DESIGN OF A SUPERSONIC WiND TUNNEL

FOR MACH NUMBERS 2.0 TO 3.5

WITH VARIABLE SECOND THROAT

By

Armen Melikian
i~

Bachelor of Science

Oklahoma State University

StillwaterJ Oklahoma

1959

Submitted to the :faqult'.y of the Graduate School of

the Oklahoma State Un.,iversity
in partial rulfillment of the requirements
for th~ degree of
MASTER OF SCIENCE
Ma:yJ 1960
 OKlAHOM~
STATE UNIVERS!lrf
UBRARY

SEP 1 1960

DESIGN OF A SUPERSONIC WIND TUNNEL

FOR MACH NUMBERS 2.0 TO 3.5

WITH VARIABLE SECOND THROAT

Tp.esis Approved:

the Graduate School

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The author wishes to express his indebtedness to Dr. Glen W"

Zumwalt, Assistant Professor of the Mechanical Engineering, for his

patience and guidance through the preparation of this study as well as

his constructive criticisms.,

He also wishes to thank Mr.,, L•.J.,. Fila, Associate Professor at

Oklahoma State University, for his helpful ~uggestions toward prepara-

tion of this study.

The efforts of Mr. P. G,. Wilson.and the RAD laboratory persortnel in

manufacturing the second throat actuating mech,anism are acknowledged, as

a.re those or the Mechanical Engineering Laboratory technicians in their

present work on the initial construction of the.wind tunnel herein pre-

sented...

Last but not least the author extends his since.re appreciation to

his wife Virginia for her patience and hard work which made this study

a success.,.

He also .~ppre'tiates' the efforts of Miss Roxie Cooper for her careful
f,;';

typing of this manuscript«

iii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter ·Page

I. INTRODUCTION .. • * • • • • ., • • • • • • . . Cl
• • 1

II. BASIC REQUIREMENTS OF SUPERSONIC WIND TUNNELS 2

III.. FUNDAME.NTAL EQUATIONS GOVERNING STEADY SUPERSONIC FLOW 4

Equation -of State •. • • ,, ,, • • '° • ~ • 4

Continuity Equation ,. • .. • .. ,, • • ., " ... "' 11 ., v ... .. 4
.Energy Equation • • .. • .. • • ... ,, .. .,, .. ,, ,.. .. ,. • • 4
Flow with Constant Entropy • • • • • • • • .. .. .. .. • • 5
Normal Shock Relations • " • • • • • • " .. ,, .... " 6
Prandtl-Meye.r. Expansion • • • • .. • • " • 7

IV. NOZZLE ANALYSIS • • • " • . .. . . . . . . 0 0 O' 0 9

Convergent-Divergent ("Laval") Nozzle ,, . 9

L Lead.-in Section • " • ,.• " •..• " • , ... -~ " •.• .. 10
2. Sonic Region 10
3. Divergent Section • • • 10

a.
b.
Method of Characteristics •
Development of the Kernel
.. " . ."
. ..
~ 12
13

4 ..
s ..
Cancellatlion Section
Test Section lll•iiPOD0-P,Ci
. •..
•
15
16

V.. NOZZLE DESIGN CALCULATIONS D • • 0 0 g O • ~ 17

'l'hroat Size Calculation .. • .,, • 17
Test Section Calculation
Nozzle Length
"
,. ,. • • • •
.. 18
19

VI. .DIFFUSER DESIGN •• . .. .. .. 21

VII .. BOUNDARY LAYER CORRECTIONS • 0- • • .ti- ... 23

VIII. OVER·-ALL DESIGN OF THE FRAMEWORK 26

1. Transition Section •. • .. .. • .. • ,. • • • • .. 26
2 .. Supporting Frames • • • • ,, • •. • • .. .. • • .. • • 26
.. ., .. ~ • • • 26
..
3. Side .Walls • • ,, ...... ,, • • •.
4. Nozzle Blocks 27
5. Second Throat Ba.rs 27

iv
 Page

6.
7.
Actuating Me~hanism
Sealing Problems,. o
. . . . . 28
28
.. •· °" •

IX. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDAI'IONS 29

SELEC'l'ED BIBLIOGRAPID: •o•o••••o•••••o••e•••• 30

APPEND IX .A o • fi • 0 •. 0 ·.o • • e • 0. 0 fl, • • • 0 .... Cl .0,.. .GI •· -· • •. 4i 31

APPENDIX B - DESIGN PLATES .oeoo-•o-e•it-Oi;•••o•-~·•"'• 34

V
 LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

I. SUGGESTED ANGLE INCREMENTS FOR MACH WAVE ANALYSIS. . " 14

II. TES'I' SECTION MAC"fit NUMBER vs. TEST SECTION AREA 19

III. DESIGN MACH NUMBERS vso NOZZLE LENGTH .. • 0 0 .. .. . 20

IV. NOZZLE CONTOUR COORDINATES 0 0 ~ • 0 ~ 0 4 • @ • ~ 40

LIST OF PLATES - APPENDIX B

Plate Page

I. TRANSITION AND RETURN FLANGE DETAILS 00..a.c .. 0-oow 35

II. SUPPORTING FRAME DETAILS " 0 •

36

lIL -a. SIDE WALL DE'rAlLS • • • . . •· - 37

III., ... b. GLASS FRAME 1 MODEL SUPPORTER DISC, AND PUSH-BAR

GUIDE" DETAILS • • • .. • • • • • • • • • ,. " 38

IV. NozziE: BLOCK DETAILS .. 39

V. SECOJ\ID THROAT- BAR DETAILS " . . 40

VI. ACTUATING MECHANISM • • 0 0- .0 0 41

VIL -a .. TUNNEL ASSEMBLY. • ·o- 0- 0
." 42

VII. -b. PARTS LIST • 0 • 43

VIII.. TUNNEL SIDE-WALL-OFF VIEW • .. • 44

IX. TUNNEL AND ACTUATING MECtIANISM ASSEMBLY 45

vi
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

Closed Circuit, Continuous Flow Supersonic Wind Tunnel ., .. ti • 2

Normal Shock ......... '"' .. "' • ., .............. •· .... ., .. • • !' 6

3.. :Eirandtl-Meyer Expansion • • .. • .......... • ....... ..,. • .. .. .. 7

4. Supersonic Wind ....Tunnel Nozzle • .. • "' ,. ,. • • • .. .. ,. .. ... .. ., 9
5.. Generation of Expansion Waves in a Nozzle ........ ,., .. ,. .. • .. 11

6. Intersection of Expansion Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • ... .. .. .. .. 12

7.. Development of "Kernel" .. ., .. .. • •. • ... .. .. .. ., • •. .. • .. ,. • 14_

