Adagio, I allowed the wild movement
of the Allegro to run its passionate course, without
regard to the quieter expression, which the soft
second theme demands ; for I knew that I should
be able sufficiently to slacken the pace at the right
moment, so that the proper movement for this theme
might be reached.
Evidently the greater number, if not all modern
Allegro movements, consist of a combination of two
— .
ON CONDUCTING. S^
essentially different constituent parts : in contrast

with the older naive unmixed Allegro, the construc-
tion is enriched by the combination of the pure
Allegro with the thematic peculiarities of the vocal
Adagio in all its gradations. The second theme of
the overture to " Oberon,"
— I-
1^ t^-î^
4= i^
which does not in the least partake of the character
of the Allegro, very clearly shows this contrasted
peculiarity. Technically, the composer has managed
to merge the character of this theme into the general
character of the piece. That is to say on the :
surface, the theme reads smoothly, according to the

scheme of an Allegro ; but, as soon as the true
character of the theme is brought out, it becomes
apparent that a composer must think such a scheme
capable of considerable modification if it is to combine
both principles. (Hauptcharactere)
To continue the account of the performance of the

Freyschiitz overture at Vienna : after the extreme
excitement of the tempo Allegro, I made use of the
long drawn notes of the clarinet —the character of
which is quite that of the Adagio
JSH ::£3^
inr
jSZ: zaz
=^s
: :
54 WAGNER
SO as imperceptibly to ease the tempo in this place,

where the figurated movement is dissolved into
sustained or tremulous tone ; so that, in spite of
the connecting figure
which renews the movement, and so beautifully leads

to the cantilena in E flat, we had arrived at the very
slight nuance of the main tempo, which has been kept
up all along. I arranged with the excellent executants
that they were to play this theme
-n- ?2= iffiar;

-?2-
^2=S^t -C=t
-1-
legato, and with an equable piano, i.e., without the

customary commonplace accentuation and not as
follows
:x^^ -+— —=-p

I :p2-
The good result was at once apparent, so that for

the gradual reanimation of the tempo with the
pulsating
^W
mf.>
i^
=FSS^
1^
:^=ic
J
ON CONDUCTING. 55
I had only to give the slightest indication of the

pace to find the orchestra perfectly ready to attack
the most energetic nuance of the main tempo to-
gether with the following fortissimo. It was not
so easy on the return of the conflict of the two
strongly contrasted motives, to bring them out
clearly without disturbing the proper feeling for
the predominant rate of speed. Here, when the
despairing energy of the allegro is concentrated in
successively shorter periods, and culminates in
:^—i:iz
-"Êt-
STP ^ 1 — ' —
-«-«-»-*- jt^
the success of the ever-present modification of tempo

was perhaps shown best of all.
After the splendidly sustained C major chords, and

the significant long pauses, by which these chords
are so well relieved, the musicians were greatly
surprised when I asked them to play the second
theme, which is now raised to a joyous chant, not
as they had been accustomed, in the violently excited
nuaiice of the first allegro theme, but in the milder
main time.
modification of the
This worrying and driving to death of theprincipal
56 '
WAGNBB
tiême at the close of a piece is a habit common to

all our orchestras-^very frequently indeed nothing is
wanting but the sound of the great horse-whip to

complete the resemblance to the effects at a circus.
No doubt increase of speed at the close of an over-
ture is frequently demanded by composers ; it is
a matter of course in those cases where the true

Allegro theme, as it were, remains in possession of
the field, and finally celebrates its apotheosis of ;
which Beethoven's great overture to " Leonora " is

a celebrated example. In this latter case, however,
the effect of the increased speed of the Allegro is
frequently spoilt by the fact that the conductor,

wlro does not know how to modify the main tempo
to meet the various requirements of the thematic
combinations {e.g., at the proper moment to relax
the rate of speed), has already permitted the main
iempo to grow so quick as to exclude the possibility
of any further increase —
unless, indeed, the strings
choose to risk an abnormal rush and run, such as I
remember to have heard with astonishment, though
not with satisfaction, from this very Viennese
orchestra. The necessity for such an eccentric
exertion arose in consequence of the
. main tempo
having been hurried too much during the progress
of the piece ; the final result was simply an exag-
geration —and moreover, a risk to which no true
work of art should be exposed —though, in a rough
way> it may be able to bear it.
However, it is difficult to understand why the close

ON CONDUCTING. 67
of the Freyschutz overture should be thus hurried

akd worried by Germans, who are supposed to
possess some deHcacy of feeling. Perhaps the blunder
will appear less inexplicable, if it is remembered
that this second cantilena, which towards the close
is treated as a chant of joy, was, already at its very
first appearance, made to trot on at the pace of the
principal Allegro : like a pretty captive girl tied to
the tail of a hussar's charger —and it would seem a
case of simple practical justice that she should
eventually be raised to the charger's back when the
wicked rider has fallen off —whereat, finally, the
Capellmeister is delighted, and proceeds to apply the
great whip.
An indescribably repulsive effect is produced by
this trivial reading of a passage, by which the
composer meant to convey, as it were, a maiden's
tender and warm effusions of gratitude.* Truly,
certain people who
and listen again and again to a
sit
vulgar effect such as this, whenever and wherever

the Freyschiitz overture is performed, and approve
of it, and talk of " the wonted excellence of our
orchestral performances " —
and otherwise indulge in
queer notions of their own about music, like the
venerable Herr Lohe, \ whose jubilee we have
recently celebrated —such people, I say, are in the
'*
See the close of the Aria in E, known as " Softly sighing"
in Der Freysohiita (No. 8).
f Author of a " Kompositionslehre," "Briefe einesWohlbe-

kannten," etc.
58 WAGNEB
right position warn the public against " the
to
absurdities of a mistaken idealism " —
and " to point
towards that which is artistically genuine, true and
eternally valid, asan antidote to all sorts of half-true
or half-mad doctrines and maxims."*
As I have related, a number of Viennese amateurs
who attended a performance of this poor maltreated
overture, heard it rendered in a very different manner.
The effect of that performance is still felt at Vienna.
People asserted that they could hardly recognise the
piece, and wanted know what I had done to it.
to
They could not conceive how the novel and surprising
effect at the close had been produced, and scarcely
credited my assertion that a moderate tempo was the
sole cause. The musicians in the orchestra, however,
might have divulged a little secret, namely this :
—in
the fourth bar of the powerful and brilliant entrata
:t;t it
I interpreted the- sign >, which in the score might

be mistaken for a timid and senseless accent, as a
mark of diminuendo Îi:=~ assuredly in accordance
with the composer's intentions —thus we reached a
more moderate degree of force, and the opening bars
of the theme
* (See Eduard Bernsdorf in Signale fiir die musioaUshe

Welt, No. 67, 1869).
:
ON CONDUCTING. 59
were at once distinguished by a softer inflection,

which, I now could easily permit to swell to fortis-
simo —thus the warm and tender motive, gorgeously

supported by the full orchestra, appeared happy and
glorified.
Our Capellmeisters are not particularly pleased at

a success such as this,
Herr Dessof, however, whose business it was

afterwards to conduct " Der Freyschiitz," at the
Viennese opera, thought it advisable to leave the
members of the orchestra undisturbed in the posses-
sion of the new reading. He announced this to
them, with a smile, saying :
" Well, gentlemen, let
us take the overture a la Wagner."

Yes, Yes : —^ la Wagner ! I believe there would
be no more harm in taking a good many other things,
a la Wagner !
*
At all events this was an entire concession on the

part of the Viennese Capellmeister ; whereas in a
similar case, my former colleague, the late Eeissiger,
would only consent to meet me half way.In the
last movement of Beethoven's A major symphony, I
discovered a piano which Eeissiger had been pleased
* " 'Wagnerisch " — there

is a pun here wagen to dare : =
erwagen = to weigh mentally: thus " Waynerisoh,'' may be
taken as — in a daring well considered manner.
60 "
WAGNER
to insert in the parts when he conducted the work.

This piano concerned the grand preparation for the
close of this final movement, when, after the power-
ful reiterated chords on the dominant seventh A
(Breitkopf and Haertel's Score, page 86) the figure
eto.
is carried on forte, until with " sempre piu forte," it

becomes still more violent. This did not suit
Eeissiger ; accordingly, at the bar quoted, he inter-
polated a sudden piano, so that he might in time
get a perceptible crescendo. Of course, I erased
this piano and restored the energetic forte in its
integrity. And thus, I presume, I again committed
an offence against "Lobe and Bernsdorf's eternal
laws of truth and beauty," which Eeissiger, in his
day, was so careful to obey.
After I had left Dresden, when this A major
symphony came to be performed again under Eeis-
siger, he did not feel at ease about that passage so ;
he stopped the orchestra, and advised that it should

be taken mezzo forte !
On another occasion (not very long ago, at
Munich) I was present at a public performance of
,
the overture to " Egmont," which proved instruc-

tive —
somewhat after the manner of the customary;
performances of the overture to " Der Freyschiitz."
ON CONDUOTIKG. 61
In the Allegro of the Egmont overture* the

powerful and weighty sostenuto of the introduction :
i
^£i=affî ^ frd- ^
is used in rhythmical diminution as the first half of
the second theme, and is answered in the other half
by a soft and smooth countermotive.
J5=^
tl
m&=
iIJE^^ =^=F at S
P
^t
ff I
The conductor, t in accordance with "classical"

custom, permitted this concise and concentrated
theme, a contrast of power and gentle self-content,
to be swept away by the rush of the Allegro, like a
sere and withered leaf ; so that, whenever it caught

