Cereals, Pulses, Legumes and Vegetable Proteins

CODEX ALIMENTARIUS
ISSN 0259-2916
Cereals, Pulses, Legumes
CODEX ALIMENTARIUS COMMISSION

JOINT FAO/WHO FOOD STANDARDS PROGRAMME
and Vegetable Proteins
Codex standards for cereals, pulses, legumes and

vegetable proteins and other related texts such as the
Code of Practice for the Prevention of Mycotoxin
Contamination in Cereals are published in this
Cereals, Pulses, Legumes and Vegetable Proteins • First edition

compact format to allow their wide use and
understanding by governments, regulatory
authorities, food industries and retailers, and
consumers. This first edition includes texts adopted by
the Codex Alimentarius Commission up to 2007.
The Codex Alimentarius Commission is an intergovernmental

body with over 170 members, within the framework of the
Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme established by the
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United
Nations and the World Health Organization (WHO). The main
result of the Commissions’ work is the Codex Alimentarius, a
collection of internationally adopted food standards,
guidelines, codes of practice and other recommendations, with
the objective of protecting the health of consumers and
ensuring fair practices in the food trade.
First edition
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PREFACE
THE CODEX ALIMENTARIUS COMMISSION
The Codex Alimentarius Commission is an intergovernmental body with

over 170 members, within the framework of the Joint FAO/WHO Food
Standards Programme established by the Food and Agriculture Organization
of the United Nations (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO),
with the purpose of protecting the health of consumers and ensuring fair
practices in the food trade. The Commission also promotes coordination of
all food standards work undertaken by international governmental and non
governmental organizations.
The Codex Alimentarius (Latin, meaning Food Code) is the result of the
Commission’s work: a collection of internationally adopted food standards,
guidelines, codes of practice and other recommendations. The texts in this
publication are part of the Codex Alimentarius.
Cereals, Pulses, Legumes and Vegetable Proteins

First edition
Codex standards for cereals, pulses, legumes and vegetable proteins and other
related texts such as the Code of Practice for the Prevention of Mycotoxin
Contamination in Cereals are published in this compact format to allow their
wide use and understanding by governments, regulatory authorities, food
industries and retailers, and consumers. This first edition includes all texts
adopted by the Codex Alimentarius Commission up to 2007.
Further information on these texts, or any other aspect of the Codex

Alimentarius Commission, may be obtained from:
The Secretary
Codex Alimentarius Commission
Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme
Viale delle Terme di Caracalla
00153 Rome, Italy
Fax: +39 06 57054593
E-mail: [email protected]
http:// www.codexalimentarius.net
CONTENTS
cereals, pulses, legumes and vegetable proteins
First edition
PREFACE iii
CODEX STANDARD FOR CERTAIN PULSES 1

CODEX STAN 171-1989
CODEX STANDARD FOR COUSCOUS 5

CODEX STAN 202-1995
DEGERMED MAIZE (CORN) MEAL AND MAIZE (CORN) GRITS 9

CODEX STAN 155-1985
CODEX STANDARD FOR DURUM WHEAT SEMOLINA

AND DURUM WHEAT FLOUR 13
CODEX STAN 178-1991
CODEX STANDARD FOR EDIBLE CASSAVA FLOUR 17

CODEX STAN 176-1989
CODEX STANDARD FOR GARI 20

CODEX STAN 151-1989
CODEX STANDARD FOR MAIZE (CORN) 24

CODEX STAN 153-1985
CODEX STANDARD FOR OATS 28

CODEX STAN 201-1995
CODEX STANDARD FOR PEANUTS 31

CODEX STAN 200-1995
PEARL MILLET FLOUR 35

CODEX STAN 170-1989
CODEX STANDARD FOR RICE 38

CODEX STAN 198-1995
CODEX STANDARD FOR SORGHUM FLOUR 45

CODEX STAN 173-1989
CODEX STANDARD FOR SORGHUM GRAINS 48
CODEX STAN 172-1989
CODEX STANDARD FOR WHEAT AND DURUM WHEAT 53

CODEX STAN 199-1995
CODEX STANDARD FOR WHEAT FLOUR 57

CODEX STAN 152‑1985
WHOLE AND DECORTICATED PEARL MILLET GRAINS 61

CODEX STAN 169-1989
CODEX STANDARD FOR WHOLE MAIZE (CORN) MEAL 65

CODEX STAN 154-1985
CODE OF PRACTICE FOR THE PREVENTION AND REDUCTION OF

MYCOTOXIN CONTAMINATION IN CEREALS, INCLUDING
ANNEXES ON OCHRATOXIN A, ZEARALENONE, FUMONISINS
AND TRICOTHECENES 68
CAC/RCP 51-2003
CODEX STANDARD FOR INSTANT NOODLES 78

CODEX STAN 249-2006
CODEX GENERAL STANDARD FOR SOY PROTEIN PRODUCTS 86

CODEX STAN 175-1989
CODEX GENERAL STANDARD FOR VEGETABLE PROTEIN

PRODUCTS (VPP) 90
CODEX STAN 174-1989
CODEX STANDARD FOR WHEAT PROTEIN PRODUCTS

INCLUDING WHEAT GLUTEN 94
CODEX STAN 163-1987
CODEX GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR THE UTILIZATION OF

VEGETABLE PROTEIN PRODUCTS (VPP) IN FOODS 98
CAC/GL 4-1989
vi
CODEX STANDARD FOR CERTAIN PULSES
CODEX STAN 171-1989 (Rev. 1-1995)
1. SCOPE
This Standard applies to the whole, shelled or split pulses defined below which are
intended for direct human consumption. The Standard does not apply to pulses
intended for factory grading and packaging, industrial processing, or to those pulses
intended for use in the feeding of animals. It does not apply to fragmented pulses when
sold as such, or to other legumes for which separate standards may be elaborated.
2. DESCRIPTION
2.1 Product definition

Pulses are dry seeds of leguminous plants which are distinguished from leguminous oil
seeds by their low fat content. The pulses covered by this Standard are the following:
– Beans of Phaseolus spp. (except Phaseolus mungo L. syn. Vigna mungo (L.)
Hepper and Phaseolus aureus Roxb. syn. Phaseolus radiatur L., Vigna radiata (L.)
Wilczek);
– Lentils of Lens culinaris Medic. Syn. Lens esculenta Moench.;
– Peas of Pisum sativum L.;
– Chick peas of Cicer arientinum L.;
– Field beans of Vicia faba L.;
– Cow peas of Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp., syn. Vigna sesquipedalis Fruhw., Vigna
sinensis (L.) Savi exd Hassk.
3. ESSENTIAL COMPOSITION AND QUALITY FACTORS
3.1 Quality factors – general

3.1.1 Pulses shall be safe and suitable for human consumption.
3.1.2 Pulses shall be free from abnormal flavour, odours, and living insects.
3.1.3 Pulses shall be free from filth (impurities of animal origin, including dead insects) in
amounts which may represent a hazard to human health.
3.2 Quality factors – specific

3.2.1 Moisture content
3.2.1.1 Two maximum moisture levels are provided to meet different climatic conditions and
marketing practices. Lower values in the first column are suggested for countries with
tropical climates or when long‑term (more than one crop year) storage is a normal
commercial practice. The values in the second column are suggested for more moderate
climates or when other short‑term storage is the normal commercial practice.

cereals , pulses , legumes and vegetab le proteins
Pulse Moisture content

(percent)
beans 15 19
lentils 15 16
peas 15 18
chick peas 14 16
cow peas 15 18
field beans 15 19
Lower moisture limits should be required for certain destinations in relation to the
climate, duration of transport and storage. Governments accepting the Standard are
requested to indicate and justify the requirements in force in their country.
3.2.1.2 In the case of pulses sold without their seed coat, the maximum moisture content shall
be 2 per cent (absolute) lower in each case.
3.2.2 Extraneous matter is mineral or organic matter (dust, twigs, seedcoats, seeds of other
species, dead insects, fragments, or remains of insects, other impurities of animal
origin). Pulses shall have not more than 1% extraneous matter of which not more
than 0.25% shall be mineral matter and not more than 0.10% shall be dead insects,
fragments or remains of insects, and/or other impurities of animal origin.
3.2.2.1 Toxic or noxious seeds

The products covered by the provisions of this standard shall be free from the following
toxic or noxious seeds in amounts which may represent a hazard to human health.
– Crotolaria (Crotalaria spp.), Corn cockle (Agrostemma githago L.), Castor bean
(Ricinus communis L.), Jimson weed (Datura spp.), and other seeds that are
commonly recognized as harmful to health.
4. CONTAMINANTS
4.1 Heavy metals

Pulses shall be free from heavy metals in amounts which may represent a hazard to
health.
4.2 Pesticide residues

Pulses shall comply with those maximum residue limits established by the Codex
Alimentarius Commission for this commodity.
4.3 Mycotoxins
Pulses shall comply with those maximum mycotoxin limits established by the Codex

CODE X STA NDA RD FO R C ER TA I N PUL SES (CODE X STA N 171-19 8 9, R ev. 1-19 95)
5. HYGIENE
5.1 It is recommended that the products covered by the provisions of this standard be
prepared and handled in accordance with the appropriate sections of the Recommended
International Code of Practice – General Principles of Food Hygiene (CAC/RCP 1‑1969),
and other Codes of Practice recommended by the Codex Alimentarius Commission
which are relevant to these products.
5.2 To the extent possible in good manufacturing practice, the products shall be free from
objectionable matter.
5.3 When tested by appropriate methods of sampling and examination, the products:
– shall be free from micro-organisms in amounts which may represent a hazard to
health;
– shall be free from parasites which may represent a hazard to health; and
– shall not contain any substance originating from micro-organisms in amounts
which may represent a hazard to health.
6. PACKAGING
6.1 Pulses shall be packaged in containers which will safeguard the hygienic, nutritional,
technological, and organoleptic qualities of the product.
6.2 The containers, including packaging material, shall be made of substances which are
safe and suitable for their intended use. They should not impart any toxic substance or
undesirable odour or flavour to the product.
6.3 When the product is packaged in sacks, these must be clean, sturdy and strongly sewn
or sealed.
7. LABELLING
In addition to the requirements of the Codex General Standard for the Labelling of
Prepackaged Foods (CODEX STAN 1‑1985), the following specific provisions apply:
7.1 Name of the product

The name of the product to be shown on the label shall be the commercial type of the
pulse.
7.2 Labelling of non‑retail containers

Information for non‑retail containers shall either be given on the container or in
accompanying documents, except that the name of the product, lot identification and
the name and address of the manufacturer or packer shall appear on the container.
However, lot identification and the name and address of the manufacturer or packer
may be replaced by an identification mark, provided that such a mark is clearly
identifiable with the accompanying documents.
8. METHODS OF ANALYSIS AND SAMPLING
See relevant Codex texts on methods of analysis and sampling.
ANNEX
In those instances where more than one factor limit and/or method of analysis is given we
strongly recommend that users specify the appropriate limit and method of analysis.
Factor/Description Limit Method of analysis
DEFECTS Visual Examination
 seeds with serious defects. Seeds in which the cotyledons MAX: 1.0%
have been affected or attached by pests; seeds with very
slight traces of mould or decay; or slight cotyledon staining
 seeds with slight defects. Seeds which have not reached MAX: 7.0% of which broken
normal development; seeds with extensive seedcoat staining, pulses must not exceed 3.0%
without the cotyledon being affected; seeds in which the
seedcoat is wrinkled, with pronounced folding, or broken
pulses
 broken pulses. Broken in whole pulses are pulses in which the

cotyledons are separated or one cotyledon has been broken.
Broken in split pulses are pulses in which the cotyledon has
been broken
SEED DISCOLORATION Visual Examination
 seeds of a similar colour but a different commercial type MAX: 3.0%

(except in beans with white seeds)
 seeds of different colour MAX: 6.0%

(other than discoloured seeds)
 discoloured seeds MAX: 3.0%
 discoloured seeds of the same commercial type MAX: 10.0%
 beans with green seed and peas with green seeds with slight MAX: 20.0%
discolouration of the seed
PRESENTATION Buyer Preference Visual Examination
 Shelled pulses. Pulses without their seedcoat, with the

cotyledons not separated
 split pulses. Pulses without their seedcoat, with the two

cotyledons separated one from the other

CODEX STANDARD FOR COUSCOUS
CODEX STAN 202-1995
1. SCOPE
1.1 The term “couscous”, as defined in Section 2 below, refers to processed couscous
destined for direct human consumption.
1.2 Subject to the provision of Section 8.1.2 this standard does not apply to couscous
intended for the same use but prepared from cereals other than durum wheat.
2. DESCRIPTION
2.1 This standard applies to couscous, i.e. the product prepared from durum wheat
semolina (Triticum durum) the elements of which are bound by adding potable water
and which has undergone physical treatment such as cooking and drying.
2.2 Couscous is prepared from a mixture of coarse and fine semolina. It can be prepared
from “coarse medium” semolina.

3.1.1 Couscous shall be clean, safe and fit for human consumption.
3.1.2 All processes applied to materials used for the production of couscous must be carried
out in order to:
(a) limit the reduction of nutritive value
(b) avoid undesirable modification of properties of couscous

The moisture content of couscous shall not exceed 13.5%.
4. FOOD ADDITIVES
No food additives shall be added during the industrial processing of couscous.

5. CONTAMINANTS
5.1 Heavy metals

Couscous shall be free from heavy metals in amounts which may represent a hazard
to health.

Couscous shall comply with those maximum residue limits established by the Codex
5.3 Mycotoxins
Couscous shall comply with those maximum mycotoxin limits established by the Codex
6. HYGIENE
6.1 It is recommended that the product covered by the provisions of this standard
be prepared in accordance with the appropriate sections of the Recommended
which are relevant to the product.
6.2 To the extent possible in good manufacturing practice, the product shall be free from
6.3 When tested by appropriate methods of sampling and examination, the product:
(a) shall be free from micro-organisms capable of development in the food under
normal conditions of storage; and
(b) shall not contain any substance originating from micro-organisms in amounts
which may represent a health hazard.
7. PACKAGING
7.1 Couscous shall be packaged for retail sale in containers which will safeguard the
hygienic, nutritional and technological qualities of the product.
7.2 Containers, including packaging material, shall be made of substances which are
safe and suitable for their intended use. They shall not impart any toxic substance or
8. LABELLING
In addition to the provisions of the Codex General Standard for the Labelling of

CODE X STA NDA RD FO R COUSCOUS (CODE X STA N 202-19 95)

8.1.1 The name of the product to be shown on the label shall be “couscous”.
8.1.2 Products intended for the same use but prepared from cereals other than durum wheat
may be designated as “couscous” on condition that this appellation be immediately
followed by a specification of the cereals used.
8.2 Labelling of non-retail containers

9. METHODS OF SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS

ANNEX
In those instances where more than one factor limit and/or method of analysis is given,
it is strongly recommended that users specify the appropriate limit and method of
analysis.
1. SEMOLINA KERNEL SIZES
1.1 Coarse semolina is a semolina with a kernel diameter between 475 and 700 microns.
1.2 Fine semolina is a semolina with a kernel diameter between 130 and 183 microns.
1.3 “Coarse medium semolina” is a semolina with a kernel diameter between 183 and 700
microns.
1.4 Medium semolina is a semolina with a kernel diameter between 183 and 475 microns.
2. COMPOSITION
2.1 Semolina proportions in the mixture intended for the preparation of couscous are:
– 20–30% for fine semolina
– 70–80% for coarse semolina
“Coarse medium” semolina is a semolina obtained from a mixture of:
– 25–30% for coarse semolina
– 70–75% for medium semolina
3. QUALITY FACTORS
3.1 Granularity (microns) min. 630 microns to max. 2000 microns, with a tolerance of 6%.
3.2 Ash(%) maximum 1.1%
4. ANALYSIS
4.1 Ash
ISO 2171-1980, Cereals, Legumes and Derived Products – Determination of ash.

DEGERMED MAIZE (CORN) MEAL
AND MAIZE (CORN) GRITS
CODEX STAN 155-1985 (Rev. 1-1995)
1. SCOPE
1.1 This standard applies to degermed maize (corn) meal and to degermed maize (corn) grits
for direct human consumption milled from kernels of common maize, Zea mays L.
1.2 This standard does not apply to whole maize (corn) meal, maize (corn) flours, quick
grits, hominy grits, self‑rising maize (corn) meals, enriched maize (corn) meals, enriched
maize (corn) grits, bolted maize (corn) meals, maize (corn) flakes, and alkaline treated
maize (corn) products.
1.3 This standard does not apply to maize (corn) meals for use as a brewing adjunct, to
maize (corn) meals used for manufacturing of starch and any industrial use, nor to
maize (corn) meal for use as an animal feed.
2. DESCRIPTION
2.1 Degermed maize (corn) meal is the food prepared from fully mature, sound, degermed
kernels of maize (corn), Zea mays L., cleaned from impurities, mould, seeds of weeds
and other cereals by a grinding process in which the grain is comminuted to a suitable
degree of fineness and from which bran and germ are removed. In its preparation,
coarse particles of the ground maize kernel may be separated, reground and
recombined with all of the material from which they were separated.
2.2 Degermed maize (corn) grits is the food prepared from fully mature, sound, degermed,
kernels of maize (corn), Zea mays L., cleaned from impurities, mould, seeds of weeds
and other cereals, by a grinding process in which the grain is comminuted to a suitable
degree of fineness and from which bran and germ are almost completely removed.

3.1.1 Degermed maize meal and degermed maize grits shall be safe and suitable for human
consumption.
3.1.2 Degermed maize meal and degermed maize grits shall be free from abnormal flavours,
odours, and living insects.

3.1.3 Degermed maize meal and degermed maize grits shall be free from filth (impurities
of animal origin, including dead insects) in amounts which may represent a hazard to
human health.

