1 Introduction

ME2134E /TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I

1 Introduction

ME2134E/TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I 1-1

 1 Introduction
1 Introduction

1.1 Introductory Remarks

1.2 Applications of Fluid Mechanics
1.3 What is a Fluid?

ME2134E/TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I 1-2

 1 Introduction
1.1 Introductory Remarks
• Fluid  liquid or gas
• Fluid Mechanics is the study of the behavior of fluids at
rest (fluid statics) or in motion (fluid dynamics)
• Fluid Mechanics can be divided into several categories:
Hydrodynamics: study of motion of incompressible
fluids (liquids, gases at low speeds)
Hydraulics: study of liquid flows in pipes and open
channels
Gas dynamics: study of flow of gases that experience
significant density changes
Aerodynamics: study of flow of gases (air) over
bodies (aircraft, rockets, automobiles) at low and high
speeds
Meteorology
Oceanography Naturally occurring flows
Hydrology
ME2134E/TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I 1-3
 1 Introduction
1.2 Applications of Fluid Mechanics
• Why study Fluid Mechanics?
– Fluids are essential to our everyday lives
– Air and water are two very important fluids in our
midst
• ~70% of human body is made up of water
• ~70% of earth’s surface is covered by water
• ~90% of earth’s atmosphere extends to an altitude
of 16 km above earth’s surface

Human body Earth Earth’s atmopshere

ME2134E/TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I 1-4
 1 Introduction
1.2 Applications of Fluid Mechanics
• Flight Vehicle Aerodynamics

Aircraft water tunnel dye flow visualization

ME2134E/TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I 1-5
 1 Introduction
1.2 Applications of Fluid Mechanics
• Low Speed Aerodynamics

Aerofoil at low angle of attack Aerofoil at high angle of attack

Smoke flow visualization of

wing tip vortices Wing tip vortices
ME2134E/TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I 1-6
 1 Introduction
1.2 Applications of Fluid Mechanics
• High Speed Aerodynamics

Bullet at Mach 1.5 Airplane model at Mach 1.1

Sphere (Mach 1.53) Sphere (Mach 5.7) F/A-18 Hornet

ME2134E/TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I 1-7
 1 Introduction
1.2 Applications of Fluid Mechanics
• Ground Vehicle Aerodynamics

Wind tunnel testing of car

Flow pattern behind car Flow pattern around bus

ME2134E/TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I 1-8
 1 Introduction
1.2 Applications of Fluid Mechanics
• Sports Aerodynamics

Flow over cricket ball Flow over soccer ball

Flow over golf ball Flow over bicycle Flow over swimmer 1-9
ME2134E/TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I
 1 Introduction
1.2 Applications of Fluid Mechanics
• Building Aerodynamics

Wind tunnel testing of buildings

Flow past circular cylinder

ME2134E/TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I 1-10
 1 Introduction
1.2 Applications of Fluid Mechanics
• Marine / Ocean Engineering, Naval Architecture,
Hydrodynamics

Cargo ship

Ships and water waves Submarine

ME2134E/TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I
Computer simulations 1-11
 1 Introduction
1.2 Applications of Fluid Mechanics
• Fluid Machinery  TME2135

Pump impellers Turbine

Pelton wheel Wind turbine

ME2134E/TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I 1-12
 1 Introduction
1.2 Applications of Fluid Mechanics
• Aerospace Propulsion

Jet engine for commercial aircraft Rocket propulsion

Jet engine for fighter aircraft SR-71

ME2134E/TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I 1-13
 1 Introduction
1.2 Applications of Fluid Mechanics
• Marine Propulsion

Marine propeller Computer simulation of marine propeller

Cavitation in marine propellers

ME2134E/TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I 1-14
 1 Introduction
1.2 Applications of Fluid Mechanics
• Chemically Reacting Flows and Combustion

Flames

Flame structure Detonation waves

ME2134E/TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I 1-15
 1 Introduction
1.2 Applications of Fluid Mechanics
• Civil Engineering Applications

Canals Aqueducts

Dams Drainage Systems

ME2134E/TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I 1-16
 1 Introduction
1.2 Applications of Fluid Mechanics
• Flash floods in Orchard Road on 16 June 2010
Drainage system capacity sufficient,
but heavy build-up of debris trapped in
a culvert caused a blockage in the
Stamford Canal drainage system

