International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)

ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor:6.887

Volume 5 Issue VIII, August 2017- Available at www.ijraset.com

A Comparative Analysis On Image Denoising

Using Different Median Filter Methods
Sandeep Kumar1, Munish Kumar2, Rashid3, Neha Agrawal4
1
Electronics & Communication, Sreyas Institute of Engineering & Technology, India
2
Electronics & Communication DCRUST Murthal, Sonepat Haryana, India
3
Electronics & Communication Sreyas Institute of Engineering & Technology Hyderabad, India
4
Department of R & D Dreamtree Infotech Pvt. Ltd, Gwalior, India

Abstract: In denoising, separation of noise from signal is a main issue, but with improved filter elimination of noise becomes
easier. In this paper nonlinear median filter is used for multi resolution condition, once in full resolution and afterward with
half resolution, denoising turns out to be greater. This method is a nonlinear model and is observed to be helpful in removing
Impulse noise, Gaussian and Speckle noise. Further, it is recommended that utilization of a nonlinear adaptive median filter
(AMF) delivers more satisfying picture with better denoising. The experimental results are based on the parameters likes Peak
Signal Noise Ratio (PSNR) and Structural Similarity Matrix (SSIM). It is demonstrated that the enhanced strategy gives a high
level of noise removal while protecting the edges and other data in the picture. This research is based on threshold calculation
which enhances the PSNR of the framework when contrasted with combination of Discrete Wavelet Transform & Adaptive
Median Filter (DWT-AMF) and other median based methods.
Keywords— PSNR; Adaptive Median; Structural Similarity Matrix; Gaussian Noise; Impulse Noise; Speckle Noise; Median
Filter; Discrete Wavelet Transform
I. INTRODUCTION
In computer vision, image processing turned out to be a necessary field in daily life applications such as computer tomography,
satellite television, face recognition, license plate recognition (LPR), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and geographical
information systems etc [1-2]. Denoising during image processing is a great challenge in various applications such as spatial domain
that refers to a plane digital image in which manipulation is done directly on image pixels and frequency domain refers to the study
of mathematical functions or signals with respect to frequency rather than time [2]. Images are used in various areas such as
education and medical but a certain amount of noise always exhibits during image processing which degrades the quality of image.
An image gets corrupted by noise during acquisition, transmission or during reproduction. Several reasons by which noise can be
produced by storage media device, digital camera, sensor or scanner. Reproduction of image from noisy signal is a great challenging
task. Image denoising techniques may used to remove the most of the unwanted information from an image. Image denoising
technique is used to improve the quality of the image from the noisy image. Noise may be classified such as impulsive noise,
AWGN, and speckle noise etc. Here researchers focuses on AWGN model only Using the denoising techniques, we reduce the noise
level as well as most of the edges of image and information much as possible [3].

II. LITERATURE SURVEY

Syed et al. [7] presented an algorithm to reduce noise from grayscale images. It is improved AMF algorithm in which firstly
evaluate median value without taking noisy pixels in window processing. After the maximum window processing, if noise free
median value not occurs, then replace it with the last processed pixel value. The result of this algorithm performance is better from
other nonlinear filters while preserving image quality and information the noise removing level up to 90%.
Jiang et al. [8] presented a self-organizing map (SOM) technique to processed MRI imaging. During the formation of images in
MRI technique, generally, images are corrupted by Rician noise. Rician noise is highly nonlinear, non-additive signal dependent
noise different from common image noise. It is a very difficult to feature to separate noise from the signal. The use of proposed
SOM Algorithm is carefully applied to consider Rician noise feature to get accurate MRI image processing, the final result is a
novel method for denoising and segmentation.
Zhenzhen et al. [9] presented algorithm AMF-PDE to process ultra violet (UV), Intensifier Charge Couple Device (ICCD) image.
The performance of proposed AMF-PDE method is better in denoising while preserving edges and also from another classical filter
as average and MF. The method is expected to be used in technology after improvements.