the ear at all, a sort of dance pace was heajd, in
which during the two opening bars the dancers
stepped forward, and in the two following bars
twirled about in " Laendler " 1 fashion
When Biilow, in the absence of the favourite
senior conductor was called upon to lead the music
* Beethoven : Op. 84. f Franz Lachnec,
I
—
Laendler an Austrian peasant's dance, in triple time,
from which the waltz is derived.
62 ^
WAGNBE
to Bgmont at Munich, I induced him, amongst

other things, to attend to the proper rendering of
this passage. It proved at once strikingly effective
—concise, laconic —as Beethoven meant it. The
tempo, which up to that point had been kept up
with passionate animation, was firrdly arrested and
very slightly modified — just as much, and no more

than was necessary to permit the orchestra properly
to attack this thematic combination, so full of
energetic decision and of a contemplative sense of
happinesss. At the end of the f time the combina-
tion is treated in a broader and more determined
still
manner ; and thus these simple, but indispensible,

modifications brought about a new reading of the
overture —the correct reading. The impression pro-
duced by this properly conducted performance was
singular, to say the least of it ; I was assured that
the manager of the Court theatre was persuaded
there had been " a breakdown."
No one among the the audience of the celebrated
Odeon Concerts at Munich dreamt of " a break-
down " when the above-mentioned senior " classical"
conductor led the performance of Mozart'sG minor
symphony, when I happened to be present. The
manner in which the Andante of the symphony was
played, and the effect it produced was altogether
surprising. Who has not, in his youth, admired
this beautiful piece, aiid tried to realize it in his own
way ? In what way ? No matter. If the marks of
expression are scanty, the wonderful composition
ON CONDUCTING. 63
arouses one's feelings ; and fancy supplies the means

to read it in accordance with such feelings. It
seems as though Mozart had expected something of
the kind, for he has given but few and meagre
indications of the expression. So we felt free to
indulge ourselves in the dehcately increasing swing

of the quavers, with the moon-like rise of the
violins :
^ P
the notes of which

:P^k-.
we
^-r-- -?-^-*c-*:^?::^?"
believed to sound softly

legato ; the tenderly whispering
^^^3^: *&*-
touched us as with wings of angels, and before the

solemn admonitions and questionings of
i ^«rj. J-
ESErz 8**
(which, however, we heard in a finely sustained
crescendo) we imagined ourselves led to a blissful

evanescense, which came upon us with the final
bars. Fancies of this sort, however, were not per-
mitted during the strictly classical performance,
under the veteran Capellmeister, at the Munich
— :
(64 WAGNJIE
Odeon ; the proceedings, there, were carried on jpth

a degree of solemnity, enough to make one's flegh
creep with a sensation akin to a foretaste of eterg.^1
perdition.
The lightly floating Andante was converted intg a
ponderous Largo; not the hundredth part of the
weight of a single quaver was spared us ; stiff and
ghastly, like a bronze pigtail, the battuta of this
Andante was swung over our heads even the ;
featherson the angel's wings were turned into

corkscrew curls — rigid, like those of the seven yearg
war. Already, I felt myself placed under the sta:f
of a Prussian recruiting officer, a.d. 1740, and

longed to be bought off —but ! who can guess my
terror, when the veteran turned back the pages, and
recommenced his Largo-Andante merely to do
" classical " justice to the two little dots before the
double bar in the score ! I looked about me for help
and succour —and beheld another wondrous thing
the audience listened patiently : quite convinced that
everything was in the best possible order, and that
they were having a true Mozartian "feast for the
ears " in all innocence and safety.—This being
so, I acquiesced, and bowed my head in silence.
Once, however, a little later on, my patience
failed. At a rehearsal of " Tannhauser " I had
quietly allowed a good deal to pass by unnoticed
even the clerical tempo at which my knights had to
march up in the second act. But now it became
evident that the undoubtedly "veteran" master
ON CONDUCTING. 65
could not even make out how i time was to be

changed to an equivalent | i.e., two crotchets
:
r r
into a triplet of three crotchets
^ 8 ^^
r r r
The trouble arose during Tannhauser's narrative of
his pilgrimage (Act III.), when ^
r^ r rl
WAGNEE
#=P= :S=P=I^
t=i:
ifct
^
etc.
t=z t: eA=^
:S=E i^rt
Now, this may have been very interesting, musically,

but it compelled the poor singer of Tannhauser to relate
his painful recollections of Eome to a gay and lively
waltz-rhythm (which, again, reminds Lohen- me of
grin's narrative about the Holy Grail, at Wiesbaden,
where I heard it recited scherzando, as though it
were about Queen Mab) But as I was, in this case,
.
dealing with so excellent a representative of Tann-

hauser as Ludwig Schnorr* I was bound to establish
the right tempo, and, for once, respectfully to inter-
fere. This, I am sorry to say, caused some scandal
and annoyance. I fear in course of time, it even
caused some martyrdom, and inspired a cold-
little
blooded Gospel-critic t to celebrate and console the

veteran-martyr in a couple of sonnets. Indeed, we
have now got sundry " martyrs of classical music "
crowned with a halo of poetry. I shall beg leave to
examine them still more closely in the sequel.
Ludwig Schnorr von Carolsfeld, the first " Tristan," died

1865.
t David Strauss, author of " Das Leben Jesn,'

;
It has repeatedly been pointed out that our conduc-

tors dislike attempts at modification of tempo, for
the sake of perspicuity in the rendering of Beethoven
and other classical music. I have shewn that
plausible objections can be urged against such modifi-
cations, so long as they are not accompanied by
corresponding modifications of tone and expression
and I have further shewn that such objections have
no foundation other than the incompetence of con-
ductors, who attempt to perform functions for which
they are not fit. In fact, there is but one valid
objection which can be urged against the mode of
procedure I advocate, namely this nothing can be
:
more detrimental to a piece of music than arbitrary

nuances of tempo, etc., such as are likely to be
introduced by this or that self-willed and conceited
time-beater, for the sake of what he may deem
" effective." In that way, certainly, the very exist-
ence of our classical music might, in course of time,

be undermined. Now, what is to be said or done in
the face of so sad a state of things ?
A sound public opinion with regard to questions of
(67)
68 WAGNEE
art does not exist in Germany ; and there is nothing

amongst us that could effectually put a stop to such
vagaries. Thus, the above objection, valid as it is
(though seldom put forward in good faith), again

points towards the conductors ; for, if incompetent
persons are not to be permitted to maltreat classical
music at their pleasure, how is it that the best and
most influential musicians have not taken this matter
in hand? why have they themselves led classical
music into such a groove of triviality and actual dis-
figurement ? In many instances the objection in
question is merely put forward as a pretext for
opposition to all efforts have in-
in the direction I
dicated. Indolent and incompetent persons form an
immense majority and, under certain circumstances,
;
incompetency and sluggishness unite, and grow

aggressive. '
The first performances of classical compositions

with us have, as a rule, been very imperfect. (One
has but to recall the accounts of the circumstances
under which Beethoven's most difficult symphonies
were first performed !). A good deal also has, from
the first, been brought before the German public in
an absolutely incorrect manner (compare my essay
on " Gluck's Overture to Iphigenia in Aulis " in one
of the earlier volumes of the "Neue Zeitschrift fur
Musik.") * This being so, how can the current style
of execution appear other than it is ? In Germany
* Wagner " Gesammelte Sohriften." Vol. V., p. 143,

! —
ON CONDUCTING. 69
the " conservators " of such works are both ignorant

and incompetent. And, on the other hand, suppose
one were to take an unprejudiced and impartial view
of the manner in which a master like Mendelssohn
led such works ! How can it be expected that lesser
musicians, not to speak of musical mediocrities
generally, should really comprehend things which
have remained doubtful to their master ? For average
people, who are not specially gifted, there is but one
good guide to excellence —a good example ; and a
guiding example was not to be found in the path
chosen by the host of mediocrities. Unfortunately,
they entirely occupy this path or pass, at present,
without a guide or leader —and any other person who
might, perchance, be capable of setting up a proper
example, has no room left. For these reasons I
deem it worth while to strip this spirit of reticence
and shallow pretence of the halo of sanctity with
which it poses as the " chaste spirit of German art."
A poor and pretentious pietism at present stifles
every and shuts out every breath of fresh air

effort,
from the musical atmosphere. At this rate we may

live to see our glorious music turned into a colourless
and ridiculous bug-bear

I therefore think it advisable to take a straight-
forward survey of this spirit, to look closely into its
eyes, and to openly assert that it has nothing in

common with the true spirit of German music. It
is not easy to estimate the positive weight and value

of modern, Beethovenian, music —but we may
.
70 WAGNEg
perhaps hope to get at some negative proof of its

worth, by an examination of the pseudo-Beethoven-
ian-classicism now in the ascendant.
It is curious to note how the opposition to the
things I advocate finds vent in the press, where un-
educated scribblers clamour and create a disturbance,
whilst in the ^profession proper, the utterances are
. from noisy, though sufficiently bitter. (" You see
f a,r
he cannot express himself," a lady once said to me

with a sly glance at one of these reticent musicians)
As I have said at the outset this new musical Areo-
pagus consists of two distinct species Germans of :
the old type, who have managed to hold out in the

South of Germany, but are now gradually disappear-
ing and the elegant Cosmopolites, who have arisen
;
from the school of Mendelssohn in the North, and

are now in the a'scendant. Formerly the two species
did not think much of each other but latterly, in
;
the face of certain disturbances which seem to

threaten their flourishing business, they have united
in mutual admiration ; so that in the South the
Mendelssohnian school, with all that pertains to it,
is now lauded and protected —whilst, in the North,

the prototype ofSouth-German sterility is wel-
comed* with sudden and profound respect an —
honour which Lindpaintner of blessed memoryt
did not live to see. Thus to ensure their
* Franz Lachner, and his Orchestral Suites,
f Peter Josef von Lindpaintner, 1791-1856, Gapellmeister
ai;t Stnttgart.
;
ON CONDUCTING. 71
prosperity the two species are shaking hands.

