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Bangladesh J Pharmacol. 2017; 12:115-118

VISUAL EXPERIMENT

MTT assay to evaluate the cytotoxic potential of a drug

Ashutosh Bahuguna1, Imran Khan1, Vivek K. Bajpai2 and Sun Chul Kang1
1
Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 712-714, South Korea Republic of
2
Korea; Department of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk
712-749, Republic of Korea.

Correspondence to Vivek K. Bajpai at [email protected] and Sun Chul Kang at [email protected]

Published: 8 April, 2017

DOI: 10.3329/bjp.v12i2.30892

ABSTRACT
Quantification of cell viability and proliferation form the fundamental for numerous in vitro assays in
response to external factors. An MTT assay is a colorimetric assay based on assessing the cell metabolic
activity. A549 Lung adenocarcinoma cell line was used to see the cytotoxic potential of a new drug for
initial screening of apoptosis or necrosis. The biochemical mechanism behind the MTT assay involves
NAD(P)H-dependent cellular oxidoreductase enzyme that converts the yellow tetrazolium MTT [3-(4, 5-
dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] into insoluble (E,Z)-5-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-
1,3-diphenylformazan (formazan). The formed formazan can be dissolved with dimethyl sulfoxide
(DMSO) to give a purple color with characteristic absorption at 540 nm. Intensity of purple color is
directly proportional to the cell number and thus indicating the cell viability.

INTRODUCTION
When a new drug, either natural source or synthesize, is under investigation needs to examine its safety to
the host cell or the cytotoxic effect in cancer cell. This is well-known as the cell viability test. This viability
cell test may vary from the simple one to the completed one. For example, exposure of cell to trypan blue
can be useful to indentify the viable cell (unstained) using a microscope. Dead cell is not stained with
trypan blue (Strober, 2001). This method is based on the cell membrane permeability. However, trypan
blue staining cannot be used to distinguish between the healthy cells and the cells that are alive but losing
cell functions.
Another common method of examining the cell viability is the estimation of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)
level. LDH is present within the cytoplasm. When the integrity of a cell membrane is lost, then the
cytoplasmic LDH comes out of the cell, the LDH concentration in the extracellular medium is increased.
This method is less sensitive than the MTT assay (Fotakis and Timbrell, 2006).
Other methods used for the assessment of cell viability based on various cellular functions such as enzyme
activity, cell membrane permeability, cell adherence, ATP production, co-enzyme production, and
nucleotide uptake activity. Among them tetrazolium (MTT) is one of the most frequently methods. This
method uses colorimeter to determine the cell viability (Mosmann et al., 1983). The MTT reagent yields
low background absorbance values in the absence of cells. In MTT assay, the linear relationship between
metabolically active cells and the color produced is established, thus allowing an accurate quantification
of changes in the rate of cell death or proliferation (van de Loosdrecht et al., 1994). MTT is the commonly
applied method for evaluation of cell viability and cytotoxicity for screening the drugs. The MTT assay
based on the reduction of MTT (yellow colored) and other tetrazolium dyes depends upon cellular
metabolic activities due to NAD(P)H-dependent cellular oxidoreductase enzymes (Berridge et al., 2005)
(Figure 1). The healthy and rapidly growing cells exhibit high rates of MTT reduction to formazan while
the dead or inactive cells fail to do so. The final product of MTT reduction is a purple color formazan that
can be easily dissolved in DMSO. Viability in the MTT assay is connected with the quantification of
formazan at 540 nm which is linearly associated with the enzyme activity and indirectly the number of
viable cells. High purple color intensity denotes higher cell viability while the decrease in purple color
intensity signifies the reduced cell number and thus cytotoxicity of the given substance.

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 116 Bangladesh J Pharmacol 2017; 12: 115-118

MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENTS

1. A549 Lung adenocarcinoma cell line (Sigma-Aldrich, USA)
2. Culture media (RPMI-1640): Contains 20 mM HEPES, L-glutamine and phenol red with pH >7.2
(Sigma-Aldrich, USA)
3. MTT powder (Sigma, USA)
4. Dimethyl sulfoxide
5. Microtiter plate reader (ELISA reader)
6. 96-well microtiter plate (flat-bottomed)
7. Inverted microscope
8. Sterile falcon tubes (15 mL)
9. Multi-channel pipettes
10. Serological pipettes
11. CO2 incubator
12. Sterile pipette tips
13. Laminar flow hood
14. Hemocytometer
15. Benchtop centrifuge
16. Centrifuge tubes

Figure 1: Flow diagram representing the systematic conversion of MTT to formazan

PREPARATION OF REAGENTS
MTT stock solution: Dissolve 500 mg MTT powder in 10 mL phosphate buffer solution. Stir the solution
with a magnetic stirrer for about 1 hour in the dark. Filter the sterilized solution with a 0.22 mm filter
(Millipore, Ireland) and then store it in 10-mL aliquots (50 mg/mL) at -20°C (van Meerloo et al., 2011). The
working solution (5 mg/mL) will be prepared on the day of experiment by dilution.
 Bangladesh J Pharmacol 2017; 12: 115-118 117