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 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor:6.887
Volume 5 Issue VIII, August 2017- Available at www.ijraset.com

Malini.S et al. [10] presented a new denoising algorithm for gray and color image. The use of nonlinear median filters in multi
resolution environment, one with full resolution and then with half resolution, gives better image denoising and visual quality. This
algorithm works simply compared to other, and equally well for gray and color images. It is useful in removing impulse noise as
well Gaussian and SN.
Dhanushree et al. [11] presented AMF and adaptive wavelet thresholding shrinkage technique for image de-noising. The noisy
image is passed through pre-processing MF to remove the noise and two level DWT is applied which is passed through post-
processing median filter to remove noise. Finally, Bays thresholding shrinkage is applied to all sub-bands to obtain a de-noised
image. The Inverse DWT is applied to reconstruct the image. The Image quality is measured in terms of the PSNR and is observed
that the proposed method obtains better PSNR compared to the existing method.
Panetta et al. [12] shows picture denoising as trying issue in imaging frameworks, particularly imaging sensors. In spite of different
research, the calculation has been to diminish it. This algorithm presented another idea of grouping to-arrangement similitude. This
likeness measure is a proficient technique to assess the substance closeness for pictures, particularly for edge data. The approach
varies from conventional picture preparing procedures, which depend on pixel and piece similarity.
Xiaofeng et al. [13] presented a new method to reduce noise in ultra sound medical images. In this method enhance original median
filter by use of directional suit templates instead of the symmetrical template to fit the directions of edges and textures. To determine
which directional template should be used, a local direction filter was proposed. The simulation result of proposed work on the
synthetic image is better in removing noise from ultra sound images. The PSNR value of proposed is better from other wiener and
median filter.

III. PROBLEM STATEMENT

Before Digital pictures corrupted inferable from camera detecting component, despicable correspondence interface and so on is stick
stuffed with driving impulses. This impulse noise devastates the crucial information inside the picture and yield picture turns out as
an obscured with unrecognizable edges. The photo would now have the capacity to not be helpful in any approach and it can't be
valuable to observe any critical data from it. This drawback may be settled by applying a nonlinear filter (NLF) to the photographs.
The main praised NLF is MF. In MF, focus fragment is replaced by the center of its neighboring pixels. This can with advance
restore the photo, the issue with MF is that it clouded the photo, however applying MF every single portion paying little mind to
whether it's spoiled or not is replaced by standard so it obliterates the sides of the digital picture. So a crisp out of the case new kind
of MF indicated to as move MF zone unit made inside which standard is associated solely with the defiled pixels while keeping
uncorrupted pixels since it is you. The fundamental objective is to support the standard of the denoised picture using PSNR for
various thickness of noise. This research presents a way that utilizations three approach to recover the degraded picture.
A. Noise Detection
B. Noise Filtering
C. Discrete Wavelet Transform
IV. TYPES OF NOISE
A. Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN))
The AWGN or amplifier is independent at each pixel and with signal intensity. In gray scale image as
I=d+n
Where I is the input image function, d is degraded by AWGN n.

B. Speckle Noise (SN)

This is also referred as multiplicative noise which is found normally in most imaging applications. In SN, noise issues in between
random interference and coherent returns.
I=d×n
Where n is multiplicative noise.

V. FILTERING TECHNIQUE
A. Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT)
Discrete Wavelet Transform allows good spatial localization and has multi resolution facets, which are alike to the social image
scheme. In a similar way, this procedure displays robustness to low-pass and center cleaning. The turn out to be is situated on

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 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor:6.887
Volume 5 Issue VIII, August 2017- Available at www.ijraset.com

waves, called wavelets, of varying frequency and confined duration. It supplies each frequency and spatial description of an image.
The wavelet change into decomposes the image into three spatial instructional materials, i.e. Vertical, horizontal and diagonal. It
decomposes the image into special frequency stages corresponding to the low frequency, middle frequency, and high frequency. The
magnitude of DWT coefficients is excessive in the lowest bands (LL) at every stage of decomposition and is least for other high
bands [4].

B. Median Filter (MF)

MF is a nonlinear digital filtering method, generally used to remove noise. In filtering of noise, edges are preserved. The output
value of median nonlocal filter is the middle element of sorted pixel array value of the filtering window. Median is calculated by
first sorting all pixels values from surrounding neighboring hood into numeric order and then replacing the pixel being considered
with the median pixel value. The major issue with median filtering is hard to compute and relatively expensive and slow [5-6].