Perhaps at the outset such an alliance was
rather repugnant to those of the old native type
but they got over the difficulty by the aid of that
not particularly laudable propensity of Germans
namely, a timid feeling of jealousy which accom-
panies a sense of helplessness {die mit der Unbekol-
fenheit verbundene Scheelsucht). This propensity
spoilt the temper of one of the most eminent
German musicians of . later times,* led him to repu-
diate his true nature and to submit to the regulations
of the elegant and alien second species. The oppo-
sition of the more subordinate musicians signifies
nothing beyond this; " we cannot advance, we do
want others to advance, and we are annoyed
to see them advance in spite of us." This is
at least honest Philistinism ; dishonest only under

provocation.
In the newly formed camp, however, things are
not so simple. Most complicated maxims have
there been evolved from the queer ramifications of
person, social, and even national interests. Without
going into details, I will only touch one prominent
point, that here there is a good deal to conceal, a good
deal to hide and suppress. The members of the
fraternity hardly think it desirable to show that they
are "musicians" at all; and they have sufficient
reason for this.

Our true German musician was originally a man
* Robert SohumanD.
;.
72 WAGNEE
difficult to associate In days gone by the social

with.
position of musicians in Germany, as in Prance
and England, was far from good. Princes and
aristocratical society generally, hardly recogni'sed
the social status of musicians (Italians alone
excepted). were everywhere preferred to
Italians
native Germans (witness the treatment Mozart me''
with at the Imperial Court at Vienna) Musicians .
remained peculiar half -wild, half -childish beings, and

were treated as such by their employers. The edu-
cation, even of the most gifted, bore traces of the
fact that they had not really come under the influence
of refined and intelligent society — (think of Beethoven
when he came Goethe at Teplitz)
in contact with
It was taken for granted that the mental organisa-
tion of professional musicians was such as to render
them insusceptible to the influence of culture-
When Marschner* in 1848, found me striving to
awaken the spirit of the members of the Dresden
orchestra, he seriously dissuaded me, saying he
thought professional musicians incapable of under-
standing what I meant. Certain it is, as I have
already said, that the higher and highest professional
posts were formerly occupied by men who had
gradually risen from the ranks, and in a good jour-
neyman-like sense this had brought about many an
excellent result. A certain family feeling, not devoid
* Heinrich Marsohner, 1796-1861, operatic composer
Weber's colleague at Dresden, subsequently conductor at
Leipzig and Hanover.
;
ON CONDUCTING. 73
of warmth and depth, was developed in such patri-

archal orchestras —and this family feeling was ready
to respond to the suggestions of a sympathetic
leader. But just as, for instance, the Jews formerly
kept aloof from our handicraftsmen, so the new
species of conductors did not grow up among the.
musical guilds —they would have shrunk from the
hard work there. They simply took the lead of the
guilds —much as the bankers take the lead in our
industrial society. To be able to do this creditably
conductors had to show themselves possessed of
something that was lacking to the musicians from
the ranks —something at least very difficult to ac-
quire in a sufficient degree, if it was not altogether
lacking : namely, a certain varnish of culture (Ge-
bildetheit) . As a banker is equipped with capital, so
our elegant conductors are the possessors of pseudo-
culture. I say pseudo-culture, not culture, for who-
ever really possesses the latter is a superior person
and above ridicule. But there can be no harm in
discussing our varnished and elegant friends.
met with a case in Which the results of
I have not
true culture, an open mind and a free spirit, have
become apparent amongst them. Even Mendels-
sohn, whose manifold gifts had been cultivated most
assiduously, never got over a certain anxious timidity
and in spite of all his well-merited successes, he
remained outside the pale of German art-life. It
seems probable that a feeling of isolation and con-

straint was a source of much pain to him, and
—
74 WAGNEE
shortened his life. The reason for this is to be found

in the fact that the motives of a desire for culture,
such as his, lack spontaneity {dass dem Motive eines
solchen Blldungsdranges Jceine Unbefangenheit inne-
loohnt) —
and arise from a desire to cover and conceal
some part of a man's individuality, rather than to
develop it freely.
But true culture is not the result of such a pro-

cess : a man may grow extremely intelligent in
certain ways yet the point at which these ways meet
;
may be other than that of " pure intelligence " (rein-

sehende Intelligenz) . To watch such an inner process
in the case of a particularly gifted and delicately
organized individual is sometimes touching in the ;
and more trivial natures however, the

case of lesser
contemplation of the process and its results is simply
nauseous.
Flat and empty pseudo-culture confronts us with
a grin, and if we are not inclined to grin in return, as
superficial observers of our civilization are wont to
do, we may indeed grow seriously indignant. And
German musicians now-a-days have good reason to
be indignant if this miserable sham culture presumes
to judge of the spirit and significance of our glorious
music.
Generally speaking, it is a characteristic trait of
pseudo-culture not to insist too much, not to enter
deeply into a subject or, as the phras§ goes, not to
make much fuss about anything. Thus, whatever is
high, great and deep, is treated as a matter of course.
—
ON GONDUCTING. 75
a commonplace, naturally at everybody's beck and

call ; something that can be readily acquired, and, if
need be, imitated. Again, that which is sublime,
god-like, demoniac, must not be dwelt upon, simply
because it is impossible or difficult to copy. Pseudo-
culture accordingly talks of " excrescences," " ex-
aggerations," and the like —and
up a novelsets
system of aesthetics, which professes to rest upon
—
Goethe since he, too, was averse to prodigious
monstrosities, and was good enough to invent
" artistic calm and beauty " in lieu thereof. " The
guileless innocence of art" becomes an object of
laudation and Schiller, who now and then was too
;
violent, is treated rather contemptuously ; so, in

sage accord with the Philistines of the day, a new
conception of -classicality is evolved. In other de-
partments of art, too, the Greeks are pressed into
service, on the ground that Greece was the very

home of " clear transparent serenity " and, finally,
such shallow meddling with all that most earnest
is
and terrible in the existence of man, is gathered

together in a full and novel philosophical system *
wherein our varnished musical heroes find a com-
fortable and undisputed place of honour.
How the latter heroes treat great musical works I
have shewn by the aid of a few representative
examples. It remains to explain the serene and
cheerful Greek sense of that " getting over the
* Hauslick's " Vom Masioalish-Schoenen," and particularly

Yischer's volominons " System der iEsthetik."
76 WAGNBE
ground " which Mendelssohn so earnestly recom-

mended. This will be best shown by a reference to
his disciples and successors. Mendelssohn wished
to hide the inevitable shortcomings of the execution,
and also, in case of need, the shortcomings of that
which is executed; to this, his disciples and suc-
cessors superadded the specific motive of their
" culture " : namely, " to hide and cover up in
general," to escape attention, to create no disturb-
ance. There is a quasi physiological reason for this
which I accidentally discovered once upon a time
For the performance of Tannhauser, at Paris, I
re- wrote the scene in the " Venusberg " on a larger
scale : at one of the rehearsals I explained to the
ballet master that the little tripping pas of his
Mssnads and Bacchantes contrasted* miserably with
my music, and asked him to arrange something wild
—
and bold for his corps something akin to the
groups of Bacchantes on ancient bas-reliefs. There-
upon the man whistled through his fingers, and
said, " Ah, I understand perfectly, but to produce
anything of the sort I should require a host of
if I were to whisper a word of what
premiers sujets ;
you and indicate the attitudes you intend to
say,
my people here, we should instantly have the
'cancan,' and be lost." The very same feeling
which induced my Parisian ballet-master to rest
content with the most vapid pas of Maenads and
Bacchantes, forbids our elegant, new-fangled con-
ductors to cut the traces of their " culture." They
ON CONDUCTING. 77
are afraid such a thingmight lead to a scandal a la