VIDEO CLIP
MTT assay: 3 min 56 sec

PROTOCOL
1. Cells were seeded in a 96-well flat-bottom microtiter plate at a density of 1 × 104 cells/well and allowed
to adhere for 24 hours at 37°C in a CO2 incubator.
2. After 24 hours of incubation, culture medium was replaced with a fresh medium.
3. Cells were then treated with various concentrations of the desired compound for 24 hours at 37°C in a
CO2 incubator.
4. After 24 hours of incubation, culture medium was replaced with a fresh medium.
5. Subsequently, 10 μL of MTT working solution (5 mg/mL in phosphate buffer solution) was added to
each well and the plate was incubated for 4 hours at 37°C in a CO2 incubator.
6. The medium was then aspirated, and the formed formazan crystals were solubilized by adding 50 μL of
DMSO per well for 30 min at 37°C in a CO2 incubator.
7. Finally, the intensity of the dissolved formazan crystals (purple color) was quantified using the ELISA
plate reader at 540 nm. Schematic presentation of assay format has been given in Figure 2.

Figure 2: Schematic representation of MTT assay protocol

DISCUSSION
In the present study, the systematic experimental steps in order to determine the potential cytotoxicity of
drug at different concentrations by MTT assay are presented in video form. It is shown that a decreasing
absorbance at 540 nm in the cells treated with increasing concentration of the drug in comparison to the
control cells without any treatment. A decreased absorbance in the cells treated with drug suggesting
cytotoxicity. MTT assay significantly helps the researchers to determine whether any of the test
compounds has cell toxicity or proliferative activity (Alley et al., 1988, Mosmann et al., 1983).
In this study, attached cells are used in the microtiter plate. That is why, flat-bottomed 96-well microtiter
plate is preferred. But in case of suspension cells, either round bottom wells or flat bottom wells are used.
The number of cells in the microplate is not unique for different cell lines and primary cells. The number
of cells in the microtiter plate must be optimum to get good result. The number of cells is influenced the
level of mitochondrial activity and the rate of proliferation. To get optimum result, several concentrations
of cells should be plated in 5-7 plates. Then measure the optical density using colorimeter daily to
determine the growth curve of the cell line to prevent overgrowth, which will influence the experiment.
The starting optical density value of day 0 should not exceed 0.125 (van Meerloo et al., 2011). The optimal
 118 Bangladesh J Pharmacol 2017; 12: 115-118

concentration of plating is established when cells have no lag phase. Then the assay should not proceed
further after the log phase.
In this study, the number of cells in the microtiter plate is 1 × 104 cells/well. In case of leukemic cell lines,
lower number of cells (3.0-4.0 × 103/well) is used, whereas in primary acute myoloblastic leukemia cells, it
should be in the range of 0.08-0.12 × 106 cells/well. For primary acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells, it
should be 0.16 × 106 cells/well. In case of lung adenocarcinoma cell line, the number of cells will be 1 × 104
cells/well.
MTT is water-soluble that is taken up by the viable cell. The reduction product of MTT is a water-insoluble
blue formazan, that must be dissolved for calorimetric measurement. Ethanol, propanol, acid-isopropanol,
acid-isopropanol plus 10% Triton X-100, mineral oil (unspecified), or DMSO have all been suggested.
DMSO is found to be the most satisfactory (Morgan, 1998).
There are many advantages of MTT assay in particularly its simplicity and effectiveness, which make it
more suitable to assess the anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities of any test samples at preliminary
levels.

REFERENCES
Alley MC, Scudiere DA, Monks A, Czerwinski M, Shoemaker R, Boyd MR. Validation of an automated
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reduction. Biotechnol Annu Rev. 2005; 11: 127-52.
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assay in hepatoma cell lines following exposure to cadmium chloride. Toxicol Lett. 2006; 160: 171-77.
Morgan DML. Tetrazolium (MTT) assay for cellular viability and activity. Methods Mol Biol. 1998; 79:
179-84.
Mosmann T. Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: application to proliferation and
cytotoxicity assays. J Immunol Methods. 1983; 65: 55–63.
Strober W. Trypan blue exclusion test of cell viability. Curr Protoc Immunol. 2001: 21: 3B:A.3B.1–A.3B.2.
Van de Loosdrecht AA, Beelen RH, Ossenkoppele GJ, Broekhoven MG, Langenhuijsen MM. A
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PRECAUTION
The initial cell number must not be seeded more than 1×10 4 cells per well.
Removal of culture media should be done carefully to avoid cell detachment. Culture medium containing
high concentration of protein (such as serum, albumin) may cause precipitation when MTT solution is
added
Incubation times should be consistent when making comparisons
MTT is toxic and harmful. So, it should be handled carefully. The solution is light sensitive. Care should
be taken to protect it from light. Reconstituted MTT solution is stable when stored frozen.
Microbial contamination may contribute to the cleavage of MTT and formation of MTT formazan yielding
erroneous results.
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