Review and Assessment PHSchool.

com
For: Self-Assessment
Visit: PHSchool.com
Web Code: cxa-4120
Review and Assessment
Target Reading Skill
Target Reading Skill Phases of the Moon
Sequence Draw a cycle diagram for the Sequence
phases of the moon. Label the phases New a. First quarter
in which a solar eclipse and a lunar eclipse Moon b. Full moon
could occur.
c. Third quarter

? ?
A solar eclipse can happen only during a new
c. a.
moon and a lunar eclipse can happen only at
a full moon.

b. ? Reviewing Key Terms

1. c 2. d 3. b 4. d 5. c
6. orbit around the sun
7. every object in the universe attracts every
Reviewing Content other object
Choose the letter of the best answer. Complete the following sentences so that 8. the moon passes directly between Earth
1. The movement of Earth around the sun once your answers clearly explain the key terms. and the sun, blocking sunlight from Earth
a year is called Earth’s 6. Earth completes one revolution, or , 9. the rise and fall of ocean water that occurs
a. inertia. b. rotation. in about 365 1/4 days. every 12.5 hours or so
c. revolution. d. axis. 7. Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation states 10. of the impacts of meteoroids on the
2. A day when the sun reaches its farthest that . moon’s surface
position north or south of the equator is 8. A solar eclipse occurs when .
called a(an)
a. umbra. b. penumbra. 9. The gravitational effects of the moon and sun
c. equinox. d. solstice. combine to influence the height of the tides,
which are .
3. The tendency of an object to resist a change in E-LA: Writing 8.2.0
motion is called 10. The moon’s surface is marked by craters
a. gravity. because . Writing Mode Descriptive
b. inertia.
Scoring Rubric
c. force.
d. the Universal Law of Gravitation.
4 Exceeds criteria by including a vivid,
News Report Imagine that you are a detailed description of how the moon
4. When Earth’s shadow falls on the moon, the
shadow causes a reporter asked to write a story about the formed
a. new moon. origin of the moon. Write an article 3 Meets all criteria, but description is
explaining how the moon formed. uninteresting
b. solar eclipse.
c. full moon. 2 Includes only a brief description
d. lunar eclipse. 1 Is incomplete and inaccurate
5. The craters on the moon were caused by
a. tides.
b. volcanoes. Earth, Moon, and Sun Video Assessment
c. meteoroids.
d. maria.
Earth, Moon, and Sun
Show the Video Assessment to review
Chapter 12 ◆ 493 chapter content and as a prompt for the
writing assignment. Discussion question:
Currently, what is the most probable or
likely theory that explains the origin of
Earth’s moon? (Early in its history, Earth was
struck by a planet-sized object. This produced
a ring of debris around Earth that eventually
coalesced to form the moon.)

493
Checking Concepts Review and Assessment
11. Earth takes 24 hours to rotate once; each
24-hour cycle is called a day. Earth takes Checking Concepts
about 365 days, or one year, to complete one 24. Applying Concepts At about what time does
orbit around the sun. the full moon rise? Is it visible in the eastern
11. Explain how the length of the day and year are sky or the western sky?
12. The force of gravity between them related to Earth’s movement through space.
25. Posing Questions Suppose you were assigned
would decrease. 12. Suppose you moved two objects farther apart. to design a spacesuit for astronauts to wear on
13. An object at rest will not move, and an How would this affect the force of gravity the moon. What characteristics of the moon
between those objects? would be important to consider in your design?
object in motion will keep moving at the
same speed and in the same direction, unless 13. Explain Newton’s first law of motion in your Applying Skills
own words.
acted on by a net force.
14. Why does the moon have phases?
14. Phases are caused by changes in the Use the illustration below to answer
relative positions of the moon, Earth, and 15. Why do more people see a total lunar eclipse Questions 26–28.
than a total solar eclipse?
the sun.
16. Why is there a high tide on the side of Earth
15. Earth casts a larger shadow on the moon closest to the moon? On the side of Earth
than the moon casts on Earth. A total lunar farthest from the moon?
eclipse can be seen any place on Earth where 17. Does the diagram below show a spring tide or