Offenbach. Meyerbeer was a warning to them the ;
Parisian opera had tempted him into certain ambigu-

ous Semitic accentuations in music, which fairly
scared the "men of culture."
A large part of their education has ever since
consisted in learning to watch their behaviour, and
to suppress any indications of passion; much as
one who naturally lisps and stammers, is careful to
keep quiet, lest he should be overcome by a fit of
hissing and stuttering. Such continuous watch-
fulness has assisted in the removal of much that was
unpleasant, and the general human amalgamation
has gone on much more smoothly which, again, has
;
brought it about that many a stiff and poorly

developed element of our home-growth has been
refreshed and rejuvenated. I have already men-
tioned that amongst musicians roughness of speech
and behaviour are going out, that delicate details in
musical execution are more carefully attended to,
etc. But it is a very different thing to allow the
necessity for reticence, and for the suppression of
certain personal characteristics, to be converted into
a principle for the treatment of our art ! Germans
are stiff and awkward when they want to appear
mannerly : but they are noble and superior when they
grow toarm. And are we to suppress our fire to
please those reticent persons ? In truth, it looks as
though they expected us to do so.
In former days, whenever I met a young musician
78 WAGNEE
who had come in contact with Mendelssohn, I learnt
that the master had admonished him not to think
of effect when composing, and to avoid everything
that might prove meretriciously impressive. Now,
this was very pleasant and soothing advice : and
those pupils who adopted it and remained true to
the master, have indeed produced neither " impres-
sion nor meretricious effect ;" only, the advice
seemed to me rather too negative, and I failed to see
the value of that which was positively acquired under
it. I believe the entire teaching of the Leipzig Con-
servatoium was based upon some such negative advice,
and I understand, that young people there have been
positively pestered with warnings of a like kind;
whilst their best endeavours met with no encourage-
ment from the masters unless their taste in music
fully coincided with the tone of the orthodox
psalms. The first result of the new doctrine, and
the most important for our investigations, came to
light in the execution of classical music. Everything
here was governed by the fear of exaggeration {etwa
in das Drastische zu fallen). I have for instance,
hitherto not found any traces that those later
pianoforte works of Beethoven in which the master's
peculiar style is best developed, have actually
been studied and played by the converts to that
doctrine.
For a long time I earnestly wished to meet with
some one who could play the great sonata in B flat
(Op. 106) as it should be played. At length my
ON CONDUCTING. 79
wish was gratified —but by a person who came from

a camp wherein those doctrines do not prevail-
Franz Liszt, also, gratified my longing
to he&nBach.
No doubt Bach has been assiduously cultivated by
Liszt's opponents, they esteem Bach for teaching
purposes, smooth and mild manner of
since a
execution apparently accords better with his music
than " modern effect " or Beethovenian strenuous-
ness {Drastik).
I once asked one of the best-reputed older musi-
cians, a friend and companion of Mendelssohn (whom
I have already mentioned a propos of the tempo di
menuetto of the eighth symphony*), to play the eighth
Prelude and Fugue from the first part of " Das
Wohltemperirte Clavier" (E flat minor), a piece
which has always had a magical attraction for me. t
He very kindly complied, and I must confess that I
have rarely been so much taken by surprise. Cer-
tainly, there was no trace here of sombre German
gothicism and all that old-fashioned stuff under :
the hands of my friend, the piece ran along the key-

board with a degree of " Greek serenity " that left
me at a loss whither to turn ; in my innocence I
deemed myself transported to a neo-helenic synagogue,
from the musical cultus of which all old testamentary
accentuations had been most elegantly eliminated.
This singular performance still tingled in my ears,
* Ferdinand Hillei.
I i.e., Prelude VIII., from Part I. of Bach's 48 Preludes

and Fugues.
. ;
80 WAGNEE
when at length I begged Liszt for once to cleanse

my musical soul of the painful impression ; he played
the fourth Prelude and Fugue (C sharp minor).
Now, I knew what from Liszt at the piano
to expect
but I had not expected anything like what I came to
hear from Bach, though I had studied him well I ;
saw how study is eclipsed by genius. By his ren.

dering of this single fugue of Bach's, Liszt revealed
Bach to me ; so that I henceforth knew for certain
what to make of Bach, and how to solve all doubts
concerning him. was convinced, also, that those
I
people know nothing of Bach and if anyone chooses ;
to doubt my assertion, I answer :

" request him to
play a piece of Bach's."*
I would like further to question any member of
that musical, temperance society, and, if it has ever
been his lot to hear Liszt play Beethoven's great B
flat Sonata, I would ask him to testify honestly
whether he had before really known and understood
that sonata ? I, at least, am acquainted with a person
who was and who was constrained to
so fortunate ;
confess that he had not before understood it. And

to this day, who plays Bach, and the great works of
Beethoven, in public, and compels every audience to
confess as much ? a member of that " school for
temperance " ? No ! it is Liszt's chosen successor,

Hans von Billow
So much for the present on this subject. It might
prove interesting to observe the attitude these reticent
* See Appendix C.
ON CONDUCTING. 81
gentlemen take up with regard to performances such

as Liszt's and Billow's.
The successes of their policy, to which they are
indebted for the control of public music in Germany,
need not detain us ; but we are concerned in an
examination of the curious religious development with-
in their congregation. In this respect the earlier'
maxim, " beware of effect " —the result embarrass-
of
ment and cautious timidity —has now been changed
from a delicate rule of prudence and security to a posi-
tively aggressive dogma. The adherents of this dogma
hypocritically look askance if they happen to meet
with a true man in music. They pretend to be
shocked, as though they had come across something
improper. The spirit of their shyness, which origin-
ally served to conceal their own impotence, now
attempts the defamation of other people's potence.
Defamatory insinuations and calumny find ready
acceptance with the representatives of German
Philistinism, and appear to be at home in that mean
and paltry state of things which, as we have seen,
environs our musical affairs.
The principal ingredient, however, is an apparently

judicious caution in presence of that which one
happens to be incapable of, together with detraction
of that which one would like to accomplish one's
self. It is sad, above all things, to find a man so
powerful and capable as Robert Schumann concerned

in this confusion, and in the end to see his name
inscribed on the banner of the new fraternity. The
82 WAGNER
misfortune was that Schumann in his later days

attempted certain tasks for which he was not qfuahfied.
And it is a pity to see that portion of his work, in
which he failed to reach the mark he had set himself,
raised as the insignia of the latest guild of musicians.

A good deal Schumann's early endeavour was
of
most worthy of admiration and sympathy, and it has
been cherished and nurtured by us (I am proud here to
rank myself with Liszt's friends) in a more commend-
able and commending way than by his immediate
adherents.* The latter, well aware that Schumann
had herein evinced true productivity, knowingly kept .
these things in the background, perhaps because

they could not play them in an effective way. On
the other hand, certain works of Schumann conceived
on a larger and bolder scale, and in which the limits
of his gifts become apparent are now carefully brought
forward, t The public does not exactly like these
works, but their performance offers an opportunity
to point out how commendable a thing it is to
"make no effect." Finally, a comparison with the
works Beethoven in his third period (played as
of
they play them ) comes in opportunely.

Certain later, inflated (schwulstig) and dull produc-
tions of E. Schumann, which simply require to be
played smoothly ( glatt herunter gespielt ) are con-
* See Appendix D.
t Such as the Overtures

to Faust, Die Braut von Messina,
Julius C^Bsar the " Balladen," Das Gliick von Edenball, Das
;
Sanger Finch, Yom Pagan and dar Eouigstocbter, etc.

ON CONDUCTING. 83
founded with Beethoven and an attempt is made

;
to show that they agree in spirit with the rarest,

boldest and most profound achievements of German
music Thus Schumann's shallow bombast is made
!
to pass for the equivalent of the inexpressible purport

of Beethoven —but always with the reservation that
strenuous eccentricity such as Beethoven's is hardly
admissible ; whereas, vapid emptiness ( das gleich-
giltig Nichtssagende ) and proper a point at
is right :
which Schumann properly played, and Beethoven

improperly rendered, are perhaps comparable with-
out much fear of misunderstanding Thus these !
singular defenders of musical chastity stand towards

our great classical music in the position of eunuchs
in the Grand-Turk's Harem ; and by the same token
German Philistinism is ready to entrust them with
the care of music in the family — since it is plain that
anything ambiguous is not likely to proceed from
that quarter.
But now what becotnes of our great and glorious
German music ? It is the fate of our music that
really concerns us. We have little reason to grieve
if, wondrous productivity, nothing
after a century of
particular happens to come to light for some little
time. But there is every reason to beware of sus-
picious persons who set themselves up as the trustees
and conservators of the " true German spirit " of our
inheritance.
Eegarded as individuals, there is not much to
blaifie in these musicians ; most of them compose
;
84 WAGNER
very well. Herr Johannes Brahms once had the

kindness to play a composition of his own to me.
— a piece with very serious variations which I —
thought excellent, and from which I gathered that
he was impervious to a joke. His performance of
other pianoforte music at a concert gave me less
pleasure. I even thought it impertinent that the

friends of this gentleman professed themselves
unable to attribute anything beyond "extraordinary
technical power" to " Liszt and his school," whilst
the execution of Herr Brahms appeared so painfully
dry, inflexible and wooden. I should have liked to
see Herr Brahms' technique annointed with a little
of the oil of Lizst's schoolan ointment which does
;
not seem to issue spontaneously from the keyboard,

but is evidently got from a more ethereal region
than that of mere " technique." To all appearances,
however, this was a very respectable phenomenon :
only it remains doubtful how such a phenomenon

could be set up in a natural way as the Messiah, or
at least the Messiah's most beloved disciple
unless indeed, an affected enthusiasm for mediaeval
wood-carvings should have induced us to accept
those stiff wooden figures for the ideals of eccle-
siastical In any case we must protest
sanctity.
against any presentation of our great warm-hearted
Beethoven in the guise of such sanctity. If they
cannot bring out the difference between Beethoven
whom they do
not comprehend and therefore pervert,
and Schumann, who, for very simple reasons, is
ON CONDtrOTING. 85
incomprehensible, they shall, at least, not be per-

