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PEPERIKSAAN PERCUBAAN STPM 2010

Anjuran Bersama

JABATAN PELAJARAN NEGERI KEDAH DARULAMAN

DAN

PERSIDANGAN KEBANGSAAN PENGETUA-PENGETUA

SEKOLAH MENENGAH MALAYSIA (PKPSM) KEDAH

MARKING SCHEME
BIOLOGY (964)
PAPER 1 & PAPER 2

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Answer
Paper 1

1 A 26 B

2 D 27 D

3 D 28 B

4 C 29 C

5 C 30 B

6 C 31 B

7 B 32 A

8 A 33 B

9 C 34 C

10 D 35 B

11 A 36 A

12 C 37 C

13 C 38 C

14 D 39 B

15 A 40 B

16 D 41 A

17 D 42 D

18 A 43 D

19 C 44 B

20 C 45 A

21 A 46 C

22 C 47 D

23 C 48 B

24 A 49 B

25 D 50 A

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Answer
Paper 2 Section A

1 (a) A: Golgi apparatus/Golgi body - 1

D: rough endoplasmic reticulum/rough ER - 1

E : mitochondrion - 1

(b) (i) Fluid mosaic model//Singer’s model//Singer and Nicholson model - 1

(ii) Phospholipid (bilayer) - 1

(c) 1 Regulates the fluidity of the plasma membrane - 1

2 Regulates the movement of phospholipid in different temperature//

Helps to stabilise the membrane structure - 1

3 Regulates the movement of hydrophobic molecules or/ polar molecules

across the plasma membrane - 1
Max 2m

(d) (i) Centrioles/Centriole - 1

(ii) 1 Organise the formation of spindle fibres during cell division - 1

2 To produce basal bodies in which the flagella and cilli develop - 1

Total
10 marks

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2 (a) (i) glycolysis - 1

(ii) Stage A : cytoplasm/cytosol - 1

Stage B : matrix of mitochondrion/mitochondrial matrix - 1

Stage C : inner membrane of mitochondrion/

mitochondrial inner membrane - 1

(b) oxaloacetate - 1
4C - 1

(c) (i) Electron transport chain/ETC/Electron transport system/Stage C - 1

(ii) Oxygen acts as the last/final acceptor of hydrogen atom in electron

transport chain - 1

(d) Stage A : 4 molecules of ATP - 1

Stage B : 2 molecules of ATP - 1

Total 10
marks

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3 (a) (i) A: hormone receptor - 1

B: G protein - 1
C: enzyme adenylyl cyclase (adenylyl cyclase) - 1

(ii) 1 Cyclic AMP activates the protein kinase (an enzyme that is
previously present in an inactive form) - 1

2 which then activates the enzyme phophorylase which catalyses

the hydrolysis of glycogen into glucose - 1

(b) (i) The cascade effect - 1

(ii) 1 reaction N/Cascade effect causes the signal amplification - 1

2 a small amount of hormones stimulates the production of many

cAMP molecules that activate many enzymes along the endocrine
pathway - 1

(c) 1 acts as first messenger/initiates the Cascade effect - 1

2 stimulates the conversion of glycogen to glucose phosphate (in order
to increase the blood sugar level.) - 1

Total 10 marks

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4 (a) (i) 1 the entire process by which holozoic obtain their energy and
nutrient - 1

2 through feeding on complex, solid organic food material - 1

(ii) 1 Earthworm/ centipedes/ millipedes/ woodlice - 1

2 Detritivores specialise in feeding on decaying organic matter and

digesting it internally - 1

(b) Columnar epithelium - 1

(c) (i) Z : goblet cell - 1

X: mucus - 1
A: microvilli - 1

(ii) 1 Mucus /X acts as a lubricant (facilitate the movement of food

along the alimentary canal)//
Mucus /X forms a protective lining, (protecting the cells of
alimentary canal e.g. stomach cells against digestion by
protease and acid) - 1

2 Microvilli/ A increase the surface area for absorption

of nutrients. - 1

Total 10 marks

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Answer
Paper 2 Section B

5 1. - HIV binds to a receptor at the surface of helper T cells//CD4

lymphocytes
1

2. - lipoprotein membrane of HIV fuses with lipoprotein

membrane of helper T cells
1

3. - viral RNA and reverse transcriptase enzyme enters the helper

T cells//once inside the host cell, the viral enzyme uses the
RNA as a template
1

