Department of Physics

Amity Institute of Applied Sciences

Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida
Applied Physics I

Module I: Wave Optics

Tutorial Sheet 1
1. (a)What are the conditions for observing interference fringes?

(b) What are coherent sources? How they are realized in practice.

2. In a Young‘s double slit experiment, the angular width of a fringe formed on a distant

screen is 0.10. The wavelength of light used is 6000 Å. What is the spacing between

the slits.

3. Two coherent sources whose intensity ratio is 81:1 produce interference fringes.

Deduce the ratio of maximum intensity to minimum intensity in fringe system.

4. White light falls normally upon a soap film whose thickness is 5x10-5 cm and whose

index of refraction is 1.33. Which wavelength in the visible region will be reflected

most strongly?

5. Two plane glass plates are placed on top of one another and on one side a paper is

introduced to form a thin wedge of air. Assuming that a beam of wavelength 600 nm

is incident normally, and that there are 100 interference fringes per cm, calculate the

wedge angle.

6. In Newton‘s ring experiment the diameters of 4th and 12th dark rings are 0.4 and 0.7

cm respectively. Calculate the diameter of 20th dark ring.

7. In a Newton‘s ring experiment, the diameters of 5th and 25th rings are 0.3 cm and 0.8

cm respectively. Find the wavelength of light used. Take Radius of curved surface of

lens R = 100 cm.

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Amity Institute of Applied Sciences
Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida
Applied Physics I
8. Newton‘s rings formed by monochromatic light between a flat glass plate and a

plano-convex lens are viewed normally. Calculate the order of the dark ring which

will have double the diameter of that of 40th dark ring.

9. In a Newton‘s ring arrangement, light consisting of wavelengths 1 and  2 incidents

normally on a plane convex lens of radius of curvature R resting on a glass plate. If

the nth dark ring due to 1 coincides with (n+1)th dark ring due to  2 , then show that

12 R
the radius of the nth dark ring of 1 is given by .
1  2 

10. Two coherent sources of intensity ratio  interfere. Prove that in the interference

pattern,

11. In an experiment using sodium light of wavelength 5890 Å, an interference pattern

was obtained in which 20 equally spaced fringes occupied 2.30 cm on the screen. On

replacing sodium lamp with another monochromatic source of a different wavelength

with no other changes, 30 fringes were found to occupy 2.80 cm on the screen.

Calculate the wavelength of light from this source.

12. In an interference pattern, the amplitude of intensity variation is found to be 5% of the average

intensity. Calculate the relative intensities of the interfering sources.

13. A two slit Young‘s experiment is done with monochromatic light of wavelength 6000 Å. The

slits are 2 mm apart and the fringes are observed on a screen placed 10 cm away from the slits,

and it is found that the interference pattern shifts by 5 mm when a transparent plate of thickness

0.5 mm is introduced in the path of one of the rays. What is the refractive index of the transparent

plate?
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 Department of Physics
Amity Institute of Applied Sciences
Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida
Applied Physics I
14. Calculate the thickness of the thinnest film (μ = 1.4) in which interference of violet

component (λ = 4000 A0) of incident light can take place of reflection.

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 Department of Physics
Amity Institute of Applied Sciences
Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida
Applied Physics I

Module I: Wave Optics

Tutorial Sheet 2
1. (a)Differentiate between interference and diffraction phenomena in light.

(b)Explain the difference between Fresnel and Fraunhofer type of diffraction.

2. Show that, for Fraunhofer diffraction at a single slit, the relative intensities of the

successive maxima are approximately 1 : 4/92 : 4/252 : 4/492 ………..

3. Light of wavelength 5000 Å is incident normally on a plane transmission grating of

width 3 cm and 15000 lines. Calculate the angle of diffraction in first order.

4. What is grating element? Show that only first order is possible if the width of the

grating element is less than twice the wavelength of light.

5. A diffraction grating is just able to resolve two line of =5140 Å and =5140.85 Å in

the first order. Will it resolve the line  = 8037.20 Å and  = 8037.50 Å in the second

order?

6. The limits of visible spectrum are approximately 400nm and 700nm. Find the angular

width of the first order visible spectrum produced by a plane diffraction grating

having 15000 lines per inches when the light is incident normally on the grating.

7. What is the ratio of resolving powers of two gratings having 15000 lines in 2 cm and

10,000 lines in 1 cm in first order? Each grating has lines in its 2.5 cm width.