mitted to assume that no difference exists.
I have already indicated sundry special aspects of
this sanctimoniousness. Following its aspirations a
little further we shall come upon a new field, across
which our investigation on and about conducting,
must now lead us.
Some time ago the editor of a South German
journal discovered " hypocritical tendencies " {muck-
erische Tendenzen ) in my artistic theories. The
man evidently did not know what he was saying : he
merely wished to use an unpleasant word. But my
experience has led me to understand that the essence
of hypocrisy, and the singular tendency of a repulsive
sect of hypocrites (Mucker), may be known by cer-
tain characteristics :
—
they wish to be tempted, and
greedily seek temptation, in order to exercise their
power of resistance ! —Actual scandal, however, does
not begin until the secret of the adepts and leaders
of the sect is disclosed; —the adepts reverse the
object of the resistance —they resist with a view to
increasing the ultimate sense of beatitude. Accord-
ingly, if this were applied to art, one would perhaps
not be saying a senseless thing if one were to attri-
bute hypocritical tendencies to the queer " school

for chastity " of this Musical Temperance Society.
The lower grades of the school may be conceived as
vacillating between the orgiastic spirit of musical
art and the reticence which their dogmatic maxim
(86)
ON CONDUCTING. 87
imposes upon them —whilst it can easily be shewn

that the higher grades nourish a deep desire to enjoy
that which is forbidden to the lower. The " Liebes-
lieder-Walzer " of the blessed Johannes (in spite of
the silly title) might be taken as the exercises of the
lower grades ;whereas the intense longing after
" the Opera," which troubles the sanctimonious
devotions of the adepts, may be accepted as the
mark of the higher and highest grades. If a single
member, for once only, were to achieve a success
with an opera, it is more than probable that the
entire " school " would explode. But, somehow,
no such success has hitherto been achieved, and this
keeps the school together ; for, every attempt that
happens to fail, can be made to appear as a conscious
effort of abstinence, in the sense of the exercises of
the lower grades ;* and "the opera," which beckons
in the distance like a forlorn bride, can be made to
figure as a symbol of the temptation, which is to be
finally resisted —so that the authors of operatic
failures may be glorified as special saints.
Seriously speaking, how
do these musical gentle-
men stand with regard to " the Opera ? " Having
paid them a visit in the concert-room to which they
belong, and from which they started, we shall now,
for the sake of " conducting," look after them at the
theatre.
* For a curious example of auoh exercises, see Ferdinand

"Oper ohne Text;" a set of pianoforte pieces, ti {waiSre
Hiller's
mains.
:
88 WAGNEE
Herr Eduard Devrient, in his " Erinnerungen," has

given us an account of the difficulties his friend
Mendelssohn met with in the search for a textbook
to an opera. It was to be a truly " German " opera,
and the master's friends were to find the materials
wherewith to construct it. Unfortunately, they did
not succeed in the quest. I suspect there were very
simple reasons for this. A good deal can be got at
by means of discussion and arrangement but a ;
" Grerman " and "nobly-serene" opera, such as

Mendelssohn in his delicate ambition dreamt of, is
not exactly a thing that can be manufactured nor —
old nor new testamentary recipes will serve the
purpose. The master did not live to reach the goal
but his companions and apprentices continued their
efforts. Herr Hiller believed he could force on a
success, simply by dint of cheerful and unflagging
perseverance. Everything, he thought depends
upon a " a lucky hit," such as others had made in
his very presence, and which steady perseverance,
as in a game of chance, must, sooner or later, bring
round to him. But the "lucky hit," invariably
missed. Schumann also did not succeed,* and many
other members of the chturch of abstinence, both
adepts and neophytes, have since stretched forth
their " chaste and innocent " hands in search of an
operatic success — ^they troubled greatly —but their
efforts proved fruitless —the " fortunate grip "failed.
^Ckenoveva, " Oper in vier Acten, naoh Tieck nnd F. Hebbel,

Masik von Robert Scbnmann, Op. 81."
ON CONDUCTING. 89
Now such experiences are apt to embitter the most

harmless persons. All the more bo, since Capell-
meisters and Musikdirectors are daily occupied at
the theatres, and are bound to serve in a sphere in
which they are absolutely helpless and impotent,
and the causes of their impotence, with regard to
the composition of an opera, are also the causes of
their inability to conduct an opera properly. Yet
such is the fate of our public art, that gentlemen who
are not even able to conduct concert music, are the
sole leaders in the very complicated business of the
opera theatres ! Let a reader of discretion imagine
the condition of things there !
I have been prolix in showing the weakness of our

conductors, in the very field, where, by rights
they ought to feel at home. I can be brief now
v?ith regard to the opera. Here it simply comes
to this " Father, forgive them
: for they know not ;
what they do." To characterise their disgraceful

doings, I should have to show how much that is
good and significant might be done at the theatres,
and this would lead me too far. Let it be reserved
for another occasion. For the present I shall
only say a little about their ways as operatic
conductors.
In the concert room these gentlemen go to work
with the most serious mein; at the opera they
deem it becoming to put on a nonchalant, sceptical,
cleverly-frivolous air. They concede with a smile,
that they are not quite at home in the opera,
;
90 WAGNEE
and do not profess to understand much about

things which they do not particularly esteem.
Accordingly, they are very accommodating and com-
plaisant towards vocalists, female and male, for
whom they are glad to make matters comfortable
they arrange the tempo, introduce fermatas, ritard-
andos, accelerandos, transpositions, and, above all,
" cuts," whenever and wherever a vocalist chooses

to call for such. Whence indeed are they to derive
the authority to resist this or that absurd demand ?
If, perchance, a pedantically disposed conductor
should incline to insist upon this or that detail, he
will, as a rule, be found in the wrong. For vocalists
are at least at home and, in their own frivolous way,
at ease in the opera ; they know well enough what
they can do, and how to do it ; so that, if anjdihing
worthy of admiration is produced in the operatic
world it is generally due to the right instincts of the
vocalists, just as in the orchestra the merit lies
almost entirely in the good sense of the musicians.

One has only to examine an orchestra part of
"Norma," for instance, to see what a curious musical
changeling ( Wechselbalg ) such innocent looking
sheets of music paper can be turned into ; the mere
succession of the transpositions —the Adagio of an
Aria in F sharp major, the Allegro in F, and between
the two (for the sake of the military band) a transition
in B flat — offers a truly horrifying piqture of the
music to which such an esteemed conductor cheerfully
beats time.
ON CONDUCTING. 91
It was only at a suburban theatre at Turin (i.e.,
in Italy ) that I witnessed a correct and complete

performance of the "Barber of Seville"; for our
conductors grudge the trouble it takes to do justice
even to a simple score such as " II Barbiere." They
have no notion that a perfectly correct performance,
be it of the most insignificant opera can produce an
excellent impression upon an educated mind, simply
by reason of its correctness. Even the shallowest
theatrical concoctions, at the smallest Parisian
theatres, can produce a pleasant sesthetical effect,
since, as a rule, they are carefully rehearsed, and
correctly rendered. The power of the artistic principle
is, in fact, so "great that an aesthetic result is at once
attained, if only some part of that principle be
properly applied, and its conditions fulfilled : and
such is true art, although it may be on a very low
level. But we do not get such aesthetic results in
Germany, unless it be &i performances of Ballets, in
Vienna, or Berlin. Here the whole matter is in the
hands of one man —the ballet-master—and that man
knows his business. Fortunately, he is in a position
to dictate the rate of movement to the orchestra, for
the expression as well as for the tempo, and he does
so, not according to his individual whim, like an
operatic singer, but with a view to the ensemble, the
concensus of all the artistic factors ; and now, of a
sudden, it comes to pass that the orchestra plays
correctly ! A rare sense of satisfaction will be
felt by everyojie who, after the tortures of an
92 WAGNEE .
opera, witnesses a performance of one of those

Ballets.
In this way the stage manager might lend his aid
to the ensemble of the opera. But, singularly enough,
the fiction that the opera is a branch of absolute
music is everywhere kept up; every vocalist is aware
of the musical director's ignorance of the business of
an opera ;
yet — if it should happen that the right
instincts of gifted singers, musicians and executants
generally are aroused by a fine work, and bring
about a successful performance —are we not accus-
tomed to see the Herr Capellmeister called to the
front, and otherwise rewarded, as the representative
of the total artistic achievement ? Ought he not
himself to be surprised at this ? Is he not, in his
turn, in a position to pray " Forgive them, they
know not what they do ? "
But as I wished to speak of Conducting proper,
and do not want to lose my way in the operatic
wilderness, I have only to confess that I have come
to the end of this chapter. I cannot dispute about
the conducting of our capellmeisters at the theatres.
Singers may do so, when they have to complain
that this conductor is not accommodating enough,
or that the other one does not give them their cues
properly ; in short, from the standpoint of vulgar
journeymanwork, a discussion may be possible.
But from the point of view of truly artistic work
this sort of conducting cannot be taken into account
at all. Among Germans, now living, I am, per-
ON CONDUCTING. 93
haps, the only person who can venture openly

to pronounce so general a condemnation, and I
maintain that I am not exceeding the limits of my
province when I do so.
If I try to sum up my experiences, regarding per-
formances of my own operas, I am at a loss to
distinguish with which of the qualities of our
conductors I am concerned. Is it the spirit in
which they treat German music in the concert rooms,
or the spirit in which they deal vrith the opera
at the theatres? I believe it to be my particular
and personal misfortune that the two spirits meet in
my operas, and mutually encourage one another in
a rather dubious kind of way. Whenever the former
spirit, which practices upon our classical concert
music, gets a chance—as in the instrumental intro-
ductions to my operas —I have invariably discovered
the disastrous consequences of the bad habits
already described at such length. I need only speak
of the tempo, which is either absurdly hurried (as,
for instance, under Mendelssohn, who, once upon a
time, at a Leipzig Gewandhaus concert, produced
the overture to Tannhauser as an example and a
warning), or muddled (hke the introduction to
Lohengrin at Berlin, and almost everywhere else),
or both dragged and muddled (hke the introduction
to " Die Meistersinger," lately, at Dresden and
at other places), yet never vyith those well-con-
sidered modifications of the tempo, upon wliich
I must count as much as upon the correct intonation
94 WAGNEB
of the notes themselves, if an intelligible rendering

is to be obtained.
To convey some notion of faulty performances of
the latter sort it will suffice to point to the way
in which the overture to " Die Meistersinger " is
usually given. The main tempo of this piece is in-

dicated as " sehrmassig bewegt " (with very moderate
movement) according to the older method, it
;
would have been marked Allegro maestoso. Now,

when this kind of tempo continues through a long
if the themes are treated episodi-
piece, particularly
cally, itdemands modification as much as, or even
more than any other kind of tempo it is frequently ;
chosen to embody the manifold combinations of dis-

tinct motives and its broad divisions into regular
;
bars of four beats are found convenient, as these

tend to render modifications of movenaent both easy
and simple. This moderate f time can be interpreted
inmany and various ways it may consist of four;
vigorous crotchet-beats, and thus express a true

animated Allegro (this is the main tempo I intend,
which becomes most animated in those eight bars of
transition
which lead from the march proper to the theme in