4. - DNA produced then inserted into a host

chromosome//incorporates with the DNA of the host cells
1

5. - transcription process yields copies of viral RNA

1

6. - some transcripts are translated into viral proteins

1

7. - others get enclosed as hereditary material in the proteins when

new virus particles are put together
1

8. - the particles bud off from the host’s cell’s plasma

membrane//exocytosis and are released to start a new round of
infection
1

9. - with each round, more macrophages, antigen-presenting cell,

and helper T-cells are killed
1

10. - the host immune system produces antibodies in response to

HIV antigenic proteins
1

11. - helper T and cytotoxic T cells also are produced

1

12. - gradually, the immune system destroys about half of these

virus cells and replaces half of the helper T cells lost in the
battle
1

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13. - huge reservoir of HIV and masses of infected T cells

accumulate in lymph nodes
1

14. - as the battle proceeds, the number of virus particles in the

general circulation rises
1

15. - the body produces fewer and fewer helper T cells to replace
the ones it lost
1

16. - by time, the erosion of helper T cell count cause to lose its
capacity to mount effective immune responses//eventually the
immune system collapses
1
Max 15 marks

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6 (a) Functions of placenta :

1. - allows exchange of substances or materials between the

foetus and the mother
1

2. - nourish the development of foetus by transferring essential

materials from mother’s blood
1

3. - excretes metabolic waste from the foetal blood

1

4. - transfers certain maternal antibodies to provide the foetus

with passive natural immunity
1

5. - acts as barrier for the foetus against certain pathogen and

their toxins except the HIV virus
1

6. - shields the foetus from harmful substances of the mother’s

blood
1

7. - permits the maternal and foetal blood systems to function

at different pressures
1

8. - produces hormones to prevent mother’s ovulation and

menstruation
1

Max : 6 marks

Functions of the amnion :

9. - secretes amniotic fluid to fill the amniotic cavity that acts

as a water cushion to help maintain the suitable
temperature for the foetus
1

10. - encloses the amniotic fluid to protect the foetus from

mechanical shock
1

11. - expands as the embryo increases in size, allows space for

foetal growth
1

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12. - protects against fluid loss from the foetus due to

dehydration and against tissue adhesion
1

13. - amnion is suspended and allows the movement of foetus

without hindrance
1

Max : 4 marks

(10 marks)

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(b) 1. - pathogens and their toxins can reach the still developing
foetus
1

2. - drugs taken by mother can reach the foetus causing damage

to the unborn child
1

3. - hormones present in the maternal blood can adversely

affect the development of foetus
1

4. - drugs like nicotine and alcohol may lead to mental and

physical retardation in the baby
1

5. - maternal circulation has a blood pressure that is too high

for the foetus to handle
1

6. - since the foetus carries paternal genes, it will produces

foreign antigens to mother if their blood group is
incompatible
1

7. - if incompatible blood types mix, they will clot

1

8. - this leads to blockage of vital organs, possibly resulting in

death
1

9. - if the maternal antibodies leak to the foetus, it will lead to a

breakdown in the foetal antigens that should be a source of
protection to the foetus
1

Max: 5 marks

Total : 15 marks

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7 (a) Difficulties and problems encountered when measuring growth:

1. - method//parameter : length//height
1*

2. - does not take into account growth in other directions,

which may be considerable dependent
1 on p1
- any 1
3. - does not consider allometric growth// different growth rates
of body parts
1

4. - method//parameter : volume
1*

5. - difficult to measure if the organism is irregular shape

(dependent on p4)
1

6. - method//parameter : fresh mass

1*

7. - does not measure true growth//provide inconsistent reading

due to fluctuations in water content (dependent on p6)
1

8. - method//parameter : dry mass

1*

9. - organism will be killed during drying,

1

10. - thus the method cannot be used to monitor growth of an

organism over a period of time
1
dependent
11. - the sample must be large enough to obtain representative on p8
reflection of growth - any 1
1

12. - therefore many organisms must be killed

1

13. - fat accumulation//increase in fat content is not considered

as growth because it is reversible
1

14. - problem of irregular growth due to fluctuations in diet or

environment
1

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Max : 8 marks(4* + 4)

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(b) Absolute growth curve in plants :

I II III

Growth parameter (example : dry

mass (g))

Time (arbitrary unit)

correct axes and the unit

1/0

correct shape
1/0

1. - annual plants complete their entire life cycles, from seed to

reproduction to death in one year//limited growth
1

the curve consists of three part :

part I

2. - slight decreases in growth parameter in the initial stage of

germination
1

3. - because food reserves in the seed are used for (aerobic)

respiration to provide energy for germination any 2
1

4. - glucose is oxidised during respiration to carbon dioxide and

water
1

5. - the loss of carbon dioxide in the form of gas does not

contribute to growth parameter
1

part II

6. - there is a large increase in dry mass after (the first week of)
germination
1

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7. - a net increase in dry mass due to the higher rate of

photosynthesis than respiration
1

part III

8. - decrease in dry mass before the death of the plant.

