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Principles of Physical Chemistry: Universiti Teknologi Mara Cawangan Perak

The document summarizes a laboratory experiment to determine the pH of various solutions using universal indicator and a pH meter. The experiment had two parts: 1) Measuring the pH of individual acid, base, and salt solutions. Most solutions matched expected pH levels based on color and meter readings. 2) Examining a buffer solution of acetic acid and sodium acetate. Additions of small amounts of strong acid or base did not significantly change the pH, demonstrating buffering capacity. The results supported conclusions about acid-base reactions and buffering from Le Chatelier's principle.

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100% found this document useful (2 votes)
1K views8 pages

Principles of Physical Chemistry: Universiti Teknologi Mara Cawangan Perak

The document summarizes a laboratory experiment to determine the pH of various solutions using universal indicator and a pH meter. The experiment had two parts: 1) Measuring the pH of individual acid, base, and salt solutions. Most solutions matched expected pH levels based on color and meter readings. 2) Examining a buffer solution of acetic acid and sodium acetate. Additions of small amounts of strong acid or base did not significantly change the pH, demonstrating buffering capacity. The results supported conclusions about acid-base reactions and buffering from Le Chatelier's principle.

Uploaded by

MOHAMMAD AMIN
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© © All Rights Reserved
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UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA CAWANGAN

PERAK
KAMPUS TAPAH
Faculty of Applied Sciences
Diploma in Science

CHM 271
PRINCIPLES OF PHYSICAL
CHEMISTRY
LABORATORY REPORT

PRACTICAL : pH DETERMINATION OF ACID, BASE, AND BUFFER SOLUTION

CLASS : A4AS1202_7

MEMBER : MOHAMMAD AMINUDIN BIN MOHD RAZALI (2017287672)


AMMAR FAHIM BIN MOHD FOAZI (2017403688)
NUREEN ‘AFIFAH BINTI ABDUL JALIL (2017644934)
HAMIZATUL NUR BINTI MOHD SHUKOR (2017441886)

LECTURER : NORTHAQIFAH HASNA BINTI MOHAMED KHIR

DATE OF SUBMISSION : 5 APRIL 2018


OBJECTIVE
To measure the pH of solution using universal indicator and pH meter.

INTRODUCTION
Many common substances are either acids or bases. Some acids, like stomach acid is
necessary for our health, while others, like sulphuric acid is dangerous and can cause burns
and other injuries. Baking soda is a common weak base used in our homes, while a strong base
like sodium hydroxide is hazardous to skin and eyes.
The easiest way to determine whether a substance is an acidic or base is using an indicator, an
organic molecule that changes color when the dipped in an acid or a base. When an indicator is
placed on paper, it provides a fast way to determine if a substance has acidic or basic
properties. The most common acid/base indicator paper is called a litmus paper, so a litmus test
is the first test used to determine acidic or basic properties. But in the experiment that we had
done, we used pH meter, an electric device used to measure hydrogen-ion activity (acidity or
alkalinity) in solution. Fundamentally, a pH meter consists of a voltmeter attached to a pH-
responsive electrode and a reference (unvarying) electrode. The pH-responsive electrode is
usually glass, and the reference is usually a mercury-mercurous chloride (calomel) electrode,
although a silver-silver chloride electrode is sometimes used. When the two electrodes are
immersed in a solution, they act a battery. The glass electrode develops an electric potential
(charge) that is directly related to the hydrogen-ion activity in the solution (59.2 millivolts per pH
unit at 25 ֯C [77 ֯F]), and the voltmeter measures the potential difference between the glass and
reference electrodes. The pH of the solution can be determined with this apparatus. The
strength of an acid or base is measured in pH, which is the concentration of the hydrogen ion
(H+). A high pH indicates a strong base, while a low pH indicates a strong acid. A pH of 7
indicates a neutral substance (like water).
The pH scale is used to measure the acidity and basicity of solution.
pH = -log10 [H+]
In order to determine the pH of the solution, a universal indicator could be used in which the
solution containing the indicator would give a colored solution that depends on the concentration
of H+ ion present in the solution. Th pH of the solution could then be determined by comparing
the color of the solution and the pH chart.
APPARATUS

 Test tubes
 Measuring cylinders of 10 mL and 100 mL
 pH meter

CHEMICALS

 0.1 M NaOH
 0.05 M Na2 CO3
 0.1 M HCl
 0.1 M NH4 Cl
 0.1 M NH4 OH
 0.1 M AlCl3
 0.1 M HNO3
 0.1 M CH3 COOH
 0.1 M NaCl
 0.1 M CH3 COONa
 Universal indicator

PROCEDURE
Part I : pH determination of solution
1. 5 mL each of the solution is measured and placed each of them in a test tube. 2 drops of
the universal indicator is added to each solution and shake well. The solution is
dippedwith a pH meter.

a) Distilled water
b) Tap water
c) 0.1 M NaOH
d) 0.05 M Na2 CO3
e) 0.1 M HCl
f) 0.1 M NH4 Cl
g) 0.1 M NH4 OH
h) 0.1 M AlCl3
i) 0.1 M HNO3
j) 0.1 M CH3 COOH
k) 0.1 M NaCl
l) 0.1 M CH3 COONa