E major ) or, it may be taken to consist of a demi-
;
)
ON CONDUCTING. 95
period made up of two f beats ; as when, at the

entrance of the shortened theme,
-*jffi.^:«.
;lfc L-gir-f-r- at*:
it assumes the character of a lively Scherzando or, ;
it may even be interpreted as Alia breve (f time)

when would represent the older, easily moving
it
Tempo andante ( often employed in church music
which is to be rendered with two moderately slow

beats to a bar. I have used it in the latter sense,
beginning from the eighth bar after the return to C
major, in a combination of the principal march
theme, now allotted to the basses, with the second
main theme, now sung broadly and with commodious
ease, in rhythmical prolongation, by the violins and
violoncellos
fS^
-^
^^
I
m.: (Si-
-i:*-
i«*lN:
5^-ii
:=]=
-stz T
^« T ^^^^
This second theme has previously been introduced
in diminution, and in common | time :
:
96 WAGNBE
Together with the greatest delicacy which the proper

execution demands, it here exhibits a passionate,
almost hasty character ( something like a whispered
declaration of love ) . Not to disturb the main char-
acteristic, delicacy, it is, therefore, necessary slightly
to hold back the tempo ( the moving figuration
sufficiently expresses passionate haste ), thus the
extreme nuance of the main tempo, in the direction
of a somewhat grave | time, should be adopted here
and, to do this without a wrench {i.e., without really
main tempo),
disfiguring the general character of the
a bar marked poco rallentando, to introduce the
is
change. Through the more restless nuance of this

theme
which, eventually, gets the upper hand, and which

is indicated with " leidenschaftlicher" (more pas-
sionate) it is easy to lead the tempo back into

the original quicker movement, in which, finally, it
will be found capable to serve in the above-mentioned
sense of an Andante alia breve, whereby it is only
needful to recur to a nuance of the main tempo,
which has already been developed in the exposition
of the piece namely, I have allowed the final
;
ON CONDUCTING. 97
development of the pompous march theme to

expand to a lengthy coda of a cantabile character
conceived in that tempo Andante alia breve. As
this full-toned cantabile
is preceded by the weighty crochets of the fanfare
-p—^~
i
tt
:3=Si3: ipi etc.
the modification of the tempo must obviously begin at

the end of the crochets, that is to say with the more
introduces notes of the chord on the dominant which
sustained the cantabile. And, as this broader move-
ment minims continues for some time with an in-
in
crease in power and modulation, I thought conductors
could be trusted to attain the proper increase of
speed ; the more so, as such passages, when simply
left to the natural impulse of the executants always
induce a more animated tempo. Being myself an
experienced conductor, I counted upon this as a
matter of course, and merely indicated the passage
at which the tempo returns to the original | time,
which any musician will feel, at the return of the
crochets and in the changes of harmony.
At the conclusion of the overture the broader
'
98 ^
WAGNEE
J time, quoted above in the powerfully sustained

march-like fanfare, returns again ; the quick figured
embellishments are added, and the tempo ends
exactly as it began.
This overture was first performed at a concert
at Leipzig," when I conducted it as described above.
It -was so well played by the orchestra that the small
audience, consisting for the most part of non-resident
friends, demanded an immediate repetition, which the
musicians, who agreed with the audience, gladly
accorded. The favourable impression thus created
was much talked of, and the directors of the Gewand-
haus Concerts decided to give the native Leipzig
public a chance to hear the new overture.
In this instance Herr Capellmeister Beinecke, who
had heard the piece under my direction, conducted it,
and the very same orchestra played it in such wise —
that the audience hissed ! I do not care to investigate
how far this result was due to the straightforward
honesty of the persons concerned ; let it suffice that
competent musicians, who were present at the
performance, described to me the sort of time the
Herr Capellmeister had thought fit to beat to the
—
overture and therewith I knew enough.
If any conductor wishes to prove to his audience
what an ambiguous risk they

or to his directors, etc.,
will run with "Die Meistersinger," he need take
no further trouble than to beat time to the overture
after the fashion in which he is wont to beat it to
the works of Beethoven, Mozart, and Bach (which
ON CONDUCTING. 99
fashion suits the works of E. Schumann fairlywell);

it will then be sufficiently obvious that he is dealing
with a very unpleasant kind of music let anyone —
imagine so animated, yet so sensitive a thing as the
tempo which governs this overture, let this delicately
constituted thing suddenly be forced into the Pro-
crustus-bed of such a classical time-beater, what will
become of it? The doom is: "Herein shalt thou
lie, whatsoever too long with thee shalt be chopped
is
"
off, and whatsoever is too short shall be stretched !
Whereupon the band strikes up and overpowers the

cries of the victim !
Safely bedded in this wise, not only the overture,

but, as will appear in the sequel, the entire opera of
Die Meistersinger, or as much of it as was left after
the Capellmeister's cuts, was presented to the public

of Dresden. On this occasion, correctly and technic-
ally speaking, the merits of the conductor * consisted
in this : he made a guess at the main tempo, chose

the broadest nuance of it, and spread this over the
whole, beating the steadiest and stiffest square time
from beginning to end ultimate results were
! The
as follows I had made use of the combination of
:
the two main themes under an ideal Tempo Andante

alia breve (
quoted above from the conclusion of the
overture, page 95 ) to form a pleasant and cheerful
conclusion to the entire opera, something after the
manner of a burden to some old popular song: I
had augmented and enlarged the treatment of the
* The late Julius Kietz.
100 WAGNBE
thematic combination for this purpose, and now

employed it as a sort of accompaniment to Hans
Sach's epilogising praise of the " Master-singers,"
and to his consolatory rhymes upon German art,
with which the work ends. Though the words are
serious, the closing apostrophe is none the less
meant to have a cheering and hopeful effect and, ;
to produce this, I counted upon that simple thematic

combination, the rhythmical movement of which
was intended to proceed smoothly, and was not
meant to assume a pompous character, except just
before the end, when the chorus enters. Now in the

overture, the conductor had failed to see the necessity
of a modification of the original march-like tempo in
the direction of an Andante alia breve ; and, of
course, here —at the close of the opera —he equally
failed to feel that the movement was not directly
connected with the march tempo —his first mistake

was therefore continued, and he proceeded to confine
and hold fast the warmly-feeling singer of the part
of Hans Sachs in rigid | time, and to compel him to
deliver his final address in the stiffest and most
awkward manner possible Friends of mine requested
.
me to permit a large "cut" for Dresden, as the effect

of the close was so very depressing. I declined and ;
the complaints soon ceased At length I came to

understand the reason why the Capellmeister had
;
acted for the obstinate composer; " solely with a

view to the good of the work," he had followed the
dictates of his artistic insight and conscience, had
ON CONDUCTING. 101
laid his hands on the troublesome apostrophe, and

simply " CM* " it.
" Cut Cut "
! ! —this is the ultimo ratio of our
conductors by its aid they establish a satisfactory
;
equilibrium between their own incompetence, and

the proper execution of the artistic tasks before them.
They remember the proverb " What I know not, :
burns me not "!

