1 Introduction
ME2134E /TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I
1 Introduction
ME2134E/TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I 1-1
1 Introduction
1 Introduction
1.1 Introductory Remarks
1.2 Applications of Fluid Mechanics
1.3 What is a Fluid?
ME2134E/TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I 1-2
1 Introduction
1.1 Introductory Remarks
• Fluid liquid or gas
• Fluid Mechanics is the study of the behavior of fluids at
rest (fluid statics) or in motion (fluid dynamics)
• Fluid Mechanics can be divided into several categories:
Hydrodynamics: study of motion of incompressible
fluids (liquids, gases at low speeds)
Hydraulics: study of liquid flows in pipes and open
channels
Gas dynamics: study of flow of gases that experience
significant density changes
Aerodynamics: study of flow of gases (air) over
bodies (aircraft, rockets, automobiles) at low and high
speeds
Meteorology
Oceanography Naturally occurring flows
Hydrology
ME2134E/TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I 1-3
1 Introduction
1.2 Applications of Fluid Mechanics
• Why study Fluid Mechanics?
– Fluids are essential to our everyday lives
– Air and water are two very important fluids in our
midst
• ~70% of human body is made up of water
• ~70% of earth’s surface is covered by water
• ~90% of earth’s atmosphere extends to an altitude
of 16 km above earth’s surface
Human body Earth Earth’s atmopshere
ME2134E/TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I 1-4
1 Introduction
1.2 Applications of Fluid Mechanics
• Flight Vehicle Aerodynamics
Aircraft water tunnel dye flow visualization
ME2134E/TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I 1-5
1 Introduction
1.2 Applications of Fluid Mechanics
• Low Speed Aerodynamics
Aerofoil at low angle of attack Aerofoil at high angle of attack
Smoke flow visualization of
wing tip vortices Wing tip vortices
ME2134E/TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I 1-6
1 Introduction
1.2 Applications of Fluid Mechanics
• High Speed Aerodynamics
Bullet at Mach 1.5 Airplane model at Mach 1.1
Sphere (Mach 1.53) Sphere (Mach 5.7) F/A-18 Hornet
ME2134E/TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I 1-7
1 Introduction
1.2 Applications of Fluid Mechanics
• Ground Vehicle Aerodynamics
Wind tunnel testing of car
Flow pattern behind car Flow pattern around bus
ME2134E/TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I 1-8
1 Introduction
1.2 Applications of Fluid Mechanics
• Sports Aerodynamics
Flow over cricket ball Flow over soccer ball
Flow over golf ball Flow over bicycle Flow over swimmer 1-9
ME2134E/TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I
1 Introduction
1.2 Applications of Fluid Mechanics
• Building Aerodynamics
Wind tunnel testing of buildings
Flow past circular cylinder
ME2134E/TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I 1-10
1 Introduction
1.2 Applications of Fluid Mechanics
• Marine / Ocean Engineering, Naval Architecture,
Hydrodynamics
Cargo ship
Ships and water waves Submarine
ME2134E/TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I
Computer simulations 1-11
1 Introduction
1.2 Applications of Fluid Mechanics
• Fluid Machinery TME2135
Pump impellers Turbine
Pelton wheel Wind turbine
ME2134E/TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I 1-12
1 Introduction
1.2 Applications of Fluid Mechanics
• Aerospace Propulsion
Jet engine for commercial aircraft Rocket propulsion
Jet engine for fighter aircraft SR-71
ME2134E/TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I 1-13
1 Introduction
1.2 Applications of Fluid Mechanics
• Marine Propulsion
Marine propeller Computer simulation of marine propeller
Cavitation in marine propellers
ME2134E/TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I 1-14
1 Introduction
1.2 Applications of Fluid Mechanics
• Chemically Reacting Flows and Combustion
Flames
Flame structure Detonation waves
ME2134E/TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I 1-15
1 Introduction
1.2 Applications of Fluid Mechanics
• Civil Engineering Applications
Canals Aqueducts
Dams Drainage Systems
ME2134E/TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I 1-16
1 Introduction
1.2 Applications of Fluid Mechanics
• Flash floods in Orchard Road on 16 June 2010
Drainage system capacity sufficient,
but heavy build-up of debris trapped in
a culvert caused a blockage in the
Stamford Canal drainage system