123 125 126 130 140

122 124 126 127 135

118 120 150 125 134

119 115 119 123 133

111 116 110 120 130

Neighborhood values: 115, 119, 120, 123,124, 125, 126, 127, 150
Median value: 124
C. Adaptive Median Filtering (AMF)
The AMF has been presented to evaluate the noisy pixel in an image. The evaluation of pixel as noise is done by comparing every
pixel in an image to its surrounding neighbor pixels. The window size of the neighborhood is modifiable, as well as the threshold for
the comparison. Those pixels that are different from its neighbors and are not structurally aligned to its surrounding pixel are
defined as impulse noise. Such noisy are exchanged with pixels of the neighborhood by the median value of a pixel that clears noise
detection test [6].
VI. RESULT ANALYSIS
A. Take any image M X M which is represented by where IM denotes the pixel values of an image.
B. Assume k X k be filtering window size “W” which is obtained using dividing of an image.
C. Denote IM (X) the intensity value of image IM at pixel location x. For 8-bit gray images, the value of dmax = 0 and dmin = 255.
Impulse noise is as follows:

(1)
Where dx is uniformly distributed in [dmax, dmin] and k shows the level of impulse noise.
D. Let represents a noisy image which is obtained by adding AWGN and SN k to original image IM then it can be said
that:

(2)
E. Apply 1DWT on the input image to split into four sub-bands: LL, LH, HL, HH and apply AMF on each band of DWT.

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 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor:6.887
Volume 5 Issue VIII, August 2017- Available at www.ijraset.com

F. Let the gray levels of any pixel value, in any window ( ) of size k, are denoted by and it
becomes after arranging in increasing or decreasing manner and k is even or odd:

(3)
G. Using Eq. (3), it has a kxk matrix. The gray level at any pixel (i, j) is denoted by X(i, j)

(3)

H. In this step, estimate the sum of rows and columns of W are utilized for threshold calculation in this research which prompts
proficient noise detection. In each W, Ymin (minimum) and Ymax (maximum) are assessed which are utilized to sudden changes
distinguish in pixel values. With a specific end goal to estimation threshold, as a matter of first importance, the components
midpoints in singular rows and columns are and of W which is computed using this equation.

(4) (5)
I. This '' 2k’’, different sum values will be helpful for finding Ymin and Ymax. It is given by:

.
(6)

. (7)
J. Now, checked noisy pixels at of W using comparing it with & . If value lies among and
then it is denoted by noise free pixel otherwise noisy and it is replaced by median value.

. (8)
If found as noisy, then noise removal method is applied to this pixel, and W is moved to the next pixel location. For noise
filtering step, calculate the median of the W which has been helping to alter the gray intensity of the found noisy pixel.
K. Reconstruct the matrix using inverse DWT after applying AMF.

L. Mean square error (MSE) - It is used to find the sum of the squares of the "errors", between the input image and output image.
)2 (9)
Where M, N denoted pixel values in the input image, represent input image pixels, represent denoised image pixels.
M. Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) - It is used to estimate the robustness of denoising w.r.t. the noise. With the presence of
noise, the image will be degrading the quality of the image. The image quality of output and input image is estimated. It is
given by
PSNR = 10 * log (P2 / MSE) (10)
N. Where p= maximum value in input image.
O. Structural Similarity Matrix (SSIM) - It estimates the similarity measure between the input image and output image.
(11)

Where µx is the sum of x, µy is the sum of y, sigma is the covariance of x and y, c1 = (K1L) 2, c2 = (K2L) 2, K1= 0.01 and K2 = 0.03 by
default and L is the dynamic range of pixel values.

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 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor:6.887
Volume 5 Issue VIII, August 2017- Available at www.ijraset.com

The experimental results are based on test gray scale image of the cameraman, Barbara, and Lena. This simulation is based on
MATLAB software. The density of impulse noise, AWGN and SN are maintained in the image by using standard MATLAB
function.