8. Reflection of a Mach Wave 15

Cancellation of M;ach Waves 16
Theoretical Diffusion Precess 21

Boundary Layer and Displacement Thicknesses .. • ~ * • .. • .. • 23

vii
 SYMBOLS

A Area

a Velocity of sound

Specific heat at constant pressure

Specific heat at constant volume

g Gravitational constant

h Specific enthalpy

K A constant along 1, characteristic lines

K' A constant along E; characteristic lines

L Nozzle length

1 Length

M Mach number

m Mass flow per unit time

p Pressure, absolute

R Gas constant

Re Reynold's number

T Temperature, absoll\~e

V Velocity

x,y Cartesian coordinates

Greek Letters

Right running Mach lines

Left running Mach lines

Angle of expansion line with x-axis (See Figure 7)

viii
 C
Ratio of specific heats, ~
V

Wall turning angle ( .See Figure 9)

.)l. Mach angle (See Figure 3)

?) . Equivalent Prandtl-Meyer expansion angle

_I) Density

iJ Boundary layer thickness

6 Flow turning angle with respect to x-axis

Subscripts

b Back pressure

d Bpuhdary layer displacement thickhess

s Free stream condition

t Test section

0 Stagnation or total conditions

k Kernel

f Final

l Before

2 After

~uperscripts

Gri ti cal or throat conditions

*

ix
 CHAPTER I

.INTROf>UCTION

Due to the tremendous increase of flight speeds in the past ten

years, supersonic wind tunnels have become necessary tools in analyz-

ing the problems involved in transonic i .supersonic, and hypersonic

flow and flight. In view of this, and as part of a project to develop

gas dynamics experimental facilities at Oklahoma State University,

there was a need for designing a small supersonic wind tunnel.

To fulfill this need the aitudy conta.ined in this thesis was under-

taken,. Its limitations were threefold~ The first was to design a

wind tunnel to be built for sharp-edge throat nozzles which would oper-

ate flexibly., Second, considerations were given to the substitution of

a curved throat nozzle int0 the present design if necessary,. Third,

provisions were made to acconnnodate nozzles capable of producing test-

section :t1ach numbers up to 3,.85, the· maximum value poss.ible for the

available compressor pressure.,

l
 CHAPTER II

BASI~ REQUIREMENTS OF SUPERSONIC WIND TUNNELS

There is a great variety of supersonic wind tunnels, the descrip-

tion of which is beyond the scope of this study,. The first major

division of tunnels is between continuous and intermittent flow types.

The most desirable ones are continuous flow tunnels, which may be either

non-return or a closed-circuit return type. The purpose of this paper

is to carry out the design of the latter type,. A closed circuit super-

sonic wind tunnel consists of the following major compon~nts: the

motor-driven compressor, cooler, drier, settling chamber, supersonic

nozzle, test section, supersonic diffuser, and return and circulating

ducts to. interconnect all of these parts,. A schematic representation

of such an arrangement is shown in Figure 1 below..

(i:~~~~~~R~c_T_U_R_N_·_D_v_c_r~~~---~~~~

COMPRESSOR

D)FFU5ER.
t
COOLER
-rEST SECTION

se-nUNG
Cl4AM6E'R 1
DRIER.
~...----,--

Figure 1., Closed Circu.~t, gontinuous Flow Supers.onic Wind Tunnel

2
 3

There are several advantages in having a closed circuit flow wirtd

tunnel. Such advaritages are: ( 1) Different gases may be used as the

' .
circulating fluid, simulating various flight conditions and obtaining

different Mach number or Reynold's number with the use of the same com-

pressore, (2) The drier does not have to dry a great amount of fluid and

therefore the initial cost will be lower., (3) Closed-circuit flow

supersonic wind tunnels permit cqntrol of the density level in the tun-

nel, giving variety to flow conditions and reduced power consumption;' 'if

desired,.,

Advantages of continuous flow, as contrasted with the intermittent

or "blow-down" type tunnels, are: (l) Due to steady flow conditions

complicated instrumentation can be avoided~ (2) It has greater useful-

ness because no "pump-up" time is required,,

 CHAPTER III

FUNDAMENTAL EQUATIONS GOVERNING STEADY SUPERSONIC FLOW

Equation of State

In supersonic flow it is usually assumed that the fluid is to

behave as a perfect gas, i,..e., the effects of visc?sity are neglected,

the specific heats remain constant, and the equation of state is writ-

ten as: (Ref,.. l)

p =.flRT ( 1)
The relations between specific heats and gas constant are!

(2)

and R = ( 'I( - . l)cv (3)

Continuity Equation

In a steady one-dimens.ional flow, the law of conservation of-mass

states that the mass of fluid which passes must be constant at any

location of duct or passage~ Therefore the relation for such a flow

is given as: (Ref,. 2)

m =.J)AV = constant ( 4)

Energy Equation

Total enthalpy is defined as:

h0 = h + \V 2 (5)
For a perfect gas this could be put in terms of temperature:

( 6)

4
 .5

Since (7)
and sonic velocity is given as: (Ref. 1)

a2 = 1RT, (8)
· lr R
and also, cp =· 1- . l . ' y; (9)

therefore equation (7) can be written as:

T oR· 2 ...... a2 (lo)

cp = '1R(i - 1) a . .- '( - .·l

In a like manner:
a 2
Po =---
0
cT ( 11)
'ir-1

From 'this, ~quation (6) can be written as:

r-2 1 v2 ( 12)

Mach nu.inber is defined as':

M= + ( 13)

Flow with constant entropy

Constant entropy relations ,are presented ast (:Ref,.. 3)

p = constant• .J1'1 (14)

or
( 15)

and, in terms of Mach nurp.bers and stagnation conditions it becomes:

(Ref. 4)
· Po
. . ) . 1-
· · r- 1
~ =(l+ .~M2·:'1: ..l { 16)
I·"
~;,,·

Also
f
1 = (1 + o- l ( 17)
 6

and
( 18)

For steady isentropic flow, Bernouli 1 s equation is given as: (Ref~ 3)

.7f- 1
~v2 + Po/_P rr- = l
r-
Po
A ( 19)
]' - 1 /'o ~ Po} 1

Normal Shock Relations

When a gas flow crosses a normal shock wave, it becomes compressed

in the direction of flow. Static pressure, density, temperature, and

speed of sound increase across the shock front, but stagnation tempera-

tu.re, the ratio of stagnation pressure to stagnation density, and the

total heat content remain constant,. The speed beyond the normal shock

on the downstream side is always subsonic. In order to find the flow

properties when a fluid passes a normal shock (See Figure 2 below) the

following equations are given: (Ref~ 5)

Figure 2,. Normal Shock

p2 = 2~ 2 2-' .. 1
(20)
Pl J'+ 1 Ml 1' + 1

.!°2 ( Y+ 1) M1 2
/J1 = (21)
2+ O' - 1) M2
1

T2
~ = .fi1!'2 (22)
T1 l?iJ'2
 7

=[ 2
(r+1)M12
+ ( 1 - l)Mi2 ~ r-1.
r t 1'+1
2r M12 - ( ~ -1
l ·1-1
1 (23)

.•. and

M
2 =
[
( }- l)Ml2 + 2 .
2 )' Ml 2 - ( i' - 1)
j\ (24)