2. The pH of each solution is determined by comparing their colours with the pH colour
chart given by the label on the bottle. As for the pH meter, it is calibrated and the reading
is recorded.
3. The observation of the colour is recorded
Part II : pH determination of Buffer Solutions
1. 25 mL is added of 0.1 M ethanoic acid, CH3 COOH 0.1 M solution of sodium acetate,
CH3 COONa is added in a beaker. Then three drops of universal indicator is added and
the beaker is shaken. The solution is dipped with a pH meter. The colour of the solution
and the pH of this buffer solution is recorded.
2. The buffer solution is divided into two equal portion :

To one of the portion :


a) 1 mL 0.1 M HCl is added. The pH using universal indicator and pH meter is
recorded
b) Another 4 mL 0.1 M HCl is added. The pH using universal indicator and pH meter
is recorded
To the second portion :
a) 1 mL 0.1 M NaOH is added. The pH using universal indicator and pH meter is
recorded
b) Another 4 mL 0.1 M NaOH is added. The pH using universal indicator and pH
meter is recorded
DATA
The colour of and the pH of Solutions

Solutions Colour of solutions pH


Distilled water Light orange 4.79

Tap water Light green 5.46

0.1 M NaOH Dark blue 9.82

0.05 M Na2 CO3 Dark blue 9.55

0.1 M HCl Light red 0.40

0.1 M NH4 Cl Beige 4.20

0.1 M NH4 OH Dark blue 9.35

0.1 M AlCl3 Orange 2.90

0.1 M HNO3 Red 0.50

0.1 M CH3 COOH Orange 2.97

0.1 M NaCl Light orange 2.69

0.1 M CH3 COONa Green 6.34

The colour and the pH of buffer solutions

Solution Colour of solution / pH pH

25 mL 0.1 M CH3 COOH + Orange 3.02


25 mL 0.1 M CH3 COONa +
3 drops of universal indicator
After addition of Orange 2.54
1 mL 0.1 M HCl
After addition of Pinkish Colour 0.25
4 mL 0.1 M HCl
After addition of Pinkish Colour 3.38
1 mL 0.1 M NaOH
After addition of Faded yellowish 3.66
4 mL 0.1 M NaOH
QUESTIONS

1. State whether the following solutions is acidic, basic or neutral and explain your answer
a) 0.5 M Na2 CO3
= basic because the pH is more than 7
b) 0.1 M CH3 COONa
= basic because the pH is more than 7
c) 0.1 M AlCl3
= acidic because the pH is less than 7

2. Explain your observation in procedure (part II) in terms of the effect of addition of a
strong acid and a strong base to the buffer solution.
= When strong acid is added to the buffer solution, the orange colour of the solution
change into pinkish colour to indicate the the solution turns more acidic.
When strong base is added to the buffer solution, the orange colour of the solution
change into faded yellowish to indicate the solution turns less acidic.
DISCUSSION

In this experiment there is two part which is in the first part we must determine the pH of the
solution based on the changes in colour when we added a few drop of universal indicator and
by using the pH meter. In the second part we determine the changes in the pH of the buffer
solution when strong acid and strong base is added to the solution by using the universal
indicator and pH meter.
During the second part of the experiment we use an acidic buffer solution which was a mixture
of ethanoic acid and sodium acetate. Ethanoic acid is a weak acid so according to the Le
Chatelier's principle the position of the equilibrium will shift to the left.
When adding an acid to this buffer solution the buffer solution will remove new hydrogen ion
otherwise the pH will drop markedly. The hydrogen ion will combined with the ethanoic ion to
make ethanoic acid. Since ethanoic acid is a weak acid and most of the hydrogen is removed
the pH won't change very much and it will fall a little bit.
When adding base to this solution there will be two process which can remove the hydroxide
ions since this situation is a bit complicated.
The first one was reacting with ethanoic acid which hydroxide ion is going to collide with an
ethanoic molecules and react to form ethanoate ions and water

CH3COOH + OH ⇌ 𝐶𝐻3𝐶𝑂𝑂+ H2O


Since most of the new hydroxide ions are removed the pH doesn't increase very much.
The second one was reacting with some hydrogen ions present from the ionization of the
ethanoic acid to form water.
Based on our result and observation at the first part of the experiment we noticed that our pH
reading didn't match up to the colour chart on the bottle of the universal indicator. But when we
do some research and compare our result with the colour chart we found in the internet, our
data matches with the colour of the solution on the chart.
In the second part of the experiment we noticed that when we added a little amount of strong
acid and strong acid the color remain the same and we can conclude that the pH didn't change
much but when we added more strong acid the pH will fall and will turn much more acidic and
the colour changes from orange to pinkish and when more base was added the pH will rise and
the colour change from orange to yellow indicate that the ion in the solution is neutralized.
In this experiment there is a few steps of precautions that we need to take measured so that our
reading is accurate such as before conducting the experiment we must make sure that the pH
meter is properly calibrated. We could ask for the help of the lab assistant to rerun the pH
meter. Then, when taking the pH reading we must make sure that the probe or pH responsive
electrode did not touch the bottom of the beaker and the bottom of the test tube and before we
use it in another solution we must make sure to rinse it properly using distilled water so that
there is no excess solution accidentally mixed with the new solution which could affect the pH of
the new solution.
CONCLUSSION

For conclusion in this experiment, we can determined the pH of solutions using universal
indicator and pH meter.

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