1

9. - negative growth due to senescence, fall of leaves and

dispersal of seeds any 2
1

10. - due to senescence, the rate of cell death is greater than that
of cell division
1

Max: 7 marks

Total: 15 marks

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8 (a) 1. - chromosonal mutation is a random, spontaneous changes 1

2. - involving changes to the structure of the chromosome 1

3. - or number of chromosome 1

(b) 4. - Translocation 1

5. - is the movement of a portion of a chromosomes to another

portion of chromosome or the genome 1

6. - Internal translocation is the transfer that occurred within the

same chromosome 1
dependent
7. - Cross translocation is the transfer between the two non- on p4
homologous chromosomes 1

8. - Alternating /reciprocal cross translocation involves the

transfer of interchangeable portion between the two non
homologous chromosomes 1

9. - Duplication : 1

10.- occurs when one or several chromosome segment undergoes

replication so that a set of gene is repeated 1
dependent
11.- also occurs when a chromosomes received a segment from on p9
its homologue 1

12.- Deletion 1

13.- is the lost of chromosomes segment either from the end or

internally 1

14.- Inversion 1

15.- occurs when a chromosome segment breaks and the segment

breaks and the segment is reinserted in the opposite
orientation will respect to the rest of the chromosome. 1

Max: 12 marks

Total: 15 marks

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9 (a) 1. - Genetic screening is prenatal diagnostic procedure usually

undertaken by woman whose pregnancies are considered
high-risk 1

2. - High-risk pregnancies are those in which the mothers are

over 35 years old or when the expectant parents are carriers
of genetic disorders 1

3. - May also refer to identification of carriers of defective

genes 1

4. - Two commonly – used procedures are amniocentesis and

chorionic villus sampling 1

Max : 3 marks

(b) (i) amniocentesis

1. - Is usually done in the fourth month of pregnancies 1

2. - A sterile hypodemic needle is inserted through the

abdominal wall and into the uterus of the pregnant
woman 1

3. - During the procedure, the position of the needle and

foetus is monitored by ultra-sound 1

4. - A small sample of amniotic fluid is removed 1

5. - The amniotic fluid contains living cells derived from

the foetus 1

6. - The cells are cultured and then analysed for

chromosomal abnormalities, metabolic disorders, as
well as to determine the sex of the foetus 1

(ii) chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

7. - This procedure can be done much earlier (by the 8th

week) in pregnancy 1

8. - Produces results faster compared to amniocentesis 1

9. - Cells from the chorion (the foetal part of placenta) are

removed 1

10. - Chorionic villi cells are actively dividing, so karyotype

analysis can be performed without having to grow the
cell in tissue culture first 1

Max : 9 marks

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(c) 1. - Both amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling are not

100% accurate
1

2. - Many disorders cannot be diagnosed

1

3. - Procedure may harm foetus

1

4. - Since the conditions that are detected are incurable, it

leaves the expectant parents with the difficult choice of
terminating the pregnancy
1

5. - Or the prospect of ensuring lifelong care for the

child//parents have difficult choice when faced with the
prospect of having a child with an incurable genetic disease
1

Max : 3 marks

Total: 15 marks

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10 (a) 1. - It does not have any cellular structure and they are not
membrane- bound
1

2. - Not capable of reproducing outside of the host cell

1

3. - Other characteristics of the cell like movement, feeding,

respiration, excretion, growth, and sensitivity do not exist
1

4. - Virus are small (20 nm to 300 nm) being about 50 times

smaller than bacteria
1

5. - Visible only under the electron microscope

1

6. - Do not have cellular structure, no organelle or ability to

synthesis protein
1

7. - Have a simple structure consisting of a length of genetic

material forming a core surrounded and protected by a coat
of protein called a capsid
1

8. - Often made up of identical repeating subunits called

capsomeres
1

9. - Can be crystallized and inactive outside the host

1

10. - They are highly specific to their host

1

Max : 8 marks

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(b) Bryophytes are adapted to live on the land although they are
mainly found in damp and shady areas , they are being able to
survive periods of dryness in the following ways:

1. - Depend on water to obtain mineral salts close to the surface

of the soil which assisted by the rhizoids(thin filaments
growing from the stem)
1

2. - Water as a medium of transport of the sperm to the

archegonia during fertilization
1

3. - The gametophyte thallus has a large surface area to absorb

water and salts
1

4. - They are able to absorb water and salts through the whole
surface of the plant, including the rhizoids
1

5. - The presence of rhizoids serves as anchorage to the

substratum
1

6. - Has no cuticle to prevent water lost

1

7. - The gametes develop in protective structures such as

antheridia and the archegonia
1

8. - Lack of strengthening and supporting tissues, they are

confined to an upward growth pattern to increase the
surface area for exposure to a water absorption.
1

Max : 7 marks

Total : 15 marks

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