,'
P:i:and:tl.:,11~y'$r Expansion

For a fluid flowing along a plane wall with a Mach number equal to
or greater than one, i f the wall suddenly turns away from the flow di-

rection~o that it creates a convex bend or a sharp corner, the'n the

fluid will tend t6 follow the wall profile., As a result, it must'

increase its speed., To accomplish this, the fluid streamlines will go

through a series of expansion waves generated from the bend until it

lines up with the new wall direction, as shown in Figure 3 bel6w~

. STR£Al'1 llN.!:

M1 >1

Figure 3. Prandtl-Meyer Expansion

This Jtvpe of flow is commonly kn.own as Prandtl-Meyer flow., Depending

upon the angle of turn, the Mach number along the turned surface is
 8

related to the turning angle, and given as: (Ref'" 5)

I

- (90° -)'-)
(25)

The relation of ,J-L to the Mach number is

~ ·~· Sin-t!) ( 26)

Using equation (26) into equation (25), we obtain:

(27)

This -7) is called Prandtl-Meyer expansion angle, named after two scien-

tists who contributed a great deal to the science of gas dynamics~

It is interesting to note that, in order to achieve an infinite

Mach number by equation (25), -?) must be equal to 130..,45 degrees for air,

where l = 1,.4,,
 CHAPTER IV

NOZZLE ANALYSIS

Convergent-Divergent· ("La.val") Nozzle

This nozzle is named after French scientist de Laval, whpfor the

first time introduced the concept that, if it is desired to obtain

velocities greater than the M= l existing at the throat of a conver-

gent nozzle, the flow area. must increase beyond the throat.,

A supersonic wind tunnel nozzle., which is always a de taval nozzle,

can be divided into five major sections, as shown in Figure 4 below..

1. lead-in section

2.. sonic re.gion

3., divergent section

4,. cancel!lation section

5,, test section

sotJtC UNE

I LEM-,N
~Se-CT ION-
SONIC RcGION :--:: w-/7
EXPA-NSIOI'( ltND U+NC..eLLA-TIOAI S!:CTIO~- T£ST SEc.'-rtoN _,,,

Figure 4.. Supersonic Wind-Tunnel Nozzle

9
1 .. Lead-in section

The lead-in section is usually prescribed by any smooth curvature

which will accelerate the gases from stagnation conditions to a uniform

and parallel velocity at sonic condition at the throat. These curva-

tures are sometimes taken as ci:c:cula.l;', parabolic, or elliptical arcs.

It has been confirmed expe.rimentally that an ellipse with a major

axis equal to 1.5 times the minor axis, where minor axis is equal to

throat height, serves the purpose quite well .. Therefore, such an

ellipse was graphically constructed for the lead-in portion of all the

nozzles designed.,

2.. Sonic region

The sonic condition occurs at the smallest flow area .of the entire

passage,. . ·'lib.is is known as the throat section.

The primary requirement for establishing such a condition is the

required pressure ratio between the throat region and the stagnation

condition..,. The relation between these pressures is given as: (Ref. 2)

r
(- .2
l'+ 1
)1-1 (28)

and using '1. = 1.. 4, it becomes

0.. 5283 (29)

.At the stagnation pressures below this value.,. a sonic conditi·on can-

not be achieved, and, on the other hand.,. at stagnation pressures greater

than this value, the sonic condition will remain unchanged.,

3~ Divergent section

The.divergent section is the wall length where the flow expands

 11

around the corner, and expansion or Mach lines are being generated$

The velocity increases continuously depending upon the angle through

which the flow expands, as given in equation (25).,

The angle of dive.rgence in a two-dimensional nozzle is equivalent

to half that of the Prandtl-Meyer angle corresponding to test section

Mach number., This section usually has an arbitrary wall curvature,

or, in the limit, is a sharp corne.r$ In this study, a sharp corner has

beeh selected because this type of nozzle has the shortest length for a

given Mach number.,. Therefore the cost of manufacturing is least, and

the boundary lqyer growth is smallest..

Since the divergent section occurs all at once, an infinite number

of expansion lines are generated from points at opposite corners (as

shown in Figure 5) and intersect each other, dividing the flow area

into interacting expansion fans.,

,,,,,,,

Figure 5., Generation of Expansion Waves in a Nozzle

To analyze the flow behavior through this region, several methods

have been developed and published~ By far the most popular and practi-

cal one is the "method of characteristics,." This.method has been

employed in the present analysis,.

 12

a .. Method of Qharacteristics

The "method of characteristics" is a mathematical or numerical

\
procedure for solving hyperbolic partial differential equations of

fluid motion by means. of ordinary differential equations., It relates

the variable properties a.long a. certain curve, known as "the character-

istic., 11 This method is applicable to supersonic flows only, and it was

developed for the first time by Pr and tl and Buseman.n.

It is beyond the scope of this study to present the mathematical

derivation of the "method of characteristics" since a complete coverage

is well presented in the l i tera.tu:r.e. (Ref. 2)

Expansion lines could be divided into two gr.cups, those which come

from the top corner know as "right-running" waves and designated as c!; ,
and the ones coming from the bottom corner called "left-running" waves

designated by 11 • In te.rsec tion o:t these two expansion waves behave in

such a m~nner that at an intersection point, they bend on the. downstream

s.ide of the flow towards each other and, as a result, they change the
. '\
flow direction. of the streamline; as .shown in Figure 6.

STl?E"AM LI NE

Figure 6..,. Intersection of Exp8.nsion Lines

 The "method of characteristics" gives: (Ref. 3)
.,_ Q = K constant, along ..,_ characteristic (30)
7J+ 9 = K' constant, along ~ characteristic (31)
With these relations the entire flow field could be analyzed either

graphically or analytically by dividing expansion fields into finit~

steps. The coordinates of_ the· intersection of these lines can then be

located from the following relation: (;Ref. 4) (See Figure 6)

X
[;1 - x 1 tan (9 1 -..fl')) -(y2 - x2 tan (9" +.)-'")
·.= (32)
tan (-e" + _IL") - tan ( e' - ~ ')
and
(33)

b. Development of the Kernel

By using the "method of characteristics" the coordinates of the

intersection of the last generated Mach wave from one corner and the

waves coming from the other corner can be computed. Thus a IIMach wave

kernel" will be established. The angles of Mach lines emanating from

the kernel can also be found.,

Beyond the-"kernel" all the Mach lines are straight until they

intersect the wall~ To construct a nozzle contour all that is needed

is the. coordinates of the kernel _and· the values of A, as. illustra'ted

in Figure 7. The values of,·A can be obtained from the following

~elation: (Jtef. 6)
~-' ·,

(34)
It is obvious that a kernel constructed for Mach number of•4.o .cont~ins

the kernels of all of the Mach numbers below Mach 4.o .. Nozzles with

:Mach numbers below 4.o .couid be constructed.from .internal points con-

tained by the· kernel. for Mach 4.. o..

