Abstract:

The purpose of this project is to showcase what logic gates are and to highlight the
principles

Behind their functioning, All the different types of logic gates have been listed in the
following segments. Using combinations of logic gates, complex operations can be
performed; some applications of the same have also been mentioned, based on this fact.
Experiments and simulations performed to verify the principles have also been written
down along with suitable diagrams (electronic and analogue). The Theoretical knowledge
required to comprehend the given experiments has been explicitly written down. With
this project, the author hopes to bring into the light how fundamental logic gates are to
our daily needs.

1) Theory:

In electronics, a logic gate is an idealized or physical device implementing a Boolean function;

Logic gates are primarily implemented using diodes or transistors acting as electronic switches,
but can also be constructed using vacuum tubes, electromagnetic relays (relay logic), fluidic
logic, pneumatic logic, optics, molecules, or even mechanical elements. With amplification,
logic gates can be cascaded in the same way that Boolean functions can be composed, allowing
the construction of a physical model of all of Boolean logic, and therefore, all of the algorithms
and mathematics that can be described with Boolean logic.

Most logic gates have two inputs and one output. At any given moment, every terminal is in
one of the two binary conditions low (0) or high (1), represented by different voltage levels.

A logic gate is an elementary building block of a digitalcircuit.

Using combinations of logic gates, complex operations can be performed.

There are seven types of logic gates: AND, OR, NOT, XOR, NAND, NOR, and XNOR.

1) AND Gate:

The AND gate is so named because, if 0 is called "false" and 1 is called "true," the gate acts in
the same way as the logical "and" operator.
The output is "true" when both inputs are "true." Otherwise, the output is "false." The AND
gate is a many input- one output gate.

Input 1 Input 2 Output

1 1 1

2) OR Gate:

The OR gate gets its name from the fact that it behaves after the fashion of the logical
inclusive "or." The output is "true" if either or both of the inputs are "true." If both inputs are
"false," then the output is "false."

Input 1 Input 2 Output

1 1

1 1

1 1 1

3) NOT Gate:

A logical inverter , sometimes called a NOT gate to differentiate it from other types of
electronic inverter devices, has only one input. It reverses the logic state.
Inpu
Output
t

4) NAND Gated;

The NAND gate operates as an AND gate followed by a NOT gate. It acts in the manner of the
logical operation "and" followed by negation. The output is "false" if both inputs are "true."
Otherwise, the output is "true."

Input 1 Input 2 Output

1 1

1 1

1 1

5) NOR Gate:

The NOR gate is a combination OR gate followed by an inverter. Its output is "true" if both
inputs are "false." Otherwise, the output is "false."

NOR gate

Input 1 Input 2 Output

1
 1

1 1

6) XOR Gate:

The XOR ( exclusive-OR ) gate acts in the same way as the logical "either/or." The output is
"true" if either, but not both, of the inputs are "true." The output is "false" if both inputs are
"false" or if both inputs are "true." Another way of looking at this circuit is to observe that the
output is 1 if the inputs are different, but 0 if the inputs are the same.

XOR gate

Input 1 Input 2 Output

1 1

1 1

1 1

7) XNOR Gate:

The XNOR (exclusive-NOR) gate is a combination XOR gate followed by an inverter. Its
output is "true" if the inputs are the same, and"false" if the inputs are different.

XNOR gate

Input 1 Input 2 Output

1
 1

1 1 1

8) Applications;

Logic gates are used to make a few combinational circuits like multiplexers,
demultiplexers, encoders, decoders etc.

There are mainly two applications of AND gate as Enable gate and Inhibit
gate. Enable gate means allowance of data through a channel and Inhibit gate
is just the reverse of that process i.e. disallowance of data through a channel.

Ex-OR/Ex-NOR Gate
These type of logic gates are used in generation of parity generation and
checking units.

NOT gates are also known as inverter because they invert the output given to
them and show the reverse result. Now the CMOS inverters are commonly
used to build square wave oscillators which are used for generating clock
signals.

9) Precautions;

Make sure that connections are nice and tight