3.2.1 Moisture content 15.0% m/m max
4. CONTAMINANTS
4.1 Heavy metals

Degermed maize (corn) meal and maize (corn) grits shall be free from heavy metals in

Degermed maize (corn) meal and maize (corn) grits shall comply with those maximum
residue limits established by the Codex Alimentarius Commission for this commodity.
4.3 Mycotoxins
Degermed maize (corn) meal and maize (corn) grits shall comply with those maximum
mycotoxin limits established by the Codex Alimentarius Commission for this
commodity.
5. HYGIENE
5.1 It is recommended that the product covered by the provisions of this standard be
International Code of Practice – General Principles of Food Hygiene (CAC/RCP 1‑1969)
which are relevant to this product.
health;
10
DEGERMED MA IZE (CO R N) ME AL A ND MA IZE (CO R N) G R I T S (CODE X STA N 155 -19 85, Rev. 1-19 95)
6. PACKAGING
6.1 Degermed maize (corn) meal and maize (corn) grits shall be packaged in containers
which will safeguard the hygienic, nutritional, technological, and organoleptic qualities
of the product.
or sealed.
7. LABELLING

The name of the product to be shown on the label shall be “degermed maize (corn)
meal”, or “maize (corn) grits”.

11
ANNEX
In those instances where more than one factor limit and/or method of analysis is
given we strongly recommend that users specify the appropriate limit and method of
analysis.
ASH MAX: 1.0% on a dry weight basis AOAC 923.03

ISO 2171:1980
ICC Method No. 104/1 (1990)
PROTEIN (N × 6.25) MIN: 7.0% on a dry weight basis ICC 105/l Method for the Determination of
Crude Protein in Cereals and Cereal Products
for Food and for Feed (Type I) Selenium/
Copper catalyst
– or –
ISO 1871:1975
CRUDE FAT MAX: 2.25% on a dry weight basis AOAC 945.38F; 920.39C
ISO 5986:1983
GRANULARITY
 degermed maize meal 95% or more shall pass through AOAC 965.22
a 0.85 sieve; (Type I method with sieve specifications as in
– and – ISO 3310/l-1982 test sieves)
45% or more shall pass through
a 0.71 mm sieve;
– and –
25% or less shall pass through
a 0.210 sieve
 degermed maize grits 95% or more through a AOAC 965.22
2.00 mm sieve; (Type I method with sieve specifications as in
and – ISO 3310/l-1982 test sieves)
20% or less through a 0.71 mm sieve
12
CODEX STANDARD FOR DURUM WHEAT SEMOLINA
AND DURUM WHEAT FLOUR
CODEX STAN 178-1991 (Rev. 1- 1995)
1. SCOPE
1.1 This standard applies to durum wheat semolina, including whole durum wheat
semolina and durum wheat flour for direct human consumption prepared from durum
wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) which are prepackaged ready for sale to the consumer
or destined for use in other food products.
1.2 It does not apply:

– to any product prepared from common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) or club
wheat (Triticum compactum Host.) or mixtures thereof, or to mixtures of these
wheats in combination with durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.)
– to durum wheat flour or semolina for non‑food industrial or animal feed use.
2. DESCRIPTION

Durum wheat semolina and durum wheat flour are the products prepared from grain
of durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) by grinding or milling processes in which the
bran and germ are essentially removed and the remainder is comminuted to a suitable
degree of fineness. Whole durum wheat semolina is prepared by a similar comminuting
process, but the bran and part of the germ are retained.

3.1.1 Durum wheat semolina and durum wheat flour and any added nutrients shall be safe
and fit for human consumption.
3.1.2 Durum wheat semolina and durum wheat flour shall be free from abnormal flavours,
odours, and living insects.
3.1.3 Durum wheat semolina and durum wheat flour shall be free from filth (impurities of
animal origin, including dead insects) in amounts which may represent a hazard to
human health.
13

4. CONTAMINANTS
4.1 Heavy metals

Durum wheat semolina and durum wheat flour shall be free from heavy metals in
amounts which may represent a hazard to health.

Durum wheat semolina and durum wheat flour shall comply with those maximum
residue limits established by the Codex Alimentarius Commission for this commodity.
4.3 Mycotoxins
Durum wheat semolina and durum wheat flour shall comply with those maximum
mycotoxin limits established by the Codex Alimentarius Commission for this
commodity.
5. HYGIENE
health;
6. PACKAGING
6.1 Durum wheat semolina and durum wheat flour shall be packaged in containers which
will safeguard the hygienic, nutritional, technological, and organoleptic qualities of
the product.
14
CODE X STA NDA RD FO R DU RUM WHE AT SEMOL I N A A ND DU RUM WHE AT FLOU R (CODE X STA N 178 -19 91, Rev. 1- 19 95)
or sealed.
7. LABELLING

The name of the product to be shown on the label shall be “durum wheat semolina”,
“whole durum wheat semolina”, or “durum wheat flour”.

15
ANNEX
analysis.
ASH AOAC 923.03 (Type I Method);

– or –
 durum wheat semolina MAX: 1.3% on a dry basis ISO 2171 (1980) – Cereals, Pulses, and Derived
Products – Determination of Ash Method B
 whole durum wheat semolina MAX: 2.1% on a dry basis –5500C constant weight
 durum wheat flour MAX: 1.75% on a dry basis
PROTEIN (N × 5.7) ICC 105/l – Method for the Determination of

Crude Protein in Cereals and Cereal Products for
 durum wheat semolina MIN: 10.5% on a dry basis Food and for Feed. Selenium/Copper catalyst
(Type I Method)
 whole durum wheat semolina MIN: 11.5% on a dry basis – or –
 durum wheat flour MIN: 11.0% on a dry basis ISO 1871 (1975)
NUTRIENTS Conform with Legislation of the None Defined

Country in Which the Product is
 vitamins Sold
 minerals
 amino acids
PARTICLE SIZE None Defined
 durum wheat semolina MAX: 79% shall pass through a 315

micron silk gauze or man-made
textile sieve
 durum wheat flour MIN: 80% shall pass through a

315 micron silk gauze or man-
made textile sieve
16
CODEX STANDARD FOR EDIBLE CASSAVA FLOUR
CODEX STAN 176-1989 (Rev. 1-1995)
1. SCOPE
This standard applies to cassava flour intended for direct human consumption which is
obtained from the processing of edible cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz).
2. DESCRIPTION
2.1 Definition of the product

Edible cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) flour is the product prepared from dried
cassava chips or paste by a pounding, grinding or milling process, followed by sifting
to separate the fibre from the flour. In case of edible cassava flour prepared from bitter
cassava (Manihot utilissima Pohl), detoxification is carried out by soaking the tubers in
water for a few days, before they undergo drying in the form of whole, pounded tuber
(paste) or in small pieces.

3.1.1 Edible cassava flour shall be safe and suitable for human consumption.
3.1.2 Edible cassava flour shall be free from abnormal flavours, odours, and living insects.
3.1.3 Edible cassava flour shall be free from filth (impurities of animal origin, including dead
insects) in amounts which may represent a hazard to human health.

3.2.1 Moisture content 13% m/m max
climate, duration of transport and storage. Governments accepting the Standards are
3.2.2 Hydrocyanic acid content

The total hydrocyanic acid content of edible cassava flour shall not exceed 10 mg/kg.
4. CONTAMINANTS
4.1 Heavy metals

Edible cassava flour shall be free from heavy metals in amounts which may represent
a hazard to human health.
17

Edible cassava flour shall comply with those maximum residue limits established by the
Codex Alimentarius Commission for this commodity.
4.3 Mycotoxins
Edible cassava flour shall comply with those maximum mycotoxin limits established by
the Codex Alimentarius Commission for this commodity.
5. HYGIENE
health;
6. PACKAGING
6.1 Cassava flour shall be packaged in containers which will safeguard the hygienic,
nutritional, technological, and organoleptic qualities of the product.
or sealed.
7. LABELLING

The name of the product to be shown on the label shall be “edible cassava flour.”
18
CODE X STA NDA RD FO R ED I B LE C A SSAVA FLOU R (CODE X STA N 176 -19 8 9, Rev. 1-19 95)

8. METHODS OF SAMPLING
ANNEX
analysis.
CRUDE FIBRE MAX: 2.0% ISO 5498 (1981) – Determination of Crude

Fibre Content– B.S. Separation by filtration
through filter paper – General Method
ASH MAX: 3.0% ISO 2171 (1980) – Cereals, Pulses and Derived
Products – Pulses and Derived Products –
Determination of Ash (Type I Method)
FOOD ADDITIVES Conform With Legislation of the Country in None Defined

Which the Product is Sold
 fine flour MIN: 90% shall pass through a 0.60 mm sieve
 coarse flour MIN: 90% shall pass through a 1.20 mm sieve
19
CODEX STANDARD FOR GARI

CODEX STAN 151-1989 (Rev. 1-1995)
1. SCOPE
This standard applies to gari destined for direct human consumption which is obtained
from the processing of cassava tubers (Manihot esculenta Crantz).
2. DESCRIPTION

Gari is the finished product obtained by artisanal or industrial processing of cassava
tubers (Manihot esculenta Crantz). The processing consists of peeling, washing and
grating of the tubers, followed by fermentation, pressing, fragmentation, granulation,
drying if necessary, sifting and suitable heat treatment. Gari is presented as flour of
variable granule size.

3.1.1 Gari shall be safe and suitable for human consumption.
3.1.2 Gari shall be free from abnormal flavours, odours, and living insects.
3.1.3 Gari shall be free from filth (impurities of animal origin, including dead insects) in

3.2.2 Cyanogenic glycosides and hydrocyanic acid

Total hydrocyanic acid content shall not exceed 2 mg/kg determined as free hydrocyanic
acid.
3.3 Extraneous matter

According to good manufacturing practices, gari shall be practically free from
extraneous matter.

Suitable heat treatment means toasting, grilling or any other method of cooking capable of producing the characteristic
organoleptic properties of the product. During the heat treatment, there is a partial gelatinization of the starch and the
20 dehydration of gari grains.
CODE X STA NDA RD FO R G A R I (CODE X STA N 151-19 8 9, Rev. 1-19 95)
4. CONTAMINANTS
4.1 Heavy metals

Gari shall be free from heavy metals in amounts which may represent a hazard to
human health.

Gari shall comply with those maximum residue limits established by the Codex
Alimentarius Commission for this Commodity.
4.3 Mycotoxins
Gari shall comply with those maximum mycotoxin limits established by the Codex
5. HYGIENE
International Code of Practice – General Principles of Food Hygiene (CAC/RCP 1-1969)
health;
6. PACKAGING
6.1 Gari shall be packaged in containers which will safeguard the hygienic, nutritional,
or sealed.
21
7. LABELLING

The name of the product to be shown on the label shall be “gari”.

22
CODE X STA NDA RD FO R G A R I (CODE X STA N 151-19 8 9, Rev. 1-19 95)
ANNEX
analysis.
TOTAL ACIDITY MIN: 0.6% determined as lactic acid AOAC method 1975 14.064 – 14.065
– and – – or –
MAX: 1% determined as lactic acid ISO/DP 7305
CRUDE FIBRE MAX: 2% ISO 5498:1981
ASH MAX: 2.75% ISO 2171 (1980) – Cereals, Pulses and

Derived Products – Determination of
Ash (Type I Method)
ENRICHMENT Conform with Legislation of the Country in Which None Defined

 vitamins the Product is Sold
 proteins
 other nutrients
FOOD ADDITIVES Conform with Legislation of the Country in Which None Defined
the Product is Sold
OPTIONAL INGREDIENTS Conform with Legislation of the Country in Which None Defined
 edible fats or oils the Product is Sold
 salt
CLASSIFICATION ISO 2591-1973, test sieving. The sieves

used are AFNOR sieves with square
 extra-fine gari MIN: 100% by weight shall pass through a 0.50 mm mesh
sieve
– and –
MIN: 40% by weight shall pass through a 0.25 mm
sieve
 fine grain gari MIN: 100% by weight shall pass through a 1 mm

sieve
– and –
MAX: 40% by weight shall pass through a 0.5 mm
sieve
 medium grain gari MIN: 100% by weight shall pass through a 1.25 mm
sieve
– and –
MAX: 40% by weight shall pass through 1.00 mm
sieve
 coarse grain gari MIN: 100% by weight shall pass through a 2 mm

sieve
– and –
MAX: 40% by weight shall pass through a 1.25 mm
sieve
 unclassified gari Buyer preference
23
CODEX STANDARD FOR MAIZE (CORN)

CODEX STAN 153-1985 (Rev. 1-1995)
1. SCOPE
This standard applies to maize (corn) for human consumption, i.e., ready for its intended
use as human food, presented in packaged form or sold loose from the package directly
to the consumer. This standard specifies requirements for whole grain shelled dent
maize, Zea mays indentata L., and/or shelled flint maize, Zea mays indurata L., or their
hybrids. It does not apply to processed maize.
2. DESCRIPTION

Maize (corn) is the shelled grains of the species defined in the scope.

3.1.1 Maize shall be safe and suitable for human consumption.
3.1.2 Maize shall be free from abnormal flavours, odours and living insects.
3.1.3 Maize shall be free from filth in amounts which may represent a hazard to human
health.

3.2.2 Extraneous matter are all organic and inorganic materials other than maize, broken
kernels, other grains and filth.
3.2.2.1 Filth are impurities of animal origin (including dead insects). 0.1% m/m max

(Ricinus communis L.), Jimson weed (Datura ssp.), and other seeds are commonly
recognized as harmful to health.
24
CODE X STA NDA RD FO R MA IZE (CO R N) (CODE X STA N 153 -19 85, Rev. 1-19 95)
3.2.2.3 Other organic extraneous matter which is defined as organic components other than
edible grams of cereals (foreign seeds, stems, etc.) (1.5% m/m max).
3.2.2.4 Inorganic extraneous matter which is defined as any inorganic component (stones,
dust, etc.) (0.5% m/m max).
4. CONTAMINANTS
4.1 Heavy metals

Maize (corn) shall be free from heavy metals in amounts which may represent a hazard
to human health.

Maize (corn) shall comply with those maximum residue limits established by the Codex
4.3 Mycotoxins
Maize (corn) shall comply with those maximum mycotoxin limits established by the
5. HYGIENE
health;
6. PACKAGING
6.1 Maize (corn) shall be packaged in containers which will safeguard the hygienic,
undesirable odour or flavour to the product. 25
or sealed.
7. LABELLING

7.1.1 The name of the product to be shown on the label shall be “maize (corn)”.

26
CODE X STA NDA RD FO R MA IZE (CO R N) (CODE X STA N 153 -19 85, Rev. 1-19 95)
ANNEX
analysis.
KERNELS OF OTHER COLOURS Visual Examination
 in yellow maize. Maize grains which are MAX: 5.0% by weight of maize
yellow and/or light red in colour are of other colours
considered to be yellow maize. Maize grains
which are yellow and dark red in colour,
provided the dark red colour covers less than
50% of the surface of the grain, are also
considered to be yellow maize
 in white maize. Maize grains which are white MAX: 2.0% by weight of maize
and/or light pink in colour are considered of other colours
to be white maize. White maize also means
maize grains which are white and pink in
colour, provided the prink colour covers less
than 50% of the surface of the grain
 in red maize. Maize grains which are pink MAX: 5.0% by weight of maize
and white or dark red and yellow in colour of other colours
are considered to be red maize, provided the
pink or dark red colour covers 50% or more
of the surface of the grain
 mixed maize
KERNELS OF OTHER SHAPE Visual Examination
 in flint maize MAX: 5.0% by weight of maize

of other shapes
 in dent maize MAX: 5.0% by weight of maize

of other shapes
 flint and dent maize RANGE: 5.0% to 95% by weight

of flint maize
DEFECTS
 blemished grains: grains which are insect MAX: 7.0% of which diseased Visual Examination
or vermin damaged, stained, diseased, grains must not exceed 0.5%
discoloured, germinated, frost damaged, or
otherwise materially damaged
 broken kernels MAX: 6.0% ISO 5223-1983

(4.50 mm metal sieve)
 other grains MAX: 2.0% Visual Examination
27
CODEX STANDARD FOR OATS

CODEX STAN 201-1995
1. SCOPE
This standard applies to oat grains as defined in Section 2 intended for processing for
direct human consumption. This standard does not apply to Avena nuda (hulless oats).
2. DESCRIPTION
Oats are defined as the grains of Avena sativa and Avena byzantina.

3.1.1 Oats shall be safe and suitable for processing for human consumption.
3.1.2 Oats shall be free from abnormal flavours, odours, living insects and mites.
3.2 Quality and safety factors – specific

climate, duration of transport and storage. Governments accepting the standard are
3.2.2 Ergot
Sclerotium of the fungus Claviceps purpurea 0.05% m/m max
3.2.3 Toxic or noxious seeds

– Crotalaria (Crotalaria spp.), Corn cockle (Agrostemma githago L.), Castor bean.
3.2.4 Filth
Impurities of animal origin (including dead insects) 0.1% m/m max
3.2.5 Other organic extraneous matter 1.5% m/m max

which is defined as organic components other than edible grains of cereals (foreign
seeds, stems, etc.).
3.2.6 Inorganic extraneous matter 0.5% m/m max

28 which is defined as any inorganic component (stones, dust, etc.).
CODE X STA NDA RD FO R OAT S (CODE X STA N 201-19 95)
4. CONTAMINANTS
4.1 Heavy metals

Oats shall be free from heavy metals in amounts which may represent a hazard to
human health.

Oats shall comply with those maximum residue limits established by the Codex
5. HYGIENE
International Code of Practice – General Principles of Food Hygiene (CAC/RCP 1-1969),
which are relevant to this commodity.
5.2 To the extent possible in good manufacturing practice, the cleaned product shall be
free from objectionable matter.
5.3 When tested by appropriate methods of sampling and examination, the product, after
cleaning and sorting, and before further processing:
health;
– shall not contain any substance originating from micro-organisms including fungi
in amounts which may represent a hazard to health.
6. PACKAGING
6.1 Oats shall be packaged in containers which will safeguard the hygienic, nutritional,
safe and suitable for their intended use. They should not impart any toxic substance
or undesirable odour or flavour to the product.
6.3 When the product is packaged in sacks, these must be clean, sturdy, and strongly sewn
or sealed.
7. LABELLING
Prepackaged Foods (CODEX STAN 1-1985), the following specific provisions apply:
29

The name of the product to be shown on the label shall be “oats”.