(a) Barbara (b) Lena (c) Cameraman

Fig. 1. Original grayscale of 8-bit per pixel.

(A) Input Image (B) Noisy Image (C) DWT-MF

(D) AMF Result (E) DWT-AMF

Fig. 2. Image (a) Result on Impulse Noise with 40% noise density

(A) Input Image (B) Noisy Image (C) DWT-MF

(D) AMF Result (E) DWT-AMF

Fig. 3. Image (a) Result on Gaussian Noise with 30% noise density

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 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor:6.887
Volume 5 Issue VIII, August 2017- Available at www.ijraset.com

(A) Input Image (B) Noisy Image (C) DWT-MF

(D) AMF Result (E) DWT-AMF

Fig. 4. Image (a) Result on Speckle Noise (standard)

(A) Input Image (B) Noisy Image (C) DWT-MF

(D) AMF Result (E) DWT-AMF

Fig. 5. Image (b) Result on Speckle Noise (standard)

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 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor:6.887
Volume 5 Issue VIII, August 2017- Available at www.ijraset.com

(A) Input Image (B) Noisy Image (C) DWT-MF

(D) AMF Result (E) DWT-AMF

Fig. 6. Image (c) Result on Speckle Noise (standard)

TABLE I. PSNR (DB)VALUES OF DIFFERENT FILTERS FOR BARBARA IMAGE DEGRADED BY DIFFERENT
NOISE
Noise DWT - Median Filter Adaptive Median Filter DWT-AMF Method [6]
Impulse [40%] 35.1384 25.7221 45.4676
Gaussian [30%] 30.4546 11.8181 22.9338
Speckle 40.0286 20.9505 40.0263

TABLE II.SSIM VALUES OF DIFFERENT FILTERS FOR BARBARA IMAGE DEGRADED BY DIFFERENT NOISE
Noise DWT -Median Filter Adaptive Median Filter DWT-AMF Method [6]
Impulse [40%] 0.3599 0.8643 0.7679
Gaussian [30%] 0.2063 0.0775 0.1006
Speckle 0.5083 0.4842 0.4707

Fig. 7. PSNR values of different filters for barbara image

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 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor:6.887
Volume 5 Issue VIII, August 2017- Available at www.ijraset.com

Fig. 8. SSIM values of different filters for barbara image

In this Fig. 7 and Fig. 8 blue bar shows that DWF-MF value, green shows that AMF PSNR value and yellow shows that DWT-AMF
PSNR. It performed on Barbara image.
TABLE III. PSNR COMPARISON BETWEEN SEVERAL METHODS FOR CAMERAMAN IMAGE DEGRADED BY DIFFERENT NOISE

Noise DWT - Adaptive DWT-AMF

Median Median Method [6]
Filter Filter

Impulse 38.2221 25.626 49.874

[40%]
Gaussia 32.93 11.725 25.471
n [30%]
Speckle 43.3482 21.3744 45.245
TABLE IV. SSIM VALUES OF DIFFERENT FILTERS FOR CAMERAMAN IMAGE DEGRADED BY DIFFERENT NOISE.

Noise DWT- Adaptive DWT-AMF

Median Median Method [6]
Filter Filter

Impulse 0.3943 0.9105 0.8545

[40%]
Gaussia 0.206 0.0778 0.0967
n [30%]
Speckle 0.5971 0.4597 0.4832

VII. CONCLUSION
There are two main processes: first is Noise Detection and second is Noise Removal. In noise detection stage, the concept of DWT
with AMF is used which offers high noise detection ability and efficiency. In DWT process, apply AMF on each band of DWT. It
improvises vastly the de-noised image DWT-AMF filter quality from 45.4676% for impulse noise on 40% noise density, but it
degraded for 22.9338% for Gaussian Noise on 30% noise density and 40.0263% for SN. In the further analysis, we will apply DWT
with Adaptive Dual threshold median filter for improving the noise detection stage.

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 International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology (IJRASET)
ISSN: 2321-9653; IC Value: 45.98; SJ Impact Factor:6.887
Volume 5 Issue VIII, August 2017- Available at www.ijraset.com

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