 Figure 7,,, Deve.lopme.n t of "Kernel"

Since the kernel is developed by a rinite difference method, the

quality of the designed nozzle will depend upon the increments size of

the angles of ·~or~ 0 For a reasonable compromise between accuracy

and calculation time, the following angle increments have been suggested

for a range of M~:tch numbers: (Ref., 6)

TABLE 1

SUGG·ESTED ANGLE !NCREl-:1ENTS FOR MACH WAVE ANALYSIS

'Yj_ and~ '1_and ~

11.m1.
· · ts 1.n • ( .d eg,.)' increments (deg.)

0,.00 - 0,.01 .bl

0,..01 -. o .. 19 .03
0 .. 19 - 0,,37 ..06
0 ... 37 - 1.. 00 .. 09
1.. 00 - 2 .. 00 .. 20
2~00 - 4.. oo 040
4•. oo - 8.,00 ~50
8 ... oo
.19~00
-
.... ,.
19'!coo
~
1.. 00
2,.00
"
 15

4. Cancellation section

If an expansion wave strikes a wall, it will be reflected with the

same incoming angle and equivalent strength, as shown in Figure 8.,

--r-~- ---
--

-
~ ..rr,;; ».:::>....v-»,.;v;...,o/h?

Figure 8., Re.flection of a Mach Wave

In order to eliminate this :reflection of the expansion wave, it is

required to create a weak shock wave from that intersection point" This

shock wave must be equal in strength but opposite in the characteristic

prope.rties from the incoming expansion wave.,. 'rhe.:refore at each point of

intersection of wall and expansion wa.ve, the wall must turn inward to a.n

angle ~ equivalent to the difference or ']) values of this. wave and the

preceding one, as illustrated in Figure 9,. If this procedure is used to

cancel all of the generated Mach waves as soon as they strike the wall,

then we obtain a parallel flow in the test section.,

 16

Figure 9.. Cancellation of Mach Waves

50: 'Test: section

The test section .is the most tmportan t portion of the wind tunnel,

and it must have µniform velocity flowing parallel to the nozzle ax.is

for testing purposes.. This section is usuaily a _duc::t £allowing the

nozzle and havirtg co:n.stant flow ~rea i f the. boundary layer is neglected,.

In' reality, walls must diverge equivalent -to the effective boundary

layer thickness., The test section may be cov;ered with glass sidewalls

for vtewing and· photo~raphic purposes,, . Provision is generally made for

i

supporting test models in this'section.,

 CHAPTER V

NOZZLE DESIGN CALCULATIONS

Throat Size Calculation

The mass rate of flow through the nozzle can be computed by the

equation (4) as:

m =j)AV

or

(35)

m _ I r\2 [1 + ){ 2- 1 M2 lz
J.
A - W (T~)\ M

Also from equation ( 16)

(37)

. and by substituting equation (37) in equation (35) we get

(38)

To find the maximum mass rate of flow we may differentiate the above

relation with respect to Mach number,. By setting it equal to zero, we

can observe that the maximum mass flow per unit area occurs at M = 1,

17
 18

the sonic condition. When M = 1, equation (38) for air, where 1= 1.,4,

and R = 53~35, becomes,

(T
m
1
max
= -;r
m ..L:.£l2
T 1:
P
o
_
- o. 532 (39)

Using equation (39) and assuming our compressor will deliver approxi-

mate.ly 0,.850 pounds per second of air (specification is given as 800

cubic feet per minute), and by arranging the stagnation condition so

that the. pressure. and temperature will be 110 psia and 550°R simultane-

ously, we find from equation (37) that the area A should be *

A~· = m(To)~
- - = 0 ·.ct 341
.
. 2
1.D.g ( 40)
0,.532 Po

This value will remain unchanged for all test section M provided the

stagnation condition remains unaltered., A variety of choices of the

throat height and tunnel width will give the above area, but a selection

of one inch for the tunnel width seems to be the best because the test

section areas for higher M will be of desirable dimensions.,

Test Section Calculation

In designing a tunnel the condition of maximum stagnation pressure

loss must be consideredoc This occurs during starting of the flow when a

normal shock stands in the test section~ The maximum Mach number then

available in the test section of a. supersonic wind tunnel, for the given

compressor capable of producing a. pressure p 0 = 110 psia, can be found

from the following relation:

 19

From this Muiax = 3 .. 85. Considering irreversibilities in the flow, this

tunnel was designed for M = 2.0, 3o0, and 3.5.

The test section area A is given as: (Ref. 3)

(42)

From equation (42) the following values have been evaluated and tabu-

lated.

TABLE II

TEST SECTION MA.CR NUMBER vs. TEST SECTION AREA

M A in. 2

2.0 0.578

3.0 1.441

3.5 2.311

Nozzle Length

From analysis of the characteristic mesh, we find the kernel length

on the axis and the angle between the nozzle axis and the last~ line.

From these values the nozzle length can be calculated as: (ReL 6)

L - A [ 1k + At ]
(43)
- t ~ 2 A~ tan Af

By using equation (43) the lengths in Table III can be evaluated for

each nozzle designed. It should be kept in mind that these lengths are

measured from the throat sonic line to the point where the final Mach

line intersects the wall.

To find the total length for each nozzle add the lengtb,s of the

lead-in section and the test section to the tabulated values listed in

Table III.
 20

TABLE III

DESIGN MACH NUMBERS vs. NOZZLE LENGTH

M L inches

2.0 0.806

3.0 2.950
3.5 5.210

For this tunnel; all of the nozzle blocks were designed to fit the same

frameworkJ necessitating common total lengths. Ten inches was used as

the length for all the blocks. This was the minimum needed to provide
-~
enough space for the possibi.lity of a Mach 3.85 nozzle to be used.
 CHAPTER VI

DI:F'FUSER DESIGN

Whi.en decelerating a supersonic flow, ise.nt:r.opk or non-isentropic

diffusi.on ma.y occur G With isentropic diffusion, streamlines converge

for supe:r:·sonic flow and diverge fo:r subsonic flow., i.e., the subsonic

diffuseir and supersonic nozzle areas a:re similarp and vice versa.

There.fore., a converging channel is :required to decelerate the supersonic

flow to sonic ·velocity and a di.verging pot·ti.on i:s needed to decelerate

further the subsonic flow to obtain a good recovery pressure. But for

nO"n-isent:ropic' diffusion, a system of shock waves may slow tlhe fluid

d<0wn to subsonic velocities.

Theoretically.i a reversed supersonic nozzle gives isentropic dif-

fus ion1 as shcrwn in Figure 10 below~

Figmte 10. Theoretical Diffusion Process

21
 22

'I'nere are certain difficulties in starting supersonic tunnels with

a fi.xed geometry diffuse; because larger pressure ratios are needed in

order to start and blow the shock out of the test section ("swallow the

shock"). Also., in a tunnel with fixed second throat, if there is a

momentary drop in stagnation pressure, the shock may jump back into its

original position, and will require starting procedure again.

'ro eliminate this difficulty a variable second throat is always

preferred. A special variable second throat (Plate V) and a special

actuati.on mechanism (Plate VI) have been designed for this tunnel to

improve the starting as well as operating conditions ..

