JAR 66 CATEGORY B1

CONVERSION COURSE

uk MODULE 4
ELECTRONIC
FUNDAMENTALS
CONTENTS

engineering
CONTENTS

1 OBJECTIVES..................................................................................1-1
1.1 Level 1.........................................................................................1-1
1.2 Level 2.........................................................................................1-1
2 DIODES...........................................................................................2-1
2.1 Semi-Conductors.........................................................................2-1
2.1.1 Intrinsic Semi-Conductor................................................2-1
2.1.2 Extrinsic Semi-Conductor..............................................2-2
2.2 The Hall Effect.............................................................................2-4
2.3 The Junction Diode......................................................................2-7
2.4 Diode Symbol..............................................................................2-9
2.5 Diode Characteristics..................................................................2-9
2.6 Diodes in Series and Parallel.......................................................2-11
2.7 Rectifier Diodes...........................................................................2-12
2.8 Examples of Rectifier Diodes.......................................................2-13
2.9 Rectifier Diodes...........................................................................2-14
2.9.1 Selenium Rectifiers........................................................2-14
2.9.2 Silicon Rectifiers............................................................2-15
2.10 Voltage Regulator/Reference Diodes...........................................2-17
2.10.1 Voltage Reference Diode...............................................2-19
2.10.2 Voltage Regulator Diode................................................2-20
2.10.3 Construction..................................................................2-21
2.10.4 Switching On.................................................................2-22
2.10.5 SCR Characteristics......................................................2-23
2.10.6 Use of the SCR..............................................................2-24
2.11 The Light-Emitting Diode (LED)...................................................2-26
2.11.1 Use of LEDs..................................................................2-26
2.12 The Photo Conductive Diode.......................................................2-27
2.13 Varistors......................................................................................2-28
2.14 Metal Oxide Varistor (MOV).........................................................2-28
2.15 Testing Diodes.............................................................................2-29
3 TRANSISTORS...............................................................................3-1
3.1 Transistor Construction................................................................3-1
3.2 Transistor Operation....................................................................3-3
3.3 Switching Transistors...................................................................3-5
3.4 Amplifier Transistors....................................................................3-6
3.4.1 Output Characteristics (Load Line)................................3-7
3.5 Transistor Configurations.............................................................3-11
3.6 Field Effect Transistors (FET)......................................................3-13
3.6.1 Construction..................................................................3-13
3.6.2 JFET Operation.............................................................3-15
3.6.3 Circuit Symbol................................................................3-17
3.6.4 Drain Characteristics.....................................................3-18
3.6.5 Insulated-Gate FET.......................................................3-19

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 JAR 66 CATEGORY B1
CONVERSION COURSE

uk MODULE 4
ELECTRONIC
FUNDAMENTALS
CONTENTS

engineering
3.6.6 Depletion Mode MOSFET..............................................3-19
3.6.7 Enhancement Mode MOSFET.......................................3-21
4 INTEGRATED CIRCUITS...............................................................4-1
4.1 General.......................................................................................4-1
4.1.1 Advantages....................................................................4-1
4.1.2 Disadvantages...............................................................4-2
4.2 IC Construction............................................................................4-3
4.2.1 Monolithic IC’s...............................................................4-3
4.2.2 Bipolar IC Construction..................................................4-4
4.2.3 MOS IC’s.......................................................................4-5
4.2.4 Thin-Film IC...................................................................4-6
4.2.5 Thick-Film IC’s...............................................................4-7
4.2.6 Hybrid IC’s.....................................................................4-7
4.2.7 IC Packages..................................................................4-8
4.3 Types of Integrated Circuit...........................................................4-10
4.4 Digital IC’s...................................................................................4-10
4.4.1 AND Gate......................................................................4-11
4.4.2 OR Gate........................................................................4-12
4.4.3 NOT Gate......................................................................4-12
4.4.4 Combination Logic Circuits............................................4-13
4.5 Linear (or Analogue) IC...............................................................4-15
4.6 THE OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER (OP AMP)...............................4-15
4.7 The Unity Gain Follower..............................................................4-19
4.8 The Follower with Gain................................................................4-20
4.9 The Inverter.................................................................................4-21
4.10 The Summing Amplifier...............................................................4-22
4.11 The Difference Amplifier..............................................................4-23
4.12 The Integrator..............................................................................4-24
4.13 The Differentiator.........................................................................4-25
4.14 The Comparator..........................................................................4-26
4.15 The Ideal Operational Amplifier...................................................4-27
5 PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARDS........................................................5-1
5.1 Construction................................................................................5-1
5.2 Multi-Layer Circuits......................................................................5-3
5.3 Handling Printed Circuit Boards...................................................5-3
6 SERVOMECHANISMS...................................................................6-1
6.1 Open Loop System......................................................................6-1
6.2 Closed Loop System...................................................................6-2
6.3 Follow Up....................................................................................6-3
6.4 Types of Servo............................................................................6-3
6.5 Feedback.....................................................................................6-4
6.5.1 Positional Feedback......................................................6-4
6.6 Rotary Variable Differential Transducer (RVDT)..........................6-6
6.7 Capacitance Transmitter..............................................................6-8
6.8 Velocity Feedback.......................................................................6-9

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 JAR 66 CATEGORY B1
CONVERSION COURSE

uk MODULE 4
ELECTRONIC
FUNDAMENTALS
CONTENTS

engineering
6.9 DC Tacho-Generator...................................................................6-10
6.10 AC Tacho-Generator....................................................................6-10
6.11 Synchros.....................................................................................6-11
6.11.1 Introduction....................................................................6-11
6.12 Torque Synchro...........................................................................6-11
6.12.1 Principle of Operation....................................................6-11
6.13 Control Synchro...........................................................................6-14
6.13.1 Principle of Operation....................................................6-14
6.14 Differential Synchro.....................................................................6-16
6.15 Torque Differential Synchro.........................................................6-18
6.16 Control Differential Synchro.........................................................6-19
6.17 Resolver Synchro........................................................................6-20
6.17.1 Polar and Cartesian Co-ordinates..................................6-20
6.17.2 Resolver Synchro Operation..........................................6-21
6.17.3 Conversion from Polar to Cartesian Co-ordinates..........6-22
6.17.4 Conversion from Cartesian to Polar Co-ordinates..........6-23
6.17.5 Use of Resolver Synchros.............................................6-24
6.18 E and I Bar Transmitter................................................................6-24

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 JAR 66 CATEGORY B1
CONVERSION COURSE

uk MODULE 4
ELECTRONIC
FUNDAMENTALS
CONTENTS

engineering

PAGE
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 JAR 66 CATEGORY B1
MODULE 4 OBJECTIVES

uk
ELECTRONIC
FUNDAMENTALS

engineering

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 JAR 66 CATEGORY B1 MODULE 4.2

uk MODULE 4
ELECTRONIC
PRINTED CIRCUIT
BOARDS

engineering FUNDAMENTALS

399106684.doc Issue 4 – 09/10/18 Page 1

 JAR 66 CATEGORY B1
CONVERSION COURSE
MODULE 4.3

uk MODULE 4
ELECTRONIC
FUNDAMENTALS
SERVOMECHANISMS

engineering

399106684.doc Issue 4 – 09/10/18 Page 1

 JAR 66 CATEGORY B1
CONVERSION COURSE MODULE 4.3

uk MODULE 4
ELECTRONIC
FUNDAMENTALS
SERVOMECHANISMS

engineering

PAGE
INTENTIONALLY
BLANK

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