Information for non-retail containers shall either be given on the container or in
ANNEX
In those instances where more than one factor limit and/or method of analysis is given
analysis.
1. Minimum test weight: At least 46 kg/hl The test weight shall be the weight per
The weight of a hundred litre volume of oats ISO 7971-1986 or any other equipment
expressed as kilograms per hectolitre. giving equivalent results expressed as
kilograms per hectolitre as determined
on a test portion of the original sample
2. Hull-less and broken kernels 5% m/m max To be developed

(kernels with no hulls and broken of any size)
3. Edible grains other than oats (whole or identifiably 3% m/m max To be developed
broken)
4. Damaged kernels (including pieces of kernels 3% m/m max To be developed

that show visible deterioration due to moisture,
weather, disease, insects, mould, heating,
fermentation, sprouting or other causes.
5. Wild oats: Aventa fatua or Aventa sterilis. 0.2% m/m max To be developed
6. Insect bored kernels: 0.5% m/m max To be developed

kernels which have been visibly bored or tunnelled
by insects.
7. Blemished grains, i.e. grains with stained hulls due To be decided To be developed
to the action of climatic factors.
30
CODEX STANDARD FOR PEANUTS
CODEX STAN 200-1995
1. SCOPE
This standard applies to peanuts as defined in Section 2 intended for processing for
direct human consumption.
2. DESCRIPTION

Peanuts, either in the pod or in the form of kernels, are obtained from varieties of the
species Arachis hypogaea L.

3.1.1 Peanuts shall be safe and suitable for processing for human consumption.
3.1.2 Peanuts shall be free from abnormal flavours, odours, living insects and mites.

Maximum level
Peanuts in-pod 10%
Peanut kernels 9.0%
3.2.2 Mouldy, rancid or decayed kernels 0.2% m/m max

– Mouldy kernels are defined as kernels with mould filaments visible to the naked
eye.
– Decayed kernels are defined as those showing visibly significant decomposition.
– Rancid kernels are defined as those which have undergone oxidation of lipids
(should not exceed 5 meq active oxygen/kg) or the production of free fatty acids
(should not exceed 1.0%) resulting in the production of disagreeable flavours.
3.2.3 Organic and inorganic extraneous matter: is defined as organic or inorganic components
other than peanuts and includes stones, dust, seeds, stems, etc.
31
3.2.3.1 Filth
Impurities of animal origin (including dead insects) 0.1% m/m max
3.2.3.2 Other organic and inorganic extraneous matter

Peanuts in-pod 0.5% m/m max
Peanut kernels 0.5% m/m max
4. CONTAMINANTS
4.1 Heavy metals

The products covered by the provisions of this standard shall be free from heavy metals
in amounts which may represent a hazard to human health.

Peanuts shall comply with those maximum residue limits established by the Codex
5. HYGIENE
5.1 It is recommended that the product covered by the provisions of this standard should
health.
– shall not contain any substance originating from micro-organisms, including
fungi, in amounts which may represent a hazard to health.
6. PACKAGING
6.1 Peanuts shall be packaged in such manner which will safeguard the hygienic,
nutritional, technological, and organoleptic qualities of the product. Packaging will be
sound, clean, dry, and free from insect infestation or fungal contamination.
6.2 Packing material shall be made of substances which are safe and suitable for their
intended use, including new clean jute bags, tinplate containers, plastic or paper boxes
32
A Proposed Draft Guideline Level for Total Aflatoxin in Peanuts intended for further processing is under elaboration.
CODE X STA NDA RD FO R PE A NU T S (CODE X STA N 20 0 -19 95)
or bags. They should not impart any toxic substance or undesirable odour or flavour to
the product.
or sealed.
7. LABELLING
7.1 The name of the product

The name of the product to be shown on the label shall be “peanuts” or “peanuts in-
pod” and type of peanuts.

Information for non-retail containers shall either be given either on the container or in
33
ANNEX
analysis.
1. In-Pod Defects
1.1 Empty Pods: pods containing no kernels. 3% m/m To be determined
1.2 Damaged Pods: include: 10% m/m To be determined
a) shrivelled pods (pods which are imperfectly developed and shrunken);

or
b) pods having cracks or broken areas which cause conspicuous openings

or which seriously weaken a large portion of the pod, especially if
the kernel inside the pod is easily visible without any pressure forced
upon the edges of the crack.
1.3 Discoloured Pods: pods having dark discolouration caused by mildew, 2% m/m To be determined
staining, or other means affecting 50% or more of the pod surface.
2. Kernel Defects
2.1 Damaged Kernels include: To be determined
a) those affected by freezing injury causing hard, translucent or 1% m/m

discoloured flesh;
b) shrivelled kernels which are imperfectly developed and shrunken; 5% m/m

and/or
c) those damaged by insects, worm cuts; 2% m/m
d) mechanical damage; 2%m/m
e) germinated kernels. 2% m/m
2.2 Discoloured Kernels: kernels are not damaged but are affected by one or 3% m/m To be determined
more of the following:
a) flesh (cotyledon) discolouration which is darker than a light yellow

colour or consists of more than a slight yellow pitting of the flesh;
and/or
b) skin discolouration which is dark brown, dark grey, dark blue, or

black, and covers more than 25% of the kernel.
2.3 Broken and Split Kernels: broken kernels are those from which more than 3% m/m To be determined
a quarter has been broken off. Split kernels have been split into halves.
3. Peanuts other than the designated type. 5% m/m To be determined
34
PEARL MILLET FLOUR
CODEX STAN 170-1989 (Rev. 1-1995)
1. SCOPE
1.1 This standard applies to flour destined for direct human consumption which is
obtained from pearl millet Pennisetum americanum L., Senegalese varieties “souna”
and “sanio”.
1.2 This standard does not apply to grits or coarse grain obtained from pearl millet.
2. DESCRIPTION
The flour is the product destined for human consumption which is obtained from
pearl millet grains (Pennisetum americanum L.) through a process of industrial milling
during which the germ is removed to a large extent and the endosperm is reduced to
a sufficiently fine powder.

3.1.1 Pearl millet flour shall be safe and suitable for human consumption.
3.1.2 Pearl millet flour shall be free from abnormal flavours, odours, and living insects.
3.1.3 Pearl millet flour shall be free from filth (impurities of animal origins, including dead

4. CONTAMINANTS
4.1 Heavy metals

Pearl millet flour shall be free from heavy metals in amounts which may represent a
hazard to human health.

Pearl millet flour shall comply with those maximum residue limits established by the
35
4.3 Mycotoxins
Pearl millet flour shall comply with those maximum mycotoxin limits established by the
5. HYGIENE
health;
6. PACKAGING
6.1 Pearl millet flour shall be packaged in containers which will safeguard the hygienic,
or sealed.
7. LABELLING

The name of the product to be shown on the label shall be “pearl millet flour”.

36 the name and address of the manufacturer or packer shall appear on the container.
PE A RL M I LLE T FLOU R (CODE X STA N 170 -19 8 9, Rev. 1-19 95)
ANNEX
analysis.
 fine flour MIN: 100% shall pass through a 0.5 mm sieve
 medium flour MIN: 100% shall pass through a 1 mm sieve
ASH RANGE: 0.8 to 1.0% on a dry matter basis AOAC 923.03
PROTEIN (N × 5.7) MIN: 8.0% on a dry matter basis AOAC 920.87
FAT MAX: 5.0% on a dry matter basis AOAC 945.38F; 920.39C

ISO 5986:1983
CRUDE FIBRE MAX: 1.5 m/m on dry matter ISO Standard 5498:1981 (Type I Method)
COLOUR RANGE: 18 to 30 Kent-Jones units Modern Cereal Chemistry, 6th Ed. D.W. Kent-
Jones and A.J. Amos (Ed.), pp. 605–612, Food
Trade Press Ltd, London, 1969
FOOD ADDITIVES Conform with Legislation of the Country None Defined

in Which the Product is Sold
37
CODEX STANDARD FOR RICE

CODEX STAN 198-1995
1. SCOPE
This standard applies to husked rice, milled rice, and parboiled rice, all for direct human
consumption; i.e., ready for its intended use as human food, presented in packaged
form or sold loose from the package directly to the consumer. It does not apply to
other products derived from rice or to glutinous rice.
2. DESCRIPTION
2.1 Definitions
2.1.1 Rice is whole and broken kernels obtained from the species Oryza sativa L.
2.1.1.1 Paddy rice is rice which has retained its husk after threshing.
2.1.1.2 Husked rice (brown rice or cargo rice) is paddy rice from which the husk only has been
removed. The process of husking and handling may result in some loss of bran.
2.1.1.3 Milled rice (white rice) is husked rice from which all or part of the bran and germ have
been removed by milling.
2.1.1.4 Parboiled rice may be husked or milled rice processed from paddy or husked rice that
has been soaked in water and subjected to a heat treatment so that the starch is fully
gelatinized, followed by a drying process.
2.1.1.5 Glutinous rice; waxy rice: Kernels of special varieties of rice which have a white and
opaque appearance. The starch of glutinous rice consists almost entirely of amylopectin.
It has a tendency to stick together after cooking.

3.1.1 Rice shall be safe and suitable for human consumption.
3.1.2 Rice shall be free from abnormal flavours, odours, living insects and mites.

38
CODE X STA NDA RD FO R R I C E (CODE X STA N 19 8 -19 95)
3.2.2 Extraneous matter: is defined as organic and inorganic components other than kernels
of rice.
3.2.2.1 Filth: impurities of animal origin (including dead insects) 0.1% m/m max
3.2.2.2 Other organic extraneous matter such as foreign seeds, husk, bran, fragments of straw,
etc. shall not exceed the following limits:
Maximum level
Husked Rice 1.5% m/m
Milled Rice 0.5% m/m
Husked Parboiled Rice 1.5% m/m
Milled Parboiled Rice 0.5% m/m
3.2.2.3 Inorganic extraneous matter such as stones, sand, dust, etc. shall not exceed the
following limits:
Maximum level
Husked Rice 0.1% m/m
Milled Rice 0.1% m/m
Husked Parboiled Rice 0.1% m/m
Milled Parboiled Rice 0.1% m/m
4. CONTAMINANTS
4.1 Heavy metals


Rice shall comply with those maximum residue limits established by the Codex
5. HYGIENE
39
health;
6. PACKAGING
6.1 Rice shall be packaged in containers which will safeguard the hygienic, nutritional,
technological, and organoleptic qualities of the food.
or sealed.
7. LABELLING
In addition to requirements of the Codex General Standard for the Labelling of


The name of the product to be shown on the label shall be in accordance with the
definitions given in Section 2.1. The alternative names given in parenthesis shall be
used in accordance with local practice.

Information on non-retail containers shall be given either on the container or in
40
ANNEX
1. CLASSIFICATION
If rice is classified as long grain, medium grain or short grain, the classification should
be in accordance with one of the following specifications. Traders should indicate
which classification option is chosen.
OPTION 1: kernel length/width ratio

1.1 Long grain rice
1.1.1 Husked rice or parboiled husked rice with a length/width ratio of 3.1 or more.
1.1.2 Milled rice or parboiled milled rice with a length/width ratio of 3.0 or more.
1.2 Medium grain rice

1.2.1 Husked rice or parboiled husked rice with a length/width ratio of 2.1–3.0.
1.2.2 Milled rice or parboiled milled rice with a length/width ratio of 2.0–2.9.
1.3 Short grain rice

1.3.1 Husked rice or parboiled rice with a length/width ratio of 2.0 or less.
1.3.2 Milled rice or parboiled milled rice with a length/width ratio of 1.9 or less.
OPTION 2: the kernel length

1.1 Long grain rice has a kernel length of 6.6 mm or more.
1.2 Medium grain rice has a kernel length of 6.2 mm or more but less than 6.6 mm.
1.3 Short grain rice has a kernel length of less than 6.2 mm.
OPTION 3: a combination of the kernel length and the length/width ratio

1.1 Long grain rice has either:
1.1.1 a kernel length of more than 6.0 mm and with a length/width ratio of more than 2 but
less than 3, or;
1.1.2 a kernel length of more than 6.0 mm and with a length/width ratio of 3 or more.
1.2 Medium grain rice has a kernel length of more than 5.2 mm but not more than 6.0 mm
and a length/width ratio of less than 3.
1.3 Short grain rice has a kernel length of 5.2 mm or less and a length/width ratio of less
than 2.
41
2. MILLING DEGREE
2.1 Milled rice (white rice) may be further classified into the following degrees of milling:
2.2 Undermilled rice is obtained by milling husked rice but not to the degree necessary to
meet the requirements of well-milled rice.
2.3 Well-milled rice is obtained by milling husked rice in such a way that some of the
germ and all the external layers and most of the internal layers of the bran have been
removed.
2.4 Extra-well-milled rice is obtained by milling husked rice in such a way that almost all
of the germ, all of the external layers and the largest part of the internal layers of the
bran, and some of the endosperm, have been removed.
3. OPTIONAL INGREDIENTS
Nutrients
Vitamins, minerals and specific amino acids may be added in conformity with the
legislation of the country in which the product is sold. (Governments accepting the
Standard are requested to indicate the requirements in force in their country.)
42
Method of
Factor/Description Limit
analysis
4. OTHER QUALITY FACTORS

In those instances where more than one factor
limit and/or method of analysis is given it is
strongly recommended that users specify the
appropriate limit and method of analysis.
4.1 Whole Kernel is a kernel without any broken

part.
4.1.1 Head Rice is a kernel, the length of which is equal buyer preference ISO 7301 (Annex A)
to or greater than three quarters of the average
length of the corresponding whole kernel.
4.1.2 Large Broken Kernel are fragments of kernel, the buyer preference ISO 7301 (Annex A)
length of which is less than three-quarters but
greater than one-half of the average length of a
corresponding whole kernel.
4.1.3 Medium Broken Kernel are fragments of kernel, buyer preference ISO 7301 (Annex A)
the length of which is equal to or less than one-
half but greater than one-quarter of the average
length of a corresponding whole kernel.
4.1.4 Small Broken Kernel are fragments of kernel, buyer preference ISO 7301 (Annex A)
the length of which is equal to or less than one-
quarter of the average length of a corresponding
whole kernel but which does not pass through
a metal sieve with round perforation 1.4 mm in
diameter.
4.1.5 Chips are fragments of kernel which pass through 0.1% m/m ISO 7301 (Annex A)
a metal sieve with round perforations 1.4 mm in
diameter.
43
44
Method of
Factor/Description Limit
analysis
4.2 Defective Kernels Husked Rice Milled Rice Husked Parboiled Milled
Rice Parboiled Rice
4.2.1 Heat-Damaged Kernels are kernels, whole or 4.0% m/m* 3.0% m/m 8.0% m/m* 6.0% m/m ISO 7301 (Annex A)
broken, that have changed their normal colour
as a result of heating. This category includes
whole or broken kernels that are yellow due
to alteration. Parboiled rice in a batch of non-
parboiled rice is also included in this category.
4.2.2 Damaged Kernels are kernels, whole or broken, 4.0% m/m 3.0% m/m 4.0% m/m 3.0% m/m ISO 7301 (Annex A)
showing obvious deterioration due to moisture,
pests, diseases, or other causes, but excluding
heat-damaged kernels.
4.2.3 Immature Kernels are unripe and/or undeveloped 12.0% m/m 2.0% m/m 12.0% m/m 2.0% m/m ISO 7301 (Annex A)
whole or broken kernels.
4.2.4 Chalky Kernels are whole or broken kernels 11.0% m/m* 11.0% m/m N/A N/A ISO 7301 (Annex A)
except for glutinous rice, of which at least three-

quarters of the surface has an opaque and floury
appearance.
4.2.5 Red Kernels are whole or broken kernels with a 12.0% m/m 4.0% m/m 12.0% m/m 4.0% m/m ISO 7301 (Annex A)
red-coloured pericarp covering more than one-
quarter of their surface.
4.2.6 Red-Streaked Kernels are kernels, whole or N/A 8.0% m/m N/A 8.0% m/m ISO 7301 (Annex A)
broken, with red streaks, the lengths of which
may be equal to or greater than one-half of that
of the whole kernel, but the surface area covered
by these red streaks shall be less than one-quarter
of the total surface.
4.2.7 Pecks are whole or broken kernels of parboiled N/A N/A 4.0% m/m* 2.0% m/m ISO 7301 (Annex A)
rice of which more than one-quarter of the
surface is dark brown or black in colour.
4.3 Maximum Recommended Levels of Other Types ISO 7301 (Annex A)

of Rice
Paddy Rice 2.5% m/m 0.3% m/m 2.5% m/m 0.3% m/m
Husked Rice N/A 1.0% m/m N/A 1.0% m/m%
Milled Rice N/A N/A 2.0% m/m 2.0% m/m%
Glutinous Rice 1.0% m/m 1.0% m/m 1.0% m/m 1.0% m/m
* After milling for control purposes.

CODEX STANDARD FOR SORGHUM FLOUR
CODEX STAN 173-1989 (Rev. 1-1995)
1. SCOPE
1.1 This Standard applies to sorghum flour destined for direct human consumption as
defined in Section 2.1 below.
1.2 This Standard does not apply to grits or meal obtained from Sorghum bicolor (L.)
Moench.
2. DESCRIPTION
Sorghum flour is the product obtained from grains of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench
through a process of industrial milling during which the seed coat is removed and the
germ is removed to a large extent and the endosperm is comminuted to a suitable
degree of fineness.