8. How many orders will be observed by grating having 4000 lines per cm, if it is

illuminated by light of wavelength in the range 5000Ao to 7000Ao .

9. Light is incident normally on a grating of total ruled width 5 X 10-3 m with 2500 lines

in all. Calculate the angular separation of two sodium lines in the first order spectrum.

Can they be seen distinctly?

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 Department of Physics
Amity Institute of Applied Sciences
Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida
Applied Physics I
10. The wavelengths of sodium D lines are 589.6nm and 589nm. What is the minimum

number of lines that a grating must have in order to resolve these lines in the first

order spectrum?

11. (a) What do you understand by the term resolving power of a grating? Explain

Rayleigh criterion for the limit of resolution.

(b) Two plane diffraction gratings A and B have the same width of ruled surface but

A has greater number of lines than B. Which has greater intensity of fringes?

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 Department of Physics
Amity Institute of Applied Sciences
Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida
Applied Physics I

Module I: Wave Optics

Tutorial Sheet 3

1. Calculate the angle of polarisation for a beam from (i) air to water, (ii) water to glass,
and (iii) glass to water. Given µ for water = 1.33 and µ for glass = 1.54.
2. A beam of light is incident on the surface of carbon disulphide of refractive index 1.64.
The angle of incidence is such as to give maximum polarisation in reflected light.
Calculate the angles of polarisation and refraction.
3. Calculate the thickness of a calcite plate which would convert plane polarised light into
circularly polarised light. The principal refractive indices are µo = 1.658 and µE = 1.486
at the wavelength of light 5890 Å.
4. A sugar solution in a tube of length 20 cm produces optical rotation of 13°. The
solution is then diluted to one-third of its previous concentration. Find the optical
rotation produced by 30 cm long tube containing the diluted solution.
6. About 80 g of impure sugar when dissolved in a liter of water gives an optical rotation
of 9.9° when placed in a tube of length 20 cm. If the specific rotation of sugar is 66°
dm/g/cm3, find the percentage purity of the sugar solution.
6. A solution of camphor in alcohol in a tube 20 cm long is found to rotate the plane of
vibration of light by 27°. What is the mass of the camphor in unit volume of the
solution?.

7. When sunlight falls on the surface of water at an angle of 53°, the reflected light is
found to be completely plane polarised. Find the angle of refraction and refractive
index of water.
8. The refractive indices of glass and water are 1.54 and 1.33, respectively. Which will be
greater—the polarising angle for a beam incident from water to glass or that for a
beam incident from glass to water?.
9. Find the thickness of a quarter wave plate when the wavelength of light is equal to
5890 Å, µO = 1.55, and µE = 1.54.

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Amity Institute of Applied Sciences
Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida
Applied Physics I

10. Calculate the thickness of a doubly-refracting crystal required to introduce a path

difference of λ/2 between the ordinary and extraordinary rays when λ = 6000Å, µ o =
1.55 and µE = 1.54.

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 Department of Physics
Amity Institute of Applied Sciences
Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida
Applied Physics I

Module I: Wave Optics

Tutorial Sheet 4
1. What are the characteristics of laser beams? Describe its important applications.
2. Why two level lasers does not exist.
3. Calculate the number of photons emitted per second by 5 mW lasers assuming
that it emits light of wavelength 632.8 nm.
4. A certain ruby laser emits 1.0 J pulses of light whose wavelength is 6943 Å. What
is the minimum number of chromium ions in the ruby?.
5. Explain (a) Atomic excitations (b) Transition process (c) Meta stable state and (d)
Optical pumping.
6. Find the intensity of laser beam of 15 mW power and having a diameter of 1.25
mm. Assume the intensity to be uniform across the beam.
7. Calculate the energy difference in eV between the energy levels of Ne-atoms of a
He-Ne laser, the transition between which results in the emission of a light of
wavelength 632.8nm.
8. A He-Ne laser is operating at wavelength 632.8 nm. Calculate the ratio of
stimulated to spontaneous emission coefficients.
9. What is population inversion? How it is achieved in Ruby Laser. Describe the
construction of Ruby Laser.
10. Explain the operation of a gas Laser with essential components. How stimulated
emission takes place with exchange of energy between Helium and Neon atom?
11. What is the difference between the working principle of three level and four level
lasers. Give an example of each type. How a four level Laser is superior to a three
level Laser.
12. Explain why population inversion is essential for laser action to take place.

