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Fundamental Parameters of Antennas: Ability To Transmit Power in A Preferred Direction

The document discusses several key parameters of antennas: 1) An antenna's radiation pattern describes the angular distribution of the transmitted or received power and includes major lobes, minor lobes, side lobes, and back lobes. 2) Radiation patterns can be two-dimensional or three-dimensional and isotropic, directional, or omnidirectional. 3) Other important radiation properties include beam area, gain/directivity, and effective aperture which influence the antenna's ability to direct power. 4) An antenna's bandwidth refers to the range of frequencies over which it maintains acceptable performance characteristics.

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98 views20 pages

Fundamental Parameters of Antennas: Ability To Transmit Power in A Preferred Direction

The document discusses several key parameters of antennas: 1) An antenna's radiation pattern describes the angular distribution of the transmitted or received power and includes major lobes, minor lobes, side lobes, and back lobes. 2) Radiation patterns can be two-dimensional or three-dimensional and isotropic, directional, or omnidirectional. 3) Other important radiation properties include beam area, gain/directivity, and effective aperture which influence the antenna's ability to direct power. 4) An antenna's bandwidth refers to the range of frequencies over which it maintains acceptable performance characteristics.

Uploaded by

Anonymous rpL3WPMG
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Fundamental parameters of

Antennas
Ability to transmit power in a preferred direction

The angular distribution of the transmitted power


around the antenna (in the case of transmitting
antenna), or received power (in the case of receiving
antenna) is known as the radiation pattern

Dr. Navneet Gupta 1


BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
Coordinate system for
antenna analysis

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus


Radiation Pattern

A mathematical function or a graphical representation of the


radiation properties of the antenna as a function of space
coordinates.
Radiation Pattern are of two types;
Field pattern
Power pattern
Radiation Pattern Includes:
Major Lobes E  ,  
E  ,  n 
Minor Lobes E  ,  max
Side Lobes P  ,  
Pn  ,   
Back Lobes P  ,  max

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus


2D-Radiation patterns

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus


Radiation pattern Lobes

Dr. Navneet Gupta 5


In most radar systems, low side lobe ratios are very important
to minimize false target indications through the side lobes.

9/6/2017 Dr. Navneet Gupta 6


BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
Radiation intensity Lecture - 4

Radiation Intensity is defined as the power radiated per


unit solid angle
The total radiated power (Prad) is obtained by integrating
P (θ,φ) over all solid angle
Useful concept: Isotropic radiator Isotropic radiation
intensity PI.
– PI is the average of the radiation intensity over all solid angles.

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus


Isotropic, Directional, and
Omnidirectional Patterns
Isotropic radiator:
A hypothetical, lossless antenna
having equal radiation in all
direction. Not realized but used
as a reference.
Directional antenna:
Radiating or receiving EM waves
more effectively in some
directions than in others.
Omnidirectional Pattern:
Having nondirectional pattern in a
given plane and a directional
pattern in any orthogonal plane

Dr. Navneet Gupta 8


BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
Other Radiation Properties

RADIATION PATTERN

Beam area (ΩA) Antenna Gain/ Effective Aperture (Ae)


Directivity (D)
or Directive
Gain (G)

Dr. Navneet Gupta 9


BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
Radiation Properties

Directive gain: Radiation intensity normalized by the


corresponding isotropic intensity.
– It measures the ability of the antenna to direct its power towards a given
direction.
Directivity: The maximum value of the directive gain.

Dr. Navneet Gupta 10


BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
Power gain (or Gain of an antenna): Radiation intensity
normalized by the total power PT accepted by the antenna
terminals.
– Antenna efficiency

9/6/2017 Dr. Navneet Gupta 11


BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
Beam Area

 2  2
 A    g (, )d     Normalised power pattern
0 0 0 0

Dr. Navneet Gupta 12


BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
Principal Patterns

The values of E or H field with maximum direction of radiation


is known Principal Patterns.

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus


Concept of Approximate
Directivity

φ0HP θ0HP

4 4 41000
D Exact Directivity D 
A  HP HP  o HP o HP
 A  4
For an isotropic antenna Approximate Directivity
D 1

Dr. Navneet Gupta 14


BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
Example

The normalized field pattern of an antenna is


represented by:
En = sinθsinϕ

Find:
(i) Exact directivity of an antenna
(ii) Approximate directivity

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus


Effective Aperture (or Effective area)

Dr. Navneet Gupta 16


Power Gain:
p

Determine the gain in dB of a dish antenna of diameter of 0.5 m operating at a


satellite downlink frequency of 4 GHz and having 60% aperture efficiency. Repeat
if the downlink frequency is 11 GHz. Repeat if the diameter is doubled to 1 m.

Dr. Navneet Gupta 17


Different Field Regions
The space surrounding an antenna is usually subdivided into three regions

This criterion is based on a maximum phase error of π/8.

Dr. Navneet Gupta 18


BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
Radiation Power density:
(in terms of E and H field)

P(rms)  E  H
Total Instantaneous Power PT   P.dS
S
T
1 1
Pav (r )   [P(t )]  Re E  H * [W/m 2 ]
T 0 2

The total power radiated through a closed surface:

1
  Pav .dS = E
2
Pr ad dS
S
2 S

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus


Bandwidth

The bandwidth of an antenna is defined as “the range of


frequencies within which the performance of the antenna, with
respect to some characteristic, conforms to a specified
standard.”
For broadband antennas: the bandwidth is usually expressed
as the ratio of the upper-to-lower frequencies of acceptable
operation.
For narrowband antennas: the bandwidth is expressed as a
percentage of the frequency difference (upper minus lower) over the
center frequency of the bandwidth.
Characterization of bandwidth: pattern bandwidth and impedance
bandwidth.

BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus

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