3.1.1 Sorghum flour shall be safe and suitable for human consumption.
3.1.2 Sorghum flour shall be free from abnormal flavours, odours, and living insects.
3.1.3 Sorghum flour shall be free from filth (impurities of animal origin, including dead

3.2.1 Moisture content 15.0% m/m max.
3.2.2 Tannin content

The tannin content of sorghum flour shall not exceed 0.3% on a dry matter basis.
4. CONTAMINANTS
4.1 Heavy metals

Sorghum flour shall be free from heavy metals in amounts which may represent a
45

Sorghum flour shall comply with those maximum residue limits established by the
4.3 Mycotoxins
Sorghum flour shall comply with those maximum mycotoxin limits established by the
5. HYGIENE
health;
6. PACKAGING
6.1 Sorghum flour shall be packaged in containers which will safeguard the hygienic,
or sealed.
7. LABELLING

The name of the product to be shown on the label shall be “sorghum flour”.
46
CODE X STA NDA RD FO R SO RGHUM FLOU R CODE X STA N 173 -19 8 9, Rev. 1-19 95)

ANNEX
analysis.
ASH MIN: 0.9% on a dry matter basis AOAC 923.03

– and – ICC 104/1 – Method for the determination of ash in cereals and
MAX: 1.5% on a dry matter basis cereal products (Ashing at 900oC) (Type I Method)
– or –
ISO 2171:1980 – Cereals, pulses, and derived products –
Determination of ash
PROTEIN (N × 6.25) MIN: 8.5% on a dry matter basis ICC 105/1 (1986) – Method for the Determination of Crude
Protein in Cereals and Cereal Products for Food and for Feed
using selenium copper catalyst (Type II method)
– or –
ISO 1871:1975
CRUDE FAT MIN: 2.2% on a dry matter basis AOAC 945.38F; 920.39C
– and – – or –
MAX: 4.7% on a dry matter basis ISO 5986:1983 – Animal feedstuffs – Determination of Diethyl
Ether Extract
CRUDE FIBRE MAX: 1.8% on a dry matter basis ICC 113:1972 – Determination of Crude Fibre Value (Type I
method)
– or –
ISO 6541:1981 – Agricultural food products – Determination of
Crude Fibre Content – Modified Scharrer Method
COLOUR RANGE: 18 to 30 units Colorimetric Method of Kent Jones using Martincolor grader.
In “Modern Cereal Chemistry”, 6th ed. 1967, edited by Kent
Jones-Amos, published by Food Trade Press Ltd., London, U.K.
(Type I Method)
PARTICLE SIZE MIN: 100% of flour shall pass AOAC 965.22 (Type I method with sieve specifications as in
(GRANULARITY) through a sieve the dimensions ISO 3310/l – 1982 Test sieves)
of the mesh being diameter of
0.5 mm for “fine” flour and a
diameter of 1 mm for “medium”
flour 47
CODEX STANDARD FOR SORGHUM GRAINS

CODEX STAN 172-1989 (Rev. 1-1995)
1. SCOPE
This Standard applies to sorghum grains as defined in Section 2, for human consumption;
i.e., ready for its intended use as human food, presented in packaged form or sold
loose from the package directly to the consumer. It does not apply to other products
derived from sorghum grains.
2. DESCRIPTION

Sorghum grains are whole or decorticated grains obtained from species of Sorghum
bicolor (L.) Moench. They may be suitably dried if necessary.
2.1.2 Whole sorghum grains

These are sorghum grains obtained as such after a complete threshing without any
further treatment.
2.1.3 Decorticated sorghum grains

These are sorghum grains from which the external casings and whole or parts of the
germ have been removed in an appropriate manner, using mechanical treatment.

3.1.1 Sorghum grains shall be safe and suitable for human consumption.
3.1.2 Sorghum grains shall be free from abnormal flavours, odours, and living insects.
3.1.3 Sorghum grains shall be free from filth (impurities of animal origin, including dead

3.2.2 Definition of defects

The product shall have not more than 8.0% total defects including extraneous matter,
inorganic extraneous matter, and filth as contained in the standards and blemished
48 grains, diseased grains, broken kernels, and other grains as contained in the Annex.
CODE X STA NDA RD FO R SO RGHUM G R A I NS (CODE X STA N 172-19 8 9, Rev. 1-19 95)
3.2.2.1 Extraneous matter is all organic and inorganic material other than sorghum, broken
kernels, other grains and filth. Extraneous matter includes loose sorghum seedcoats.
Sorghum grains shall have not more than 2.0% extraneous matter of which not more
than 0.5% shall be extraneous inorganic matter.
3.2.2.2 Filth is impurities of animal origin including dead insects (0.1% m/m max).
3.2.3 Toxic or noxious seeds

3.2.4 Tannin content

(a) For whole sorghum grains, the tannin content shall not exceed 0.5% on a dry
matter basis.
(b) For decorticated sorghum grains, the tannin content shall not exceed 0.3% on a
dry matter basis.
4. CONTAMINANTS
4.1 Heavy metals

Sorghum grains shall be free from heavy metals in amounts which may represent a

Sorghum grains shall comply with those maximum residue limits established by the
4.3 Mycotoxins
Sorghum grains shall comply with those maximum mycotoxin limits established by the
5. HYGIENE
49
health;
6. PACKAGING
6.1 Sorghum grains shall be packaged in containers which will safeguard the hygienic,
or sealed.
7. LABELLING

The name of the product to be shown on the label shall be “sorghum grains”.

50
CODE X STA NDA RD FO R SO RGHUM G R A I NS (CODE X STA N 172-19 8 9, Rev. 1-19 95)
ANNEX
analysis.
COLOUR Buyer Preference Visual Examination
 white, pink, red, brown, orange, yellow, or any

mixture of these colours
 abnormal colour. Grains whole natural colour has

been modified by bad weather conditions, contact
with the ground, heat, and excessive respiration.
These grains may be dull, shrivelled, swollen, puffed,
or bloated in appearance
ASH AOAC 923.03

ICC No. 104/1 (1990) Method for the
 decorticated sorghum grains MAX: 1.5% on a determination of ash in cereals and
dry matter basis cereal products (Ashing at 900oC) (Type
I method)
– or –
ISO 2171:1980 cereals, pulses and
derived products
PROTEIN (N × 6.25) MIN: 7.0% on a dry ICC 105/l (1986) Method for the
matter basis Determination of Crude Protein in
Cereals and Cereal Products for Food and
for Feed using selenium copper catalyst
(Type I method)
– or –
ISO 1871:1975
FAT MAX: 4.0% on a AOAC 945.38F; 920.39C

dry matter basis – or –
ISO 5986:1983 – animal feedingstuffs
– Determination of Diethyl Ether Extract
CRUDE FIBRE Buyer Preference ICC 113

Determination of Crude Fibre Value
(Type I)
– or –
ISO 6541 (1981)
Agricultural food products
determination of crude fibre content-
modified Scharrer method
DEFECTS (Total) Visual Examination
 blemished grains. Grains which are insect of vermin MAX: (Total) 8.0%1
damaged, of abnormal colour, sprouted, diseased, or
otherwise materially damaged
 diseased grains. Grains made unsafe for human MAX: 3.0% of

consumption due to decay, moulding, or bacterial which diseased
decomposition, or other causes that may be noticed grains must not
without having to cut the grains open to examine exceed 0.5%
them
51
DEFECTS (cont.)
 insect or vermin damaged grains. Kernels with obvious

weevil-bored holes or which have evidence of boring
or tunnelling, indicating the presence of insects,
insect webbing or insect refuse, or degermed grains,
chewed in one or more than one part of the kernel
which exhibit evident traces of an attack by vermin
 grains having an abnormal colour. Grains whose

natural colour has been modified by bad weather
conditions, contact with the ground, heat, and
excessive respiration. These grains may be dull,
shrivelled, swollen, puffed, or bloated in appearance
 sprouted grains. Grains exhibiting obvious signs of MAX: 5.0%

sprouting
 frost-damaged grains. Grains which are damaged by MAX: 1.0%

frost and may appear bleached or blistered and the
seed coat may be peeling. Germs may appear dead or
discoloured
 broken kernels. Sorghum and pieces of sorghum which

pass through a 1.8 mm round-hole sieve
 other grains which are edible grains, whole or

identifiable brokens, other than sorghum (i.e.,
legumes, pulses and other edible cereals)
1
The maximum amount of defects includes those from this Annex and Section 3.2.2 of the Standard.
52
CODEX STANDARD FOR WHEAT AND DURUM WHEAT
CODEX STAN 199-1995
1. SCOPE
This standard applies to wheat grains and durum wheat grains as defined in Section 2
intended for processing for human consumption. It does not apply to club wheat
(Triticum compactum Host.), red durum wheat, durum wheat semolina or products
derived from wheat.
2. DESCRIPTION
2.1 Wheat is the grains obtained from varieties of the species Triticum aestivum L.
2.2 Durum wheat is the grains obtained from varieties of the species Triticum durum
Desf.
3.1 Quality and safety factors – general

3.1.1 Wheat and durum wheat shall be safe and suitable for processing for human
consumption.
3.1.2 Wheat and durum wheat shall be free from abnormal flavours, odours, living insects
and mites.

Maximum level
Wheat 14.5% m/m
Durum Wheat 14.5% m/m
3.2.2 Ergot
Sclerotium of the fungus Claviceps purpurea
Maximum level
Wheat 0.05% m/m
53
3.2.3 Extraneous matter are all organic and inorganic materials other than wheat and durum
wheat, broken kernels, other grains and filth.

(Ricinus communis L.), Jimson weed (Datura spp.),and other seeds that are
3.2.3.2 Filth
Impurities of animal origin, (including dead insects) 0.1% m/m maximum
3.2.3.3 Other Organic extraneous matter which is defined as organic components other than
edible grains of cereals (foreign seeds, stems, etc.):
Maximum level
Wheat 1.5% m/m
3.2.3.4 Inorganic extraneous matter which is defined as any inorganic component (stones,
dust, etc.):
Maximum level
Wheat 0.05% m/m
4. CONTAMINANTS
4.1 Heavy metals


Wheat and durum wheat shall comply with those maximum residue limits established
by the Codex Alimentarius Commission for this commodity.
5. HYGIENE
54
CODE X STA NDA RD FO R WHE AT A ND DU RUM WHE AT (CODE X STA N 19 9 -19 95)
5.2 To the extent possible in good manufacturing practice, the cleaned product shall be
free from objectionable matter.
5.3 When tested by appropriate methods of sampling and examination, the product, after
cleaning and sorting, and before further processing:
health;
6. PACKAGING
6.1 Wheat and durum wheat shall be packaged in containers which will safeguard the
hygienic, nutritional, technological, and organoleptic qualities of the product.
or sealed.
7. LABELLING

The name of the product to be shown on the label shall be “wheat” or “durum wheat”
as applicable.

Information for non-retail containers shall be given either on the container or in
55
ANNEX
analysis.
Wheat Durum Wheat
1. Minimum test weight: 68 70 The test weight shall be the weight

the weight of a hundred litre volume per ISO 7971-1986 expressed in
expressed in kilograms per hectolitre. kilograms per hectolitre as determined
on a test portion of the original
sample.
2. Shrunken and broken kernels: 5.0% m/m max 6.0% m/m max ISO 5223-1983 “Test sieves for cereals”.
broken or shrunken wheat or durum
wheat which will pass through a 1.7
mm x 20 oblong-holed metal sieve
for wheat and through a 1.9 mm x 20
oblong-holed metal sieve for durum
wheat.
3. Edible Grains other than wheat and 2.0% m/m max 3.0% m/m max ISO 7970-1987: (Annex C)
durum wheat
(whole or identifiably broken)
4. Damaged kernels (including 6.0% m/m max 4.0% m/m max ISO 7970-1987: (Annex C)
pieces of kernels that show visible
deterioration due to moisture,
weather, disease, mould, heating,
fermentation, sprouting, or other
causes.)
5. Insect bored kernels: 1.5% m/m 2.5% m/m To be developed

kernels which have been visibly bored
or tunnelled by insects
56
CODEX STANDARD FOR WHEAT FLOUR
CODEX STAN 152‑1985 (Rev. 1-1995)
1. SCOPE
1.1 This standard applies to wheat flour for direct human consumption prepared from
common wheat, Triticum aestivum L., or club wheat, Triticum compactum Host., or
mixtures thereof, which is prepackaged ready for sale to the consumer or destined for
use in other food products.
1.2 It does not apply:

– to any product prepared from durum wheat, Triticum durum Desf., singly or in
combination other wheat;
– to whole meal, whole‑wheat flour or semolina, farina milled from common
wheat, Triticum aestivum L., or club wheat, Triticum compactum Host., or
mixtures thereof;
– to wheat flour destined for use as a brewing adjunct or for the manufacture of
starch and/or gluten;
– to wheat flour for non‑food industrial use;
– flours whose protein content have been reduced or which have been submitted
after the milling process to a special treatment other than drying or bleaching
and/or to which have been added other ingredients than those mentioned under
Sections 3.2.2 and 4.
2. DESCRIPTION

Wheat flour is the product prepared from grain of common wheat, Triticum aestivum L.,
or club wheat, Triticum compactum Host., or mixtures thereof, by grinding or milling
processes in which the bran and germ are partly removed and the remainder is
comminuted to a suitable degree of fineness.

3.1.1 Wheat flour and any added ingredients shall be safe and suitable for human consumption.
3.1.2 Wheat flour shall be free from abnormal flavours, odours, and living insects.
3.1.3 Wheat flour shall be free from filth (impurities of animal origin, including dead insects)
57

3.2.2 Optional ingredients

The following ingredients may be added to wheat flour in amounts necessary for
technological purposes:
– malted products with enzymatic activity made from wheat, rye or barley;
– vital wheat gluten;
– soybean flour and legume flour.
4. FOOD ADDITIVES
4.1 Enzymes Maximum level in finished product

4.1.1 Fungal amylase from Aspergillus niger GMP
4.1.2 Fungal amylase from Aspergillus oryzae GMP
4.1.3 Proteolytic enzyme from Bacillus subtilis GMP
4.1.4 Proteolytic enzyme from Aspergillus oryzae GMP
4.2 Flour treatment agents Maximum level in finished product

4.2.1 L-ascorbic acid and its sodium
and potassium salts 300 mg/kg
4.2.2 L-cysteine hydrochloride 90 mg/kg
4.2.3 Sulphur dioxide (in flours for biscuit and pastry

manufacture only) 200 mg/kg
4.2.4 Mono-calcium phosphate 2 500 mg/kg
4.2.5 Lecithin 2 000 mg/kg
4.2.6 Chlorine in high ratio cakes 2 500 mg/kg
4.2.7 Chlorine dioxide for yeast raised bakery products 30 mg/kg
4.2.8 Benzoyl peroxide 60 mg/kg
4.2.9 Azodicarbonamide for leavened bread 45 mg/kg
58
CODE X STA NDA RD FO R WHE AT FLOU R (CODE X STA N 152‑19 85, Rev. 1-19 95)
5. CONTAMINANTS
5.1 Heavy metals

Wheat flour shall be free from heavy metals in amounts which may represent a hazard
to human health.

Wheat flour shall comply with those maximum residue limits established by the Codex
5.3 Mycotoxins
Wheat flour shall comply with those maximum mycotoxin limits established by the
6. HYGIENE
health;
7. PACKAGING
7.1 Wheat flour shall be packaged in containers which will safeguard the hygienic,
or sealed.
59
8. LABELLING
Prepackaged Foods (CODEX STAN 1‑1985) the following specific provisions apply:

8.1.1 The name of the product to be shown on the label shall be “wheat flour.”

ANNEX
analysis.
ASH Buyer Preference AOAC 923.03

ISO 2171:1980
FAT ACIDITY MAX: 70 mg per 100 g flour on a dry matter ISO 7305:1986
basis expressed as sulphuric acid – or –
– or – AOAC 939.05
Not more than 50 mg of potassium hydroxide
shall be required to neutralize the free fatty
acids in 100 grammes flour on a dry matter basis
PROTEIN (N × 5.7) MIN: 7.0% on a dry weight basis ICC 105/l Method for the Determination
of Crude Protein in Cereals and Cereal
Products for Food and for Feed (Type I
Method) Selenium/Copper catalyst.
– or –
ISO 1871:1975
NUTRIENTS Conform With Legislation of the Country in None Defined

 vitamins Which the Product is Sold
 minerals
 amino acids
PARTICLE SIZE 98% or more of flour shall pass through a 212 AOAC 965.22
60 (GRANULARITY) micron (No. 70 sieve)
WHOLE AND DECORTICATED PEARL MILLET GRAINS
CODEX STAN 169-1989 (Rev. 1-1995)
1. SCOPE
This standard applies to whole and decorticated pearl millet destined for human
consumption which is obtained from Pennisetum americanum L., Senegalese varieties
“souna” and “sanio”.
2. DESCRIPTION

Pearl millet grains shall be whole or decorticated and suitable dried if necessary. They
shall have the characteristics of the species Pennisetum americanum L.
2.1.2 Whole grains

These are grains of pearl millet obtained as such after proper threshing with no
mechanical treatment.
2.1.3 Decorticated grains

These are grains of pearl millet from which outer parts, amounting to 20–22% of
the weight of the whole grains have been removed in an appropriate manner using
mechanical treatment (for example, simple abrasion).

3.1.1 Pearl millet grains shall be safe and suitable for human consumption.
3.1.2 Pearl millet grains shall be free from abnormal flavours, odours, and living insects.
3.1.3 Pearl millet grains shall be free from filth (impurities of animal origin, including dead

3.3 Definition of defects

Extraneous matter is vegetable matter, shrivelled grains (grains which have not reached
normal maturity), altered grains, etc.
61
3.4 Tolerances for defects

Extraneous matter – Whole pearl millet grains shall not have more than 2.0% of
extraneous matter. Decorticated pearl millet grains shall not have more than 0.5% of
extraneous matter. Also, whole and decorticated pearl millet grains shall be practically
free from dirt, animal debris, mineral particles and diseased grains.
4. CONTAMINANTS
4.1 Heavy metals

Pearl millet grains shall be free from heavy metals in amounts which may represent a

Pearl millet grains shall comply with those maximum residue limits established by the
4.3 Mycotoxins
Pearl millet grains shall comply with those maximum mycotoxin limits established by
the Codex Alimentarius Commission for this commodity.
5. HYGIENE
health;
6. PACKAGING
6.1 Pearl millet grains shall be packaged in containers which will safeguard the hygienic,
62 undesirable odour or flavour to the product.
WHOLE A ND DECO R T I C ATED PE A RL M I LLE T G R A I NS (CODE X STA N 169 -19 8 9, Rev. 1-19 95)
or sealed.
7. LABELLING

7.1.1 The name of the product to be shown on the label shall be “millet grains”, or
“decorticated millet grains”.

63
ANNEX
analysis.
APPEARANCE Visual Examination
 brown, white or green Buyer Preference
1 000 KERNEL WEIGHT None Defined
 whole millet grains RANGE: 5.0 to 10.0 g
 decorticated millet grains RANGE: 4.0 to 8.0 g
1 LITRE WEIGHT RANGE: 750 to 820 g None Defined
ASH AOAC 923.03
 decorticated millet grains RANGE: 0.8 to 1.0% on a dry matter basis
PROTEIN (N × 5.7) MIN: 8.0% on a dry matter basis AOAC 920.87
DECORTICATION MAX: 20% None Defined
CRUDE FIBRE ISO 5498:1981
 whole millet grains RANGE: 3.0 to 4.5% on a dry matter basis
 decorticated millet grains MAX: 2.0% on a dry matter basis
FAT AOAC 945.38F; 920.39C

ISO 5986:1983
 whole millet grains RANGE: 3.5 to 6.0% on a dry matter basis
 decorticated millet grains RANGE: 2.0 to 4.0% on a dry matter basis
64
CODEX STANDARD FOR WHOLE MAIZE (CORN) MEAL
CODEX STAN 154-1985 (Rev. 1-1995)
1. SCOPE
1.1 This standard applies to whole maize (corn) meal for direct human consumption
prepared from kernels of common maize, Zea mays L., as described in Section 2.1.
1.2 This standard does not apply to degermed maize (corn) meal, enriched maize (corn)
meal, maize (corn) flours, maize (corn) grits, quick grits, hominy grits, self‑rising maize
(corn) meals, bolted maize (corn) meals, maize (corn) flakes and other maize (corn)
based ready‑to‑eat cereals, maize (corn) flaking grits, and alkaline treated maize (corn)
products.
1.3 This standard does not apply to maize meals for use as a brewing adjunct, to maize
meals used for manufacturing of starch and any industrial use, nor to maize meal for
use as an animal feed.
2. DESCRIPTION
Whole maize (corn) meal is the food prepared from fully mature, sound, ungerminated,
whole kernels of maize, Zea mays L., by a grinding process in which the entire grain
is comminuted to a suitable degree of fineness. In its preparation coarse particles of
the ground maize kernel may be separated, reground and recombined with all of the
material from which they were separated.