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 Department of Physics
Amity Institute of Applied Sciences
Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida
Applied Physics I

Module II: Electromagnetic Theory

Tutorial Sheet 5

1. If a vector A  iˆ  2kˆ , find the magnitude and the direction cosines of this vector.
     
2. If A  2 ˆj  3kˆ and B  iˆ  2 ˆj , find (a) A.B , and (b) A  B .
   
3. If A  2iˆ  2 ˆj  kˆ and B  6iˆ  3 ˆj  2kˆ , find the angle between A and B .

4. What do you mean by scalar and vector fields? Define  operator.

5. Explain the terms (a) gradient, (b) divergence, (c) curl by bringing out their physical

significance.
     
6. Prove that: div ( A  B)  B.curl A  A.curl B .
      
7. Prove that: (a) div ( A)   div A  A grad , (b) div ( A  B)  div A  div B , (c)

div grad    2 .


8. If r  xiˆ  yˆj  zkˆ , find (a) grad r n , (b) div r n rˆ ,

  r 
9. If r is the position vector of a point, then show that div  3   0 .
r 


10. The potential function in an electric field is represented as Vx, y , z  C x 2  y 2  z 2 ,
where C is an arbitrary constant. Show that the electric field is radial.

11. If V  2 x 2  3 y 2  z 2 represents the electrostatic potential at a point, find the electric

field intensity at a point (3, 2, -2).

12. Prove that the divergence of a vector field which obeys the inverse square law is zero.

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 Department of Physics
Amity Institute of Applied Sciences
Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida
Applied Physics I

Module II: Electromagnetic Theory

Tutorial Sheet 6
  
1. A vector field is given as F  yiˆ  ( x 2  y 2 ) ˆj  ( yz  zx)kˆ , find (a) div F , (b) curl F .

2. If  is a scalar field and A is a vector field, prove
  
that curl ( A)   curl A  ( grad  )  A .
  
3. If A  x 2 ziˆ  2 y 3 z 2 ˆj  xy 2 zkˆ , find the value of (a) div A , (b) curl A at the point

(2,2,2).

4. Show that F  ( x  y)iˆ  ( x  z ) ˆj  ( y  z )kˆ represents a conservative field.

1 r 
5. Prove that: (a) grad r  n , where is a unit vector, (b) grad     3 , where r is
ˆ n̂
r r

the position vector.

6. If  ( x, y, z )  3( x 2 y  y 2 x) , calculate grad  at the point (1,-2,-1).

7. Find grad r n , where r is the distance of any point ( x, y, z ) from the origin.
 
8. If r is the position vector of a point, then find grad log r  .

9. A vector function has the following components: Ex  6 xy , E y  3x 2  3 y 2 , and


Ez  0 , show that div E  0 .
  
10. If r is a position vector of a point, show that: (a) div r  3 , (b) div (r / r 3 )  0 , (c)

 
div (r n r )  (3  n)r n , (d) div (r 4 r )  7r 4 .

11. The electric field due to a point charge Q is given by E=(1/(4πε)) (Q/r3) r , where E
and r are vector quantity. Show that ∇ X E = 0.

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 Department of Physics
Amity Institute of Applied Sciences
Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida
Applied Physics
I

12. Find the constant ―a‖ for which the vector A  ( x  3 y)i  ( y  2 z ) ˆj  ( x  az )kˆ is

solenoidal.

13. State and prove (a) Gauss‘s divergence and (b) Stokes‘ theorem.

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 Department of Physics
Amity Institute of Applied Sciences
Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida
Applied Physics I

Module II: Electromagnetic Theory

Tutorial Sheet 7

1. What is electric flux? If electric field is given by E  4iˆ  8 ˆj  3kˆ , then calculate the

electric flux through a surface of area 400 units lying in y-z plane.

2. State and prove Gauss‘s law in electrostatics. Derive Coulomb‘s law from Gauss‘s

law.

3. State and prove Ampere‘s circuital law in electromagnetism.

4. Write the Maxwell‘s equations in free space in both integral and differential form.

Give the physical significance of each equation.

5. Derive Maxwell‘s equations in differential and integral form.

6. Show that equation of continuity is contained in Maxwell‘s equations.

7. Explain the propagation of plane electromagnetic waves in free space and show that

the electromagnetic waves propagate with the speed of light in free space. Also prove

that the em waves are transverse in nature.