With the va:t>iable diffuser designedi the tunnel can easily be

started with the second throat wide open until the shock passes beyond

the second throat position. After this, by cranking the second throat

inwardJ the shock will be kept out. Then., by adjusting the sercond

throat at a certain opening position the pressure ratio across the tun~

nel may be reduced until the shock is located just downstream of ,t;:h;e

seccmd trrroa:t.. Thus, transition of flow from supe.rsonic to subsonic

wi.11 0c<.::ur across a weaker shock and.9 as a result, the flow will be

diffused nearly ise.ntropi,~ally o

''.t'heoretically, this normal shock should be kept at the second

threat,, but p:t.a<etically it is impossible to do so., because at this loca-

tion t1hi.e flow will be very unstable and the slhi.ock may jump back inside

under the slightest flow disturbanceo It is best to keep the normal

shock just slightly outside of the second th-.roat and operate the tunnel

at a stable condition.
 CHAPTER VII

BOUNDARY LAYER CORRECTIONS

l'li:t a. viscous fluid flow a.long a wall., the velocity of the stream

changes f:rom a zero value at the. wall to the free st:tea.m velocity at

some dis tanl'!e from the wal 1. 'fhe regio·n in which this change takes

pla.ce is kn.own as the. bou·ndary layer, and the thickness of this layer

iliJl noted a~ $•
Iin. this layer the flui.d suffers an undesirable loss of total head.

In mr,.d,1em'.9-;ical expression., this layer is conside:red to be infinitely

thi.c:k witb:·:velocity app:roac'b:ing t1:we inviscid velodty asympto,tka.11.y b

:But for engineering ,considerations, this layer is usually defined as

tlme dista:n«::e from the wall at which the velocity is 99% of the free

stream veloc(;:ityt

the velocity profile along a wall in compressible flow can be

appro:-&:imated·as shown in Figure 11 below.

VE"lOCITY PROFILE

Figur.e lL Bounda.:ry Layer and Displacement 'Thicknesses

23
 24

There .is another important characte.ristic of the boundary layer

ca1.il.ed the displacement .J,:hickness, which is defined as: (Ref. 7)

(44)

'rhis parameter has a great physical sigrtificance because the growth of

~d decreases the mass flow in this region and, to keep the flow area

unchanged, the wall must be displaced outward to the .amount equal to

the thickness of ad at each location.

In our case the boundary layer involved is compressible, turbulent;

and with strong pressure gradient. Because the mathematical relations

governing this region are all ~onlinear, calculation of the displace-

ment thickness is very complicated. To linearize these relations a

method known as Culick-IDf.11 tiias1.sformation method has been employed ..

'
By finite difference method '5d can be evaluated. For this evalu-

ation, Korst (Re.L 8) has employed a digital computer to evaluate

several parameters .. The results are presented in tabulated form with

a working sheet procedure fo'IC the computation of bd.

'!'he boundary layer displacement thickness was calculated by this

method for the Mach 3 nozzle and its contour was corrected for boundary

layer growth.

By assuming a zero vaiue of Sd at t:he throat, the computation

showed a growth of &d up to 0.0179 inches for a nozzle length of 3

inches. But at the end of the test sectidn it increased to 0.0375

inches thickness for a total length of 9 •..5 inches. The assumption of

zero &d is tolerable, since both theory and experiment have shown that

the boundary layer becomes very thin in the con~erging nozzle throat.
'
The correction of Odon the flat side wall was not carried out
 25

because of the di.ffi.culty in appl)fi.ng physically a correction to the

side walL It may then be expected that a slight negative .Mach number

gradient will be experienced in the test section. To partially offset

the effect of side wall bd, provisions were made on the nozzle block

fot· it. to be tilted; if: desi:r.ed, increasing the effective area. Exper-

i.ment.a.1 tri.a.1-(nd-e·rror may be needed to obtain the most nearly uniform

flow for each ·nozzle.

 C'"tll'..APTER VI I I

OVER-ALL DESIGN OF 'I'HE FRAMEWORK

1. Transition section

In two dimensional tunnels i t i.s required that the flow from the

settling chamber enter the lead-in section in a two-dimensional manner.

To aceomplish this a 1-1/4 inch east iron solid flange, 19 iniehes in

diameter, whi.((!111 matches the sta.ndard 12-inch pipe flange on the set-

tling .chamber, was cut to serve as the transition to two-dimensional

flow as shown in Plate I.

2. Supporting frames

Two f:rames were designed to be welded from steel bars to form the

supporting frame for the nozzle blocks as well as for the .side walls,

Plate IL 'rhese frames were designed to fasten on the transition

flange., which is coupled to the settling chamber7 and at the other end

to t'lie flange on the return duct. These bars were to be positioned·at

an exact distam::e f'rom each other in order to keep the nozzle ·Coordi-

na:tes unchanged. .This was done by means of four dowel pins imbedded in

the side walls.

3.. Side walls

The side walls, (Plate III-a), were designed to be constructed

from 3/8-inch standard aluminum plate in three pieces for eaieh side. of

the tunnel.. The center piece was designed to support the viewing glass

and. to be removable when installing models in the tunnel.. A special

26
 27

model-supporting disc (shown in Plate III,..b) was provided in the down-

stream section of the wall on.both sides. This was capable of rotation

to permit change of the angle of attack if necessary.

4. Nozzle blocks

Three sets of nozzle blocks were designed for Mach numbers 2 .O,

3.0, and 3.5. Only nozzle blocks for Mach 3 (Plate IV) were corrected

for the boundary layer thickness. The coordinates of the nozzle con-

tours are given in Appendix A.

5., Second Throat Bars

Two bars were designed from spring steel as shown in detail in

Plate V and were used as the second throat for the tunnel. This design

was based on the cantilever beam concept to follow a preseribed shape

for an efficient diffusion of supersonic flow. The after portion was

designe.d to form a channel in which the included angle would not di-

verge more than 20°., This was.done to insure good subsonic diffusion

after the flow had passed the second throat. Under the assumption that

no shottk exists in the diffusion process, an exit Mach number of 0.088

~an be determined from the geometry of the designed diffuser. If on

t1ie other hand a norwi.l shock is assumed at M ::::; 1..05 on the downstream

side of the second throat, then it can be determined that the diffuser

exit Ma,(!:h number will not exceed 0.10, and thus a good diffusion will

be assured,..

Two 1/4-inch steel pusher rods were designed to deform the throat.

(
These moved perpendicular to the tunnel axis and were located between

the .two attachment points: cantilevered upstream end and a guided-

pinned downstream end., ~ee .Plate VII)

 28

6. Actuating Mechanism

.An .actuating mechanism was special1y designed to position the

pusher,-rods for the second throat. A photograph of this is included.,

(Plate VI)

7. Sealin~ Probl~ms

Since the static pressure difference across the nozzle and set-

tling ,chamber was significantly large, care had to be taken to prevent

great leakage problems. To handle this three-dimensional sealing prob-

lem, it was necessary to build a wood and plexiglass model of the com-

plete tunnel section and study the problem physi.cally •

. A photograph of this model has been included in this thesis.

