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 March 27, 2017 |  SQL Interview Questions

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Following are Some most important questions that may ask in TCS
interviews:

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1.What are di erent database Environments used in any project?

Answer:
Categories
The Project to project database environment varies.But the BI Tutorials
following is basic environment structure used for projects. Data Mining
Oracle 18c
Oracle Errors
PLSQL Tutorials
Roles and Responsibilities
SQL Complex Queries
SQL Di erence Between
SQL Interview Questions
SQL Interview Questions For
Freshers
SQL Joins
SQL Performance Tuning
SQL Tutorials
1.Development Environment:
Unix Interview Questions

In Development Environment all developer works and Unix Tutorials

development work is been done on development environment.

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2.Test Environment:
Select Language
Developers does not have access of test environment.After Powered by Translate
development is done the code is migrated to Test
Environment.Testing team is working on Test environment and
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execute black box as well as white box test cases on this
Environment.Sometimes System Integration Testing (SIT) is also 20 SQL Queries for
interview | Complex SQL
done on this Environment.
Queries for Interview

3.UAT Environment: What is ROWID and

ROWNUM in SQL? |
Di erence Between
UAT stands for User Acceptance Testing.On this Environment the
ROWID & ROWNUM?
Customer side testers tests the software and executes User
Acceptance Test Cases.

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4.Performance Testing Environment:

On this environment the performance tester tests all performance

related issues on this environment. This environment contains
very huge data and performance tester will try to break the system
using that big data.

5.Production Environment:

On this Environment actual user works and uses the software.

2.What is Null in SQL?

Answer:

A NULL value in a table is a value in a eld that appears to be

blank, which means a eld with a NULL value is a eld with no
value.

It is very important to understand that a NULL value is di erent

than a zero value or a eld that contains spaces. A eld with a
NULL value is one that has been left blank during record creation.

3. What is not null constraint?

Answer:

By default, a table column can hold NULL values. The NOT NULL
constraint enforces a column to NOT accept NULL values.

The NOT NULL constraint enforces a eld to always contain a

value. This means that you cannot insert a new record, or update a
record without adding a value to this eld.

CLICK HERE TO GET MORE INFORMATION ABOUT DIFFERENT

CONSTRAINTS OF SQL

4.What is Unique key constraint?(90% asked in Interview Questions

for TCS)

Answer:

The UNIQUE Constraint uniquely identi es each record in a

database table.

The UNIQUE and PRIMARY KEY Constraints both provide a

guarantee for Uniqueness for a column or set of columns.

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A PRIMARY KEY Constraint automatically has a UNIQUE Constraint

de ned on it.

Note: You can have many UNIQUE Constraints per table, but only
one PRIMARY KEY Constraint per table is allowed.

5.What is the output of following Query?

 select case when null=null then ‘Amit’ Else

‘Pradnya’ from dual;

Answer:

In SQL null value is not equal to itself.So null=null is false and the
output of above query is ‘Pradnya’.

6.What are Set operators in SQL?

Answer:

Set operators are nothing but the operators which are used to
connect two tables and fetch the records from the two tables.We
need to follow one condition that the table set 1 columns and table
set 2 columns are same and its datatype must be same.SQL Set
Operators combines the result of 2 queries or components on to
the single result.

Following are Set Operators in SQL:

1. Union
2. Unionall
3. Intersect
4. Minus

Click Here to get more information about Set operators…

7.Explain Union Operator in detail?

Answer:

Union Operator combines the result of 2 or more tables and

fetches the results of two select statements.Union operator
eliminates the duplicates from the table and fetches the result.For
each duplicate row in table only one row is displayed in the
result.By considering the performance of SQL using union is not

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preferable option but if there is situation where user wants to

remove the duplicate data from two or more table the use of
Union is preferable.

8.How to select rst 5 characters from First name in Employee

table?

Answer:

Oracle Query:

 Select Substr(0,5) from Employee;

MS SQL:

 Select Substr(1,5) from Employee;

MySQL:

 Select Substr(1,5) from Employee;

9.How to fetch the name of the Employee by removing white

spaces?

Answer:

 Select trim(Employee_name) from

Employee;

10.How to fetch all the records from Employee whose joining year
is  2017?

Answer:

Oracle:

 select * from Employee where

To_char(Joining_date,’YYYY’)=’2017′;

MS SQL:

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 select * from Employee where

substr(convert(varchar,Joining_date,103),7,4)=’2017′;

CLICK HERE TO GET 20 Most important Complex SQL Queries..