 
 B   D
8. Using Maxwell‘s electromagnetic equations: curl E   and curl H  J  ,
t t
 
show that (a) div B  0 and (b) div D   , where symbols have their usual meaning.

   D
9. Using Maxwell‘s electromagnetic equations: div D   and curl H  J  , derive:
t

(a) Coulomb‘s law in electrostatics, and (b) Equation of continuity.

10. Deduce an expression for the velocity of propagation of a plane electromagnetic wave

in a medium of dielectric constant Є and relative permeability µ.

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Amity Institute of Applied Sciences
Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida

Applied Physics I
11. If the amplitude of H in a plane electromagnetic wave is 1 A/m, calculate the

magnitude of E for plane wave in free space.

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 Department of Physics
Amity Institute of Applied Sciences
Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida
Applied Physics I

Module III: Relativistic Mechanics

Tutorial Sheet 8
1. What do you mean by Inertial and non-Inertial frames of reference? Is earth an

inertial frame?

2. Describe the Michelson Morley experiment and discuss the importance of its

negative result.

3. Calculate the fringe shift in Michelson-Morley experiment. Given that: l  11m ,

0
  6238 A , v  3 106 cm / s , and c  3 108 m / s .

4. State the fundamental postulates of Einstein special theory of relativity and deduce

from them the Lorentz Transformation Equations.

5. What is proper length? Explain relativistic length contraction on the basis of special

theory of relativity?

6. Give an example to show that time dilation is real effect.

7. What do you mean by proper time interval? Explain relativistic time dilation on the

basis of special theory of relativity?

8. A rod has length 100 cm. When the rod is in a satellite moving with velocity 0.9 c

relative to the laboratory, what is the length of the rod as measured by an observer (i)

in the satellite, and (ii) in the laboratory?.

9. How fast would a rocket ship have to go relative to an observer for its length to be

contracted to 99% of its length at rest?

10. A clock keeps correct time. With what speed should it be moved relative to an

observer so that it may appear to lose 4 minutes in 24 hours?

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 Department of Physics
Amity Institute of Applied Sciences
Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida
Applied Physics I
11. Prove that x2+y2+z2 = c2t2 is invariant under Lorentz transformation.

12. In the laboratory the ‗life time‘ of a particle moving with speed 2.8x108m/s, is found

to be 2.5x10-7 sec. Calculate the proper life time of the particle.

13. At what speed should a clock be moved so that it may appear to loss 1 minute in each

hour?

14. Derive relativistic law of addition of velocities and prove that the velocity of light is

the same in all inertial frame irrespective of their relative speed.

15. Two particles come towards each other with speed 0.9c with respect to laboratory.

Calculate their relative speeds.

16. Rockets A and B are observed from the earth to be traveling with velocities 0.8c and

0.7 c along the same line in the same direction. What is the velocity of B as seen by

an observer on A?

17. Deduce an expression for the variation of mass with velocity. Also prove that no

material particle can have a velocity equal to or greater than the velocity of light.

18. A proton of rest mass 1.67 1027 kg is moving with a velocity of 0.9c. Calculate its

mass and momentum.

19. The speed of an electron is doubled from 0.2 c to 0.4 c. By what ratio does its

momentum increase?

20. A particle has kinetic energy 20 times its rest energy. Find the speed of the particle in

terms of ‗c‘.

21. State and prove the law of equivalence of mass and energy.

22. Prove the relation E2- p2c2 = m02c4, where p is the momentum.

23. At what speed does the kinetic energy of a particle equal to its rest energy?

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Applied Physics I
24. What should be the speed of an electron so that its mass becomes equal to the mass of

proton? Given: mass of electron=9.1x10-31Kg and mass of Proton =1.67x10-27Kg.

25. An electron is moving with a speed 0.9c. Calculate (i) its total energy and (ii) the ratio

of Newtonian kinetic energy to relativistic energy. Given: me  9.11 10 31 kg

and c  3 108 m / s .

26. (i) Derive a relativistic expression for kinetic energy of a particle in terms of

momentum. (ii) Show that the momentum of a particle of rest mass m0 and kinetic

Ek2
energy Ek , is given by p   2m0 Ek .
c2

27. Calculate the mass and speed of 2MeV electron.

28. A particle of rest mass m0 moves with speed c/√2. Calculate its rest mass, momentum,

total energy and kinetic energy.