3.1.1 Whole maize meal shall be safe and suitable for human consumption.
3.1.2 Whole maize meal shall be free from abnormal flavours, odours, and living insects.
3.1.3 Whole maize meal shall be free from filth (impurities of animal origin, including dead

65
4. CONTAMINANTS
4.1 Heavy metals

Whole maize (corn) meal shall be free from heavy metals in amounts which may
represent a hazard to human health.

Whole maize (corn) meal shall comply with those maximum residue limits established
4.3 Mycotoxins
Whole maize (corn) meal shall comply with those maximum mycotoxin limits established
5. HYGIENE
health;
6. PACKAGING
6.1 Whole maize (corn) meal shall be packaged in containers which will safeguard the
hygienic, nutritional, technological, and organoleptic qualities of the product.
or sealed.
66
CODE X STA NDA RD FO R WHOLE MA IZE (CO R N) ME AL (CODE X STA N 15 4 -19 85, R ev. 1-19 95)
7. LABELLING

The name of the product to be shown on the label shall be “whole maize (corn)
meal”.

ANNEX
analysis.
ASH MAX: 3.0% on a dry weight basis AOAC 923.03

ISO 2171:1980
PROTEIN (N × 6.25) MIN: 8% on a dry weight basis ICC 105/l Method for the Determination of
Crude Protein in Cereals and Cereal Products
for Food and Feed (Type I). Selenium/Copper
catalyst
– or –
ISO 1871 (1975)
CRUDE FAT MIN: 3.1% on a dry weight basis AOAC 945.38F; 920.39C
ISO 5986:1983
GRANULARITY 95% or more of the whole maize meal shall pass AOAC 965.22
through a 1.70 mm sieve (Type I method with sieve specifications as in
– and – ISO 3310/l 1982 test sieve)
45% or more shall pass through a 0.71 mm sieve
– and –
35% or less of the whole maize meal shall pass
through a 0.212 mm sieve
67
CODE OF PRACTICE FOR THE PREVENTION AND

REDUCTION OF MYCOTOXIN CONTAMINATION IN
CEREALS, INCLUDING ANNEXES ON OCHRATOXIN A,
ZEARALENONE, FUMONISINS AND TRICOTHECENES
CAC/RCP 51-2003
1. The complete elimination of mycotoxin contaminated commodities is not achievable

at this time. The elaboration and acceptance of a General Code of Practice by Codex
will provide uniform guidance for all countries to consider in attempting to control
and manage contamination by various mycotoxins. In order for this Code of Practice
to be effective, it will be necessary for the producers in each country to consider the
general principles given in the Code, taking into account their local crops, climate,
and agronomic practices, before attempting to implement provisions in the Code. It is
important for producers to realize that good agricultural practices (GAP) represent the
primary line of defence against contamination of cereals with mycotoxins, followed
by the implementation of good manufacturing practices (GMP) during the handling,
storage, processing, and distribution of cereals for human food and animal feed.
2. The recommendations for the reduction of mycotoxins in cereals are divided into two
parts: recommended practices based on Good Agricultural Practices (GAP) and Good
Manufacturing Practice (GMP); a complementary management system to consider in
the future is Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) principles.
3. This General Code of Practice contains general principles for the reduction of various
mycotoxins in cereals that should be sanctioned by national authorities. National
authorities should educate producers regarding the environmental factors that
promote infection, growth and toxin production in cereal crops at the farm level.
Emphasis should be placed on the fact that the planting, preharvest and postharvest
strategies for a particular crop will depend on the climatic conditions of that particular
year, taking into account the local crops, and traditional production conditions for that
particular country or region. There is need to develop quick, affordable and accurate
test kits and associated sampling plans that will allow testing of grain shipments
without undue disruption of operations. Procedures should be in place to properly
handle, through segregation, reconditioning, recall or diversion, cereal crops that may
pose a threat to human and/or animal health. National authorities should support
research on methods and techniques to prevent fungal contamination in the field and
during harvest and storage.
68
CODE OF PR AC T I C E FO R THE PRE VEN T I ON A ND REDUC T I ON OF MYCOTOX I N CON TAM I N AT I ON I N C ERE AL S, I NC LUD I N G
A N NE XES ON OC H R ATOX I N A , ZE A R ALENONE , FUMON ISI NS A ND T R I COTHEC ENES (C AC /RC P 51-20 03)
I. RECOMMENDED PRACTICES BASED ON GOOD AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES

(GAP) AND GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICES (GMP)
PLANTING
4. Consider developing and maintaining a crop rotation schedule to avoid planting the
same commodity in a field in two consecutive years. Wheat and maize have been
found to be particularly susceptible to Fusarium species and they should not be used in
rotation with each other. Crops such as potato, other vegetables, clover and alfalfa that
are not hosts to Fusarium species should be used in rotation to reduce the inoculum in
the field.
5. When possible and practical, prepare the seed bed for each new crop by ploughing
under or by destroying or removing old seed heads, stalks, and other debris that
may have served, or may potentially serve as substrates for the growth of mycotoxin-
producing fungi. In areas that are vulnerable to erosion, no-till practices may be
required in the interests of soil conservation.
6. Utilize the results of soil tests to determine if there is need to apply fertilizer and/or
soil conditioners to assure adequate soil pH and plant nutrition to avoid plant stress,
especially during seed development.
7. When available, grow seed varieties developed for resistance to seed-infecting fungi
and insect pests. Only seed varieties recommended for use in a particular area of a
country should be planted in that particular area.
8. As far as practical, crop planting should be timed to avoid high temperature and
drought stress during the period of seed development and maturation.
9. Avoid overcrowding of plants by maintaining the recommended row and intra-plant

spacing for the species/varieties grown. Information concerning plant-spacing may be
provided by seed companies.
PREHARVEST
10. Minimize insect damage and fungal infection in the vicinity of the crop by proper
use of registered insecticides, fungicides and other appropriate practices within an
integrated pest management program.
11. Control weeds in the crop by use of mechanical methods or by use of registered
herbicides or other safe and suitable weed eradication practices.
12. Minimize mechanical damage to plants during cultivation.
13. If irrigation is used, ensure that it is applied evenly and that all plants in the field have
an adequate supply of water. Irrigation is a valuable method of reducing plant stress
in some growing situations. Excess precipitation during anthesis (flowering) makes
69
conditions favourable for dissemination and infection by Fusarium spp.; thus irrigation
during anthesis and during the ripening of the crops, specifically wheat, barley, and
rye, should be avoided.
14. Plan to harvest grain at low moisture content and full maturity, unless allowing the
crop to continue to full maturity would subject it to extreme heat, rainfall or drought
conditions. Delayed harvest of grain already infected by Fusarium species may cause a
significant increase in the mycotoxin content of the crop.
15. Before harvest time, make sure that all equipment, which is to be used for harvesting
and storage of crops, is functional. A breakdown during this critical period may cause
grain quality losses and enhance mycotoxin formation. Keep important spare parts
available on the farm to minimize time loss from repairs. Make sure that the equipment
needed for moisture content measurements is available and calibrated.
HARVEST
16. Containers (e.g., wagons, trucks) to be used for collecting and transporting the
harvested grain from the field to drying facilities, and to storage facilities after drying,
should be clean, dry and free of insects and visible fungal growth before use and re-
use.
17. As far as possible, avoid mechanical damage to the grain and avoid contact with
soil during the harvesting operation. Steps should be taken to minimize the spread
of infected seed heads, chaff, stalks, and debris onto the ground where spores may
inoculate future crops.
18. During the harvesting operation, the moisture content should be determined in
several spots of each load of the harvested grain since the moisture content may vary
considerably within the same field.
19. Immediately after harvest, determine moisture levels of the crop; where applicable,
dry the crop to the moisture content recommended for storage of that crop. Samples
taken for moisture measurements should be as representative of the lot as possible.
To reduce the variation of moisture content within a lot, the grain may be moved to
another facility (or silo) after the drying process.
20. Cereals should be dried in such a manner that damage to the grain is minimized and
moisture levels are lower than those required to support mould growth during storage
(generally less than 15%). This is necessary to prevent further growth of a number of
fungal species that may be present on fresh grains, especially Fusarium species.
21. Freshly harvested cereals should be cleaned to remove damaged kernels and other
foreign matter. Kernels containing symptomless infections cannot be removed by
standard cleaning methods. Seed cleaning procedures, such as gravity tables, may
remove some infected kernels. More research is needed to develop practical procedures
70 for separating symptomless infected kernels from those that are not infected.
STORAGE
22. Avoid piling or heaping wet, freshly harvested commodities for more than a few hours
prior to drying or threshing to lessen the risk of fungal growth. Sun drying of some
commodities in high humidity may result in fungal infection. Aerate the commodities
by forced air circulation.
23. Make sure that the storage facilities include dry, well-vented structures that provide
protection from rain, drainage of ground water, protection from entry of rodents and
birds, and minimum temperature fluctuations.
24. Crops to be stored should be dried to safe moisture levels and cooled as quickly as
possible after harvest. Minimize the amount of foreign materials and damaged kernels
in stored grains. Refer to paragraph 29 to evaluate the use of approved pesticides.
25. The mycotoxin level in in-bound and out-bound grain should be monitored when
warranted, using appropriate sampling and testing programs.
26. For bagged commodities, ensure that bags are clean, dry and stacked on pallets or
incorporate a water impermeable layer between the bags and the floor.
27. Where possible, aerate the grain by circulation of air through the storage area to
maintain proper and uniform temperature levels throughout the storage area. Check
moisture content and temperature in the stored grain at regular intervals during the
storage period.
28. Measure the temperature of the stored grain at several fixed time intervals during
storage. A temperature rise of 2–3 °C may indicate microbial growth and/or insect
infestation. Separate the apparently infected portions of the grain and send samples
for analysis. When separated, lower the temperature in the remaining grain and
aerate. Avoid using infected grain for food or feed production.
29. Use good housekeeping procedures to minimize the levels of insects and fungi in
storage facilities. This may include the use of suitable, registered insecticides and
fungicides or appropriate alternative methods. Care should be taken to select only
those chemicals that will not interfere or cause harm based on the intended end use of
the grains and should be strictly limited.
30. The use of a suitable, approved preservative (e.g., organic acids such as propionic acid)
may be beneficial. These acids are effective in killing various fungi and thus prevent
the production of mycotoxins in grains intended only for animal feed. The salts of the
acids are usually more effective for long-term storage. Care must be taken because
these compounds can negatively affect the taste and odour of the grain.
31. Document the harvesting and storage procedures implemented each season by
making notes of measurements (e.g., temperature, moisture, and humidity) and any
deviation or changes from traditional practices. This information may be very useful for 71
explaining the cause(s) of fungal growth and mycotoxin formation during a particular
crop year and help to avoid similar mistakes in the future.
TRANSPORT FROM STORAGE

32. Transport containers should be dry and free of visible fungal growth, insects and any
contaminated material. As necessary, transport containers should be cleaned and
disinfected before use and re-use and be suitable for the intended cargo. The use
of registered fumigants or insecticides may be useful. At unloading, the transport
container should be emptied of all cargo and cleaned as appropriate.
33. Shipments of grain should be protected from additional moisture by using covered or
airtight containers or tarpaulins. Avoid temperature fluctuations and measures that
may cause condensation to form on the grain, which could lead to local moisture build-
up and consequent fungal growth and mycotoxin formation.
34. Avoid insect, bird and rodent infestation during transport by the use of insect-and
rodent proof containers or insect and rodent repellent chemical treatments if they are
approved for the intended end use of the grain.
II. A COMPLEMENTARY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM TO CONSIDER IN THE FUTURE
35. The Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) system is a food safety management
system that is used to identify and control hazards within the production and processing
system. The general principles of HACCP have been described in several documents.,
36. The HACCP concept is an all-encompassing integrated management system. When

properly implemented, this system should result in a reduction of the levels of
mycotoxins in many cereal grains. The use of HACCP as a food safety management
system has many benefits over other types of management control systems in some
segments of the food industry. At farm level, especially in the field, many factors that
influence the mycotoxin contamination of cereals are environmentally related, such
as weather and insects, and are difficult or impossible to control. In other words,
critical control points often do not exist in the field. However, after harvesting, critical
control points may be identified for mycotoxins produced by fungi during storage.
For example, a critical control point could be at the end of the drying process and one
critical limit would be the water content/water activity.
37. It is recommended that resources be directed to emphasizing Good Agricultural

Practices (GAPs) at the preharvest level and Good Manufacturing Practices (GMPs)
during the processing and distribution of various products. A HACCP system should be
built on sound GAPs and GMPs.

FAO. 1995. The use of Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points (HACCP) principles in food control. FAO Food and
Nutrition Paper No. 58. Rome.

ILSI. 1997. A simple guide to understanding and applying the Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point concept. ILSI Europe
72 Concise Monograph series. 2nd edition, ILSI Europe, Brussels.
38. It is also recommended that before further consideration is given to the HACCP system,
reference should be made to the Codex Annex to CAC/RCP 1-1969, Rev. 4 (2003)
“Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) System and Guidelines for its
Management”.
39. Consideration should also be given to a HACCP manual for mycotoxin control recently
published by FAO/IAEA.
40. At the Third International Conference on Mycotoxins, which took place in Tunisia in
March 1999, one of the general recommendations was that integrated mycotoxin
control programs should incorporate HACCP principles in the control of risks associated
with mycotoxin contamination of foods and feeds. The implementation of HACCP
principles will minimize mycotoxin contamination through applications of preventive
controls to the extent feasible in the production, handling, storage and processing of
each cereal crop.

FAO/IAEA Training and Reference Centre for Food and Pesticide Control, 2001. Manual on the application of the HACCP
system in mycotoxin prevention and control. FAO Food and Nutrition Paper No. 73. Rome.

FAO. Preventing mycotoxin contamination. Food, Nutrition and Agriculture, No. 23, 1999. Food and Nutrition Division,
FAO, Rome. 73
ANNEX 1
PREVENTION AND REDUCTION OF CONTAMINATION BY ZEARALENONE

IN CEREAL GRAINS
Recommended practices based on Good Agricultural Practices (GAP)
and Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP)
1. Good Agricultural Practices include methods to reduce Fusarium infection and

zearalenone contamination of cereals in the field and during planting, harvest, storage,
transport and processing.
Planting
2. Refer to paragraphs 4–9 in the General Code of Practice.
Preharvest
4. The establishment of Fusarium infection in cereal heads during flowering should be

monitored before harvest by sampling and determination of infection by standard
microbiological methods. Also, mycotoxin content in representative preharvest
samples should be determined. Utilization of the crop should be based on prevalence
of infection and mycotoxin content of the grain.
Harvest
Storage
6. Refer to paragraphs 22–31in the General Code of Practice.
Transport from storage

Processing
8. Small, shrivelled grain may contain more zearalenone than healthy normal grain.
Winnowing grains at harvest or later will remove shrivelled grain.
Zearalenone management system based on Hazard Analysis Critical Control

Point System (HACCP)
74
ANNEX 2
PREVENTION AND REDUCTION OF CONTAMINATION BY FUMONISINS

IN CEREAL GRAINS
1. Good Agricultural Practices include methods to reduce Fusarium infection and

fumonisin contamination of cereals during planting, harvest, storage, transport and
processing.
Planting
Preharvest
Harvest
5. The time of harvest for maize should be carefully planned. It has been shown that maize
grown and harvested during warm months may have fumonisin levels significantly
higher than maize grown and harvested during cooler months of the year.
Storage

7. Refer to paragraphs 32–34 of the General Code of Practice.
Fumonisins management system based on Hazard Analysis Critical Control

8. Refer to paragraphs 35–40 in the General Code concerning HACCP.
75
ANNEX 3
PREVENTION AND REDUCTION OF CONTAMINATION BY OCHRATOXIN A

IN CEREALS
1. Good Agricultural Practices include methods to reduce fungal infection and ochratoxin
A contamination of cereals during harvest, storage, transport and processing.
Planting
Preharvest
4. Factors during preharvest that may affect levels of ochratoxin A in harvested grains
include frost damage, presence of competitive fungi, excessive rainfall and drought
stress.
Harvest
Preservation
6. Grain should be allowed to dry as much as possible before harvest consistent with local
environment and crop conditions. If unable to harvest the grain when it has a water
activity below 0.70, then dry the grain to a moisture content corresponding to a water
activity of less than 0.70 (less than 14% moisture content in small grain) as quickly as
possible. To avoid ochratoxin A formation, start the drying process immediately after
harvest and preferably use heated-air drying. In the temperate climate region, when
intermediate or buffer storage is necessary because of low drying capacity, make sure
that the moisture content is less than 16%, that the buffer storage time is less than 10
days, and the temperature is less than 20 °C.
Storage
Transport
Ochratoxin a management system based on Hazard Analysis Critical Control

Points (HACCP)
76
ANNEX 4
PREVENTION AND REDUCTION OF CONTAMINATION BY TRICOTHECENES

IN CEREAL GRAINS
1. Good Agricultural Practices include methods to reduce Fusarium infection and tricothecene
contamination of cereals during planting, harvest, storage, transport and processing.
Planting
Preharvest
4. Do not permit mature grains to remain in the field for extended periods of time,
particularly in cold, wet weather. T-2 and HT-2 toxins are not usually found in grains at
harvest, but can result from grains that are water-damaged in the field or grains that
become wet at harvest or during storage.
5. Refer to paragraph 4 in Annex 1.
6. Cereal growers should maintain close relations with local cereal trade groups. Such
groups should be important sources of information and advice regarding choice of
appropriate plan protection products, cultivars and strains that will take into account
those resistant to Fusarium and are available for their location.
Harvest
Storage
9. Be aware that cereal grains may be contaminated by more than one tricothecene
mycotoxin along with their derivatives; therefore simple, rapid screening methods
should be available for the analysis of several tricothecenes. Zearalenone, which is not
a tricothecene, has been noted to regularly co-occur in cereals contaminated with DON
and other tricothecenes.

