1) The document discusses sources of errors in surveying such as imperfect instruments, human error, and environmental factors. It describes different types of errors including blunders, random errors, and systematic errors.
2) Guidelines are provided for selecting control points for surveys including evenly distributing benchmark points, GPS points in open areas away from interference, and placing traverse stations at equal distances along details to be surveyed.
3) The process of network adjustment is summarized which involves correcting angles using the measured and true angle sums, and correcting positions using compass rule to minimize horizontal and vertical errors within specified allowances.
1) The document discusses sources of errors in surveying such as imperfect instruments, human error, and environmental factors. It describes different types of errors including blunders, random errors, and systematic errors.
2) Guidelines are provided for selecting control points for surveys including evenly distributing benchmark points, GPS points in open areas away from interference, and placing traverse stations at equal distances along details to be surveyed.
3) The process of network adjustment is summarized which involves correcting angles using the measured and true angle sums, and correcting positions using compass rule to minimize horizontal and vertical errors within specified allowances.
Original Description:
Civil Engineering Survey of traverse and Error Adjustment.
1) The document discusses sources of errors in surveying such as imperfect instruments, human error, and environmental factors. It describes different types of errors including blunders, random errors, and systematic errors.
2) Guidelines are provided for selecting control points for surveys including evenly distributing benchmark points, GPS points in open areas away from interference, and placing traverse stations at equal distances along details to be surveyed.
3) The process of network adjustment is summarized which involves correcting angles using the measured and true angle sums, and correcting positions using compass rule to minimize horizontal and vertical errors within specified allowances.
1) The document discusses sources of errors in surveying such as imperfect instruments, human error, and environmental factors. It describes different types of errors including blunders, random errors, and systematic errors.
2) Guidelines are provided for selecting control points for surveys including evenly distributing benchmark points, GPS points in open areas away from interference, and placing traverse stations at equal distances along details to be surveyed.
3) The process of network adjustment is summarized which involves correcting angles using the measured and true angle sums, and correcting positions using compass rule to minimize horizontal and vertical errors within specified allowances.
در و أ اع:أء ا Sources of Errors
در ا;ء Measure a distance several times and compare the obtained measurements???? They are not equal and the reason:
The imperfections of the instruments
The fallibility of the human operator
The uncontrollable nature of the environment
Errors always exist in measurements, where:
The error (e (ei) = the measured value (xi) – the true value (x)
But since the true value can never be determined, we
can use instead the most probable value (xm). Thus:
ei = xi – xm Where, Types of Errors @
? > ا;ء
Blunders (Mistakes) $ أء
Random Errors AاB5 أء
Systematic Errors 1? أء
Blunder Errors (Mistakes) $ أء caused by human carelessness, fatigue and haste
can be positive or negative, large or small and their
occurrence is unpredictable
recording 43.18 instead of 34.18 and sighting a wrong
target when measuring an observation
Blunders are disastrous if left in the surveying
measurements
must be eliminated by careful work and by using field
procedures that provide checks for blunders Random Errors AاB5 أء caused by imperfections of the measuring instruments, the surveyor to make an exact measurement, and the variations in the environment
can be minimized by using better instruments and
properly designed field procedures and by making repeated measurements
have small magnitudes
Positive and negative errors of the same magnitude
occur with the same frequency. Cancel each other
Consider the mean value
Systematic Errors 1 أء behave according to a particular system or physical law of nature, which may or may not be known
When the law of occurrence is known, systematic errors
can be calculated and eliminated
always occurs with the same sign and magnitude and is
therefore often referred to as a constant error
Examples: assuming occupy point coordinates, earth
curvature and temperature or pressure corrections
Correction doesn’t require field re-measurements
Example: Given 12 measurements of a certain distance, as follows: 58.80 ،58.79 ،58.77 ،58.18 ،58.85 ،58.80 ،58.83 ،58.78 58.82، 58.79 ،58.82 & 58.81
First iteration (n = 12)
= 58.75 m
= ± 0.18 m Second iteration (n = 11): xm = 58.81 m σx = ± 0.02 m max. error= ± 0.06 m Precision and Accuracy Precision and Accuracy In general, to obtain high precision and high accuracy in surveying, the following strategies must be followed:
Follow techniques that will help detect and
eliminate all the blunders.
Eliminate or correct all systematic errors by
frequent calibration and adjustment of the instruments
Minimize the random errors by using good
instruments and field procedures. Part Two:
Control points Selection
) Zء ا89ا
[ا ر ط ا Control points Control points may be:
Benchmark points (z)
Horizontal coordinate points (x, y)
Combined (x, y, z) Benchmark points \ (? [@ ط The following conditions should be considered:
Its elevation should be accurately measured
Evenly distributed to enable surveyors to use them
to determine elevations every where in the region
Well marked and fixed in the ground
Have precise description to locate them easily
Benchmark points \ (? [@ ط Positioning before GPS Surveys took on the form of networks of triangles. The vertices of the triangles often became horizontal control points. Initial positions were determined using astronomical observations.
Horizontal coordinates (latitude
and longitudes) were determined separately form vertical coordinates (elevation) GPS points ) أس3 )93 * ت أ/ ط @[ ا&ا The following conditions should be considered:
Suitable location (away from multistory buildings,
electric wires, traffic, changeable area, etc)
Enough distributed points, see at least two other
points (backsight and foresight)
Well marked and fixed in a firm ground
Have precise description to locate them easily, well