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 Department of Physics
Amity Institute of Applied Sciences
Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida
Applied Physics I

Module IV: Wave Mechanics

Tutorial Sheet 9

1. What do you understand by the wave nature of matter. Obtain an expression of de

Broglie wavelength for matter waves.
2. Calculate the de-Broglie wavelength of an electron and a photon each of energy
2eV.
3. Discuss wave particle duality and describe briefly Davisson and Germer experiment
for qualitative verification of matter wave.
4. Show that the wavelength of a 150 g rubber ball moving with a velocity of 30m / s
is short enough to be determined.

5. Energy of a particle at absolute temperature T is of the order of k BT . Calculate the

wavelength of thermal neutrons

0
at 27 C . Given: mn  1.67 1027 kg ,
15
h  6.60 1034 Js and k B  8.6  10 eV / C .
0

6. Can a photon and an electron of the same momentum have the same wavelengths?
Calculate their wavelengths if the two have the same energy.
7. Two particles A and B are in motion. If the wavelength associated with particle A is
5 108 m , calculate the wavelength of the particle B if its momentum is half that of
A.
8. Show that when electrons are accelerated through a potential difference V, their
wavelength taking relativistic correction into account is
h

2m0 eV (1  eV / 2m0 c 2 )
,

m0
where e and are charge and rest mass of electrons, respectively.

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 Department of Physics
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Applied Physics I
9. A particle of rest mass m0 has a kinetic energy K. Show that its de Broglie

hc

wavelength is given by

K K  2m 0 c 2 

10. Calculate the de Broglie wavelength of an electron whose kinetic energy is 50 eV.

11. Find the de Broglie wavelength of a neutron of energy 12.8 MeV (given that, h =
6.625 × 10–34 Js, mass of neutron (mn) = 1.675 × 10–27 kg, and 1 eV = 1.6 × 10–19 J).

12. An electron microscope is operated at 10000 V. Calculate the wavelength

associated with the electron beam. Consider non-relativistic motion.

13. For an electron and a photon each having a wavelength of 1.0 Å, compare their
(i) momentum,
(ii) total energy, and
(iii) ratio of kinetic energy.
(Given that h = 6.63 × 10–34 Js, rest mass of electron (m0) is 9.1 × 10–31 kg, c = 3.0 ×
108 m/s, and 1 eV = 1.6 × 10–19 J.

14. Calculate the de Broglie wavelength of an alpha particle accelerated through

potential difference of 4000 V.

15. Find the uncertainty in the velocity of an electron an alpha particle respectively
when they are located within 1Å.

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 Department of Physics
Amity Institute of Applied Sciences
Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida
Applied Physics I

Module IV: Wave Mechanics

Tutorial Sheet 10
1. Define group velocity. Show that group velocity of a wave packet equals the
particle velocity.
2. Distinguish between phase and group velocity. Prove that product of phase and
group velocity is square of velocity of light.
3. Derive an expression for phase velocity of wave in terms of angular frequency and
propagation constant. Show that the phase velocity of wave associated with a mate-
rial particle is not equal to particle velocity.

4. Show that the phase velocity of de-Broglie waves associated with a moving particle

having a rest mass m0 is given by

 m c 
2

v p  c 1  1  0 
 h  ,

where the symbols have their usual meanings.

5. An electron has de-Broglie wavelength of 1.0 pm. Calculate its kinetic energy and
the phase and group velocities of its de-Broglie waves. Given: Planck‘s

constant, h  4.136 10

15
eV  sec and rest energy of electron, E0  511keV .
6. Explain Heisenberg uncertainty principle. Describe gamma ray microscope
experiment to establish Heisenberg uncertainty principle.
7. How does the Heisenberg uncertainty principle hint about the absence of electron in
an atomic nucleus?
8. Calculate the uncertainty in momentum of an electron confined in a one-
0
34
dimensional box of length 1 A . Given: h  6.626  10 Js .
9. An electron has a speed of 40m/s accurate upto 99.99%. What is uncertainty in
locating its position?

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Applied Physics I
10. Find out the group velocity and phase velocity for an electron, which has de Broglie
wavelength of 2 X 10-13 m associated with it during its motion.
11. Show that the de Broglie wave velocity is a function of wavelength even in free
space.
12. The phase velocity of sea-water waves is given by (gλ/2π)1/2. Calculate the group
velocity of these waves. The wavelength is 680 m. Take g = 9.8 m/s2.

