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    Class 8 Ch-4 Metal & Non-Metals Notes PDF

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    Rahul Mishra
    There are 118 total elements, some of which are metals and non-metals. Metals are hard, lustrous, malleable, ductile, sonorous, and good conductors of heat and electricity, while non-metals are soft, dull, break into powder, non-ductile, non-sonorous, and poor conductors. Metals react with oxygen to form metal oxides, react with acids to form salts and hydrogen gas, and can displace less reactive metals in salts. Non-metals may react with oxygen but not water or acids, and reactions with bases are complex. Metals have many uses in technology while non-metals like oxygen, phosphorus, nitrogen, chlorine

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    Class 8 Ch-4 Metal & Non-Metals Notes PDF

    Uploaded by

    Rahul Mishra
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    There are 118 total elements, some of which are metals and non-metals. Metals are hard, lustrous, malleable, ductile, sonorous, and good conductors of heat and electricity, while non-metals are soft, dull, break into powder, non-ductile, non-sonorous, and poor conductors. Metals react with oxygen to form metal oxides, react with acids to form salts and hydrogen gas, and can displace less reactive metals in salts. Non-metals may react with oxygen but not water or acids, and reactions with bases are complex. Metals have many uses in technology while non-metals like oxygen, phosphorus, nitrogen, chlorine

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    There are 118 total elements, some of which are metals and non-metals. Metals are hard, lustrous, malleable, ductile, sonorous, and good conductors of heat and electricity, while non-metals are soft, dull, break into powder, non-ductile, non-sonorous, and poor conductors. Metals react with oxygen to form metal oxides, react with acids to form salts and hydrogen gas, and can displace less reactive metals in salts. Non-metals may react with oxygen but not water or acids, and reactions with bases are complex. Metals have many uses in technology while non-metals like oxygen, phosphorus, nitrogen, chlorine

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    1K views7 pages

    Class 8 Ch-4 Metal & Non-Metals Notes PDF

    Uploaded by

    Rahul Mishra
    There are 118 total elements, some of which are metals and non-metals. Metals are hard, lustrous, malleable, ductile, sonorous, and good conductors of heat and electricity, while non-metals are soft, dull, break into powder, non-ductile, non-sonorous, and poor conductors. Metals react with oxygen to form metal oxides, react with acids to form salts and hydrogen gas, and can displace less reactive metals in salts. Non-metals may react with oxygen but not water or acids, and reactions with bases are complex. Metals have many uses in technology while non-metals like oxygen, phosphorus, nitrogen, chlorine

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 7

    Ch-4 Materials: Metals and Non-Metals

    Total elements- 118


    Some of them are metals and non-
    metals.
    Physical properties of metals and non-metals
    Metals Non-Metals
    Hard and lustrous (shiny) Soft and dull in
    appearance
    Malleability- conversion of break down in powdery mass
    metals into thin sheets. on tapping with a hammer.
    Ductility- conversions of metals non- ductile
    into wires.
    Sonorous- metals produce not sonorous
    ringing sounds
    Good conductors of heat and poor or bad conductors of
    electricity. heat and electricity.
    Exceptions- Soft metals- Sodium (Na), Potassium (K) and
    Lithium (Li)
    Mercury- only metal which exist in liquid form at room
    temperature.

    Chemical properties of metals and non metals


    1. Reactions with oxygen
    2. Reactions with water
    3. Reactions with acids
    4. Reactions with bases
    5. Displacement reactions

    1. Reactions with oxygen- (In case of metals)


    Metals + Oxygen Metallic Oxides
    Ex- Rusting of Iron
    Iron + Oxygen + Water (moisture) → Iron oxide (Basic)
    4Fe + 3O2 2Fe2O3
    Ex-
    Magnesium + Oxygen Magnesium oxide
    2Mg + O2 2MgO
    Ex- Na + Oxygen Sodium Oxide
    Note- When copper vessel is exposed to air, it acquires a dull
    green coating. The green material is a mixture of copper
    hydroxide and copper carbonate.
    2Cu + H2O + CO2 + O2 Cu (OH)2 + CuCO3
    Moist air Copper hydroxide Copper carbonate

    Reactions with oxygen (In case of non-metals)


    Non-metals + Oxygen Non- metallic oxides (acidic)
    Sulphur + Oxygen Sulphur di oxide
    S + O2 SO2
    And
    Sulphur di oxide + Water Sulphurous acid
    SO2 + H2O H2SO3
    2. Reactions with water- (In case of metals)
    Sodium (Na) metal reacts vigorously with oxygen and water and
    produces heat. Therefore it is stored in kerosene.
    Sodium + Water Sodium hydroxide + Hydrogen
    2Na + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2
    While Iron reacts with water very slowly.(Rusting of iron)
    In case of non-metals
    Generally non-metals do not react with water. Though they may
    be very reactive in air, such non-metals are stored in water.
    Ex- Phosphorous (P) is very reactive. It catches fire if exposed to
    air.
    3. Reactions with acids (In case of metals)
    Metals react with acid and produce hydrogen gas with a ‘pop’
    Sound.
    Metals + Dil. Acids → Metal salts + Hydrogen gas
    Ex- Mg + 2HCl MgCl2 + H2
    Magnesium chloride

    Mg + H2SO4 MgSO4 + H2
    Magnesium sulphate

    2Al + 3H2SO4 Al2 (SO4)3 + 3H2


    Aluminium sulphate

    2Al + 6HCl 2AlCl3 + 3H2


    Aluminium chloride

    Fe + H2SO4 FeSO4 + H2
    Iron sulphate

    Fe + 2HCl FeCl2 + H2
    Iron chloride

    In case of non-metals- Non-metals do not react with acids.


    Note- Copper (Cu) does not react with dilute HCl even on heating
    but it reacts with concentrated H2SO4
    Cu + Con. 2H2SO4 CuSO4 + SO2 + 2H2O
    Strong oxidizing agent

    4. Reactions with Bases (In case of metals)


    Metals react with sodium hydroxide to produce hydrogen gas.
    Metals + Bases Salts + Hydrogen
    Ex- Zn + 2NaOH Na2ZnO2 + H2
    Sodium zincate

    While reactions of non- metals with bases are complex.


    Ex- CO2 + 2NaOH Na2CO3 + H2O
    Sodium carbonate

    5. Displacement Reactions-
    Rule- A more reactive metal can replace a less reactive metal
    but a less reactive one cannot replace a more reactive metal.
    Ex-
    Copper sulphate + Zinc Zinc sulphate + Copper
    CuSO4 + Zn ZnSO4 + Cu
    Colorless Red

    Uses of Metals and Non-metals


    Uses of metals- Metals are used in making machinery,
    automobiles, aero planes, trains satellites, industrial gadgets,
    water boilers etc.
    Uses of non-metals-
    • Oxygen (O) is used in breathing.
    • Phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) are used as fertilizers.
    • Chlorine (Cl) and Ozone (O3) are used in water purification.
    • Purple color solution tincture iodine (I) is used as an
    antiseptic.
    • Phosphorus and sulphur (S) are used in crackers.
    Note- Element- A substance cannot be broken down
    further by chemical reaction, called as element.
    Ex- Carbon, Sulphur, Iron etc.
    Atom- The smallest unit of an element is called atom.
    Metalloids- Some elements which show characteristics of
    both metals and non-metals, called as metalloids.
    Ex- H, B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, At etc.

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