ME2134E/TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I 1-17
1 Introduction
1.2 Applications of Fluid Mechanics
• Geophysical Fluid Dynamics: Atmosphere / Weather
Hurricane
Waterspout
Global climate Tornado
ME2134E/TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I 1-18
1 Introduction
1.2 Applications of Fluid Mechanics
• Geophysical Fluid Dynamics: Ocean circulation, Tsunamis
Circulation system of the ocean
Ocean surface wind
Tsunamis
ME2134E/TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I 1-19
1 Introduction
1.2 Applications of Fluid Mechanics
• Environmental Fluid Mechanics
Atmospheric pollution River pollution and sedimentation
Pollutant sedimentation and
Plume dispersion dispersion
ME2134E/TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I 1-20
1 Introduction
1.2 Applications of Fluid Mechanics
• Bio-Fluid Mechanics
Carotid bifurcation models with stenosis Flow through a bifurcation model
Blood flow through damaged artery Computer simulation of blood flow
ME2134E/TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I 1-21
1 Introduction
1.2 Applications of Fluid Mechanics
• Animal Locomotion: Flight of Birds, Bats
Wing tunnel testing of birds
Wind tunnel testing of bat Formation flight of birds
ME2134E/TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I 1-22
1 Introduction
1.2 Applications of Fluid Mechanics
• Animal Locomotion: Insect Flight
Wind tunnel testing of dragonfly Tethered fly
Robotic fly Computer simulation of insect flight
ME2134E/TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I 1-23
1 Introduction
1.2 Applications of Fluid Mechanics
• Animal Locomotion: Swimming
Fish swimming
Animal locomotion Robo-tuna
ME2134E/TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I 1-24
1 Introduction
1.2 Applications of Fluid Mechanics
• Piping Systems and other Industrial Applications TME2134
Pipe network Oil refinery
Water pipeline Computer simulation of pipe flow
1-25
ME2134E/TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I
1 Introduction
1.2 Applications of Fluid Mechanics
• Microfluidics
Microengine Microrocket
Integrated microfluidic bioprocessor Inkjet printer
ME2134E/TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I 1-26
1 Introduction
1.3 What is a Fluid?
• There are 3 states of matter:
• Solids:
– Molecules arranged in a regular fashion
– Small intermolecular distances large intermolecular
forces of attraction molecules held at relatively
fixed positions
ME2134E/TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I 1-27
1 Introduction
1.3 What is a Fluid?
• Liquids:
– Molecular spacing similar to that of solids
– Molecules not fixed but can rotate and translate freely
– Intermolecular forces weaker compared to solids, but
strong compared to gases
– Chunks of molecules move relative to each other
– Strong cohesive forces between molecules volume
relatively constant takes the shape of container it is
in forms a free surface
ME2134E/TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I 1-28
1 Introduction
1.3 What is a Fluid?
• Gases
– Molecules far apart
– Molecules move about randomly, colliding with each
other and with walls of container
– Negligible intermolecular forces of attraction
A fluid is either a liquid or a gas
ME2134E/TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I 1-29
1 Introduction
1.3 What is a Fluid?
• Recall: Stress force per unit area
• Fluid at rest normal stress is called pressure
ME2134E/TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I 1-30
1 Introduction
1.3 What is a Fluid?
• What distinguishes a solid from a fluid?
A fluid is a substance which deforms continuously when
acted on by a shear stress of any magnitude
ME2134E/TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I 1-31
1 Introduction
1.3 What is a Fluid?
SOLID
Fixed
deformation
ME2134E/TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I 1-32
1 Introduction
1.3 What is a Fluid?
FLUID
Continuous
deformation
ME2134E/TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I 1-33
1 Introduction
1.3 What is a Fluid?
• A solid deforms when a shear stress is applied, but its
deformation does not continue to increase with respect
to time
• Deformation of fluid element continues to increase as
long as shear force is applied to upper plate
• For most solids:
G
(G: shear modulus)
• For fluids like air and water:
d
or
dt
is known as the rate of shearing strain or strain
rate 1-34
ME2134E/TME2134 Fluid Mechanics I