(Plate IX)

Nozzle blocks were sealed to the side walls by forming a ch~nnel

on the blocks to insert an o;..ring type seal. The s.ide wall pieces were

sealed together in the same manner.

 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

'I'he primary objective of· this thesis was to design a supersonic

wind tunnel to be constructed.

'I'hi:s design contains its unique features such as: (1) A test sec-

tion Mach number of 2.0, 3.0, and 3.5 can be obtained merely by instal-

lation of proper nozzle blockso (2) A large removable window at the

test section will ease accessibility to the tunnel and is a.dvantageous

for the schlerien photographic purposes. (3) A specially designed

continuously variable second throat and its unique actuating mechanism

wi.11 greatly ease the tunnel operation. (4) By the choice of .a sharp-

edge throat nozzle and other design features the cost of manufacturing

will be at a. minimum. (5) It will provide a useful tool for the future

students of the University for rese.a.rch in flow studie,s and model test-

ing~

Due to manufacturing difficultie.s, the boundary laye:r co1"rection

on the side walls was eliminatedo 'I'hus, a satisfa,ctory result may be

achieved by tilting the nozzle blocks to provide a partial correction ..

Although t:he sealing problems have been thoroughly studied on a

wood and plexiglass model o.f this tunnel, it is believed by the author

t:hat an c1ctual te.sting of 1the tunne.l may be required to find a.n.d eli.mi,..,

nate any leaks, if present ..

Finally, the author wishes to recommend that if t:lie compressor

being used to run this tunnel will be capable of producing the theoretjL-

cal test section Mach number of 3.85.i such a nozzle be designed a:nd used.

29
 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Lee., J. F. and Sears., F. w.. , Thermodynamics, Addison Wesley Press,

Massachusetts, 1956.

2. Shapiro, Ascher H., The Dynamics and Thermodynamics of Compress-

ible Fluid Flow, Volume I., Ronald Press, New York, 1953.

3. Liepmann, H. W. and Roshko A., Elements of Gas Dynami~s., Wiley &

Sons, New York, 1958.

4. Rupt:ash, J., "Supersonic Wind Tunnels: Theory, Design, and Per-

formance," UTIA Review, No. 5, Toronto, 1952.

5. Ames Research. Staff, "Equations, Tables, and Charts for Compress-

ible Flow," ~CA, No. 1135, Washington D •. c . ., 1953 ..

6. Shames, H.. and Sea.shore, F. L .. , ''Design Data for Graphical Con-

struction of Two-Dimensional Sharp-Edge-Throat Supersonic Nozzles,"
NACA 9 RM. No. E8J12, 1948.

7. Eckert, E. R. G. and Drake,, R. M., Heat and ~..ass Transfer, McGraw

Hill, New York, 1959.

8., Korst, H. H., "Approximate Cah!ula ~ion of 'l'wo=Dimensiona.l Compress-

ible Turbulent Boundary Layers witii Pressure Gradients in the Free
Stream,," University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, 1958.

9. Evan, E., Bockwith and Moore, J. A., "An Accurate and Rapid Method
for the Design of Supersonic Two-Dimensional Nozzles_," NACA,
No. 3322 7 Februa.:cy., 1955,.

10. Laurson.,. P. G .. and Cox, W. J,:, Me.chani~s of Mate.rials, Wiley &

Sons., New York, 1954.

11.. Slt!hlicting, H., Boundary I.ayer Theory, ( translated by J. Kestin),

McGraw Hill, New York, 1955.,

12. Pitmann., Engineering Metallurgy, Pitmann Publishing Coo, 1957,,

30
 APPENDIX A

1:------------------------L-----
0.
O

TABLE IV

NOZZLE CON'I'OUR COORDINATES

YJ inches
X
inches M :ti: 3"J~°1e
M == 2 M == 3.5

o.oo l.968 1.4345 1.094

0.50 1.968 l.4378 1,094
1.00 1.968 1.4387 L094
1.50 1.968 l.4405 1.094
2.00 1.968 1.4435 1.094
2.50 1.968 1.4444 1.094
3.00 L,968 1.44,49 1.094
3.50 1.968 1.4460 1.094
4.00 L968 1.4470 1.094
4.20 1.968 1.4474, 1.094
4.40 1~968 1 .. 4482 1 .. 095
4.60 1.968 1A487 1.HH
4.80 l.968 1.4492 1.104
5.00 l.968 1 •. 4500 1.11.9
5.10 l.968 1.4510 1.123
5.20 1.968 1.4525 1.129
5.30 1.968 1.4530 1.134
5.40 1. 968 1 .. 4540 1. 139

31
 32

TABLE IV"" conti.nued

Y, inches
X
inches M =- 2 M = 3** M = 3,.5

5 .. 50 1.968 1.4548 1.143

5.60 1.968 1.4550 1.148
5~70 1,.968 1 .. 4558 1,.152
5 .. 80 1.968 1.4568 1 .. 1.59
5 .. 90 1,.968 1..4580 1,.164
6 .. 00 1.968 1 .. 4590 1.172
6.10 1.968 1.4600 1.179
6.,20 1.968 1.4611 1.184
· 6,.30 1 ... 968 1.4620 1.190
6 .. 40 L.968 1.4630 1.198
6.,50 1,.968 1.4640 L.206
6,.60 1,.968 1.4650 1 .• 214
6 .. 70 L,,968 1 .. 4660 1.222
6,.80 1.,968 1.,4680 1.234
6 ... 90 1.968 L.4687 L,249
7.00 1.968 1.4710 1.,259
7.10 1.,968 1.4760 1,.271
7 .20 1.,968 1.4800 1.860
7 .. 30 1,.968 1.4900 1..305
7o40 1.,968 1.4980 1,.323
7.50 1,.968 1,.5080 1.346
7.60 1..968 1.5150 1,.377
7 .. 70 1 .. 968 l.5280 1.390
7.80 1..968 1.5420 L.414
7 .. 90 1,.968 1.5580 1 .. 438
8.00 1.,.968 L,5765 1 .. 463
8.10 1,.968 1,.5930 1,.492
8.20 1,.968 1..6120 1,.521
8 .. 30 1 .. 968 1 .. 6315 1.553
8.40 1 .. 968 1.6534 1...588
8,.50 1,968 1..6790 1.625
8.60 1 ... 968 1.7060 L.663
8 .. 65 1.968 1,..7200 1.682
8.70 L,968 1.7350 1.100
8 .. 75 1 .. 96~ 1. 7500 1.,722
8 .. 80 1 .. 97(!) L7660 1,.743
8.85 1.973 1.7830 1.765
8.90 1 .. 975 1.8000 L,789
8.95 L.980 1..8180 1.810
9.00 L.985 1.8350 1.831
9.05 L.991 1.8550 1 .. 856
9.10 1.,998 1 .. 8740 1:~79
9.15 2.,007 L8950 1~902
9.20 2,.016 1 .. 9170 . l ... 928
9 .. 25 2.029 1.,9390 L.955
9.30 2 .. 041 1 .. 9600 1..982
 33