Tricothecene management system based on Hazard Analysis Critical Control

11. Refer to paragraphs 35–40 in the General Code of Practice. 77
CODEX STANDARD FOR INSTANT NOODLES

CODEX STAN 249-2006
1. SCOPE
The standard shall apply to various kinds of noodles. The instant noodle may be packed
with noodle seasonings, or in the form of seasoned noodle and with or without noodle
garnish(s) in separate pouches, or sprayed on noodle and ready for consumption after
dehydration process. This standard does not apply to pasta.
2. DESCRIPTION
Instant Noodle is a product prepared from wheat flour and/or rice flour and/or other
flours and/or starches as the main ingredient, with or without the addition of other
ingredients. It may be treated by alkaline agents. It is characterized by the use of
pregelatinization process and dehydration either by frying or by other methods. The
product should be presented as one of the following styles:
2.1 Fried noodles, or
2.2 Non-fried noodles
3.1 Composition
3.1.1 Essential ingredients
(a) Wheat Flour and/or Rice Flour and/or other flours and/or starches;
(b) Water.
3.1.2 Optional ingredients

The optional ingredients shall be ingredient(s) which are commonly used.
3.2 Quality criteria

3.2.1 Organoleptic
Shall be acceptable in term of appearance, texture, aroma, taste and colour.
3.2.2 Foreign matter

The product shall be free from foreign matter.
3.2.3 Analytical requirement for noodle block (noodle excluding seasonings)

(a) Moisture Content
Maximum of 10% for fried noodles
Maximum of 14% for non-fried noodles
78 (b) Acid value: maximum of 2 mg KOH/g oil (applicable only to fried noodles)
CODE X STA NDA RD FO R instant noodles (CODE X STA N 249 -20 0 6)
4. FOOD ADDITIVES
The use of food additive(s) as well as food additive(s) carry-over shall comply with the
maximum level permitted by the General Standard for Food Additives (GSFA), CODEX
STAN 192-1995. However, until the food additive provisions for the food category
06.4.3 “Pre-cooked pastas and noodles and like products” in the GSFA is finalized, the
following listed food additives will apply.
INS no. Food additive Maximum level
ACIDITY REGULATORS
260 Acetic acid, glacial
262(i) Sodium acetate
270 Lactic acid (L-, D-, and DL-)
296 Malic acid (DL-) GMP
327 Calcium lactate
330 Citric acid
331(iii) Trisodium citrate
334 Tartaric acid (L(+)-) 7 500 mg/kg
350(ii) Sodium malate
365 Sodium fumarates
500(i) Sodium carbonate
500(ii) Sodium hydrogen carbonate GMP
501(i) Potassium carbonate
516 Calcium sulphate
529 Calcium oxide
ANTIOXIDANTS
300 Ascorbic acid (L-) GMP
304 Ascorbyl palmitate 500 mg/kg Singly or in combination
305 Ascorbyl stearate as ascorbyl stearate
306 Mixed tocopherols concentrate

200 mg/kg Singly or in combination
307 Alpha-tocopherol
310 Propyl gallate
319 Tertiary butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) 200 mg/kg Singly or in combination
320 Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) expressed as a fat or oil basis
321 Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)
COLOURS
100(i) Curcumin 500 mg/kg
101(i) Riboflavin 200 mg/kg Singly or in combination
101(ii) Riboflavin 5’-phosphate, sodium as riboflavin
102 Tartrazine 300 mg/kg

110 Sunset yellow FCF 300 mg/kg
120 Carmines 100 mg/kg

This sentence and the food additive list which follows will be removed from the standard once the GSFA on the food
category 06.4.3. “Pre-cooked pastas and noodles and like products” is completed. 79
123 Amaranth 100 mg/kg

141(i) Chlorophyll copper complex 100 mg/kg
Chlorophyllin copper complex, sodium
141(ii) 100 mg/kg
and potassium salts
143 Fast green FCF 290 mg/kg
150a Caramel I-plain GMP
150b Caramel II-caustic sulphite process 50 000 mg/kg
150c Caramel III-ammonia process 50 000 mg/kg
150d Caramel IV-ammonia sulphite process 50 000 mg/kg
160a(i) Beta carotene (synthetic) 1 200 mg/kg
160a(ii) Carotenes, Vegetable 1 000 mg/kg
160a(ii) Beta-carotene (Blakeslea trispora) 1 000 mg/kg
160e Beta-apo-carotenal 200 mg/kg
Beta-apo-8’-carotenic acid, methyl or ethyl
160f 1 000 mg/kg
ester
162 Beet red GMP
FLAVOUR ENHANCERS
620 Glutamic acid (L(+)-) GMP
621 Monosodium glutamate, L- GMP
631 Disodium 5’-inosinate, GMP
627 Disodium 5’-guanylate GMP
635 Disodium 5’-ribonucleotides GMP
STABILIZERS
170(i) Calcium carbonate GMP
406 Agar GMP
459 Beta-cyclodextrin 1 000 mg/kg
THICKENERS
400 Alginic acid GMP
401 Sodium alginate GMP
410 Carob bean gum GMP

Carrageenan and its Na, K, NH4 salts
407 GMP
(includes furcellaran)
407a Processed Eucheuma seaweed GMP
412 Guar gum GMP
414 Gum Arabic (acacia gum) GMP
415 Xanthan gum GMP
416 Karaya gum GMP
417 Tara gum GMP
418 Gellan gum GMP
424 Curdlan GMP
440 Pectins GMP
466 Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose GMP
508 Potassium chloride GMP
1401 Acid treated starch GMP
80 1402 Alkaline treated starch GMP
1403 Bleached starch GMP

1404 Oxdized starch GMP
1405 Starches, enzyme-treated GMP
1410 Monostarch phosphate GMP
Distarch phosphate esterified with
1412 sodium trimetaphosphate; esterified GMP
with phosphorous oxychloride
1413 Phosphated distarch phosphate GMP
1414 Acetylated distarch phosphate GMP
1420 Starch acetate GMP
1422 Acetylated distarch adipate GMP
1440 Hydroxypropyl starch GMP
1442 Hydroxypropyl distarch phosphate GMP
1450 Starch sodium octenyl succinate GMP
1451 Acetylated oxidized starch GMP
HUMECTANTS
325 Sodium lactate GMP
339(i) Monosodium orthophosphate
339(ii) Disodium orthophosphate
339(iii) Trisodium orthophosphate
340(i) Monopotassium orthophosphate
340(ii) Dipotassium orthophosphate
340(iii) Tripotassium orthophosphate
341(iii) Tricalcium orthophosphate
450(i) Disodium diphosphate 2 000 mg/kg Singly or in
450(iii) Tetrasodium diphosphate combination as phosphorus
450(v) Tetrapotassium diphosphate

450(vi) Dicalcium diphosphate
451(i) Pentasodium triphosphate
452(i) Sodium polyphosphate
452(ii) Potassium polyphosphate
452(iv) Calcium polyphosphates
452(v) Ammonium polyphosphates
420 Sorbitol and sorbitol syrup GMP
1520 Propylene glycol 10 000 mg/kg
EMULSIFIERS
322 Lecithin GMP
405 Propylene glycol alginate 5 000 mg/kg
430 Polyoxyethylene (8)stearate 5 000 mg/kg (dry basis) Singly or in
431 Polyoxyethylene (40)stearate combination
432 Polyoxyethylene (20)sorbitan monolaurate

433 Polyoxyethylene (20)sorbitan monooleate 5 000 mg/kg Singly or
in combination as total
434 Polyoxyethylene (20)sorbitan monopalmitate
polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan
435 Polyoxyethylene (20)sorbitan monostearate esters
436 Polyoxyethylene (20)sorbitan tristearate 81
471 Mono and di-glycerides of fatty acids GMP

Diacetyltartaric and fatty acid esters of
472e 10 000 mg/kg
glycerol
473 Sucrose esters of fatty acids 2 000 mg/kg
475 Polyglycerol esters of fatty acids 2 000 mg/kg
Polyglycerol esters of interesterified ricinoleic
476 500 mg/kg
acids
477 Propylene glycol esters of fatty acids 5 000 mg/kg (dry basis)
481(i) Sodium stearoyl lactylate 5 000 mg/kg
482(i) Calcium stearoyl lactylate 5 000 mg/kg
491 Sorbitan monostearate
492 Sorbitan tristearate 5 000 mg/kg (dry basis) Singly or in
493 Sorbitan monolaurate combination
495 Sorbitan monopalmitate
FLOUR TREATMENT AGENTS

220 Sulphur dioxide
221 Sodium sulphite
222 Sodium hydrogen sulphite
223 Sodium metabisulphite
224 Potassium metabisulphite 20 mg/kg Singly or in combination
as sulphur dioxide
225 Potassium sulphite
227 Calcium hydrogen sulphite
228 Potassium bisulphite
539 Sodium thiosulphate
PRESERVATIVES
200 Sorbic acid
201 Sodium sorbate 2 000 mg/kg Singly or in
202 Potassium sorbate combination as Sorbic acid
203 Calcium sorbate
ANTICAKING AGENT
900a Polydimethylsiloxane 50 mg/kg
5. CONTAMINANTS
The products covered by this Standard shall comply with the Maximum Levels of the
Codex General Standard for Contaminants and Toxins in Foods (CODEX/STAN 193-1995).
6. CONTAINERS OR PACKING CONDITION
6.1 Instant noodles shall be packaged in containers which will safeguard the hygienic,
nutritional, technological and organoleptic qualities of the product.
82
6.2 The containers, including the packaging materials, shall be made of substances which
are safe and suitable for their intended use. They should not impart any toxic substances
or undesirable odour or flavour to the product.
7. FOOD HYGIENE
7.1 It is recommended that the products covered by the provisions of this standard
be prepared and handled in accordance with the appropriate sections of the
Recommended International Code of Practice – General Principles of Food Hygiene
(CAC/RCP 1-1969) and other relevant Codex texts such as codes of hygienic practice and
codes of practice.
7.2 The products should comply with any microbiological criteria established in accordance
with the Principles for the Establishment and Application of Microbiological Criteria
for Foods (CAC/GL 21-1997).
8. LABELLING
The product covered by this Standard shall be labelled in accordance with the General
Standard for the Labelling of Prepackaged Foods (CODEX STAN 1-1985).
8.1 Name of the food

The name of the food shall be “Instant Noodle(s)”, or optionally as “Fried Noodle(s)”
or “Non-fried Noodle(s)” in accordance to Subsections 2.1 and 2.2. Other names may
be used if allowed by national legislation.
8.2 Labelling for “halal”

Claim on “Halal” Instant Noodles shall follow the appropriate section of the Codex
General Guidelines for Use of the Term “Halal” (CAC/GL 24-1997)
9. Methods of Analysis and Sampling
9.1 Sampling
Sampling shall follow the General Guidelines on Sampling (CAC/GL 50-2004).
9.2 Determination of moisture

9.2.1 Apparatus
(a) Aluminium dish: diameter ≥55 mm, height ≥ 15 mm, and with inverted tight-
fitting lid.
(b) Air-oven: with control accuracy ±1 °C.
(c) Air-tight desiccator: silica gel heated at 150 °C is satisfactory drying agent.
9.2.2 Preparation of test sample

Remove instant noodles from package, and leave garnishing and seasoning in package.
Transfer the noodles to plastic bag to prevent moisture change, and then break these
83
into small fragments with hands or wooden hammer. Select broken noodles in the size
range of 2.36 mm to 1.7 mm by using two sieves with 2.36 mm and 1.7 mm openings
(mesh size 12–8), and mix well. Use these noodles for test sample. If noodles are too
thin to screen with sieves, cut them into 1 to 2 cm lengths, mix well, and use these cut
noodles for test sample.
9.2.3 Determination
9.2.3.1 Fried noodles
In cooled and weighed dish (with lid), previously heated to 105 °C, weigh ca 2 g well-
mixed test portion to 1 mg. Uncover test portion and dry dish, lid, and contents 2 h in
oven provided with opening for ventilation and maintained at 105 °C. (The 2 h drying
period begins when oven temperature is actually 105 °C.) After drying period, cover
dish while still in oven, transfer to desiccator, and weigh to 1 mg soon after reaching
room temperature. Report loss in weight as moisture (indirect method).
9.2.3.2 Non-fried noodles

For non-fried noodles, follow the directions for fried noodles, but dry test portion for 4h.
9.2.4 Calculation
Calculate using the following equation:
Moisture (%) = {(g test portion before drying – g test portion after drying) /
g test portion before drying} × 100
9.3 Extraction of oil from instant noodles

9.3.1 Apparatus
(a) Rotary evaporator
(b) Water bath
9.3.2 Preparation of test sample

Remove instant noodles from package, and leave garnishing and seasoning in package.
Transfer the noodles to plastic bag to prevent moisture change, and then break these
into small fragments with hands or wooden hammer. Select broken noodles in the size
range of 2.36 mm to 1.7 mm by using two sieves with 2.36 mm and 1.7 mm openings,
and mix well. Use these noodles for the test sample. If the noodles are too thin to
screen with sieves, cut them into 1 to 2 cm lengths, mix well, and use these cut noodles
for the test sample.
9.3.3 Extraction
Weigh 25 g test portion into 200 mL Erlenmeyer flask. Add 100 mL petroleum
ether to the flask after replacing air in flask by N2 gas. Stopper flask and leave for
2 hours. Decant supernatant through filter paper into separating funnel. Add 50
mL petroleum ether to residue and filtrate supernatant through filter paper into
the separating funnel. Add 75 mL water to the separating funnel and shake well.
Allow layers to separate and drain the lower aqueous layer. Add water, shake, and
remove aqueous layer again as done previously. Decant the petroleum ether layer
84
after dehydration with Na2SO4 into pear-shaped flask. Evaporate petroleum ether in
the flask on rotary evaporator at not over 40°C. Spray N2 gas on extract in the flask
to remove all petroleum ether.
9.4 Determination of acid value

9.4.1 Definition and principle
Acid value of oil from fried instant noodles = mg KOH required to neutralize 1 g oil. Oil
extracted from noodle is dissolved in alcohol-ether mixture and titrated with alcoholic
KOH standard solution.
9.4.2 Apparatus
Air-tight desiccator: silica gel heated at 150°C is satisfactory drying agent.
9.4.3 Reagents
(a) Alcoholic potassium hydroxide standard solution: 0.05 mol/L. Dissolve 3.5 g
potassium hydroxide in equal volume of water (CO2-free) and add ethanol (95%)
to 1 L. After mixing, let solution stand for several days keeping the solution CO2-
free. Use supernatant after standardization.
Standardization:
Weigh required quantity of amidosulfuric acid (certified reference material
for volumetric analysis) and place it into desiccator (<2.0 kPa) for 48 hour.
Next, accurately weigh 1 to 1.25 g (recording the weight to 0.1mg), dissolve
in water (CO2-free), and dilute to 250 mL. Put 25 mL solution into Erlenmeyer
flask, add 2 to 3 drops of bromothymol blue indicator and titrate with 0.05
mol/L alcoholic potassium hydroxide solution until colour of solution change
to faint blue.
Calculation:
Factor of molarity = (g amidosulfuric acid × purity × 25) / 1.2136 / mL KOH
(b) Alcohol-ether mixture: equal volumes ethanol (99.5%) and ether.
(c) Phenolphthalein solution: 1% in alcohol.
9.4.4 Titration
Before sampling, liquefy extracted oil using water bath. Weigh 1 to 2 g liquefied test
portion into Erlenmeyer flask. Add 80 mL alcohol-ether mixture and a few drops of
phenolphthalein solution. Titrate with 0.05 mol/L alcoholic KOH until faint pink colour
appears and retain for more than 30 s. Perform blank test using only alcohol-ether
mixture and phenolphthalein solution.
9.4.5 Calculation
Calculate using following equation:
Acid value [mg/g] = (mL test portion – mL blank) × factor of molarity × 2.806 / g test
portion
85
CODEX GENERAL STANDARD

FOR SOY PROTEIN PRODUCTS
CODEX STAN 175-1989
1. SCOPE
This standard applies to Vegetable Protein Products (VPP) prepared from soybeans
(seeds of Glycine Max.L.) by various separation and extraction processes. These
products are intended for use in foods requiring further preparation and by the food
processing industry.
2. DESCRIPTION
Soy Protein Products (SPP) covered by this standard are food products produced by the
reduction or removal from soybeans of certain of the major non-protein constituents
(water, oil, carbohydrates) in a manner to achieve a protein (N x 6.25) content of:
– in the case of soy protein flour (SPF) 50% or more and less than 65%;
– in the case of soy protein concentrate (SPC) 65% or more and less than 90%;
– in the case of soy protein isolate (SPI) 90% or more.
The protein content is calculated on a dry weight basis excluding added vitamins,
minerals, amino acids and food additives.
3. ESSENTIAL COMPOSITION AND QUALITY AND NUTRITIONAL FACTORS
3.1 Raw materials

Clean, sound, mature, dry seeds essentially free from other seeds and foreign matter
in accordance with Good Manufacturing Practice, or SPP of lower protein content
meeting the specifications contained in this standard.
3.2 SPP shall conform to the following compositional requirements:
3.2.1 Moisture content shall not exceed 10% (m/m).
3.2.2 Crude protein (N × 6.25) shall be:

– in the case of SPF, 50% or more and less than 65%
– in the case of SPC, 65% or more and less than 90%
– in the case of SPI, 90% or more
on a dry weight basis excluding added vitamins, minerals, amino acids and food
additives.
3.2.3 Ash
The yield of ash on incineration shall not exceed 8% on a dry weight basis.
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CODE X GENER AL STA NDA RD FO R SOY PROTE I N PRODUC T S (CODE X STA N 175 -19 8 9)
3.2.4 Fat
The residual fat content shall be compatible with Good Manufacturing Practices.
3.2.5 Crude fibre content shall not exceed:

– in the case of SPF, 5%
– in the case of SPC, 6%
– in the case of SPI, 0.5%
on a dry weight basis.
3.3 Optional ingredients

(a) carbohydrates, including sugars
(b) edible fats and oils
(c) other protein products
(d) vitamins and minerals
(e) salt
(f) herbs and spices
3.4 Nutritional factors

Processing should be carefully controlled and sufficiently thorough to secure optimum
flavour and palatability, as well as to control such factors as trypsin inhibitor,
hemaglutinins, etc., in accordance with intended use. Where it is necessary to control
trypsin inhibitor activity in a food, the maximum level allowed should be defined
in terms of the finished product. Certain SPP are produced under low temperature
conditions to avoid loss of protein solubility or enzyme activity. The special purpose
SPP shall be assayed for protein nutritive value after appropriate heat treatment.
Processing must not be so severe as to appreciably impair the nutritive value.
4. FOOD ADDITIVES
During the course of manufacturing SPP the following classes of processing aids, as
compiled in the advisory inventory of the Codex Alimentarius Commission, may be
used:
– Acidity Regulators
– Antifoam Agents
– Firming Agents
– Enzyme Preparations
– Extraction Solvents
– Antidusting Agents
– Flour Treatment Agents
– Viscosity Control Agents.
5. CONTAMINANTS
SPP shall be free from heavy metals in amounts which may represent a hazard to
health.
87
6. HYGIENE
International Code of Practice – General Principles of Food Hygiene (CAC/RCP 1-1969).
6.2 To the extent possible in Good Manufacturing Practice, the products shall be free from
6.3 When tested by appropriate methods of sampling and examination the product:
(a) shall be free from micro-organisms in amounts which may represent a hazard to
health;
(b) shall not contain substances originating from micro-organisms in amounts which
may represent a hazard to health; and
(c) shall not contain other poisonous substances in amounts which may represent a
hazard to health.
7. PACKAGING
SPP shall be packed in suitable hygienic containers which will maintain the product
during storage and transport in a dry and sanitary condition.
8. LABELLING
The provisions of the General Standard for the Labelling of Prepackaged Foods (CODEX
STAN 1-1985) shall apply.

