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    Fetch Execute Cycle

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    لوبنا نسرين
    The document describes the fetch-execute cycle that CPUs follow to process instructions. It involves 3 main stages: 1) Fetch - the CPU fetches the next instruction from memory and loads it into the instruction register. 2) Decode - the CPU examines the instruction to understand what operation needs to be performed. 3) Execute - the CPU actually carries out the instruction. Then the process repeats by resetting the program counter to fetch the next instruction. The CPU contains various registers like the program counter, instruction register, and accumulator that are used during this cycle to process instructions.

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    Fetch Execute Cycle

    Uploaded by

    لوبنا نسرين
    219 views4 pages
    The document describes the fetch-execute cycle that CPUs follow to process instructions. It involves 3 main stages: 1) Fetch - the CPU fetches the next instruction from memory and loads it into the instruction register. 2) Decode - the CPU examines the instruction to understand what operation needs to be performed. 3) Execute - the CPU actually carries out the instruction. Then the process repeats by resetting the program counter to fetch the next instruction. The CPU contains various registers like the program counter, instruction register, and accumulator that are used during this cycle to process instructions.

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    Fetch Execute Cycle

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    The document describes the fetch-execute cycle that CPUs follow to process instructions. It involves 3 main stages: 1) Fetch - the CPU fetches the next instruction from memory and loads it into the instruction register. 2) Decode - the CPU examines the instruction to understand what operation needs to be performed. 3) Execute - the CPU actually carries out the instruction. Then the process repeats by resetting the program counter to fetch the next instruction. The CPU contains various registers like the program counter, instruction register, and accumulator that are used during this cycle to process instructions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    219 views4 pages

    Fetch Execute Cycle

    Uploaded by

    لوبنا نسرين
    The document describes the fetch-execute cycle that CPUs follow to process instructions. It involves 3 main stages: 1) Fetch - the CPU fetches the next instruction from memory and loads it into the instruction register. 2) Decode - the CPU examines the instruction to understand what operation needs to be performed. 3) Execute - the CPU actually carries out the instruction. Then the process repeats by resetting the program counter to fetch the next instruction. The CPU contains various registers like the program counter, instruction register, and accumulator that are used during this cycle to process instructions.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 4

    Fetch-Execute-Cycle

    A CPU instruction is a line of code to perform some specific task.

    The Fetch-Decode-Execute cycle describes the basic steps a CPU carries out to process an
    instruction.

    A fetch execute decode cycle is shown below.

    The picture below shows the general internal set up of the CPU
    Special Purpose Registers:
    The CPU contains a number of special-purpose registers:

     Instruction Register (IR): The instruction register holds the instruction currently being executed.
     Memory Data Register (MDR): The memory data register (also known as the memory buffer
    register or data buffer) holds the piece of data that has been fetched from memory.
     Memory Address Register (MAR): The memory address register holds the address of the next
    piece of memory to be fetched.
     Program Counter (PC): The program counter holds the location of the next instruction to be
    fetched from memory. It is automatically incremented between supplying the address of the
    next instruction and the instruction being executed.
     Accumulator: The accumulator is an internal CPU register used as the default location to store
    any calculations performed by the arithmetic and logic unit.

    General Purpose Registers


    General purpose registers are available to store any transient data required by the program.

    For example, when a program is interrupted its state, ie: the value of the registers such as the program
    counter, instruction register or memory address register - may be saved into the general purpose
    registers, ready for recall when the program is ready to start again.

    In general the more registers a CPU has available, the faster it can work.

    Now, we will look at each stage in detail.

    Fetch
    Step 1

    The Program Counter copies the address of the next instruction it contains into the Memory
    Address Register (MAR).

    Step 2

    The Memory Address Register places the address to be used on to the 'Address Bus'

    Step 3

    The Memory Address Register triggers a 'read' signal that causes main memory (RAM) to place
    the instruction being asked for on to the 'Data Bus'

    Step 4
    The instruction on the data bus is loaded into the Memory Data Register (also called Memory
    Buffer Register)

    Step 5

    The Memory Data register copies the instruction into the 'Instruction Register'

    The Fetch stage is now complete

    Decode
    The CPU examines the instruction in the current instruction register (CIR) and 'decodes' it. This
    means a special part of the CPU called the 'decode' unit will make the rest of the CPU ready to
    carry out the instruction. It does this by issuing a series of 'micro-instructions'.

    For example the instruction might say 'Add'. The decode unit understands what this means and
    gets the system ready to carry that instruction out.

    Every CPU has an instruction set that defines what the decoder understands as legitimate
    commands.

    All software eventually ends up as a set of commands from within the instruction set.

    Execute then Reset


    STAGE: Execute

    The instruction within the instruction register is carried out (executed) by the CPU. The part that
    executes instructions is called the 'execute unit'.

    STAGE: Reset

    Now that the CPU is executing an instruction, the Program Counter can now be reset to point to
    the next instruction.

    This is the Fetch-Decode-Execute cycle that is present in every sequential processing computer.

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