Sun’s rays
the moon is visible. During a total solar eclipse, a neap tide? How do you know?
the moon’s umbra reaches only a small part of
Earth’s surface, and only people within the
umbra can see the total solar eclipse.
16. Closest to the moon, the moon’s
gravitational pull on water at Earth’s surface
Equator
is stronger than its pull on Earth as a whole,
and water flows toward that point. Farthest 26. Interpreting Diagrams On which hemisphere
from the moon, the moon pulls more are the sun’s rays falling most directly?
18. How did the invention of the telescope
strongly on Earth as a whole than on water at 27. Inferring In the Northern Hemisphere, is it
contribute to our knowledge of the moon’s
Earth’s surface, creating a high tide at that surface? the summer solstice, winter solstice, or one of
point as well. the equinoxes? How do you know?
19. Why do temperatures vary so much on the
17. Spring tide; the sun, moon, and Earth 28. Predicting Six months after this illustration,
moon?
Earth will have revolved halfway around the
are aligned in a straight line. 20. Explain how scientists think the moon sun. Draw a diagram that shows which end of
18. By using a telescope, Galileo was able to originated. Earth’s axis will be tilted toward the sun.
determine that the moon was not the perfect Thinking Critically
sphere envisioned by the Greeks. Rather, it
had an irregular surface with a variety of 21. Inferring Mars’s axis is tilted at about the
features such as craters, maria, and same angle as Earth’s axis. Do you think Mars
Performance Assessment Present your
highlands. has seasons? Explain your answer.
observation log, map, and drawings of the moon.
19. The moon does not have an 22. Comparing and Contrasting How are mass Some ways to graph your data include time of
atmosphere; atmospheric gases help trap and weight different? moonrise for each date; how often you saw the
heat from the sun and moderate temperature 23. Calculating Suppose a person weighs moon in each direction; or how often you saw the
450 newtons (about 100 pounds) on Earth. moon at a specific time. Display your graphs.
variations. Discuss any patterns that you discovered.
How much would she weigh on the moon?
20. Scientists theorize that a planet-sized
object collided with Earth. Material from the 494 ◆
collision was ejected into orbit around Earth,
where it formed a ring. Gravity caused this
material to combine into the moon.
23. The person would weigh one-sixth of Applying Skills
Thinking Critically her weight on Earth, or about 75 newtons 26. They are falling most directly on the
21. Yes; Mars has seasons because its north (17 pounds). Northern Hemisphere.
and south pole are pointed toward or away 24. The full moon rises at sunset because it 27. It is the summer solstice because the
from the sun at different times during its has to be opposite the sun in the sky for its north end of Earth’s axis is tilted toward the
revolution. face to be fully lighted. It therefore rises in sun.
22. Mass is the amount of matter in an the east as the sun sets in the west. 28. Students’ sketches should show the
object. Weight is the force of gravity on an 25. Possible answer: You would have to south end of Earth’s axis tilted toward the
object. consider the moon’s lack of atmosphere, its sun.
varying surface temperatures, its weak
gravity, and its terrain.

494
Choose the letter of the best answer. The diagram below shows the relative
1. You observe a thin crescent moon in the
positions of the sun, moon, and Earth. The Teachers can monitor student progress and
numbers indicate specific locations of the supply remediation when necessary.
western sky during the early evening. About
moon in its orbit. Use the diagram to answer
two weeks later, a full moon is visible in the
Questions 7–9.
eastern sky during the early evening. Which
conclusion is best supported by these
observations? 2 Standards Practice
A The moon revolves around Earth. N 1. A; S 8.4.e
B The moon rotates on its axis.
3 Earth 1 Sun 2. D; S 8.4.e
C Earth revolves around the sun.
D Earth’s axis is tilted relative to S 3. D; S 8.4.d
the moon. S 8.4.e 4. C; S 8.2.g
4 5. C; S 8.4.e
2. Only one side of the moon is visible from Earth
because 7. Which of the following can occur when the 6. B; S 8.4.d
A the moon does not rotate on its axis. moon is at location 1? 7. B; S 8.4.d
B the moon does not revolve around Earth. A only a lunar eclipse 8. D; S 8.2.g
C the moon rotates faster than it revolves. B only a solar eclipse
D the moon revolves once and rotates C both a solar and a lunar eclipse
9. A; S 8.4.d
once in the same period of time. S 8.4.e D neither a solar nor a lunar eclipse S 8.4.d
3. What type of eclipse occurs when Earth’s 8. When the moon is at location 2, at most coastal
umbra covers the moon? locations there would be
A a partial solar eclipse A only one high tide each day.
B a total solar eclipse B only one low tide each day. 10. Sample: Both Earth and the moon move
C a partial lunar eclipse C two high tides and two low tides each day, with
D a total lunar eclipse
by rotation and revolution. Rotation of Earth
S 8.4.d the most difference between high and low tide.
D two high tides and two low tides each day,
causes day and night. Rotation of Earth and
4. The force of gravity depends on the gravitational pull of the moon and sun
with the least difference between high
A mass and weight.
and low tide. S 8.2.g cause tides. The revolution of a tilted Earth
B speed and distance.
C mass and distance. 9. When the moon is in location 3, a person around the sun causes seasons. The revolu-
D weight and speed. S 8.2.g standing on Earth at night would see tion of the moon around Earth and the
A a full moon. changing relative positions of Earth, the
5. The craters on the moon were caused by
B a crescent moon. moon, and the sun cause phases of the moon
A tides.
C a quarter moon. and eclipses.
B volcanoes.
D a new moon. S 8.4.d
C meteoroids. S 8.4.d, 8.4.e
D maria. S 8.4.e

6. You can see the moon at night because

A the moon produces its own light.
B the moon reflects light from the sun.
C the moon reflects light produced on Earth. 10.In what ways do Earth and the moon move
D the near side of the moon always faces through space? How do these motions produce
the sun. S 8.4.d such phenomena as day and night, the seasons,
phases of the moon, and eclipses? S 8.4.e

Chapter 12 ◆ 495

S 8.4.e, 8.9.e

Performance Assessment Emphasize wanes, the right side progressively becomes Teaching Resources
these patterns: 1) In the course of a day, the dark; the moon’s location in the sky at sunset Laboratory Manual TE
moon’s position changes from the eastern is more toward the east each day.
sky, through the southern sky, to the western Encourage students to write about the • Standards Investigation Scoring Rubric
sky; 2) Moonrise gets progressively later easiest and hardest parts of the project. What The Standards Investigation Scoring Rubric
throughout the cycle; 3) The moon will would they do differently if they observed will help you evaluate students’ work. If you
be seen mostly in the southern half of the the moon for another month? What shared the rubric in advance, students will
sky; 4) The lit portion of the moon starts on surprised them about their observations? know what is expected of them.
the right side and waxes until full; as it
495