8.1.1 The name of the food to be declared on the label shall be:
– “Soy protein flour” or “soya protein flour” when the protein content is 50% or
more and less than 65%.
– “Soy protein concentrate” or “soya protein concentrate” when the protein
content is 65% or more and less than 90%.
– “Soy protein isolate” or “isolated soy protein” or “soya protein isolate” or
“isolated soya protein” when the protein content is 90% or more.
8.1.2 The name may include a term which accurately describes the physical form of the
product, e.g., “granules” or “bits”,
8.1.3 When the SPP is subjected to a texturization process, the name of the product may
include an appropriate qualifying term such as “textured” or “structured”.
8.2 List of ingredients

A complete list of ingredients shall be declared on the label in descending order
of proportion except that in the case of added vitamins and added minerals, these
88 ingredients shall be arranged as separate groups for vitamins and minerals, respectively,
CODE X GENER AL STA NDA RD FO R SOY PROTE I N PRODUC T S (CODE X STA N 175 -19 8 9)
and within these groups the vitamins and minerals need not be listed in descending
order of proportion.

accompanying documents, except that the name of the product, lot identification
and name and address of the manufacturer or packer shall appear on the container.
89
CODEX GENERAL STANDARD

FOR VEGETABLE PROTEIN PRODUCTS (VPP)
CODEX STAN 174-1989
1. SCOPE
This standard applies to vegetable protein products (VPP) intended for use in foods,
which are prepared by various separation and extraction processes from proteins
from vegetable sources other than single cell protein. The VPP are intended for use
in foods requiring further preparation and for use by the food processing industry.
This standard does not apply to any vegetable protein product which is the subject of
a specific Codex Commodity Standard and is designated by a specific name laid down
in such standards.
2. DESCRIPTION
VPP covered by this standard are food products produced by the reduction or removal
from vegetable materials of certain of the major non-protein constituents (water, oil,
starch, other carbohydrates) in a manner to achieve a protein (N × 6.25) content of
40% or more. The protein content is calculated on a dry weight basis excluding added
vitamins, minerals.
3. ESSENTIAL COMPOSITION AND QUALITY AND NUTRITIONAL FACTORS
3.1 Raw materials

Clean, sound, plant material essentially free from foreign matter in accordance
with Good Manufacturing Practice, or VPP of lower protein content meeting the
specifications contained in this standard.
3.2 VPP shall conform to the following compositional requirements except in so far as
certain requirements may be modified in specific types of VPP.
3.2.1 Moisture
The moisture content shall be sufficiently low as to ensure microbiological stability
under the recommended conditions of storage.
3.2.2 Crude protein

(N × 6.25) shall not be less than 40% on a dry weight basis, excluding vitamins, minerals,
amino acids and food additives.
3.2.3 Ash
The yield of ash on incineration shall not exceed 10% on a dry weight basis.
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CODE X GENER AL STA NDA RD FO R VEGE TAB LE PROTE I N PRODUC T S ( V PP) (CODE X STA N 174 -19 8 9)
3.2.4 Fat
The residual fat content shall be compatible with Good Manufacturing Practice.
3.2.5 Crude fibre

For products not covered by a specific product standard, crude fibre shall not exceed
10% on a dry weight basis.

(d) vitamins and minerals
(e) salt

Processing shall be carefully controlled and sufficiently thorough to secure optimum
flavour and palatability, as well as to control such anti-nutritional factors as trypsin
inhibitor, hemagglutinins, glucosinolates, etc., in accordance with intended use. Where
it is necessary to control trypsin inhibitor activity in a food, the maximum level allowed
should be defined in terms of the finished product. Certain VPP are produced under
low temperature conditions to avoid loss of protein solubility or enzyme activity. These
special purpose VPP shall be assayed for protein nutritive value after appropriate heat
treatment. Processing must not be so severe as to appreciably impair the nutritive
value.
4. FOOD ADDITIVES
During the course of manufacturing VPP the following classes of processing aids, as
compiled in the advisory inventory of the Codex Alimentarius Commission, may be
used:
– Acidity Regulators
– Antifoam Agents
– Firming Agents
– Enzyme Preparations
– Extraction Solvents
– Antidusting Agents
– Flour Treatment Agents
– Viscosity Control Agents
5. CONTAMINANTS
VPP shall be free from heavy metals in amounts which may represent a hazard to
health.
91
6. HYGIENE
International Code of Practice – General Principles of Food Hygiene (CAC/RCP 1-1969).
6.2 To the extent possible in Good Manufacturing Practice, the products shall be free from
(a) shall be free of micro-organisms which may represent a hazard to health;
(b) shall not contain any substances originating from micro-organisms in amounts
which may represent a hazard to health; and
(c) shall not contain any other poisonous substances in amounts which may
represent a hazard to health.
7. PACKAGING
VPP shall be packed in suitable hygienic containers which will maintain the product
8. LABELLING
The provisions of the General Standard for the Labelling of Prepackaged Foods (CODEX
STAN 1-1985) shall apply.

8.1.1 The name of the food to be declared on the label shall be: “... Protein product”. The
blank is to be filled with the name of the specific source of the vegetable protein, e.g.
groundnut, cottonseed, rapeseed.
8.1.2 The protein content of the VPP shall be declared on a dry weight basis.
8.1.3 The name may include a term which accurately describes the physical form of the
product, e.g., “granules” or “bits”.
8.1.4 When the VPP is subjected to a texturization process, the name of the product may
include an appropriate qualifying term such as “textured” or “structured”.

ingredients shall be arranged as separate groups for vitamins and minerals, respectively,
and within these groups the vitamins and minerals need not be listed in descending
92
CODE X GENER AL STA NDA RD FO R VEGE TAB LE PROTE I N PRODUC T S ( V PP) (CODE X STA N 174 -19 8 9)

accompanying documents, except that the name of product, lot identification and name
and address of the manufacturer or packer shall appear on the container. However,
lot identification and the name and address of the manufacturer or packer may be
replaced by an identification mark, provided that such a mark is clearly identifiable
with the accompanying documents.

.
93
CODEX STANDARD FOR WHEAT PROTEIN PRODUCTS

INCLUDING WHEAT GLUTEN
CODEX STAN 163-1987, Rev. 1-2001
1. SCOPE
This standard applies to Wheat Protein Products prepared from wheat by various
processes. The products are intended for use in foods requiring further preparation
and for use by the food processing industry. Wheat gluten or wheat protein products
should not be used for technological reasons e.g. coating or processing aids for foods
which are gluten-free by nature.
2. DESCRIPTION
2.1 Definitions
Wheat Protein Products (WPP) covered by this standard are food products produced
by separation from wheat or wheat flour of certain non-protein constituents (starch,
other carbohydrates).
– Vital wheat gluten is characterized by its property of high viscoelasticity as
hydrated.
– Devitalized wheat gluten is characterized by its reduced property of
viscoelasticity as hydrated due to denaturation.
– Solubilized wheat proteins are characterized by their reduced property of
viscoelasticity as hydrated due to partial hydrolysis of wheat gluten.
3. ESSENTIAL COMPOSITION, QUALITY AND NUTRITIONAL FACTORS
3.1 Raw materials

Wheat or wheat flour essentially free from other seeds and foreign matter in accordance
with Good Manufacturing Practice.
3.2 Compositional requirements

WPP shall conform to the following compositional requirements:
3.2.1 Moisture content shall not exceed 10% (m/m).
3.2.2 Crude protein (N × 6.25) shall be:

– in case of vital and devitalized wheat gluten, 80% or more
– in case of solubilized wheat proteins, 60% or more

This does not preclude the use of these products as ingredients in composite pre-packaged foods provided that they are
properly labelled as ingredients
94
CODE X STA NDA RD FO R WHE AT PROTE I N PRODUC T S I NC LUD I N G WHE AT GLU TEN (CODE X STA N 163 -19 87, Rev. 1-20 01)
On a dry weight basis excluding added vitamins, minerals, amino acids and optional
ingredients as specified in Section 3.3.
3.2.3 Ash
The yield of ash on incineration shall not exceed:
– in case of vital and devitalized wheat gluten, 2.0%
– in case of solubilized wheat proteins, 10%
on a dry weight basis.
3.2. 4 Crude fibre content shall not exceed 1.5% on a dry weight basis.

No optional ingredients are permitted in vital and devitalized wheat gluten.
For solubilized wheat proteins, the following classes of ingredients may be used:
(d) amino acids, vitamins and minerals
(e) salt
(g) enzymes

Processing should be carefully controlled and sufficiently thorough to secure optimum
flavour and palatability.
Processing must not be so severe as to appreciably impair the nutritive value.
4. FOOD ADDITIVES
No food additives are permitted in vital and devitalized wheat gluten and in solubilized
wheat proteins.
5. CONTAMINANTS
The products covered by the provisions of this standard shall comply with those
maximum limits established by the Codex Alimentarius Commission.
6. HYGIENE
be prepared and handled in accordance with the appropriate sections of the
Recommended International Code of Practice – General Principles of Food Hygiene
(CAC/RCP 1-1969), and other relevant Codex texts such as Codes of Hygienic Practice
and Codes of Practice.
95
6.2 The products should comply with any microbiological criteria established in accordance
with the Principles for the Establishment and Application of Microbiological Criteria
for Foods (CAC/GL 21-1997)
7. PACKAGING
WPP shall be packed in suitable hygienic containers which will maintain the product
8. LABELLING
In addition to the requirements of the General Standard for the Labelling of

Prepackaged Foods (CODEX STAN 1-1985) the following specific provisions apply:

8.1.1 Vital wheat gluten
The name of the food shall be “vital wheat gluten” or “wheat gluten”.
8.1.2 Devitalized wheat gluten

The name of the food shall be “devitalized wheat gluten” or “devital wheat gluten”.
8.1.3 Solubilized wheat proteins

The name of the food shall be “solubilized wheat protein” or “soluble wheat
protein”.
8.2 Instructions for use

The manufacturer of WPP shall provide clear instructions for specific uses claimed on
the label. Cautionary statements for gluten intolerant persons shall be on the label if
required by national legislation.
8.3 Date marking

The “date of minimum durability” (preceded by the words “best before”) shall be
declared by the day, month and year in uncoded numerical sequence except that for
products with a shelf-life of more than three months, the month and year will suffice.
The month may be indicated by letters in those countries where such use will not
confuse the consumer. In the case of products requiring a declaration of month and
year only and the shelf-life of the product is valid to the end of a given year, the
expression “end (stated year)” may be used as an alternative.

ingredients shall be arranged as separate groups for vitamins and minerals, respectively,
and within these groups the vitamins and minerals need to be listed in descending
96
CODE X STA NDA RD FO R WHE AT PROTE I N PRODUC T S I NC LUD I N G WHE AT GLU TEN (CODE X STA N 163 -19 87, Rev. 1-20 01)

accompanying documents, except that the name of the product, lot identification
and name and address of the manufacturer or packer shall appear on the container.
may be replaced by an identification mark provided that such a mark is clearly
8.6 Declaration of ingredients of animal origin

Optional ingredients of animal origin shall be declared on the label of the product to
read as follows: “Contains (state optional ingredient) of animal origin”.
9.1 Moisture content

According to AOAC 925-09.
9.2 Protein
Vital wheat gluten and devitalized wheat gluten
According to AOAC 979.09.
Solubilized wheat protein

9.3 Ash
According to AOAC 923.03 or ISO 2171 (1980, method B).
9.4 Crude fibre

9.5 Sampling
According to ISO 13690:1999.
97
CODEX GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR THE UTILIZATION OF

VEGETABLE PROTEIN PRODUCTS (VPP) IN FOODS
CAC/GL 4-1989
1. PURPOSE
To provide guidance for the safe and suitable use of vegetable protein products (VPP)
in foods by establishing:
(i) principles to ensure that the nutritional quality of the food containing VPP is
appropriate to their intended use; and
(ii) principles for the appropriate labelling of foods containing VPP.
2. SCOPE
These general guidelines are intended to apply to all situations in which proteins
derived from vegetable sources other than Single Cell Protein are utilized in foods.
3. DEFINITIONS
Available Amino Acids: Amino acids from food proteins that are absorbed and are
available for metabolism.
Amino Acid Score (formerly chemical score): (mg of the limiting amino acid in 1.0 g
of test protein)/(mg of the same amino acid in 1.0 g of protein as defined by the
reference amino acid pattern).
Bioavailability: The extent to which an amino acid or other essential nutrient is
absorbed and available for metabolism.
Complementation (of proteins): The increase in protein nutritional value achieved by
mixing two proteins, which have different limiting amino acids, in those proportions
which result in the protein quality of the mixture being higher than that of either
of the component protein occurs when the first protein has an excess of the amino
acid which is limiting in the second protein and vice versa.
Limiting amino acid: The essential amino acid of a food protein present in the lowest
proportion relative to the amount of that amino acid in the Reference Amino Acid
Pattern.
Net Protein Ratio (NPR): (weight gain of test group of rats plus weight loss of non-
protein group)/(protein consumed by test group).
Nutritional Adequacy: See Section 7.2.
Protein Quality: The extent to which a protein source provides essential amino acids
and indispensable nitrogen for meeting human requirements. Protein quality is
primarily determined by the level, distribution and bioavailability of the essential
amino acids in a protein source.
98
CODE X GENER AL GU I DEL I NES FO R THE U T I L IZ AT I ON OF VEGE TAB LE PROTE I N PRODUC T S ( V PP) I N FOODS (C AC /GL 4 -19 8 9)
Reference Amino Acid Pattern: The levels and distributions of essential amino acids of
an ideal protein specified by FAO/WHO/UNU (1985) for meeting the requirements
of the 2–5 year old child when consumed at the level of safe protein intake.
Relative NPR (RNPR): NPR expressed relative to a standard protein.
Supplementation (in protein nutrition): The increase in protein quality achieved by the
addition of a moderate amount of a protein having a high content of an essential
amino acid to another protein in which that amino acid is limiting.
Utilizable Protein: Protein which is metabolically available for meeting human
requirements for essential amino acids and indispensable nitrogen. Calculated as
the product of crude protein in 100 grams of product (N × 6.25) × protein quality
expressed as a fraction (maximum protein quality = 1.0).
Vegetable Protein Products (VPP): VPP are food products produced by the reduction or
removal from vegetable materials of certain of the major non-protein constituents
(water, oil, starch, other carbohydrates) in a manner to achieve a protein (N × 6.25)
content of 40% or more. The protein content is calculated on a dry weight basis
excluding added vitamins, minerals, amino acids and food additives.
4. BASIC PRINCIPLES
4.1 VPP intended for human consumption should not represent a hazard to health. The
annex to these guidelines, which is based on revised PAG/UNU Guideline No. 6, should
be consulted for testing the safety and nutritional quality of VPP.
4.2 The nutritional quality of the VPP should be appropriate for its intended use.
4.3 The presence of VPP in foods should be clearly indicated on the label.
In this connection foods containing vegetable protein products should be labelled
in accordance with the Codex General Standard for the Labelling of Prepackaged
Foods (CODEX STAN 1-1985), with the proviso that:
(a) A complete list of ingredients should be declared on the label in descending
order of proportion except that, in the case of added vitamins and minerals,
these should be arranged as separate groups and in these groups the vitamins
and minerals need not be listed in descending order of proportion.
(b) The ingredient statement should contain the source (e.g., pea, groundnut), and
where appropriate product type and processed form (e.g. textured, spun) of each
vegetable protein ingredient in the food product.
(c) Any nutrient labelling should be in accordance with the Codex Guidelines on
Nutrition Labelling.
5. USES OF VPP FOR FUNCTIONAL AND OPTIONAL PURPOSES
5.1 When VPP are used at low relative levels for functional purposes, or as optional
ingredients, their use should not result in any replacement of principal protein and
associated nutrients in the food to which they are added.
99
5.2 For the purpose of defining VPP as a functional or optional ingredient in Codex
Standards the level of VPP should be calculated on a dry weight basis in the final
product. The actual level of use will vary according to the nature of the protein and of
the product concerned.
5.3 The use of VPP as a functional or optional ingredient should be regulated in the same
way as other functional or optional ingredients with no required change in the name
of the product. However, a declaration of the presence of VPP should be given in
connection with the name of the product if its omission would mislead the consumer.
6. USES OF VPP TO INCREASE CONTENT OF UTILIZABLE PROTEIN
6.1 VPP may be used to improve the protein nutriture of populations by increasing the
content of utilizable protein in the diet. This can be done by increasing the protein
content of the diet or increasing the protein quality of the proteins in the diet, or a
combination of both. It should be noted that increasing the protein quantity and/or
quality of a diet will be ineffective if energy requirements are not met.
6.2 In general, the minimum aim of supplementation and/or complementation should be