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 Department of Physics
Amity Institute of Applied Sciences
Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida
Applied Physics I

Module IV: Wave Mechanics

Tutorial Sheet 11
1. Differentiate between Ψ and IΨI2. Discuss Born postulate regarding the

probabilistic interpretation of a wave function.

2. Write down the set of conditions which a solution of Schrödinger wave equation

satisfies to be called a wave function.

3. What do you mean by normalization and orthogonality of a wave function?

4. Show that if potential energy V(x) is changed everywhere by a constant, the time

independent wave equation is unchanged. What is the effect on the energy Eigen

values?

5. In the Davisson Germer experiment, a beam of 54 eV. Electrons was diffracted by

the (111) planes of a Nickel crystal a sharp maximum occurred at an angle of

incidence and scattering angle of 65o. Prove that the interplanar spacing of the

above mentioned planes of Ni supports de Broglie hypothesis.

6. Explain the meaning of expectation value of x. write down the Eigen operators for

position, linear momentum and total energy.

7. Show that time independent Schrödinger equation is an example of Eigen value

equation.

8. Derive the time independent Schrödinger equation from time dependent equation

for free particle.

9. When would the wavelength associated with an electron become equal to the

wavelength associated with proton.

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Applied Physics I
10. Calculate the smallest possible uncertainty in the position of an electron moving

with a velocity of 3 × 107 m/s.

11. Compare the uncertainties in the velocities of an electron and a proton confined to a

1 nm box.

12. An electron has a speed of 1.05 × 104 m/s with an accuracy of 0.02%. Calculate the

uncertainty in the position of the electron.

13. An excited atom has an average life of 10-8 sec. That is during this period it emits a

photon and returns to the ground state. What is the minimum uncertainty in the

frequency of this photon.

14. The position and the momentum of 0.5 keV electrons are simultaneously

determined. If the position is located within 0.4 nm, what is the percentage of

uncertainty in its momentum?

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 Department of Physics
Amity Institute of Applied Sciences
Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida
Applied Physics I

Module IV: Wave Mechanics

Tutorial Sheet 12
1. Write Schrödinger equation for a particle in a box and determine expression for
energy Eigen value and Eigen function. Does this predict that the particle can
possess zero energy.
2. Find the expectation values of the position <x> and that of momentum <px> of a
particle trapped in a one dimensional rigid box of length L.
3. The potential function of a particle moving along positive x-axis is given by
V(x) = 0 for x < 0
V(x) = V0 for x  0
Calculate the reflectance R and transmittance T at the potential discontinuity and
show that R+T=1.
4. An electron is bounded by a potential which closely approaches an infinite square
10
well of width 2.5 10 m . Calculate the lowest three permissible quantum energies
the electron can have.
5. A particle is moving in one dimensional box and its wave function is given by
nx
n ( x)  A sin
L . Find the expression for the normalized wave function.
6. Calculate the value of lowest energy of an electron moving in a one-dimensional
0
force free region of length 4 A .
6 4
7. A particle of mass 10 kg is moving with a speed of 10 m / s in a box of
0
3
length 10 A . Assume this to be one dimensional square well problem, calculate the
value of n.

8. A beam of electron impinges on an infinitely wide energy barrier of height 0.03 eV,
find the fraction of electrons reflected at the barrier if the energy of the electron is
(a) 0.025 eV (b) 0.030 eV (c) 0.040 eV.

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 Department of Physics
Amity Institute of Applied Sciences
Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida
Applied Physics I
9. A particle confined to move along the X-axis has the wave function y = ax between
x = 0 and x = 1.0, and y = 0 elsewhere. Find the probability that the particle can be
found between x = 0.35 to x = 0.45. Also, find the expectation value <x> of
particle‘s position.
10. Find the probabilities of finding a particle trapped in a box of length L in the region
from 0.45L to0.55L for the ground state and the first excited state.
11. A particle is moving in a one-dimensional box of width 30 Å. Calculate the
probability of finding the particle within and at interval of 2 Å at the centre of the
box when it is in its state of least energy.
12. What is the lowest energy that a neutron of mass 1.67 × 10–27 kg can have if it is
confined to move along the edge of an impenetrable box of length 2 × 10–14 m.
13. Calculate the expectation values of P and P2 for the normalized wave function Ψ(x) =
(2/a)1/2sin(πx/a) in the region 0 < x < a and y(x) = 0 for x > a and x < 0, where P is the
momentum of the particle.

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