( " was ich nicht weiss, macht mich
nicht heiss ") and the public cannot object to an
arrangement so eminently practical. It only remains
for me to consider what I am to say to a performance
of my work, which thus appears enclosed between a
failure at Alpha, and a failure at Omega ? Outwardly
things look very pleasant : An unusually animated
audience, and an ovation for the Herr Capellmeister
—to join in which the royal father of my country
returns to the front of his box. But, subsequently,
ominous reports about cuts which had been made,
and further changes and abbreviations super-added ;
whilst the impression of a perfectly unabbreviated,

but perfectly correct performance, at Munich, remains
in my mind, and makes it impossible for me to agree
with the mutilators. So disgraceful a state of things
seems inevitable, since few people understand the
gravity of the evil, and fewer still care to assist in
any attempts to mend it.
On the other hand there is some little consolation

in the fact that in spite of all ill-treatment the work
retains some of its power —that fatal power and
" effect " against which the professors of the Leipsic
102 WAGNEE
Conservatorium so earnestly warn their pupils, and

against which all sorts of destructive tactics are
applied in vain Having made up my mind, not to

!
assist personally at any future performance like the

recent ones of "Die Meistersinger " at Dresden, I
am content to accept the " success " of the work as
a consolatory example illustrating the fate of our
classical music in the hands of our conducting
musicians. Classical music retains its warmth, and
continues to exist in spite of the maltreatment they
subject it to. It appears truly indestructible : and
the Spirit of German art may accept this indestructi-
bility as a consoling fact, and may fearlessly continue
its efforts in future.
might be asked but what do the queer con-
It :
ductors with celebrated names amount to, considered

simply as practical musicians ? Looking at their
perfect unanimity in every practical matter one
might be led to think that, after all, they understand
their business properly, and that, in spite of the
protest of 'one's feelings, their way's might even
be " classical." The general public is so ready to
take the excellence of their doings for granted, and to
accept it as a matter of course, that the middle-class
musical people are not troubled with the slightest
doubt as to who is to beat time at their musical
festivals, or on any other great occasion when the
nation desires to hear some music. No one but
iêrr Hiller, HerrEietz, or Herr Lachner, is thought
fit for this. It would be simply impossible to
ON CONDUCTING. 103
celebrate the hundredth anniversary of Beethoven's

birth if these three gentlemen should happen sud-
denly to sprain their wrists. On the other hand,
I am sorry to say, I no one to whom I
know of
would confidently entrust a single tempo in one of
my operas certainly to no member of the staff of
:
our army of time-beaters. Now and then I have met

with some poor devil who showed real skill and
talent for conducting : but such rare fellows find it
difficult to get on, because they are apt not only to

see through the incompetence of these celebrities,
but imprudent enough to speak about it. If, for
instance, a man happens to discover serious mis-

takes in the orchestra parts of " Figaro," from
which the opera had been played with special
unction —
heaven knows how often under the —
solemn conductorship of a celebrity, he is not likely
to gain the favour of his chief. Such gifted poor
fellows are destined to perish like the heretics]of old.
As everything is thus apparently in good order
and seems likely to remain so,|I am again tempted to
ask,how can this be ? We entertain lurking doubts
whether these gentleman really are musicians; evi-
dently they do not evince the slightest musical feeling ;
yet, in fact, they hear very accurately (with mathemat-
ical, not ideal, accuracy ; contretemps like that of the
faulty orchestra parts do not happen to every one); they
are quick at a score,read and play at sight (many of them,-
at least, do so) : in short, they prove true professionals;-
but alongside of this, their general education (Bildung)-
104 WAGNER
— in spite of all efforts —

such as can pass muster
is
in the case of a musician only so that, if music were

;
struck from the list of their attainments, there would

be little left— least of all a man
and sense.
of spirit
No, no they ! certainly are musicians and very com-
petent musicians, who know and can do everything
*
that pertains to music, Well then ? As soon as
they begin to perform music they muddle matters,
and feel unsafe all round, unless it be in " Ewig,
" Lord Sabaoth
selig," or at best in !"
That which makes our great music great is the

very thing which confuses these people; unfor-
tunately, this cannot be expressed in words and
concepts, nor in arithmetical figures. Yet what is it
other than music? and music Only! What, then,
Can be the reason of this barrenness, dryness,
coldness, this complete inability to feel the influence
of true music, and, in its presence, to forget any
little vexation, any small jealous distress, or any
mistaken personal notion? Could Mozart's as-
tonishing gift for arithmetic serve us for a vague
explanation ? On the one hand, it seems that with
him —whose was so excessively
nervous system
sensitive to any disturbing sound, whose heart beat
with such overflowing sympathy the ideal elements —
of music met and united to form a wondrous whole.
On the other hand, Beethoven's naive way of adding
up his accounts is sufficiently well known arith-
;
metical problems of any sort or kind assuredly never

entered into his social or musical plans. Compared
;
ON CONDUCTING. 105
with Mozart he appears as a monstrum per excessum

in the direction of sensibility, which, not being
checked and balanced by an intellectual counter-
side, can hardly be
weight from the arithmetical
conceived as able to exist or to escape premature
destruction, if it had not fortunately been protected
by a singularly tough and robust constitution. Nor
can anything in Beethoven's music be gauged or
measured by figures whilst with Mozart a good
;
deal that appears regular —almost too regular (as

has already been touched upon) is conceivable, and
can be explained as the result of a naive mixture of
those two extremes of musical perception. Accord-
ingly the professional musicians under examination
appear as monstrosities in the direction of musical
arithmetic and it is not difficult to understand how
;
such musicians, endowed with the very reverse of a

Beethovenian temperament, should succeed and
flourish with a nervous system of the commonest
kind.
If then our celebrated and uncelebrated conduc-
tors happen to be born for music only under the
sign of Numbers would
(im Zeichen der Zahl), it
seem very desirable that some new school might be

able to teach them the proper tempo for our music
by the rule of three. I doubt whether they will
ever acquire it in the simple way of musical feeling
wherefore, I believe, I have now reached the end of
my task.
Perhaps the new school is already in sight. I
106 WAGNER
understand that a "High-School of Music" has

been estabhshed at Berhn, under the auspices of the
Boyal Academy of Arts and Sciences, and that the
directorship of the school has been entrusted to the
celebrated violinist, Herr Joachim. To start such a
school without Herr Joachim, if his services are
availablewould be a great mistake. I am inclined
to hope for much from him because everything I
;
know and have heard concerning his method of play-

ing proves that this virtuoso is a complete master of
the style of execution I demand for our classical
music. By the side of Liszt and his disciples he is
the only living musician to whom I can point as a

practical proof and example in support of the fore-
going assertions. It is immaterial whether or not
Herr Joachim likes to see his name mentioned in
such connection ; for, with regard to that which a
man can do and actually does, it matters little
what he chooses to profess. If Herr Joachim

thinks it expedient to profess that he 'has de-
veloped his fine style in the company of Herr
Hiller, or of E. Schumann, this may rest upon its
merits, provided he always plays in such wise that
one may recognise the good results of several years
intimate intercourse with Liszt. I also think it an
advantage that when a "High-School of Music"
was first thought of, the promoters at once secured
the services of an admirable ^raciticaZ master of style
and execution. If, to-day, I had to put a theatre
capellmeister in the way of comprehending how he
;
ON CONDUCTING. 107
ought to conduct a piece, I would much rather refer

him to Frau Lucca, than to the late Cantor Haupt-
mann at Leipzig^ even if the latter were still alive.
In this point I agree with the naive portion of the

public, and indeed, with the taste of the aristocratic
patrons of the opera, for I prefer to deal with persons
who actually bring forth something that appeals to
the ear and to the feelings. Yet, I cannot help
entertaining some little doubt, when I see Herr
Joachim — all alone and solitary — sitting on high in
the curule chair of the Academy— with nothing in
his hand but a violin : for towards violinists gener-
ally I have always felt as Mephistopheles feels
towards " the fair," whom he affects " once for all
in the plural." The conductor's baton is reported

not to have worked well in Herr Joachim's hands
composition, too, appears rather to have been a
source of bitterness to him than of pleasure to others.
I fail to seehow " the high-school " is to be directed
solely from the " high-stool " of the violinist.
Socrates, at least, was "not of opinion that Themis-
tocles, Cimon and Pericles would prove capable of
guiding the State by reason of their abilities as
commanders and speakers ; for, unfortunately, he
could point to the results of their successes, and
shew that the administration of State affairs became
a source of personal trouble to them. But perhaps
the case is different in the realms of music.
Yet another thing appears dubious. I am told

that Herr J. Brahms expects all possible good to
108 WAGNEE
result from a return to the melody of Schubert's-

songs, and that Herr Joachim, for his own part,
expects a new Messiah for music in general. Ought
he not to leave such expectations to those who have
chosen him " high- schoolmaster ? " I, for my part,
say to him " Go in, and win " If ! it should come
to pass that he himself is the Messiah, he may, at
all events, rest assured that the Jews will not crucify
him.
FINIS.
APPENDIX.
APPENDIX A.
BEBIGHT an Seine Majestcit den Konig Ludwig

II., von Bay em iiher eine in Miinchen zu errichtende
Deutche Musik-schule. (Report concerning a German
music-school to be established at Munich) 1865.
Reprinted in Wagner's " Gesammelte Schriften,"
Vol. VIII., p. 159-219, Leipzig, 1873.
p. 20. .
" We possess classical works, but we
.
arenot inpossessionof a classical style for the execu-

tion of these works." ... " Does Germany
possess a school at which the proper execution of
Mozart's music is taught? Or do our orchestras
and their conductors manage to play Mozart in
accordance with some occult knowledge of their
own ? whence do they derive such knowledge?
If so,
Who taughtthem ? Take the simplest examples,

it
Mozart's instrumental pieces (by no means his most

important works, for these belong to the operatic
stage), two things are at once apparent the melo- :
dies must be beautifully sung yet there are very