to increase utilizable protein by 20%.
6.3 For a significant degree of complementation in protein quality of diets deficient in

lysine or in methionine + cysteine or in tryptophan, the complementary protein should
contain at least 5.8% available lysine or 2.5% available methionine + cysteine or 1.1%
available tryptophan, respectively.
6.4 Addition of amino acids should only be considered when the desired increase in utilizable
protein cannot practicably be achieved by a suitable mixture of complementary or
supplementary proteins. Only L forms of amino acids should be used.
6.5 Since a variety of VPP are available for use for this purpose, the choice of VPP should
favour products which have been processed in such ways and to such extent as to
optimize both the nutritional contributions and economic considerations.
6.6 The addition of vitamins and minerals should be in accordance with the Codex General
Principles for the Addition of Essential Nutrients to Foods.
6.6.1 The need for fortification of VPP with vitamins and minerals should be considered in
the following instances:
(i) when the VPP is a suitable vehicle for fortification in regions where there is
a demonstrated need for increasing the intake of one or more vitamin(s) or
mineral(s) in one or more population groups;
(ii) when the VPP contains anti-nutritional factors (e.g., phytate) which may
interfere with the bioavailability or utilization of nutrients.
100
6.6.2 The need for nutritional adequacy of the VPP should be considered in those instances
in which the VPP replaces staple ingredients which are higher in vitamins and minerals
than the VPP.
6.7 When VPP is used in a food to increase the content of utilizable protein, its presence
need not be indicated in the name of the food unless its omission would mislead the
consumer.
6.8 The protein content of a food in which VPP has been added to increase the content
of utilizable protein should be declared in accordance with the Codex Guidelines on
Nutrition Labelling. Where claims are made with respect to the protein quality of the
food, the protein nutritional value should be assessed according to the established
methods for protein quality measurement.
7. USES OF VPP IN PARTIAL OR COMPLETE SUBSTITUTION OF THE ANIMAL

PROTEIN IN FOODS
7.1 The use of VPP to substitute partially or completely for animal protein in foods should
be permitted provided that the presence of VPP is clearly indicated on the label. Where
the completely or partially substituted food is intended to replace a food which has
been identified as a significant source of energy and/or essential nutrients in the food
supply, consideration should be given to the nutritional adequacy of the partially or
completely substituted food. Where there is demonstrated evidence of public health
need, nutritional adequacy should be required.
7.2 The nutritional adequacy of a product can be defined in terms of protein quality and
quantity and content of minerals and vitamins.
Such a product should be considered nutritionally equivalent if:
(i) its protein quality is not less than that of the original product or is equivalent to
that of casein and
(ii) it contains the equivalent quantity of protein (N × 6.25) and those vitamins
and minerals which are present in significant amounts in the original animal
products.
7.3 The nutritional adequacy of a partially substituted animal product can be achieved by
any of the following three methods:
(a) By using a VPP which is nutritionally equivalent in terms of protein quantity and
quality and levels of vitamins and minerals, or
(b) By using a VPP equivalent which is nutritionally adequate with respect to levels
of vitamins and minerals, but placing the requirements for protein quantity and
quality on the final product, or
(c) By the addition of the required nutrients to the partially substituted product (i.e.,
by placing all nutritional requirements on the partially substituted product).
The second approach is considered the most satisfactory because:
(i) The first method does not make allowance for the complementary effect
of animal-VPP mixtures on protein quality. For example, according to its 101
amino acid score, wheat gluten (which would require the addition of several
amino acids before it could meet the protein quality requirement for partial
substitution) could be used to substitute meat protein up to 30% without
any significant deleterious effect on adequacy of the final product in
protein quality.
(ii) The third method would require that the vitamin and mineral content
of the animal portion of the partially substituted product be known and
accounted for in each instance. Moreover, the expertise and control facilities
for ensuring proper addition of nutrients and stability of vitamins may not
exist in places where VPP would be utilized in animal products such as retail
outlets and meat packing plants.
7.4 In the case of completely substituted (simulated) animal products, all the nutritional
adequacy requirements (i.e. protein quantity and quality as well as vitamins and
minerals) should be placed on the final product.
7.5 When VPP partially substitutes for the protein of an animal product, the following
nomenclature criteria should apply:
(i) The presence of the VPP should be indicated in the name of the food.
(ii) The name of the substituted product should describe the true nature of the
product; it should not mislead the consumer; and it should enable the substituted
product to be distinguished from products with which it could be confused.
(iii) In cases where the substitution results in an amount of the animal protein
product lower than that required by a Codex or national standard, the name
of the standardized animal food should not be used as part of the name of the
substituted product unless properly qualified.
(iv) The provisions of a Codex Standard or a national compositional standard should
be taken into full account when determining the name of the food.
7.6 In the case of a simulated animal product in which 100% of the protein is from VPP,
the established or common name of the food should be the name of the VPP with
appropriate flavour designation or other descriptive phrasing.
8. USES OF VPP AS SOLE PROTEIN SOURCE IN PRODUCTS WITH NEW IDENTITIES
There is an expanding group of foods made with VPP that are not intended to
supplement utilizable protein or to replace traditional protein foods. Each of these
foods will develop an identity of its own and will have its own nutrient composition.
There need not be specific nutrient requirements for these foods. As with any other
foods, these VPP foods should be safe, should be produced in accordance with Good
Manufacturing Practices and should be labelled in accordance with the Codex Standard
for the Labelling of Prepackaged Foods.
102
ANNEX
CODEX GUIDELINES FOR TESTING SAFETY AND NUTRITIONAL

QUALITY OF VEGETABLE PROTEIN PRODUCTS
Vegetable Protein Products (VPP) are vegetable products which have been processed
in a manner which results in a significant degree of increase in the protein content in
the final product. VPP have found significant uses as functional ingredients in food
products and as protein extenders and replacements. Certain VPP, particularly those
derived from soya beans, have been subjected to intensive investigation. From these
investigations has come an appreciation of the technological properties which may be
significant to the food use of VPP. As new sources of VPP are developed guidance is
necessary on how these products should be tested for safety and nutritional quality.
The raw materials from which VPP are produced may contain naturally occurring
toxic or anti-nutritional factors, e.g. glucosinolates in Brassica spp, gossypol in
cottonseed, hemagglutins and trypsin inhibitors in legumes. Some of these factors may
still be present in the VPP after processing. The processing involved in the preparation
of VPP such as treatment with heat, organic solvents, acids, alkalis, salts and enzymes,
etc. tends to increase the level of certain nutrients such as sodium and eliminate others
such as vitamins. It may also result in changes in digestibility, absorption and protein
quality. Furthermore, residual solvents or reaction products may be present in the
VPP.
In the light of the above observations, it becomes important that prior to the
use as human food, VPP be subjected to adequate testing to demonstrate safety and
appropriate nutritional quality. In order to aid food manufacturers in determining
what testing is required to evaluate safety and nutritional value of VPP, the Codex
Committee on Vegetable Proteins (CCVP) has developed this guideline.
The purpose of this guideline is not to lay down a rigid plan or to cover all procedural
details but to serve as a general recommendation for the testing of vegetable protein
products. A distinct VPP needs to be tested pursuant to this guideline only once, that
is, to obtain a toxicological and nutritional profile for the VPP. The guideline is not
intended for use in production quality control testing on a lot-by-lot basis. Novel VPP,
those processed by new techniques from commonly used sources and those produced
from sources not previously used as human food, require thorough testing. VPP which
are produced by minor processing variants from sources commonly used as food need
not be tested so thoroughly. Prior history of safe use may be taken into account in
evaluation of a novel VPP proposed for general consumption, but this alone is not
necessarily sufficient to preclude adequate pre-clinical testing by currently available,
more objective, laboratory animal feeding studies, and, where applicable, studies using
human volunteers. Adequacy of history of safe use will have to be evaluated on a case-
by-case basis. Applicable data in the available literature may be used in lieu of separate
testing pursuant to this guideline. The content and depth of the investigations for a

Modified version of the UNU/PAG Guideline No. 6 on preclinical testing of novel sources of food. Food and Nutrition
Bulletin, Vol. 5 No. 1 (1983). 103
specific VPP will depend on the kind of process applied in its preparation, and the
conditions of its intended use as prepared for consumption and the presence of known
toxic or anti-nutritional factor(s) in the starting material.
1. CATEGORIES OF INFORMATION NEEDED
The following information is required for each novel VPP.
1.1 Specifications and process details

A general description of the process used to prepare the VPP and the specification
of the VPP should be included. This description should be sufficient to enable those
evaluating the product to identify potential problem areas, such as processing damage
to the nutrient content.
1.2 Nutritional value

The nutritional value of the VPP should be predicted first from its amino acid content
and then by means of (insert reference to method for determining protein quality as
described in the applicable Codex standard).
1.3 Microbiological status

The procedures that are required to maintain adequate sanitation with respect to the
sources of raw materials and conditions under which they are processed to produce the
VPP should be included.
1.4 Toxicological safety

The safety of the VPP should be predicted from information concerning methods of
production, chemical and physical properties, content of micro-organisms and their
metabolites. This should be supported where necessary by safety data using laboratory
animals.
2. EVALUATION
Each novel VPP should be subjected to the following analysis using procedures indicated
in the Recommended General Standard for VPP unless otherwise specified.
2.1 Chemical
2.1.1 Proximate composition
Moisture, total solids, total nitrogen, crude protein (N × 6.25) fat (ether extract),
ash, fibre, total carbohydrates, and indigestible carbohydrates (dietary fibre) (insert
reference to the appropriate method).
2.1.1.1 Nitrogenous components

Amino acid composition should be expressed as g amino acid/16gN, and information
on the recovery of amino acid nitrogen should be obtained. The presence and amount
of non-protein nitrogenous components, if any, should be determined.
104
2.1.1.2 Lipid
The solvent extract should be analysed for the fatty acid profile by chromatography
if the solvent extract is greater than 1 percent. The solvent extract should also be
examined for the presence of unusual (e.g. cyclic) fatty acids.
2.1.1.3 Mineral elements

The material should be analysed for its content of metals or minerals or toxicological
or nutritional significance (including arsenic, calcium, cadmium, copper, fluoride, iron,
lead, magnesium, manganese, mercury, phosphorous, potassium, selenium, sodium
and zinc).
2.1.1.4 Carbohydrates
Analysis should be carried out to characterize the available (digestible) carbohydrates.
2.1.1.5 Vitamins
Analysis should be conducted for all of the major vitamins except those for which low
lipid content or instability under processing conditions indicate little likelihood of their
presence in significant amounts.
2.1.2 Solvent residues

The product should be examined for the presence of potentially hazardous solvent
residues.
2.2 Microbial
The VPP should be examined to determine numbers and types of micro-organisms to
be expected under sanitary conditions of production or processing and to establish its
freedom from microbial toxins and toxigenic organisms.
2.3 Nutritional
Nutritive value of VPP should be assessed by (insert reference to method for protein
quality described in appropriate Codex Standard).
2.4 Toxicological
2.4.1 Subacute toxicity studies
The purpose of these studies is to delineate the toxic potential of VPP and to elucidate
such problems as species sensitivity, the nature of gross and micro-pathological
changes and the approximate dose level at which these effects occur. They also provide
guidance for the selection of dosage for chronic toxicity tests and any functional or
biochemical studies that may be necessary. They should be carried out in accordance
with recognized codes of Good Laboratory Practice.
2.4.1.1 Animals
At least two species of healthy animals of both sexes, one rodent, preferably rats,
and one non-rodent, should be used. Among the non-rodent species, beagle dogs,
monkeys, and miniature pigs may be considered. If biochemical information is available
105
that indicates the species of animals most likely to elicit information simulating man,
such species should be selected for these studies. Rodents are usually started on tests
at or shortly after weaning and are assigned to groups of equal size balanced with
respect to litter distribution, sex and average weight. Groups should be large enough
to provide statistically adequate data.
2.4.1.2 Diet
The diet should be nutritionally adequate for all test groups. If the test product has been
shown to be nutritionally complete, it may be fed as a replacement for basic protein
in the diet. Particular attention should be paid to balancing the tests and control diets
in respect to minor nutrients. It is not feasible to test a VPP at large multiples of the
potential use level. Nevertheless, the highest practicable use level should be included
and if feasible, grade levels of the VPP should be reflected in the experimental design.
It is not realistic to establish a dose response curve.
2.4.1.3 Length of study

Subacute toxicity feeding trials should be of at least three months duration.
2.4.2 Other studies

Following an appraisal of the source and the method of manufacture of the VPP
together with the results of nutritional and subacute toxicity studies, the need for
further studies including chronic, reproduction, teratogenic and mutagenic studies will
be evaluated.
2.5 Statistical
Reports of investigations must include complete details, data for control as well as test
groups and appropriate statistical analysis of the findings.
106
For further information on the activities of the Codex Alimentarius Commission, please contact:
Secretariat of the Codex Alimentarius Commission

Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme
00153 Rome, Italy
Telephone: +39 06 57051

Fax: +39 06 57053152/57054593
Telex: 625852 or 625853
Web site: www.codexalimentarius.net
Codex publications may be obtained through the worldwide sales agents of FAO or by writing to:
Sales and Marketing Group

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
00153 Rome, Italy
Fax: +39 06 57053360

CODEX ALIMENTARIUS
ISSN 0259-2916
CODEX ALIMENTARIUS COMMISSION

JOINT FAO/WHO FOOD STANDARDS PROGRAMME
Codex standards for cereals, pulses, legumes and

vegetable proteins and other related texts such as the
Code of Practice for the Prevention of Mycotoxin
Contamination in Cereals are published in this
Cereals, Pulses, Legumes and Vegetable Proteins • First edition

compact format to allow their wide use and
understanding by governments, regulatory
authorities, food industries and retailers, and
consumers. This first edition includes texts adopted by
the Codex Alimentarius Commission up to 2007.
The Codex Alimentarius Commission is an intergovernmental

body with over 170 members, within the framework of the
Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme established by the
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United
Nations and the World Health Organization (WHO). The main
result of the Commissions’ work is the Codex Alimentarius, a
collection of internationally adopted food standards,
guidelines, codes of practice and other recommendations, with
the objective of protecting the health of consumers and
ensuring fair practices in the food trade.
First edition
FAO / WHO
ISBN 978-92-5-105842-8 ISSN 0259-2916
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CODEX ALIMENTARIUS

CODEX ALIMENTARIUS COMMISSION

Codex standards for cereals, pulses, legumes and

Cereals, Pulses, Legumes and Vegetable Proteins • First edition

The Codex Alimentarius Commission is an intergovernmental

ISBN 978-92-5-105842-8 ISSN 0259-2916

WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS

All rights reserved. Reproduction and dissemination of material in this information

© FAO and WHO 2007

Eng FAO-WHO disclaimer.indd 1 20/12/07 10:02:13

The Codex Alimentarius Commission is an intergovernmental body with

Cereals, Pulses, Legumes and Vegetable Proteins

Further information on these texts, or any other aspect of the Codex

CODEX STANDARD FOR CERTAIN PULSES 1

CODEX STANDARD FOR COUSCOUS 5

DEGERMED MAIZE (CORN) MEAL AND MAIZE (CORN) GRITS 9

CODEX STANDARD FOR DURUM WHEAT SEMOLINA

CODEX STANDARD FOR EDIBLE CASSAVA FLOUR 17

CODEX STANDARD FOR GARI 20

CODEX STANDARD FOR MAIZE (CORN) 24

CODEX STANDARD FOR OATS 28

CODEX STANDARD FOR PEANUTS 31

PEARL MILLET FLOUR 35

CODEX STANDARD FOR RICE 38

CODEX STANDARD FOR SORGHUM FLOUR 45

CODEX STANDARD FOR WHEAT AND DURUM WHEAT 53

CODEX STANDARD FOR WHEAT FLOUR 57

WHOLE AND DECORTICATED PEARL MILLET GRAINS 61

CODEX STANDARD FOR WHOLE MAIZE (CORN) MEAL 65

CODE OF PRACTICE FOR THE PREVENTION AND REDUCTION OF

CODEX STANDARD FOR INSTANT NOODLES 78

CODEX GENERAL STANDARD FOR SOY PROTEIN PRODUCTS 86

CODEX GENERAL STANDARD FOR VEGETABLE PROTEIN

CODEX STANDARD FOR WHEAT PROTEIN PRODUCTS

CODEX GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR THE UTILIZATION OF

2.1 Product definition

3. ESSENTIAL COMPOSITION AND QUALITY FACTORS

3.1 Quality factors – general

3.2 Quality factors – specific

Pulse Moisture content

3.2.2.1 Toxic or noxious seeds

4.1 Heavy metals

4.2 Pesticide residues

7.1 Name of the product

7.2 Labelling of non‑retail containers

8. METHODS OF ANALYSIS AND SAMPLING

See relevant Codex texts on methods of analysis and sampling.

Factor/Description Limit Method of analysis

DEFECTS Visual Examination

 broken pulses. Broken in whole pulses are pulses in which the

SEED DISCOLORATION Visual Examination

 seeds of a similar colour but a different commercial type MAX: 3.0%

 seeds of different colour MAX: 6.0%

 discoloured seeds MAX: 3.0%

 discoloured seeds of the same commercial type MAX: 10.0%

PRESENTATION Buyer Preference Visual Examination

 Shelled pulses. Pulses without their seedcoat, with the

 split pulses. Pulses without their seedcoat, with the two