Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology for Diploma Studies Unit-4

1 Explain Inheritance with example. OR Explain type of inheritance with example.

• Inheritance is the process, by which class can acquire the properties and methods of another class.
• The mechanism of deriving a new class from an old class is called inheritance.
• The new class is called derived class and old class is called base class.
• The derived class may have all the features of the base class and the programmer can add new
features to the derived class.
Types of Inheritance
Single Inheritance • If a class is derived from a single class then it is called single
inheritance.
A  • Class B is derived from class A

B 

Multilevel Inheritance • A class is derived from a class which is derived from another
class then it is called multilevel inheritance
A  • Here, class C is derived from class B and class B is derived from
class A, so it is called multilevel inheritance.
B 

C 

Multiple Inheritance • If a class is derived from more than one class then it is called
multiple inheritance.
A  B  • Here, class C is derived from two classes, class A and class B.

C 

Hierarchical Inheritance • If one or more classes are derived from one class then it is called
hierarchical inheritance.
A  • Here, class B, class C and class D are derived from class A.

B  C  D 

Hybrid Inheritance • It is a combination of any above inheritance types. That is either

multiple or multilevel or hierarchical or any other combination.
A  • Here, class B and class C are derived from class A and class D is
derived from class B and class C.
B  C  • Class A, class B and class C is example of Hierarchical
Inheritance and class B, class C and class D is example of
Multiple Inheritance so this hybrid inheritance is combination of
D  Hierarchical and Multiple Inheritance.

1 Dept: CE Programming In C++ (3330702) Nitin Rola

 
Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology for Diploma Studies Unit-4

Example:
#include<iostream.h>
class A
{
public:
void dispA()
{
cout<<"class A method";
}
};
class B : public A // Single Inheritance - class B is derived from class A
{
public:
void dispB()
{
cout<<"class B method";
}
};
class C : public B // Multilevel Inheritance - class C is derived from class B
{
public:
void dispC()
{
cout<<"class C method";
}
};
class D
{
public:
void dispD()
{
cout<<"class D method";
}
};

class E: public A, public D //Multiple Inheritance: class E is derived from class A

{ // and D
public:
void dispE()
{
cout<<"class E method";
}
};
class F: public B, public C //Hybrid Inheritance: class F is derived from class B
{ // and C
public:
void dispF()
{
cout<<"class F method";
}
};
void main()
{
B b;
C c;
E e;
F e;
b.dispA();
c.dispB();
e.dispD();
f.dispA();
}
• Class B and class E are derived from class A so it is example of Hierarchal Inheritance
• Class F is derived from class B and class C, class B is derived from class A so displayA() is not a
member of class F then also we can access it using object of class F.
2 Dept: CE Programming In C++ (3330702) Nitin Rola
 
 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology for Diploma Studies Unit-4

2 Making private data inheritable.

• We cannot inherit private data.
• We can inherit by making it public, but after making it public anyone can access from anywhere.
• C++ introduce new access modifier is protected.
• By making private data protected we can inherit it, but we cannot access outside.
• In between private and protected only one difference, private is not inheritable where as protected is
inheritable.
• Example:
#include <iostream.h>
class A
{
int a;
protected:
int b;
public:
int c;
void init()
{
a=10;
b=20;
c=30;
}
};
class B:public A
{
public:
void display()
{
cout<<b<<c;
}
};
void main()
{
B bb;
bb.init();
bb.display();
}

3 Explain virtual base class with example.

• It is used to prevent the duplication.
• In hybrid inheritance child class has two direct parents which themselves have a common base class.
• So, the child class inherits the grandparent via two separate paths. it is also called as indirect parent
class.
• All the public and protected member of grandparent is inherited twice into child.
A

B C

D
Figure: Multipath Inheritance
• We can stop this duplication by making virtual base class.

3 Dept: CE Programming In C++ (3330702) Nitin Rola

 
 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology for Diploma Studies Unit-4

• For example:

class A
{
public:
int i;
};

class B : virtual public A

{
public:
int j;
};

class C: virtual public A

{
public:
int k;
};

class D: public B, public C

{
public:
int sum;
};
• The keywords virtual and public may be used in either order.
• If we use virtual base class, then it will inherit only single copy of member of base class to child
class.

4 Explain abstract class.

• It has no direct instance, but it has indirect instance though its child class.
• It is only design to inherit in other class.
• We cannot create object of abstract class.
• Example:
#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>
abstract class A
{
void disp()
{
cout<<”abstract class”;
}
};
class B:public A
{
public:
void display()
{
cout<<”derived class”;
}
};
void main()
{
B bb;
clrscr();
bb.disp();
bb.display();
getch();
}

4 Dept: CE Programming In C++ (3330702) Nitin Rola

 
 Darshan Institute of Engineering & Technology for Diploma Studies Unit-4

5 Explain Constructors in derived class with example.

• Constructor is invoked automatically whenever an object of class is created, but in inheritance only
derived class have object.
• So, whenever an object of derived class creates at that time first it will execute base class constructor
then execute derived class constructor.
• If base class constructor have argument then we have to pass this argument from derived class
constructor by following method
• Syntax:
class A
{
A(int a)
{
Statement 1;
Statement 2;
…
Statement n;
}
};
class B:public A
{
B(int x,int y):A(x)
{
Statement 1;
Statement 2;
…
Statement n;
}
};
• In above syntax we passed argument from derived class constructor to base class constructor.
• Example:
#include <iostream.h>
#include <conio.h>
class A
{
public:
A(int a)
{
cout<<"\nValue of a="<<a;
}
};
class B:public A
{
public:
B(int a,int b):A(a)
{

cout<<"\nValue of b="<<b;
}
};
void main()
{
B bb(10,20);
}

5 Dept: CE Programming In C++ (3330702) Nitin Rola