ME2134E/TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I 1-17

 1 Introduction
1.2 Applications of Fluid Mechanics
• Geophysical Fluid Dynamics: Atmosphere / Weather

Hurricane

Waterspout
Global climate Tornado
ME2134E/TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I 1-18
 1 Introduction
1.2 Applications of Fluid Mechanics
• Geophysical Fluid Dynamics: Ocean circulation, Tsunamis

Circulation system of the ocean

Ocean surface wind

Tsunamis
ME2134E/TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I 1-19
 1 Introduction
1.2 Applications of Fluid Mechanics
• Environmental Fluid Mechanics

Atmospheric pollution River pollution and sedimentation

Pollutant sedimentation and

Plume dispersion dispersion
ME2134E/TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I 1-20
 1 Introduction
1.2 Applications of Fluid Mechanics
• Bio-Fluid Mechanics

Carotid bifurcation models with stenosis Flow through a bifurcation model

Blood flow through damaged artery Computer simulation of blood flow

ME2134E/TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I 1-21
 1 Introduction
1.2 Applications of Fluid Mechanics
• Animal Locomotion: Flight of Birds, Bats

Wing tunnel testing of birds

Wind tunnel testing of bat Formation flight of birds

ME2134E/TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I 1-22
 1 Introduction
1.2 Applications of Fluid Mechanics
• Animal Locomotion: Insect Flight

Wind tunnel testing of dragonfly Tethered fly

Robotic fly Computer simulation of insect flight

ME2134E/TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I 1-23
 1 Introduction
1.2 Applications of Fluid Mechanics
• Animal Locomotion: Swimming

Fish swimming

Animal locomotion Robo-tuna

ME2134E/TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I 1-24
 1 Introduction
1.2 Applications of Fluid Mechanics
• Piping Systems and other Industrial Applications  TME2134

Pipe network Oil refinery

Water pipeline Computer simulation of pipe flow

1-25
ME2134E/TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I
 1 Introduction
1.2 Applications of Fluid Mechanics
• Microfluidics

Microengine Microrocket

Integrated microfluidic bioprocessor Inkjet printer

ME2134E/TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I 1-26
 1 Introduction
1.3 What is a Fluid?
• There are 3 states of matter:

• Solids:
– Molecules arranged in a regular fashion
– Small intermolecular distances  large intermolecular
forces of attraction  molecules held at relatively
fixed positions
ME2134E/TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I 1-27
 1 Introduction
1.3 What is a Fluid?

• Liquids:
– Molecular spacing similar to that of solids
– Molecules not fixed but can rotate and translate freely
– Intermolecular forces weaker compared to solids, but
strong compared to gases
– Chunks of molecules move relative to each other
– Strong cohesive forces between molecules  volume
relatively constant  takes the shape of container it is
in  forms a free surface
ME2134E/TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I 1-28
 1 Introduction
1.3 What is a Fluid?
• Gases
– Molecules far apart
– Molecules move about randomly, colliding with each
other and with walls of container
– Negligible intermolecular forces of attraction

 A fluid is either a liquid or a gas

ME2134E/TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I 1-29

 1 Introduction
1.3 What is a Fluid?
• Recall: Stress  force per unit area
• Fluid at rest  normal stress is called pressure

ME2134E/TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I 1-30

 1 Introduction
1.3 What is a Fluid?
• What distinguishes a solid from a fluid?
 A fluid is a substance which deforms continuously when
acted on by a shear stress of any magnitude

ME2134E/TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I 1-31

 1 Introduction
1.3 What is a Fluid?

SOLID

Fixed
deformation

ME2134E/TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I 1-32

 1 Introduction
1.3 What is a Fluid?

FLUID

Continuous
deformation

ME2134E/TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I 1-33

 1 Introduction
1.3 What is a Fluid?
• A solid deforms when a shear stress is applied, but its
deformation does not continue to increase with respect
to time
• Deformation of fluid element continues to increase as
long as shear force is applied to upper plate
• For most solids:
 
  G
(G: shear modulus)

• For fluids like air and water:

d
 or   
dt
  is known as the rate of shearing strain or strain
rate 1-34
ME2134E/TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I