11.What is mean by Sequence in database?(80 % asked

in Interview Questions for TCS)

Answer:

Use the CREATE SEQUENCE statement to create a sequence, which

is a database object from which multiple users may generate
unique integers. You can use sequences to automatically generate
primary key values.

When a sequence number is generated, the sequence is

incremented, independent of the transaction committing or rolling
back.

Once a sequence is created, you can access its values in SQL

statements with the CURRVAL Pseudo Column, which returns the
current value of the sequence, or the NEXTVAL Pseudo Column,
which increments the sequence and returns the new value.

12.What is rst and last function in SQL?

Answer:

The FIRST and LAST functions can be used to return the rst or last

value from an ordered sequence. Say we want to display the salary
of each Employee, along with the lowest and highest within their
department we may use something like.

Example:

 SELECT EmpNo, DeptNo, Sal ,MIN (Sal)

KEEP (DENSE_RANK FIRST ORDER BY
Sal) OVER (PARTITION BY
DeptNo)”Lowest”, MAX (Sal) KEEP

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(DENSE_RANK LAST ORDER BY Sal)

OVER (PARTITION BY DeptNo)
“Highest”FROM EMPLOYEE ORDER BY
DeptNo, Sal;

 13.What is join in SQL?(100% asked in Interview Questions for TCS)

Answer:

The most used concept in real life scenarios are nothing but SQL
Joins.Although in reporting,stand alone applications
development,Web application development the concept of join is
really important.

 Joins are nothing but Combining the

records from two or more tables.

There are following 2 types of joins:

1.Joins using Operators -> Equi Join,Non Equi Join

2.Joins using Concept-> Inner Join,Outer Join,Cross Join,Self Join.

CLICK HERE TO GET MORE INFORMATION ABOUT SQL JOINS

14.What is view in SQL?(100% asked in Interview Questions for

TCS)

Answer:

Views in SQL is nothing but the logical table created from one or
more tables.We can use the views to fetch the columns from one
or more di erent tables at a time.In real life speci cally views are
used in Reporting purpose.To create a report we need data from
di erent tables and need to show it on a single dashboard so we
are using the views to fetch the data from di erent tables.View can
contain all rows from the table or selected rows from the table.

CLICK HERE TO GET INFORMATION ABOUT SQL VIEWS in Detail

15.What is di erence between Union and Union all Operators?

Answer:

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Union Union ALL

1.Union Set operator is used 1.Union all Set operator is

to fetch the records from 2 used to fetch the records
di erent tables which from 2 di erent tables
eliminates the duplicate which does not eliminates
records the duplicate records

2.Syntax: 2.Syntax:

Select col1,col2…from Select col1,col2…from

table1; table1;

Union Union

Select col1,col2…from Select col1,col2…from

table2; table2;

3.For Performance tuning 3.Union all is preferable

Union operator is not operator in Performance
preferable as it takes time tuning.
to eliminate duplicate
records

16.Which is faster operator Union or union all?

Answer:

Union all is faster than union because it does not have sorting
program running inside.The union operator is slower than union
all because it removes duplicates from the data.To Remove
Duplicate compiler needs to run sorting program and table is
scanned full.

So Union all is faster than union operator.

17.What is di erence between Row_id and Rownum?

Answer:

ROWID is nothing but the physical address given to that row which
is in hexadecimal format.ROWNUM is nothing but the logical
sequence given to the row of that column.

18.How to Find table name and its owner?

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Answer:

To Find table name and its owner following query is used:

 Select table_name,Owner from All_tables

order by table_name,owner;

CLICK HERE TO GET MORE INFORMATION ABOUT ORACLE SYSTEM

TABLES

19.How to nd all details about Constraint?

Answer:

To nd details about constraint following query is used:

 1.Select * from User_constraints;

2.Select * from User_cons_columns;

20.How to Find the Sequence information?

Answer:

To Find the Sequence information following query is used:

 Select * from User_Sequences;

Click on Topic You want to learn:

1. History of SQL
2. SQL Create Table(DDL in SQL)
3. SQL DML Statements(INSERT,UPDATE,DELETE)
4. SQL Select Statement Execution
5. Operators in SQL
6. Views in SQL
7. Materialized View in SQL
8. Joins in SQL
9. Inner Join / Outer Join
10. Full Outer Join / Cartesian Join
11. Union and Union ALL
12. Intersect and Minus
13. Indexing in SQL

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14. Rank and Dense Rank

15. SubQueries and Correlated Subqueries
16. Parser and Optimizer
17. Oracle 11 G new Features
18. SQL Functions List
19. Constraints in SQL
20. Database Normalization
21. Table Partitioning

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Amit S
Oracle Consultant with Vast Experience in Oracle BI
and SQL PLSQL Development

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