;
few marks in the scores to shew how they are to be

sung. It is well known that Mozart wrote the
scores of his symphonies hurriedly, in most cases
(111)
112 APPENDIX 4.
simply for the purpose of performance at some con-

cert he was about to give ; on the other hand, it is
also well known that he made great demands upon

the orchestra in the matter of expression. Obviously
he trusted to his personal influence over the musi-
cians. In the orchestra parts it was thus sufficient
to note the main tempo and piano or forte for entire
periods, since the master, who conducted the rehear-
sals, could give spoken directions as to details,
and, by singing his themes, communicate the proper

expression to the players.
We are, now-a-days, accustomed to mark all
details of expression in the parts ; nevertheless an

intelligent conductor frequently finds it expedient to
indicate important but very delicate nuances of
expression by word of mouth to the particular
musicians whom they concern ; and, as a rule, such
spoken directions are better understood and attended
to than the written signs. It is obvious that in the
rendering of Mozart's instrumental music spoken
directions played an important part. "With Mozart
the so-called development sections, and the con-
necting links between the main themes are
frequently rather slight, whereas his musical
originaHty shows to greatest advantage in the vocal
character of the melodies. Compared with Haydn's
the significance of Mozart's symphonies lies in the
extraordinarily expressive vocal character of his
instrumental themes. Now, had Germany been in
possession of an authoritative institution, like the
—
APPENDIX A. 113
Conservatoire of Paris, and had Mozart been asked

to assist in the execution of his works, and to
superintend the spirit of the performances at such
an we might possibly have something
institution,
likean authoritative tradition amongst us a tradi- —
tion such as, in spite of decay and corruption, is
still surprisingly vivid at the Paris Conservatoire
for instance, in the case of Gluck's operas. But
nothing of the sort exists with us. Mozart, as a
rule, wrote a symphony for some special concert,
performed it once, with an orchestra casually
engaged, at Vienna, Prague, or Leipzig ; and the
traditions of such casual performances are completely
lost.
No trace is preserved, except the scantily-marked

scores. And these classical relics of a once warmly
vibrating work are now accepted, with mistaken
trust, as the sole guide towards a new living
performance. Now, let us imagine such an ex-
pressive theme of Mozart's —Mozart, who was
intimately acquainted with the noble style of
whose musical expression
classical Italian singing,
derived its very soul from the delicate vibrations,
swellings and accents of that style, and who was
the first to reproduce the effects of this vocal style,
by means of orchestral instruments let us imagine —
such a theme of the Master's played neatly and
smoothly, by an instrument in the orchestra, with-
out any inflection, or increase or decrease of tone
and accent, without the slightest touch of that
H
—
.114 APPENDIX A.
modification of movement and rhythm so indis-

pensable to good singing —but monotonously enun-
one might pronounce some arith-
ciated, just as
—
metical number and then, let us endeavour to
iorm a conclusion as to the vast difference between
the master's original intention, and the impression
ihus produced. The dubious value of the veneration
for Mozart, professed by our music-conservators,
will then also appear. . To show this more dis-
tinctly, let us examine a particular case —for ex-
ample, the first eight bars of the second movement
of Mozart's celebrated symphony in E flat. Take this
beautifultheme as it appears on paper, with hardly
—
any marks of expression fancy it played smoothly
and complacently, as the score apparently has it
and compare the result with the manner in which
a true musician would feel and sing it ! How much
of Mozart does the theme convey, if played, as
in nine cases out of ten it is played, in a perfectly
colourless and lifeless way ? " Poor pen and paper
music, without a shadow of soul or sense." (Eine
Seelenlose Schriftmusik )..
APPENDIX B.
APPENDIX B.
See p. 62, et seq. of Wagner's " Beethoven," translated by E.

Dannrenther, London, 1882.
" A Beethoven Day:" Beethoven's string quartet

in C sharp minor. " If we rest content to recall the
tone-poem to memory, an attempt at illustration
such as the following may perhaps prove possible,
at least up to a certain degree ; whereas it would
hardly be feasible during an actual performance.
For, whilst listening to the work, we are bound to
eschew any definite comparisons, being solely con-
scious of an immediate revelation from another
world. Even then, however, the animation of the
picture, in its several details, has to be left to the
reader's fancy, and an outline sketch must therefore
suffice. The longer introductory Adagio, than which
probably nothing more melancholy has been ex-
pressed in tones, I would designate as the awakening
on the morn of a day that throughout its tardy
course shall fulfil not a single desire :* not one.
* " Den Tag zu sehen, der mir in seinem Lanf

Nioht einen Wunsch erftillen wird, nicht Einen."
Faust.
(117)
.
118 APPENDIX B.
None the less it is a penitential prayer, a con-

ference with God in the faith of the eternally good.
The eye turned inwards here, too, sees the com-
forting phenomena it alone can perceive ( Allegrof ),
in which the longing becomes a sweet, tender,
melancholy disport with itself ;* the inmost hidden
dream picture awakens as the loveliest reminiscence.
And now in the short transitional A llegro moderato
it is as though the Master, conscious of his strength,
puts himself in position to work his spells ; with re-
newed power he now practices his magic (Andante f),

in banning a lovely figure, the witness of pure,
heavenly innocence so that he may incessantly
enrapture himself by its ever new and unheard of
transformations, induced by the refraction of the
rays of hght he casts upon it. We may now
(Presto f)j fancy him, profoundly happy from
within, casting an inexpressibly serene glance upon
the outer world and again, it stands before him as
;
in the Pastoral Symphony. Everything is luminous,

reflecting his innerhappiness. It is as though he
were listening to the very tones emitted by the
phenomena, that move, aerial and again firm, in
rhythmical dance before him. He contemplates
Ufe, and appears to reflect how he is to play a dance
for Life itself ( Short Adagio | ) ; a short but troubled
meditation —as though he were diving into the soul's
deep dream. He has again caught sight of the inner
* Eiu wehmutbig holdes Spiel.

APPENDIX B. 119
side of the world ; he wakens and strikes the strings

for a dance such as the world has never heard
(Allegro Finale) . It is the World's own dance ; wild
delight, cries of anguish, love's ecstasy, highest
rapture, misery, rage ; voluptuous now, and sorrow-
ful ; lightning's quiver, storm's roll, and high above
the gigantic musician ! banning and compelling all
things, proudly and firmly wielding them from
whirl to whirlpool, to the abyss. —
He laughs at him-
self ; for the incantation was, after all, but play to
him. Thus night beckons. His day is done.
It is not possible to consider the man, Beethoven,
in any sort of light, without at once having
recourse to the wonderful musician by way of
elucidation.
APPENDIX C.
APPENDIX C.
See p, 24 of " BericM," add " Wagner, Ges. Sohriften,"
Vol. VIII., p. 186.
" It is difficult to understand Bach's music with-

out a special musical and intellectual training, and it
is a mistake to present it to the public in the careless

and shallow modern way we have grown accustomed
to. Those who so present it show that they do not
know what they are about. . . . The proper exe-
cution of Bach's music implies the solution of
a difficult problem. Tradition, even if it could
be shown to exist in a definite form, offers little
assistance ; for Bach, like every other German

master, never had the means at his command
adequately to perform his compositions. We know
the embarrassing circumstances under which his
most difficult and elaborate works were given —and
it is not surprising that in the end he should have
grown callous vdth regard to execution, and have
considered his works as existing merely in thought.
It is a task reserved for the highest and most
comprehensive musical culture, to discover and
(123)
124 APPENDIX C.
establish a mode of executing the works of this
wonderful master, so as to enable his music to

appeal to the emotions in a plain direct manner.
APPENDIX D.
APPENDIX D.
See Sir Gteorge Grove's " Dictionary oj Music and Musicians."

Vol. IV., p. 369. Article " Wagner."
" In early days I thought more would come of

Schumann. His Zeitschrift was brilliant and his
pianoforte works showed great originality. There
was much ferment, but also much real power, and
many bits are quite unique and perfect. I think
highly, too, of many of his songs, though they are
not as great as Schubert's. He took pains with his
—
declamation no small merit forty years ago. Later
on I saw a good deal of him at Dresden ; but then
already his head was tired, his powers on the wane.
He consulted me about the text to his opera,
'
Genoveva,' which he was arranging from Tieck's
and Hebbel's plays, yet he would not take my advice
— he seemed to fear some trick."
(127)
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STYLE IN THE EXECUTION OF CLASSICAL MUSIC

MOTTO NACH GOETHE:

" Fliegenschnauz' und Miickennas'

Wagner's Ueber das Dirigiren was published

not to exaggerate them. To elucidate some points

Wagner have been appended. The footnotes,

to decide whether the performance of a piece of

to the theatre. Those who have experience in such

ings of the conductors (" Capellmeister," " Musik-

more difficult and more complicated ;

they produced good solid work : -as I found not

time, who possessed true fire ; his tempi were^inore

positions when their powers are on the wane, whilst

* Appointtoents at German Court

fiieiits, has led to deleterious consequences. With-

Such a state of things may be excusable from a

knows the real requirements of a modern orcdiestra.

In this respect the attempts at reform were

rather difficult to discern their particular merits..

step : men move on and pusli upwards. I believe

. impossible to estimate the harm done to our leading

under favourable circumstances, have even been

At rehearsals all difficulties are got over by

-and there been filled by a man of practical experi-

the stambering energy of his colleagues. Such

out " a new opera in a fortmight for their clever

Now and again the managers look out for "a

at rehearsals for the subscription concerts. They

the timid modesty of our poor native Capellmeister

into a sort of cosmopolitan bon ton ; which stood

society, of our towns. I believe the influence of

has disappeared ; and, from a musical point of vie\^,

to their master—Mendelssohn—for a particularly

men, without which they cannot be expected to

appear that they in their turn, regard their position

noble in the nation begins to turn, they are evidently

flutist and paid him out of his own pocket to play a

particular bit nicely. Fully aware of the value of

upon to undertake a similar mission about the

to overcome these very difficulties, and their in-

care of themselves and, now, we are confronted by

have faded away. Thits fared Meyerbe6t. and

expect" elsewhere from their neat little shadows ?

and the signs of progress are evidently owing to

their posts, and 'even for the .existence of 'their

orchestra. The greater pftrt of their professional