TABLE IV - concluded

Y, inches
·x
inches M=2 M= 3** M = 3~5
9.35 2 .. 057 1.9830 2 .. 010
!1.40 2,.079 2~0060 Z .. 039
9.45 2 .. 080 2.0300 2,.067
9.49 i.0895 2.0495 2.0895
9.50 2~089 2.089 2.089
9 .. 55 2.,088 2.088 211088
·Jr.60
I.
2 .. 081 2 .. 081 2.081
!},.65 · 2 ... 011 2 .. 071 2.071
9. . 70 2,.058 2.058 2 .. 058
9 .. 75 2t039 2.039 2.039
9 .. 8,0 2.,.018 2 .())18 2.018
9.,8.5 · 1.990 1.990 1..990
9.90 1 .. 952 1.952 1.952
9_£95 1 .. 895 1.895 1 .. 895
1u;uo l .. 749 1.749 1.749
10.00 0.000 o. oon 0.000

** Corrected for boundary layer

 APPENDIX B

DESIGN PLATES

34
 PLATE I . TRANS ITION AND RETURN FLANGE DETAILS

t'' DRILL 12 HOLFS ON 17 11 HOLE CIRf;LF EQUISPACED L DlllLL B Ila.£~ oN,t_" . BOLT HOLE
~ 8 CIRCLI: £(JU/SPACED

A tiR

J -16NC t"AP THROUGH 2 li0LE5

l~~_}_JJt
:J / . SEC.Tl ON B-8
. 8 ~/6NC ......, L J:.20NC-?-.i
TAP 1'' DE£Pi!.Jf0l.£S
;;;;~
,AP 6HOJ.£S
!DEEP
TA:r:,::::jkcP II .
'
-,, i- RETtJl?N DIJC.T FLA/'16/i I l?Ea'D c.r.
uIw~w · vmJl!i1t«tl In~
L ,~ ~ ;_1....
.. ~ .
'
SCALE :
\ ,, ,,
4-=- I OKLAHOMA STAT£ UW\V£RS1TY
• s.ccrtON A-A SUPERSONIC WIND TUNNEL ·
Tl(ANSlrltJN ~1?£TVNN FLA/'1S£"S
)
11?/rNSITION FLANGE I RFGO, C,i.
~TE:4--17-601 ~f.NO,J7/'
iw
u,
 PLATE II. SUPPORTING FRAME DETAILS

9
/6 -12.NC-?.8 1.tS
~ HO
'?» 01ttL1, 'I"-
~
Noi fo ScoJ!e,
~
1'~~()1J6

SECTION A-A
•2500 Rf.AH
•2.508 -v~f""q. """'
'
0 ·~
L- 6 i,1o~~s Pot\
{' oR\\.\.. t4c.;f P. ~1.;I
-:ff' ~ ...?,0 e. tll<~ O
Ir or4"

