Aviation turbine fuel (ATF), also known as jet fuel, is a specialized petroleum-based fuel used to power aircraft. It must meet performance standards for aircraft turbine engines under various operating conditions. The two main grades are jet A-1 and jet A, which are kerosene-type fuels. ATF was developed in the 1940s from earlier aviation gasoline as aircraft turbine engines replaced piston engines, and standards have evolved to meet new aircraft and engine requirements.
Aviation turbine fuel (ATF), also known as jet fuel, is a specialized petroleum-based fuel used to power aircraft. It must meet performance standards for aircraft turbine engines under various operating conditions. The two main grades are jet A-1 and jet A, which are kerosene-type fuels. ATF was developed in the 1940s from earlier aviation gasoline as aircraft turbine engines replaced piston engines, and standards have evolved to meet new aircraft and engine requirements.
Aviation turbine fuel (ATF), also known as jet fuel, is a specialized petroleum-based fuel used to power aircraft. It must meet performance standards for aircraft turbine engines under various operating conditions. The two main grades are jet A-1 and jet A, which are kerosene-type fuels. ATF was developed in the 1940s from earlier aviation gasoline as aircraft turbine engines replaced piston engines, and standards have evolved to meet new aircraft and engine requirements.
Aviation turbine fuel (ATF), also known as jet fuel, is a specialized petroleum-based fuel used to power aircraft. It must meet performance standards for aircraft turbine engines under various operating conditions. The two main grades are jet A-1 and jet A, which are kerosene-type fuels. ATF was developed in the 1940s from earlier aviation gasoline as aircraft turbine engines replaced piston engines, and standards have evolved to meet new aircraft and engine requirements.
Aviation Turbine Fuel is a specialized byproduct of crude or petroleum used to power aircraft. It must meet performance guidelines for both the rich mixture condition required for take-off power settings and the cleaner mixtures used during cruise to reduce fuel consumption.
FUNCTIONS: The primary functions of aviation turbine fuel (jet fuel) are to power an aircraft, energy content and combustion quality. Other significant performance properties of the product are stability, lubricity, fluidity, volatility, non-corrosivity and cleanliness besides providing a source of energy, fuel is also used as hydraulic fluid in engine control systems and as a coolant for certain fuel system components.
ATF –GRADES: There are currently two main grades of ATF are in use in civil commercial aviation: jet A-1 and jet A, http://www.petrobazaar.com/aviation-turbine-fuelatf-10445.html 1/4 9/6/2018 AVIATION TURBINE FUEL(ATF) e e a e cu e t y t o a g ades o a e use c co e c a a at o jet a d jet , both are kerosene type fuels. Another grade is also found called Jet –B which is wide cut kerosene (a blend of gasoline and kerosene) but it is rarely used except in very cold climates.
1.Jet A-1 is a kerosene grade of fuel suitable for most turbine engine aircraft. It is produced to a stringent internationally agreed standard, has a flash point above 38 degrees centigrade and a freeze point maximum of minus 47 degrees centigrade.
2.Jet A is a similar kerosene type of fuel, produced and normally only available in the U.S. It has the same flash point as jet A-1 but a higher maximum freeze point (minus 40 degrees centigrade).
Jet B is a distillate covering the naphtha and kerosene fractions. It can be used as an alternative to jet A-1 but it is more difficult to handle ( higher flammability), there is only significant demand in very cold climates where its better cold weather performance is important.
Share JET FUEL – HISTORY On 17th august, 1939 Hans Von Ohain in Germany developed the first successful aviation turbine engine that flew in the Heinkel He 178. Gasoline was the fuel used because of its ease of evaporation and known performance. Whittle’s engine used illuminating kerosene since gasoline was in short supply because of the war. Kerosene remains the primary jet fuel that powers the world’s airlines and military fleets. Early exponents of the jet engine claimed that these engines could operate on any fuel. Although jet fuels are much more tolerant than gasoline and diesel engines, the aircraft and engine fuel system are sensitive to the chemical and physical properties of the fuel. Early advances in engine and aircraft design necessitated new standards for turbine engine fuel quality. This led to the introduction of a variety of fuel types to met equipment requirement under all flight conditions
In 1944 the US published specification AN-F-32 for JP-1, a-60C freezing point kerosene. Due to limited availability, it was soon replaced by various cut fuels. These are mixtures of naphtha and kerosene which were available greatly. The first British jet engine fuel specification, RDE/F/KER(prov), was introduced by the end of world war II and covered what was virtually an illuminating kerosene. After a few amendments, RDE/F/KER was superseded in 1947 by D.Eng.RD. (DERD) 2482 and this was in turn reissued from time to time with increasingly stringent requirements. This specification became obsolete in 1965 when it was replaced by D.Eng.RD 2494. Even though the first US Jet engines were direct copies of early British designs, these pioneering jet fuel specifications differed significantly in volatility, freezing point, specific gravity, sulphur and aromatic limits. The US specification was most likely derived from the aviation gasoline specification while the british specification reflected the properties of illuminating kerosene.
High flash point kerosene was introduced as early as 1948 to reduce the fire risk aboard aircraft carriers. The first specification for this grade was RDE/F/KER 203 and called for a flashpoint similar to light diesel oil. The First US Navy aircraft used aviation gasoline, but the lead in the fuel attacked the hot section components in the engine. Jet mix was formed by lending aviation gasoline with kerosene , a product similar to JP-4, JP-5, a high flash point kerosene developed by the Navy for use in Jet Mix, was first covered by the specification MIL-F-7914 in 1952. Subsequently, JP- 5 was included in MLF-F-5624 B in 1953. Although considerable work was done on jet mix, this product was never used operationally and JP-5 remains the primary jet fuel for most navies around the world.
A kerosene fuel very similar to commercial Jet A-1 was developed by the USAF to reduce the fire hazards associated with wide cut fuel which became apparent during the Southeast Asian conflict. JP-8 replaced JP-4 in most every case. The potential need for JP-4 under emergency situations necessitates maintaining this grade in specifications MIL-DTL-5624 and defence standard 91-88. JP- 6 was a kerosene fuel developed in 1956 for the XB-70 aircraft. JP-6 was similar to JP-5 but with a lower freezing point and improved thermal oxidative stability.
The development of the SR-71 in the late 1960s required a new fuel having low vapor http://www.petrobazaar.com/aviation-turbine-fuelatf-10445.html 2/4 9/6/2018 AVIATION TURBINE FUEL(ATF) p q g p pressure and excellent thermal oxidative stability to meet the requirements of high altitude and march 3+cruising. JP-7 is not a distillate fuel like most other jet fuels, but is composed of special blending stocks to produce a very clean hydrocarbon mixture low in aromatics and nearly void of sulphur,nitrogen and oxygen impurities found in other fuels. The combustion characteristics are also tightly specified to ensure adequate combustor life. The JP-7 specification, MIL-DTL-38219, was first published in 1970.
JP-8 was specified in 1990 by US Govt. as a replacement for government diesel fueled vehicles. It was widely used by the US military. It is projected to remain in use at least until 2025.
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