J-20NC
I/
TAP TilROU<sH
HOLG5

Z.. 4-- 6 zi-4oi£S

~ fV.ol"i ~06
N i,401,€\ 2, OKLAJ;IOMA STATE UNIVERSITY
~ oO~~\..-pl SUPERSONIC W'\ND TUNNEL
br
SI./PPORrtl'IG F/fAME

SI.IPPORTIIVG FRAME, 2REdD STEEL tN6R, 1 MEL\ K lAN I A~\S-1~-

~TC:A-21-60 I PR,07,. NO, 111 I fl
w
(j\
 .5'
TUNNEL SID£-WALL- AS.ScM8L Y
8 EQUISPACED FLIP.ON rASTEN£R'SiFEL ~ •-

Not to 5 cf)/e, .---<

~
~~~"'
1,.t>f.~~ c.~P.
~1-bll{
,r l
~OR\U
~~Ol-f;S '"d
t"4
~

f
t::r:I
1-1
1-1
J. .-2,91<C. 1-1
I
~/If> rtt~ouGll Pl
Cl.>
1-1
t:::i
t::r:I

~
. t"4
t:::i
6 t::r:I
~
1-1
t"4
Cl.>

~ ~......,,. ---- s~
~/~ ' ---- --( "'? ii
~~ 606-¢
~o)A c~o
\2...24-t1e,~~01sP~ OKLAHOMA STATE UN\VE~SITY
• '"'sci~!, . SUPERSONlC Wll'lD TUt.lNEL
Sll)F WAL/.. ASSEMBLY
!DOWEL PIN, 4Rr:a>o. I! FROMiDcS?ES £NBR.~ MEL\ K \AtN I AD\JIS.,
!i.CCTION e-aoErAtJ.S ~XTPACrEI OAT~~4-'W-~O I PRo:r,N o.n,
l.,J
-.J
 ~

CFRRO SE.(J-L
tt50 DRILL2.IIOLl:S
ON '"CIRCLE
#6-32NC
TIIP .;i DE!P
~
E + H
H
H
I
O"'
~LASS G')
t""
g; '
Cl)

/' >rj

i
+------4-f ~
"'

I~
u
'11~
6
t:;j
tx:I
,~~ t""
' Cl)
c::
----1-k. - ~ r·0-.01
ioo J "d
"d

SECrtON 8-8
1
-t• 00
0
~
l:rj
(•2.5 --01 ~

GLASS FRAME 2REG>O (~ t:;j

H
MODFl .SUPPORTEI? l)ISC 00
Q
2 REQ'Dl Ae. (_[u!J S~~ "'
~ - 12.NC -?"1
16 i
·2500 REAH
•2508
~
en
~
I
t:d
OKLAHOMA STAT£ UNIVERSITY ~
SUPERSONIC WIND TUNNEL G')
c::

~
H
GLASS -FRAME', MODcl SU PPOF?Tl:R DISC; t:;j
tx:I

~
PU.SH-BM~ G,UtD£:..
pusH-BARGWDE, 2.RE0 10 (Fu//Sea.J~) I £N6R:.-!- f'ltELI KIAN I AO'Jls-:.
t:;j
t;r.j
~
T ~
> w
D,A.TEi4 -1.5-60 I PRo:r. NfJ• 111 I PLA'f'E~Jire. H 00
t-<
C/l
 PLATE IV NOZZLE BLOCK DETAILS t'

N02-ZLE BLOCKS FOR M-=3, 2 REO )D > /lf. -

/:OR CONTOUR SEE APPE"NOllC .A.

ti ..., -
~

L' II . ,
'f,.
u I ;, 'I

l,....-..--2
" I ii'
a
:,
i,
,I
I~ J
A
6 ! -16NC-2.B
o
TIIP /'' DEEP
2._HOLES

,.Lr[-------+-
'
-------------------*-
----- -------------- -- - -
.
. ----m.-------r-1
---~---.J~----~-..J
~~ I I

>

..__~~~~~~~~~~-!0·001 ~~~~~---..L~~~~~~~~~~~~---',.._

7
...!"-1''
-~L -
SC.ALE:
i< <,
' ~+
"Ire «k, -t~ 4-I DRILL, £XC€PT'
iCf THE LASTgi Tll£N1F80 .,.,
DRILL THROl.l(;:# OKLAHOMA STATE UNIVERSITY \

.'•·:, ~ SUPERSONIC WIND TUNNEL

I{ i CUAUNE.L ALL AROUND
NOZZL-'e BLOCK (M~3,'0)

J. FROM Pl?0;::1L-£ ENGR,: MELI K lA H I ADVfS. :

4 \.,,}

C>ATE"},4--15-60 I PR07' N_O·l71 '°

 PLATE V SECOND THROAT~BAR DETAILS

-f
l
), I : ~ It
~ ~1i
°'
'I>
mlt • I ·'
"'i
, :
3
5
r--1:
f
~~;1 ~1st

SILVER SOLDER
#t0-24NC TliP[ DEEP
3HOJ..ES

·1 • • •• , • • • • • • ••• , • • • • " • ,. • •• ___j__

~

I •
..... ~. .. . . ... .
t f • • •

.....
6 • a • • e • • •
. , -r
C• -i o ,,,,_

SPOT WEl[) ALLOVER WELD

ALL AROUND
•I0~4NC TAP 3 HPL€'
SECOND THROAT BARS 2RE(tO
SPRIN& STE£L> NCKl.l: PL/ITEO
/

'KLAHOMA STATE" U~ilVERSITY

1 ,nlu •·< I I
1-,·~ ._-, I
.SUPERSONIC WIND TUNNEL
~.

SECCJN'I) THRonr BA-R t>ETAILS

....l- nln

''"' I "IF 11111 I

_ __._j_ ' PIN J;
SUD£
E"P46R,s ME"Ll K\AN I AOVI.S·iA.4 ·
T PIW suPPORT"E'R. 2 RE(.i>D -Ae. 2REG'D sT'~' OA"TE: A- -2+-60 I PRor,/'lo. n,
t
 41

PLATE VI
ACTUATING MECHANISM
PLATE VII ~a . TUNNEL ASSEMBLY

. . . ......

-·-~-=---
OKLAHOMA STATE UNIVERSITY
SUPERSONIC WINO TONNEL
TUNNEL AS5£MBL Y ASSEMBLY
ENGR. : HEU/('I/VI I ADVIS.:
F OR PARrs L-IST 5£1£/"EXT PA-Ge
SCALE: '", I" ENG- RES- PROI-.'fJQ.;/7/
. DATE: 4--17-60 PLATE No.: 17/-WJ..&.

~
l'y
 43

PARTS LIST

Item Name Material No.

No., ·. . ·. ReCl '.<;1.
1 Tra~sition Flange. (See Plate I) cp: r... 1
2 11 X 5:k X V32 Rub per Sheet Seal Rubl;>er 2
~ l 1/8 X 1 3/4 ~ 6 a:nSltie
·.'
24 ST.Al11 4
I

4 3/8 -.16 NC - 1\ Socket Read Sl7!rew S~1=ei 8

5 1/4 20 NC - X 3/4 Solt.ket lead Serew S:teel 60
6 1 3 1X ,,..02 Shim St;:qtzk
X Al~ .,
10
'
-
' .
7 1112 24 NC. X 1~ Sq,~ket E~ad S~:i:ew_ ,st~e.1 ,p
8 ·~ 3~ Pusher R©ds 1 11 Th
X d d En.¢1.i;;
'. ·.rea·.e . Sti;e1 ·.· 2
9 Push..;B~.r Guide (See Plate.· lll-rb) Steel 2
'
IO ~ l.D,3/8. O~Dil • o-ring seal
X .ije([)prene .2
. '· I
11 Second 'th·r~at Bar (See Plati.e IV) Ste~li
... \~
.
.·
'i •'.
plated .2
12 5/32 D X 1 11 Rider t>:i.:i;i steel . 2
'.

13 ];: x k Dowel Pin Steel 8

-
14 Supp\l)rting Frame (See Pla:!i:e Il) Steel 2
15 11 1 Return Duet Flange (See Plate I)
X «t<> r. 1
'
16 Pin Supporter (See Plate iv) 75 S'.i.' Al.o 2
17
18
1fa12 -
24 NC X 1~ si;>cket Head Screw
'
Flio=on Fas tdUlars (See Plate II)•.
Steel
Steel
6
16
19 Glass Frame (See Plate II} Al1i 2
20 {fa12 - 24 NC' x.:3/8 Socket Hea.d Screw St:eel so
21 5~ ::&: 4 X 3/8. 60@ Beveled all around Glass 2
22 1/8 o.n . . Sea:l .· Neopre,-ri.e 5 ft;
23 Nozzle Bloiteks Al~ 2 oer M
24 Nominal Size 1 Washer.,, 1fa9 Drill,
3 eatiisoaeed holes, l 3/4 hole circle Al .. 2
25 '"
Model Supporter Olis.c (See Plate II;I-b) Al. 2

PLATE VII-b
 PLA'l'E VIII TUNNEL SIDE-WALL-OFF VIEW

OKLAHOMA STATE. IJNIVERSITY

S!JPEl<SONIC WIHI) TIJ#IV£L
7tJNN£L- S!DE--WALL-OFF VIEW 0
SIDE-WALL-OFF VIEW
£#GR.: NEL//('l/!/r' ADV/S-: fa,, lVltit.,...-f t
SCALE: f = I" . ENG-RES. PRO.T. NO· 17 / .
DATE, 4--15-60 I PUITE 1'10. 171- 'V,l H

t:
 PLATE IX
TUNNEL AND ACTUATING MECHANISM A.SSEMBIX

~
Vt
 VITA

A:r.m1r:m Melikia:n

Ma,:ster of Science

Thes bl: DESIGN OF A SUPERSONIC WIND TUNNEL FOR MACH NUMBERS 2. 0 TO 3. 5

Wl'Y:EI VAR:U::ABLE SECOND 1'f.:IROAT

M,<,J.jor F'ield.: M.ec'ha:rdca.1 Engineering (Ae:rona.utkal)

Biog:raphka.l:

Pers.:mal Data.: Born in Iran, February 18, 1934, the son of

Khanbaba and Sa.rvi M.elikia.n.

Edm!a.tion: Graduated from Alborz High School, 'rehe.ll:'an, Iran, in

June, 1954. Ente!'ed Oklahoma State University Janua.ry, 1955
and re.cei.ved Bachelo:r of S~ience Degree in Mechanical Engi-
:neering :i.n May, 1959; completed the requi:rements for Master
of Science Degree in May~ 1960.

P-cofession.al Experience: Employed by the School of M.echankal

Enginee.ring at Oklahoma State University as a Graduate
Assistant in 'r.eaiehi"t.1.g (and Grading) from Feb:ru.ary7 1960 to
May, 1960 ..

Profe.ssfomal Organ:i.2;atio:ns: Me.mbex of the Institute of the

Aeronautical S:cienees 7 served as the. correspondii;ig secretary
and also as treasurer of the student branch at O. s. U. Also
a stude!11."c membe:;: of tr1.e. American Society of Mechanical
Engir1.eers ~